Final report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (Massa) Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)

Project 1 – Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems

SUBANG PARADE Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Tutor: Mr Rizal

ANDREW CHEE KIONG CHEE MAN SHING

0316202

DIPTI GYA

0311390

EINAS ADEL AHMED MAIZRAN

0316350

JOCELYN TAY SUAT YEE

0317445

LINDA

0316925

SITI QISTINA BINTI SHAH

0304211

YUVRAJ DWARKA

0305597

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Abstract 2.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning system (by Linda and Yuvraj) 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Operation System 2.3 Cooling Tower 2.3.1 Water Tank 2.4 Chilled Water System 2.4.1 Evaporator 2.4.2 Compressor 2.4.3 Condenser 2.4.4 Thermal Expansion Valve 2.4.5 Condenser Pump & Chilled Water Pump 2.4.6 Control Panels 2.5 Air Handling Unit 2.5.1 Air Filters 2.5.2 Cooling Coils 2.5.3 Humidifiers 2.5.4 Mixing Chamber 2.5.5 Dampers 2.5.6 Fan 2.5.7 Enthalpy Wheel 2.6 Diffusers 2.6.1 Return Air Grilles 2.7 Duct System 2.8 Pipe System 2.9 Analysis 2.10 Conclusion 3.0 Fire Protection System (by Jocelyn) 3.1 Literature Review 3.2 Aim 3.3 Fire Hazards and Risks 3.4 Passive Fire Protection 3.5 Passive Fire Protection System 3.5.1 Fire Escape Plan 3.5.2 Emergency Exit 3.5.3 Fire Escape Door 3.5.4 Door closer 3.5.5 Fire escape staircase 3.5.6 Railings

3.5.7 Fire Life 3.6 Active Fire Protection 3.7 Active Fire Protection System 3.7.1 Fire Detection 3.7.2 Fire Control Room 3.7.3 Fire Alarm System 3.7.4 Fire Intercom System 3.8 Water based system 3.8.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System 3.8.2 Typical Deluge System 3.8.3 Wet Rise 3.8.4 Fire Hose Reel 3.8.5 External Fire Hydrant 3.8.6 Fire Pump Room 3.8.7 Pressure Switch 3.9 Non-water based system 3.9.1 Fire Extinguisher 3.9.2 Carbon Dioxide System 3.9.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher 3.9.4 Conclusion 4.0 Water Supply System (by Einas) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 External Distribution 4.2.2 Internal Distribution 4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Water Supply 4.3.2.1 Water Meter 4.3.3 Water Storage 4.3.3.1 Placement of Water Tanks 4.3.3.2 R.C Water Storage Tank 4.3.4 Water Pipes 4.3.5 Pump System 4.3.6 Cold Water System 4.4 Conclusion 5.0 Sewerage, Sanitary & Drainage System (by Andrew) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Components of System 5.2.2 Case Study Brief 5.2.3 Sanitary Appliances

5.2.3.1 Water Closet 5.2.3.2 Wash Basin 5.2.4 Drain-waste-vent System 5.2.4.1 Traps 5.2.4.2 Sump Pit 5.2.4.3 Sump Pump 5.2.4.4 Stack 5.2.4.5 Septic Tank 5.2.4.6 Manholes 5.2.4.7 Oil and Petrol Interceptors 5.2.5 Drainage 5.3 Uniform Building By-Laws 5.4 Analysis 5.5 Conclusion 6.0 Electric Supply System (by Qistina) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.2.1 General Distribution 6.2.2 Devices 6.3 Case Study 6.3.1 Electrical Distribution System 6.3.2 High Voltage, Transformer Room & Low Voltage Room 6.3.3 High Tension Switch Gear 6.3.4 Raceway, Conductor Electrical Riser 6.3.5 Back-up System 6.4 Analysis 6.5 Conclusion 7.0 Mechanical Transportation System (by Dipti) 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Uniform Building By-Law 7.1.2 Literature Review 7.2 Elevator 7.2.1 Location of Elevators 7.2.2 Types of Elevators 7.2.3 Hydraulic Elevator 7.2.2.1 Advantages and Drawbacks 7.2.4 Motor Room 7.2.5 Car 7.2.6 Size, Speed and Capacity Rise 7.2.7 Cables

7.2.8 Counterweight 7.2.9 Shaft 7.3 Safety Device 7.3.1 Elevator Car Control 7.3.2 Elevator Control System 7.3.3 UBBL 7.4 Escalator 7.4.1 Location of Escalators 7.4.2 Types of Escalators 7.4.3 Components of Escalators 7.5 Safety Considerations 7.5.1 Fire Protection

8.0 References 8.1 Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning System 8.2 Fire Protection System 8.3 Water Supply System 8.4 Sewage, Sanitary & Sanitary System 8.5 Electrical Supply System 8.6 Mechanical Transportation System

1.0 Introduction Subang Parade was the first ‘regional’ shopping centre in Selangor when it was opened on 13 August 1988. The centre is located in the heart of Subang Jaya’s commercial district, a township 25 minutes' drive from Kuala Lumpur.

Subang Parade's positioning strategy is neighbourhood-focused, with an emphasis on its primary trade area. This market focus provides the centre with a captive customer base, whose needs are met by a tenant mix offering value and convenience. In 2011, the introduction of MBO Cinemas and the Market Place have further enhanced the tenant mix of the centre, bringing us closer to our purpose in meeting customers’ needs.

Subang Parade's refurbishment was recognised by the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) with a Silver Award for Development & Design at the 2008 ICSC Asia Awards.

Subang Parade remains the largest shopping centre in Subang Jaya.

Subang Parade: http://www.subangparade.com.my/about-us.php

The building has over 200 stores at a space of approximately 1,169,038 square feet (108,607.2 m2) distributed in three floors. It is located just off the Malaysian Federal Highway, and is within walking of the Darul Ehsan Mosque, Aeon Big (formerly Carrefour), Empire Shopping Gallery and the Subang Jaya Komuter station.

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subang_Parade Awards: 2008 Silver Award for Development & Design Asia Shopping Centre Awards 2005 Third Place for Public Toilet Design Competition (Shopping Complex Category) The Ministry of Housing & Local Government Subang Parade: http://www.subangparade.com.my/awards.php

1.1 Abstract The research report will describe the workings of the services system in the Subang Parade.

The systems include Air conditioning and ventilation systems, Fire safety systems, Electricity supply system, Water supply system and the Sewerage system. The report details the fundamentals of all the mentioned systems as well as an analysis of the system, the components and the operation of the systems that have been analyzed to our own understanding and also based on the regulations of buildings and its services such as Uniform Building By-Law and also Malaysian Standards.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

2.5

2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

Literature Review Operation System Cooling Tower 2.3.1 Water Tank Chilled Water System 2.4.1 Evaporator 2.4.2 Compressor 2.4.3 Condenser 2.4.4 Thermal Expansion Valve 2.4.5 Condenser Pump & Chilled Water Pump 2.4.6 Control Panels Air Handling Unit 2.5.1 Air Filters 2.5.2 Cooling Coils 2.5.3 Humidifiers 2.5.4 Mixing Chamber 2.5.5 Dampers 2.5.6 Fan 2.5.7 Enthalpy Wheel Diffusers 2.6.1 Return Air Grilles Duct System Pipe System Analysis Conclusion

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW To achieve thermal comfort and a better indoor air quality, Air conditioning system is often introduced into the building. This system basically serves as four main function which is to control air temperature, control air humidity, control air circulation and control the air quality by redrawing in the natural and fresh air from outside and expel the state air.

Subang Parade is our case study building, a 4 levels shopping mall that requiring a huge amount of cooling load to be distributed to each individual shops and levels evenly. By then, a centralized/ plant air-conditioning system is use to serve the entire building.

Centralized/plant air-conditioning system is a system that has one centralized source of conditioned air and is distributed through a network of ductwork. Each of air conditioning system is usually placed in every shops and space to provide cool air. In centralized air conditioning system it involves two common cycle which are refrigeration cycle and air cycle.

Refrigeration Cycle is a process where the refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas. As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.

Air Cycle is a process which treated air is distributed into the room that needs to be conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the return air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes. Head inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler.

2.2 OPERATION SYSTEM

Figure 2.2(a) Schematic Diagram of Subang Parade Mall Air-conditioning system Chillers, compressor, distributor pumps, condenser pumps, chiller pumps are located in a plant room outside the mall. The chilled air is brought into the mall through the ducting system which is then distributed through diffusers. In Subang Parade’s case there are linear diffuser, cone diffuser, and multi direction diffuser. Diffusers are spread throughout the mall’s ceiling. Subang Parade uses the space between the ceiling and open ceiling as an extract used air from shop.

Hereby is the Operation System of centralized/plant air conditioning system: COOLING TOWER 1] to cool down the warm water pumped up by the condenser 2] condenser is use to suck up the hear from the chiller water loop 3] Water is cooled down and ready to circulate, meanwhile the heat is released to the atmosphere

CHILLER 1] Transfer heat (from AHU to condenser) 2] The chilled water is pumped to AHU after heat is transferred to condenser

AIR HANDLING SYSTEM 1] Act to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, filter and distribute air

AIRDUCT 1] Act as distributor of the air from AHU to the rooms that need to be cooled down

DIFFUSER 1] Openings or media for where fresh air is released

RETURN AIRDUCT 1] Act as a media to return polluted or warm air back to AHU, to be cool down and filtered

2.3 COOLING TOWER A cooling tower is a heat exchanger, inside of which heat is withdrawn from the water by contact between the water and the air. The heat transfer occurs through the heat exchange between air and water and through the evaporation of a small part of the water that needs to be cooled. This will allow to cool down to a temperature lower than the ambient temperature, which is an important advantage compared to dry coolers.

Figure 2.3(a) Diagram of Cooling Tower Location

In Subang Parade Mall, there are 6 cooling towers, each tower can hold 800 tons of water. It is located on the roof top level, because rooftop is a windy place that allows the cooling tower to fully utilize natural convection.

The type of cooling tower in Subang Parade is packaged cooling tower which are pre assembled in factor by Nihon Spindle. It’s used mostly in buildings with low heat rejection requirements due to the limited capacity of a packaged cooling tower such as hotel, hospitals, and office buildings like Subang Parade Mall.

Other than that, Subang Parade’s cooling tower utilize the mechanical draft cross flow. Cooling rates of mechanical draft tower depend upon their fan speed and size which can be adjusted based on the needs of the building.

The condensed water is pumped from chiller room at level LG2 to the top of the cooling tower and fall downwards over the fill. The air, however, is introduced at the side (single flow tower) or opposite sides (double flow tower). An induced draft fan draws atmosphere air across the wetted fill and expels the hot air through the uppermost part of the structure. The basin at the bottom part acts as collector of the cooled water and transfer it back to the chiller room.

Figure 2.3(b) Schematic diagrams of a cooling tower

Fan Stack

CDWR [Condensed Water Return], from chilled water loop

CDWS [Condensed water], ready to recirculate

According to MS 1525 code 8.8: “The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water system such as but not limited to dampers. Temperature and pressure test connection and balancing valves�

2.3.1 WATER TANK Water Tank [located behind the cooling tower}

Water tank is positioned across the cooling tower, connected together due to the water shortage, for example some water might loss when releasing heat by evaporation. Hence, the water tank is make up to add on the water loses.

2.4 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

Figure 2.4(a) Schematic Diagram of Water Chillier system in Subang Parade Mall

The Subang Parade mall applied chilled water system via water as refrigerant, and 134A gas (Tetrafluoroethane) as the absorbent. Heat is transferred via cool water from chiller plant, AHU, as well as the cooling tower. Chilled water system is use in big buildings because of its efficiency and size as it is compact and require small space. Chiller room located at basement Service room as the operation is noisy and may disturb users in building. There are 7 chillers in the plant room: 4 big chiller, 3 small chillers.

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Water is cooled by the refrigerant by evaporation while passing through the evaporator, then passes through compressor and condenser, rejecting the heat to the ambient air. After the heat is released, the chilled water is cooled down to a very low temperature between 6 and 8 degree Celsius.

Chilled water are then transported to different level for 2 part of system which are AHU (air handling unit) and FCU (fan coil unit). The chilled water will flow through the cooling unit in FCU, and absorb the heat from blower of AHU or FCU. Then, the chilled water will be pumped back to the chiller plant by CHWP (chilled water pump) and ready to recirculate.

Figure 2.4(b) Chiller in the Chiller room

Figure 2.4(c) Schematic diagram of internal chiller system

Piping from cooling tower to chiller

Pressure Indicator on Chiller

According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1: “Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system external to the package, and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water or air through the condenser and cooling tower are not to be included in the consideration of the COP for the component�

2.4.1 EVAPORATOR Evaporator is a heat exchanger, where heat is removed from the refrigerant that is flowing through it. Thus the refrigerant is being chilled and ready to recirculates back to the AHU. However this process cause the refrigerant to evaporate into vapor as it gains heat from the air. Hence, the vapour is drawn out of the evaporator by a compressor that pumps the vapor to condenser.

Figure 2.4.1 Evaporator

2.4.2 COMPRESSOR Refrigerant vapor will be drawn into the compressor and reduce the pressure in the evaporator to a point where the desired evaporating temperature can be maintained which is typically 98 degree Fahrenheit, then it’ll flows back to the condenser.

2.4.3 CONDENSER Condenser is a heat exchanger where refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminator to the condenser tube bundle. Refrigerant vapor condenses in the tube producing condensed water which moves through the tubes and eliminate the heat.

Figure 2.4.3 Condenser 2.4.4 THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE It controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator. Thermal expansion valves are often referred to generically as “metering services�

Expansion valves are flow-restricting devices that cause a pressure drop of the working fluid. The valve needle remains open during steady state operation. The size of the opening or the position of the needle is related to the pressure and temperature of the evaporator. There are three main parts of the expansion valve that regulate the position of the needle. A sensor bulb, at the end of the evaporator, monitors the temperature change of the evaporator. This change in temperature creates a change in pressure on the diaphragm.

Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems: Internallyequalized valve - most common & Externally-equalized valve special control 2.4.5 CONDENSER PUMP & CHILLED WATER PUMP Condenser pump and chilled water pump are the two types of chilled water system.

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2.4.6 CONTROL PANELS Control panels is a machine to control all the processes under the technician’s supervision in the chiller plant room. The control panels also indicate temperatures and pressure of each of the chiller.

Figure 2.4.6(a) Control Panel

2.5 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) The air handler of an HVAC system uses a blower to remove air from the home, force it through a heat exchanger and distribute the conditioned air through a system of ducts back into the house. On most systems, the blower is a squirrel cage fan that simultaneously creates a vacuum to pull air out of the room and pressure to force it through the ducts.

These are the basic components in an AHU: Fans, Coils, Filters, Heaters, Humidifiers, Dampers, Mixers, and Enthalpy/Desiccant Wheels. There are other fixtures in an AHU for controls purposes, but basically these are the components you will see on most AHUs.

Figure 2.5(a) Location of AHU in Subang Lower Ground floor

The basic function of the AHU is take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a building. All exhaust air is removed, which creates an acceptable indoor air quality. Depending on the required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a cooling coil.

In buildings, where the hygienic requirements for air quality are lower, some of the air from the rooms can be re-circulated via a mixing chamber and this can result in significant energy savings. A mixing chamber has dampers for controlling the ratio between the return, outside and exhaust air.

68 units of manually operated AHU where there is one AHU that controls the airconditioning system of 5 shops. The Air supplied and return is approximately 23˚C. A Thermostat is used to control the temperature of air supplied. Maintenance works have to be done every two months. The AHU is automatically shut down in cases of Fire emergency’s or can be manually stopped by a single release button located in the control room. Damage to the AHU is usually via blockages from heavy objects or an accumulation of pollutants trapped inside.

Figure 2.5(b) Thermostat of AHU in Subang Parade According to MS 155 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation: “all ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”

2.5.1 AIR FILTERS Most air handlers will at least have a set of filters that catch stuff in the air like lint, bugs, paper, or other things so that these objects don’t damage the coils and fan.

The filters also prevent objects from being launched out in the air being supplied to the space. These basic filters are usually 2” to 4” thick sometimes exist alone and are simply called “filters”, but in larger AHUs they are usually followed by a thicker set of

filters that have the job of actually cleaning the air to a certain degree. When the two sets of filters exist together they are called the Pre Filters and the Final Filters.

Figure 2.5.1(a) Air filter

2.5.2 COOLING COILS Coils are typically manufactured from copper for the tubes, with copper or aluminum fins to aid heat transfer. Cooling coils will also employ eliminator plates to remove and drain condensate. The hot water or steam is provided by a central boiler, and the chilled water is provided by a central chiller. Downstream temperature sensors are typically used to monitor and control "off coil" temperatures, in conjunction with an appropriate motorized control valve prior to the coil.

Air handlers may need to provide heating, cooling, or both to change the supply air temperature, and humidity level depending on the location and the application. Such conditioning is provided by heat exchanger coil(s) within the air handling unit air stream, such coils may be direct or indirect in relation to the medium providing the heating or cooling effect

2.5.3 HUMIDIFIERS: There are AHUs that have humidifiers in them. They disperse steam into the air stream helping to maintain a healthy and comfortable amount of humidity in the areas of the building that it serves. Usually this steam is created by a massive boiler somewhere on the property, but there are several different ways to create steam for use in an AHU. 2.5.4 MIXING CHAMBER In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.

2.5.5 DAMPERS: Dampers are common in larger AHUs, and can be opened or closed to allow differing amounts of air to pass into and out from certain openings. Sometimes the amount of Outside Air will vary, the amount of Return Air entering the unit will vary, or sometimes the AHU will be working in tandem with another unit and will need to close itself off from the airstream.

2.5.6 FAN Air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to move the air. The blower may operate at a single speed, offer a variety of set speeds, or be driven by a Variable Frequency Drive to allow a wide range of air flow rates.

2.5.7 ENTHALPY WHEEL Sometimes Air Handling Units that treat outside air will use an Enthalpy Wheel. This potentially monstrous wheel is very successful in recovering heat and humidity from air that is being exhausted out into the outdoors and putting it into the Outside Air

that has entered into the AHU. Sometimes engineers and manufacturers will refer to these wheels as Desiccant Wheels.

2.6 DIFFUSERS A diffuser is the mechanical device that is designed to control the characteristics of a fluid at the entrance to a thermodynamic open system. Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity and to enhance its mixing into the surrounding fluid. In contrast, a nozzle is often intended to increase the discharge velocity and to direct the flow in one particular direction.

In Subang Parade there are two main type of diffusers, linear and directional square.

Most of the diffusers can be found on the floor of offices and corridors. The number of diffusers depends on the size of the room and its usage. The diffusers work by in taking air from the AHU and distributing them evenly thorough the building.

Figure 2.6(a) Linear Diffuser

Figure 2.6(b) Directional Square Diffuser

2.6.1 RETURN AIR GRILLES The function of the air grilles are to carry the air back to the AHU room. It is covered with a metallic grill to stop big objects to pass through and damage the AHU. Filters and redactors are also installed to minimize the amount of pollutants which might damage the AHU. Air grilles are usually placed on the ceilings. A pump is used to suck out the warm air from the room and pushed it back to the AHU.

Figure 2.6.1(a) Return Air Grills

Figure 2.6.1(b)

2.7 DUCT SYSTEM The system is used to carry cool air from the AHU to the rooms in the building. The ducts are made of galvanized steel which is anti-corrosive and is a good insulator.

Within the duck system a fan or blower is placed to help air circulation.

Duct system components: Vibration isolators A duct system often begins at an air handler. The blowers in the air handler can create substantial vibration, and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the inhabitants of the building. To avoid this, vibration

isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler.

Volume control dampers Ducting systems must often provide a method of adjusting the volume of air flow to various parts of the system. Volume control dampers provide this function. These dampers may be manual or automatic. Zone dampers provide automatic control in simple systems while variable air volume (VAV) allows control in sophisticated systems.

Air terminals Air terminals are the supply air outlets and return or exhaust air inlets. For supply, diffusers are most common, but grilles, and for very small HVAC systems (such as in residences) registers are also used widely.

2.8 PIPE SYSTEM There are a number of pipes throughout the building, each with different purposes.

They are used to bring in cool water to the cooling coil in the AHU. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:  Carbon steel.  Low temperature service carbon steel  Stainless steel  Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupronickel  Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass

As per UBBL: MS1525:8:5 Pippin Insulation “All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses.

Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”

UBBL laws regarding AIR handling: Zones which are expected to operate no simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year shall be served by separate air distribution systems. For air conditioned space requiring exhaust air volume in excess of 3400 m3/h, not less than 85 % of non conditioned make up air should be introduced directly into the space concerned unless the exhausted conditioned air is utilised for secondary cooling purposes.

Alternatively, heat recovery devices shall be provided.

2.9 ANALYSIS Under UBBL 1984 section 41: MECHANICAL VENTILATON & AIR CONDITIONING (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by- laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air- conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

2.10 CONCLUSION In Conclusion, Subang Parade has a good centralized air conditioning system which is appropriate to the needs of the large scale shopping mall. All the components in air conditioning like AHU, Chiller plant, cooling tower are placed at the right and appropriate levels. In other words, the AC system in Subang Parade is very efficient and optimal in energy conservation. The need of ventilation is also not left out, ventilation is provided, emergency air supply unit and pressurization unit.

The building complies with the by-aw in terms of air distribution, off hour control and temperature control. Thus allow user to have thermal comfort and also efficient air conditioning system in the building. Overall, the system is organized properly to fit the demand of the clients and the needs of the users in the building.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1 Literature Review 3.2 Aim 3.3 Fire Hazards and Risks 3.4 Passive Fire Protection 3.5 Passive Fire Protection System 3.5.1 Fire Escape Plan 3.5.2 Emergency Exit 3.5.3 Fire Escape Door 3.5.4 Door closer 3.5.5 Fire escape staircase 3.5.6 Railings 3.5.7 Fire Life 3.6 Active Fire Protection 3.7 Active Fire Protection System 3.7.1 Fire Detection 3.7.2 Fire Control Room 3.7.3 Fire Alarm System 3.7.4 Fire Intercom System 3.8 Water based system 3.8.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System 3.8.2 Typical Deluge System 3.8.3 Wet Rise 3.8.4 Fire Hose Reel 3.8.5 External Fire Hydrant 3.8.6 Fire Pump Room 3.8.7 Pressure Switch 3.9 Non-water based system 3.9.1 Fire Extinguisher 3.9.2 Carbon Dioxide System 3.9.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher 3.9.4 Conclusion

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Fire is a special kind of oxidation known as combustion. Oxidation rust within water supply equipment and aerobic digestion in waste disposal systems, is a process in which molecules of a fuel are combined with molecules of oxygen, producing a mixture of gases and energy.

When this occurs rapidly, as in fire, energy is released as heat and light, and some gases become visible as smoke.

Fire has a triangle of needs: fuel, high temperature and oxygen. If deprived of any of these needs, building fires will be extinguished. In general this triangle’s influence on building design is as follows. The fuel is the building’s structure and contents. The temperatures achieved in fires are well beyond the ability of building cooling systems to control, so special water systems (in the form of sprinkles) are often installed to deprive fire of the high temperatures it needs. Oxygen may be denied to a fire partly by limitations on ventilation, but these can have serious safety consequences. Another design response is to install fire suppression systems that either cover the fuel (foam, dry chemicals) or displace oxygen with another gas --- for example, carbon dioxide or “clean agents” that inhibit the chemical action of the flame itself.

There are essentially two types of fire protection: 1. Passive fire protection 2. Active fire protection Passive fire protection (PFP) relates to protecting the building structure against collapse and to prevent fire spread to other parts of the building form the origin of a fire, while active fire protection (AFP) refers to systems activated either mechanically or electronically in the event of a fire.

3.2 AIM There are four main aims of fire protection systems, one of them is to protect the building occupants from fire by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes. Secondly, it is to protect building structures from severely damage within specific time through construction methods and fire rated. Besides, it is to protect building properties like furniture and equipment from totally damage. Lastly, the aim of it is to avoid the fire from spreading out within the building or to another building.

3.3 FIRE HAZARDS AND RISKS The smoke of the fire can cause oxygen decreased whereas the carbon monoxide increased, which will be the cause of death. Besides that, the smoke can reduce visibility which will expose to danger. Fire will produce radiant heat up to 149 degree Celsius which can be the cause of death and severe burnt especially when the fire grows fast on combustible materials.

3.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Passive fire protection (PFP) is an integral element of structural fire protection and fire safety in buildings. PFP seeks to contain fires or slow their spread by means of fire-resistant walls, floors and doors as well as protecting critical structures such as load bearing columns and beams from collapsing pre maturely during fire.

Having smaller fire compartments, which may include one or more rooms or floors, prevents or slows the spread of fire from the room of its origin to other building spaces. This limits building damage and gives occupants more time to evacuate or reach an area of safety.

The aim of PFP systems is to ensure that a fire is contained within a specified fire compartment as well as ensuring that the load bearing capacity of the fire exposed structure is not reaching a critical level. To achieve this, a range of materials are used in the design and construction of systems.

Unlike active fire protection (AFP), PFP does not typically require electric or electronic activation or any degree of motion. Exceptions to the rule are fire dampers (fire-resistant closures within air ducts, excluding grease ducts) and fire door closers, which must open and shut, therefore move, in order to work, as well as all intumescent (Intumescent and ablative products are so called reactive measures which are activated at elevated temperatures) products that swell when activated.

Passive systems in the form of fire rated doors, barrier, ceilings and structural fire protection.

The overall aim of passive systems is to contain the fire by:   

Use of fire rated partitions and doors to prevent the fire and smoke from moving from one compartment to another Delaying the collapse of the building structure Delaying the growth of the fire

3.5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.5.1 FIRE ESCAPE PLANS

Figure 3.5.1(a): Base fire escape plan

Figure 3.5.1(b): Lower Ground fire escape plan

Figure 3.5.1(c): Ground floor escape plan

Figure 3.5.1(d): First Floor fire escape plan

The principle on which means of escape provisions are based is that the time available for escape (an assessment of the length of time between the fire starting and it making the means

of escape from the workplace unsafe) is greater than the time needed for escape (the length of time it will take everyone to evacuate once a fire has been discovered and warning given).

Regardless of the location of a fire, once people are aware of it, they should be able to proceed safely along a recogniable escape route, to a place of safety. In this case, there are routes and exits that were designed specifically in Subang Parade in case of fire. They did set assembly areas outside the mall too, with an emergency assembly point sign which is located in between the Empire Mall and the Subang Parade.

Figure 3.5.1(e): Emergency Assembly Point signage

In order to achieve this, it may be necessary to protect the route, i.e. by providing fire-resisting construction. It might also be necessary to apply positive air pressure to an escape route to discourage smoke from entering in the event of a fire.

According to UBBL 1984: Enclosing Means of Escape in Certain Building 1. Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building where the highest floor is more than 1200mm above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials.

2. Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include wall to air wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire resisting materials.

3.5.2 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE

Figure 3.5.2(a): Emergency Exit Sign found in front of each fire door in Subang Parade An exit sign is a device in a public facility denoting the location of the closest emergency exit in case of fire or other emergency. Most relevant codes (fire, building, health or safety) require exit signs to be permanently lit. Exit signs are designed to be absolutely unmistakable and understandable to anyone.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 172: 1. Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not obscured by an decoration, furnishings or other equipment.

2. A sign reading “KELUAR� with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

3. Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR� in plainly legibe letters not less than 150 meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

4. All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

3.5.3 FIRE ESCAPE DOOR Fire escape doors are the doors that lead to emergency exits in a structure which is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire. The doors are usually designed with an outward opening which allows the occupants to open them easily.

In Subang Parade, all fire escape doors are located at the emergency exits and the material of the door used is solid hardwood core with asbestos insulating board. The dimension of the single leaf door is 900mm x 2100mm x 38mmm, while for the double leaf door is 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm. Their fire rated is 1 hour.

Figure 3.5.3(a): Double Leaf fire escape door According to UBBL 1984 Section 164: 1. All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

2. Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.

3.5.4 DOOR CLOSER A fire door closer is a mechanical device that closes the fire door, in general after someone opens it, or after it was automatically opened. In Subang Parade, all the fire door closers are made out of aluminum. Overhead door closers are typically surface mounted. They ensure the doors are closed, hence preventing the escape of fire smoke into the protected areas and staircase section, slowing down the spread of fire.

Figure 3.5.4(a): Surface Mounted Door Closer

According to UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

3.5.5 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE Fire escape staircase is also one of the firefighting facilities. In Subang Parade, there are fire escape staircases with door boundaries at every floors, even at the basement car park. The type of the fire escape staircase used in the mall is half landing staircase and they are made of cement concrete. There are openings to the outdoor at each stairway exit to enable smoke to escape from the building during fire and also for ventilation. The landing area has a dimension of 1.2m x 2.4m, and it is wide enough to accommodate the users during a fire to escape.

The fire escape staircase leads the occupants of the building to a safer area or assembly points when there is a fire or if there are any emergencies happened. The building should have two means of exits consisting separate exits or doors that lead to a corridor or other spaces giving access to separate exits in different directions.

Figure 3.5.5(a): Sign of fire escape staircase in Subang Parade According to UBBL 1984 Section 166: 1. Except as permitted by-law 167 not less than 2 separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as many as necessary 2. The exits shall be so sited and exit shall be so arranged that the exit are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the seventh schedule to their by-law and are readily accessible at all time According to UBBL 1984 Section 16: In buildings exceeding 30 meters in height all staircases intended to be used as means of egress shall be carried to the roof level to give access thereto.

The width of the staircase is 1350mm, allowing two people to be able to use it at the same time. The height of the staircase riser is 170mm and the tread is 290mm. Every flight of the

stairs has more than four risers and due to that, handrails are required for the safety of occupants in the building. The height of the handrail is 950mm, and no intermediate handrail are required in this building, as the width of the staircase does not exceed 2255mm.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 168: 1. Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

2. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.

3. The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on the width to a maximum of 75mm.

4. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

5. Door giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircases or landing.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 229(4): A firefighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each firefighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at the fire appliances access level.

Figure 3.5.5(b): Fire Escape Staircase drawing and details

3.5.6 RAILINGS In subang parade, the dimensions of the railings used in the fire escape staircase are in 1.0 meter height with 0.04 meter diameter. They are made of steel and non-flammable material, and are painted in grey iron. The railings have minor parallel railing in distance of 0.2 meter each to accommodate different heights of the occupants when escaping.

Figure 3.5.6(a): Staircase Railing in Subang Parade

According to UBBL 1984 Section 157: Protected Shafts consisitig of Staircase A protected staircase containing a staircase shall not containe any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase.

3.5.7 FIRE LIFT

Figure 3.5.7(a): Fire Lift in Subang Parade A lift within the firefighting shaft with dual power supply and is capable of being commandeered by the Fire Service. Operation of the firefighter switch (usually situated at the ground floor level) activates the lift controls for firefighter use. The lift will only be controlled by the controls within the car and the doors will only open by pressing the door open button within the car.

Procedures should reflect that in the event of a lift not having fire service controls, or there is any doubt as to the floors that the lift serves, then the use of that lift should be avoided.

According UBBL 1984 Section 243: 1. In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 meters above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided.

2. A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurements.

3. The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby.

4. Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main,

provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 meters travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

3.6 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION Active Fire Protection (AFP) is an integral part of fire protection. It is the process of protecting a building or structure from fire with methods that use the action of moving parts. These systems can be automatic, or operated manually, but they require some sort of action in order to work. A couple of examples of active fire protection would be building sprinkler systems and fire alarm systems. These systems are an extremely important part of protecting property and the lives of the people within.

An important factor that active fire protection systems share is that they involve action of some kind. Some examples of these actions include slowing the progress of fire, putting out the fire, or notifying of fire and smoke conditions. This is in contrast to passive fire protection, which uses things that slow or contain fire, like fire doors, fire walls, or fire retardant materials but do not put out the fire or take any type of action. Together, both active and passive fire protection systems can control fire and protect lives.

The first stage of active fire protection is to detect the fire, by detecting heat, smoke or flames (an automatic fire alarm system is commonly used to trigger most active systems), this then automatically operates the active systems (extraction fans etc).

Active systems are particularly useful in larger buildings where it is difficult to ventilate central areas through natural openings such as windows, smoke and heat extraction systems are often used. Their purpose is improve the visibility in the building so that occupants can make their exit and to prevent flashover.

Sprinkler systems, typically installed at ceiling height, will also be activated. This usually occurs when excessive heat from the fire causes glass in the system to burst, thus releasing the water. Sprinklers only release the water in the location of the fire, preventing damage to other areas of the building.

The overall aim of active system is to extinguish the fire by:    

Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire Control the movement of smoke and fire Suppress and/or starve the fire or oxygen and fuel (NAFFCO, 2004)

Finally, it is important to remember that active fire protection can also include manual systems that require human operation. One example of this is the use of fire extinguishers to put out a small fire. Another important example is the use of fire hydrants or water standpipes, together with fire hoses operated by trained firefighters to extinguish a fire completely. Using active fire protection systems has some benefits such as permitting design freedoms and encourage innovative, inclusive and sustainable architecture.

3.7 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.7.1 FIRE DETECTION Fire is detected by locating smoke, flames or heat, and an alarm is sounded to initiate emergency evacuation and alert the local fire department. Smoke detectors usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered with a battery backup. When heat sensation reaches the fixed temperature it will send a signal to master plan while the surroundings temperature reaches 47 degree Celsius. Where a detection system is implemented, it can also be programmed to carry out other actions, like de-energising magnetic hold-open devices on fire doors and opening servo-actuated vents in stairways.

Figure 3.7.1(a): Fire detector in Subang Parade The Figure above showed the type of smoke detector that is used in the Subang Parade which is photoelectric smoke detector.

Under UBBL 1984 section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies: 1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors 2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door 3. Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which after thirty second of any unless incorporated with a force close feature which are thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset-time.

Figure 3.7.1(a): Sensing chamber in a photoelectric smoke detector that smoke reflected light to activate the detector

Photoelectric Smoke Detector components: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Optical chamber Cover Case molding Photodiode (detector) Infrared LED

Figure 3.7.1(b): Components in a Photoelectric Smoke Detector

3.7.2 FIRE CONTROL ROOM

Figure 3.7.2(a): Location of the fire control room in ground floor of Subang Parade

Figure 3.7.2(b): Basic requirement of a fire control centre

The general requirements for fire control room are as follows, it should: 1. Have a minimum floor area of 10 meter square. It can be larger depending on the equipment required 2. Its location near the main entrance or exit to the building’s main lobby in a designated room 3. Preferably be adjacent to a fire lift lobby or any other location as designated by the relevant authority 4. Be accessible via two path of travel. One from the front entrance and the other from a public place or fire-isolated passageway, which leads to a public place which has a two hour fire rated door 5. Have an independent air handling system if mechanical ventilation is provided throughout the building 6. Be adequately illuminated to not less than 400 lux 7. Provide the ability to communicate (eg: via telephones and loudspeakers) with all parts of the building, and with fire and other emergency services 8. Be provided with insulation from ambient building noise 9. Be under the control of the Chief Fire Warden (or similar appointed person)

Figures 3.7.2(c) & (d) below are the equipment found in the fire control room:

Figures 3.7.2(c) & (d): CCTV displayed in the fire control room

Figure 3.7.2(e): Exhaust system control panel

Figure 3.7.2(g): Fire reset control panel

Figure 3.7.2(f): Alarm bell location notification

Figure 3.7.2(h): Fire lift control panel

Figures 3.7.2(i): Activation of active fire protection system equipment notification

The Figures above the activation of active fire protection system equipment notification in the fire control room, the equipment that are included are listed as below: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Break glass Flow switch Smoke detector CO2 system Sprinkler pump Hose reel Exhaust fan Pressurization fan Smoke extraction

According toe UBBL 1984 Section 238: Command and Control Center Everly large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meteres in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridge communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

Therefore, the Subang Parade meets the requirements of the fire control room which is located at the ground floor near the lift lobby and staircase as it has 4 stories including the car park which is located at the basement and lower ground floor. There are two guards observing the control room from time to time and have the skills to manage all the control panels and make appropriate actions when there are any signal from the detectors which come directly to the control unit.

3.7.3 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM MANUAL FIRE ALARM ACTIVATION Manual fire alarm activation is typically achieved through the use of a pull station or call point, which then sounds the evacuation alarm for the relevant building or zone. Manual fire alarm activation requires human intervention, as distinct from automatic fire alarm activation such as that provided through the use of heat detectors and smoke detectors. It is, however, possible for call points/pull stations to be used in conjunction with automatic detection as part of an overall fire detection and alarm system. Systems in completed buildings tend to be wired in and to include a control panel.

MANUAL PULL STATION

Figure 3.7.3(a): Manual pull station found outside AHU room of Subang Parade

MANUAL CALL POINT A manual call point is also called as an emergency break glass. It is a device that are usually mounted on the wall 1.4 meter above the ground and are installed in common areas where it can be easily seen. It enables the occupants to activate the alarm by breaking the frangible element on the fascia.

Extra call points should be installed, especially in commercial and large buildings like Subang Parade, so that the greatest travel distance from any point in the building to the nearest call point does not exceed 30 meter. A greater number of call points is needed in high risk areas or if the occupants are likely to be slow in movement.

Figure 3.7.3(b): Fire alarm with break glass

Automated processes triggered by fire alarm: 1. When the fire alarm goes off in any zone, all fire shutters and fire curtains will fall within 5 minutes 2. When the smoke detector is activated, it will trigger the fire alarm in the zone, which will then trigger the fire shutters and fire curtains 3. When the sprinklers in any zone are activated, the fire alarms in that zone will be automatically triggered, and the rest of the automated process subsequently triggered 4. Then a 2 stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) given immediately in the affected section of the premises while and alert (intermittent signal) is given in the adjoining section 5. When there is a fire alarm, the fire lift only respond to car calls

3.7.4 FIRE INTERCOM SYSTEM Fire intercom system provides a communication between the Master Console, or commonly known as Fire Command Centre and the remote Handset Stations. The system consists of a remote handset station and Master control panel which is normally installed at the Fire Control Room. The intercom handset stations are located at staircases of each floor in Subang Parade. At the Master control panel, a call alert lamp will flash with audible signal when there is incoming call. Upon lifting the handset, the audible signal will be silenced. The master control panel is also equipped with a fault indicator unit to indicate the type of fault.

Figure 3.7.4(a): Emergency fire call equipped in front of the staircase in Subang Parade

Figure 3.7.4(b): Emergency and EWIS is equipped in the fire control room in Subang Parade

There are two types of fire alarm mechanisms that need to be installed in the building to notify people in the building that there may be a fire and need to be evacuated. The two types of mechanisms for fire alarm are the fire emergency light and fire alarm bell.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 237: 1. Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws 2. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meter in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given adjoining section 3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control According to UBBL 1984, Section 155: 1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually 2. If mains power is available, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.

3. The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch.

4. Under this mode of operation, the fire lift shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.

5. In the event of mains power failure, all lift shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs 2 and 4.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 255: 1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule of these by-laws.

FIRE ALARM Fire alarm mechanisms are applied to Subang Parade which is 982, 000 square feet. Fire alarm system is set up to alert the occupants through noise, light or both at the same time in order to alert the occupants more effectively. There are two types of fire alarm mechanisms are installed which is the emergency light and fire alarm bell.

Figure 3.7.4(c): Fire Alarm Bell and light which are located at the basement Emergency alarm light and bell are installed to alert the occupants in the building. This mechanism is effective for the people who are either deaf or has poor hearing, as they are able to notice the emergency light, while for the alarm bell is to alert the occupants who have poor vision, in order to evacuate them from the building.

Figure 3.7.4(d): Fire emergency light, control panel box, alarm box and emergency break glass are installed in front of the transformer room

Figure 3.7.4(e): Emergency light located above the door of the transformer room When the emergency light appears to be green, it indicates normal situation while the red light indicates there is a fire case and to alert the occupants to evacuate. The emergency light usually installed in common areas for immediate and effective way for the occupants to escape.

ALARM BELL Alarm bell functions in manual and also in automatically by breaking down the glass of manual call point. On the other hand, if a smoke detector detects smoke or heat, or the manual call point is activated then the alarm bell will goes off to alert all the occupants in the building that there is a fire. It may also incorporate with remote signaling equipment, which could alert the fire brigade through Subang Parade.

Figure 3.7.4(f): Alarm bell located outside the transformer room

3.8 WATER BASED SYSTEM 3.8.1 AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected.

Automatic sprinkler system is found in Subang Parade. The sprinkler system was found covered every floor of the building. The dimension between two sprinkler head is 4.2 meter wide and 3 meter high.

.

Figure 3.8.1(a): dimension between two sprinkler head SPRINKLER TANK AND SPRINKLER PUMPS The water for the sprinkler piping system is supplied from a reinforced concrete tank located in the basement of Subang Parade. The sprinkler pump draws water from the sprinkler tank to distribute the water to the sprinklers. The sprinkler pump comprises an Alarm Cont. Valve, which serves as the jockey pump. It is sensitive to changes in water pressure in the sprinkler piping system. When any sprinkler is activated and water is discharged through the sprinklers in that zone, the pressure in the valve is reduced, triggering the duty pumps to pump water from the Sprinkler Tank.

There are total 3 pumps to supply water to the sprinkler systems of all zones and levels of each with holding pressure of 120 psi. There is only one jockey pump for all duty pumps. As long as the sprinklers in any one of the zones have been activated to discharge water, all the duty pumps will be triggered to pump water from the RC sprinkler tank. Since only the sprinklers in the affected zone have been activated, the rest of the sprinklers will not discharge water, even though the duty pumps connected to the zone have been activated to pump water.

Figure 3.8.1(b): Sprinkler box which contains the switches

There are two types of sprinkler that are found in Subang Parade: 1. Pendent sprinkler 2. Upright sprinkler PENDENT SPRINKLER Pendent sprinkler is designed to be in the pendent or 6 o clock position, with the deflector facing downward. It hangs from the pipeline, its water deflector is placed at the bottom but the water spreads in the same circular patters as that of an upright sprinkler. When concealed, pendent sprinklers hide under the ceiling under a special cap that falls away when the surrounding temperature rises to a prescribed level. If the temperature continues to rise, the concealed pendent head automatically drops and begins to spray water.

The type of the pendent sprinklers found in Subang Parade is Standard response solder link Sprinkler.

Figure 3.8.1(c): Pendent Sprinkler on the ceiling near the entrance in Subang Parade

Figure: A sketch of pendent sprinkler head

Figure 3.8.1(d): Common types of pendent sprinklers

Figure 3.8.1(e): Components of a pendent sprinkler

UPRIGHT SPRINKLER An upright sprinkler stands atop the pipeline, contrasting with pendent sprinklers. It comes with a water deflector at the top so that water coming out of the orifice shoots upward and then spreads in a circular pattern. Upright sprinklers are used mostly in places where obstructions may block water spray during a fire, and their height allows them to aim water around possible obstacles.

Figure 3.8.1(f): Rows of upright sprinklers found at the basement car park area in Subang Parade

Figure 3.8.1(g): Upright water sprinkler found near the fire escape staircase

Figure 3.8.1(h): Sketch of an upright sprinkler head

Figure 3.8.1(i): Components of an upright sprinkler

Figure 3.8.1(j): Fire Sprinkler Systems Components

Figure 3.8.1(k): Operation of Sprinkler System

3.8.2 TYPICAL DELUGE SYSTEM In a deluge system, the arrangement of deluge fire sprinkler system piping is similar to a wer or dry stem with two major differences: 1. Standard sprinklers are used, but they are all open. The activating elements have been removed so that when the control valve is opened water will flow from all the sprinklers simultaneously and deluge the area with water 2. The deluge valve is normally closed. The valve is opened by the activation of a separate fire detection system.

Deluge systems are used where large quantities of water are needed quickly to control a fastdeveloping fire. Deluge valves can be electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically operated.

Figure 3.8.2(a): Deluge System

3.8.3 WET RISER A wet riser is a system of pipework and valves that is permanently kept with water for the purpose of distributing water within a building for firefighting purposes. The provision of a built-in water distribution system means that fire fighters do not need to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching of fire compartments by running hose lines between them.

Wet risers are permanently charged with water. This is as opposed to dry risers which do not contain water when they are not being used, but are charged with water by fire service pumping appliances when necessary.

Part B of the building regulations (Fire Safety) requires that fire mains are provided in all buildings that are more than 18m tall. In buildings less than 50m tall, either a wet riser or dry riser fire main can be provided. However, where a building extends to more than 50m above the rescue service vehicle access level, wet risers are necessary as the pumping pressure required to charge the riser is higher than can be provided by a fire service appliance, and to ensure an immediate supply of water is available at high level.

Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurised supply, often pumped from a storage tank, with landing valves at specified locations on each floor.

It should be possible for fire service pumping appliances to supplement the supply to wet risers in the event of an emergency, such as storage tanks running low during long events.

Pumping appliances should be able to access â€˜â€Świthin 18m and within sight of, a suitable entrance giving access to the main and in sight of the inlet.’ Wet risers should be within fire-fighting shafts, and where necessary in protected escape stairs. Wet-riser outlets, or 'landing valves' may be within in protected lobbies, stairs or enclosures where these are available.

Wet risers should be inspected and tested regularly to ensure equipment is functioning correctly and ready for use. Problems can be very serious in the event of a fire, and are typically caused by vandalism or theft, blockages or pipework failure or by connection failure or outlets being open.

WATER TANK The firewater storage tank is located at the basement, near the exit of the car park in the water pump room. The wet riser system and water sprinkler system uses the same water. The volume of water contained in the tank is sufficient to supply water to the whole building.

Figure 3.8.3(a): Water storage tank in the water pump rom According to UBBL 1984, Section 247: 1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these by-laws.

2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.

3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installation where full capacity is provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restriction in their location

Figure 3.8.3(b): Wet riser pipe and hose reel

Figure 3.8.3(c): Wet riser outlet

According to UBBL 1984, Law 248: Marking on wet riser 1. Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

2. All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

According to UBBL 1984, Law 23: Installation and testing of wet rising system 1. Wet rising system shall be provided in every building which topmost floor is more 20.5 meter above the fire appliance access level.

2. A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

3. Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose of a not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved types cradle and variable fog nozzle.

3.8.4 FIRE HOSE REEL

Figure 3.8.4(a): Fire hose reel at basement car park

Figure 3.8.4(b): Fire hose reel door and signage

Figure 3.8.4(c): Location of fire hose reel in basement

Figure 3.8.4(d): Location of fire hose reel in lower ground floor

Figure 3.8.4(e): Location of fire hose reel in ground floor

Figure 3.8.4(f): Location of fire hose reel in first floor

Symbol of the fire hose reel location

3.8.5 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire.

Water hydrant firefighting system consists of hydrants connected to the same pipeline. The other end of the pipeline is attached to the pumps and water supply tank of the fire pump room. The firefighting hydrant line is close loop pipe system to maintain the pressure in the water hydrant firefighting system. The networks of pipes are located underground. The hydrants are used in case of emergency when there is need for more water. Firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, forcing water into the system.

Figure 3.8.5(a): External Fire Hydrant in Subang Parade

Approximately 10 external fire hydrants are located around Subang Parade. The distance between the fire hydrant and the building is between 4m to 8m. Fire hydrant is placed beside the road, hence the fire brigade could get easy access to input their hose.

Figure 3.8.5(b): External Fire Hydrant system

Figure 3.8.5(c): Components of a wet barrel hydrant

3.8.6 FIRE PUMP ROOM

Figure 3.8.6(a): Location of the fire pump room in Subang Parade basement

According to UBBL 1984 Section 247(2): Water Storage Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

Figure 3.8.6(b): Overlook of the fire pump room

There are mainly 3 types of pump that are found in the Subang Parade fire pump room: 1. Jockey Pump 2. Duty Pump 3. Standby Pump JOCKEY PUMP A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system and is intended to maintain pressure in a fire protection piping system to an artificially high level so that the operation of a single fire sprinkler will cause a pressure drop which will be sensed by the fire pump automatic controller, causing the fire pump to start. The jockey pump is essentially a portion of the fire pump’s control system.

Figure 3.8.6(c): Jockey pumps in the fire pump room

DUTY PUMP Duty pump takes the lead and supple enough pressure of water to maintain the system in running order when pressure in the pipe goes down. However, if this pump fails to run due to some defaults, standby pump is activated automatically by the system. Duty pump can be switch off manually from the control panel in case of necessity.

Figure 3.8.6(d): Duty pumps in the fire pump room

STANDBY PUMP The standby pump acts as the same function as duty pump. It replaces the function of duty pump when the duty pump does not function as required or is under repair. Standby pump can be manually from the control panel switch off.

Figure 3.8.6(e): the standby pumps in the water pump room

Figure 3.8.6(f): Circulation of the flow when the standby pump is activated

3.8.7 PRESSURE SWITCH In Subang Parade, Alarm Pressure Switch is used. In a wet pipe sprinkler system, an alarm pressure switch is typically installed on top of the retard chamber into a one half inch tapped outlet. A time delay is not need when using a pressure switch because the retard chamber will divert water flowing through the alarm line during pressure surges from the city water supply. A drip value allows water to drain from the chamber. Alarm pressure switches are preset to alarm at 4 to 8 PSI on rising pressure. The pressure setting can be field adjusted to obtain a specific pressure alarm response between 4 and 20 PSI.

Figure 3.8.7(a): Components of a pressure switch

According to UBBL 1984 Section 26: Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic system sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fire in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

3.9 NON WATER BASED SYSTEM 3.9.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHER There are two main types of fire extinguishers: stored pressure and cartridge-operated. In stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the firefighting agent itself. Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical extinguishers, nitrogen is typically used; water and foam extinguishers typically use air. Stored pressure fire extinguishers are the most common type. Cartridge-operated extinguishers contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured prior to discharge, exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent. This type is not as common, used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they receive higher-than-average use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt recharge, allowing an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return to the fire in a reasonable amount of time. Unlike stored pressure types, these extinguishers use compressed carbon dioxide instead of nitrogen, although nitrogen cartridges are used on low temperature (-60 rated) models. Cartridge operated extinguishers are available in dry chemical and dry powder types in the U.S. and in water, wetting agent, foam, dry chemical (classes ABC and B.C.), and dry powder (class D) types in the rest of the world.

3.9.2 CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM Carbon dioxide system is widely used in every household, commercial buildings because of its effectiveness to hold down ignition of potentially flammable mixtures and extinguish fires involving flammable liquids or gases. Although CO2 inert gases certainly help extinguish fire by displacing oxygen, they are even more effective by acting as a heat sink, absorbing combustion energy. CO2 is stored in cylinders as a liquid under great pressure. IT does not conduct electricity and will not normally damage sensitive electronic equipment. In Subang Parade, such system is used in the transformer room instead of water-based sprinkler system.

Figure 3.9.2(a): CO2 cylindrical tanks located in the transformer room

Figure 3.9.2(b): CO2 extinguisher components

3.9.3 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Fire extinguishers can be found at all floors, specifically besides every fire escape doors and hose reel rooms and almost every corner that is easily reached in Subang Parade.

Figures 3.9.3(a): Portable fire extinguishers found in Subang Parade

Figure 3.9.3(b): Components of a portable fire extinguisher

Location of the portable fire extinguisher

According to UBBL Law 1984, Section 227: Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation The type of fire extinguisher that Subang Parade uses throughout the building is dry powder extinguisher. Portable fire extinguisher installed are primarily of Dry Powder variety, which can extinguish majority of classes of fire:

Figure 3.9.3(c): Types of fire extinguisher

CLASSIFICATION AND USE

Figure 3.9.3(d): the type of fire that each classes of extinguishes will extinguish

3.9.4 CONCLUSION In conclusion, both active and passive fire protection systems play an important role in protecting the building against an eventual fire breakdown. Along with its function aspect, the passive systems also attribute in aesthetic features. As far as active fire protection system is concerned, it contributes to its fair share in the protection of the building. But nowadays, more technologically advanced systems for the detectors are available. There are more responsive and more efficient.

Closed-up views of the 400m-wide dam that supplies sufficient raw water to more than 2 million residents and industries in the Klang Valley and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.

WATER SYSTEM 4.1 4.2

4.3

4.4

Introduction Literature Review 4.2.1 External Distribution 4.2.2 Internal Distribution Case Study 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Water Supply 4.3.2.1 Water Meter 4.3.3 Water Storage 4.3.3.1 Placement of Water Tanks 4.3.3.2 R.C Water Storage Tank 4.3.4 Water Pipes 4.3.5 Pump System 4.3.6 Cold Water System Conclusion

4.1 INTRODUCTION Water is the major source of life, therefore the water supply is essential to maintain the health of the community and sustainability of the industry, businesses and agriculture.

A water supply is a system of engineered hydraulic components which provide water supply.This water undergoes stages to change untreated water from rivers and rain to a processed clean water to be consumed. It goes through a treatment process to a reservoir and distributed. Through the case study of the proposed building, which is SubangParade Mall, the study of the water supply system of the building is studied as a whole system and will be elaborated with the aid of images and plans to allow one to understand the positioning and types of the components. The analysis of this topic will also refer to the Uniform building bylaw.

4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Water supply system includes the collection, transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments and industries, as well as public needs such as firefighting irrigation and street flushing. In all cases, water must fulfill quality and quantity requirements I order to meet requirements for public, commercial and industrial activities.

Water supply can be divided in three components: source, treatment plant and distribution system Water resources Hydrological cycle

Source: ces.iiscernet.in/energy/water/paper/drinigwater/simplemethods/fig1.gif

Figure 4.2(a): The hydrological Cycle showing the cycle of water moves around the earth.

The process whereby the water in the earth and its atmosphere constantly circulates is called the hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle. This continuous process begins with evaporation of water from the seat, rivers and lakes. The water vapor is lifted up and condenses to form clouds. The condensation droplets coalesce and fall as rain to replenish the water levels

Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor SDN.BHD. (SYABAS) Malaysian water resources are controlled by JabatanBekala Air (JBA). The distribution of water supply in the Selangor district and Kuala Lumpur is controlled by (SYABAS).

Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS) is a dominant water supply association which contributes fresh water to the entire Selangor region. The main sources of water in Malaysia are derived from rain water and rivers. Water contains few to almost no impurities with only small amounts of mineral and gases. To collect and store this nearly pure water, surfaces are needed. However, most pollutants substances which can easily contaminate the water are found from theseThe water is flown in the treatment plant for a crucial process of cleaning and filtering the water so it can be safely distributed and be consumed. The unprocessed water undergoes 6 stages of water treatment which includes:aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, ion exchange, disinfection and conditioning. After going through this critical stage, the water is ensured to be safe for consumption under the standards issued by the ministry of health.

Source: Cof_cof.ca/surface_water_treatmet-plant-flow-diagram/

Figure4.2(b): Demonstrating the procedures of water treatment

4.2.1 EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION After the water undergoes the treatment process, it will then flow to a reservoir before being distributed to consumers in a given area. The reservoir will apply pressure for distribution. Grid distribution of underground pipe work delivers treated water to reservoir and then to consumers.

The three types of distribution system that depend on: topography, location, extent of the distribution area and elevation and site condition.

1. Gravity system 2. Direct Pumped system 3. Gravity and pumped combination The pump is required due to the positioning of the reservoir at a high location or great distance from the distribution area. The starting is usually generated at the city main or through an elevated pressure tank or booster pump.

4.2.2 INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

There are two types of water distribution within a building:  Direct System : The water is distributed to all the fittings within the building from the main water supply

 Indirect System: The water is distributed to all the fittings but not directly from the main water supply. The water is flown into a storage tank located at a higher level and distributed to all the fittings.

Figure 4.2.2(a): Differences between direct and indirect internal water distribution

4.3 CASE STUDY 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is about the basic and general study regarding water services available in SubangParade. It discusses the water supply process and the distribution throughout the entire building. In this study indirect water supply system is used. Water from the main pipe is directed to the water tank located at basement level which is then pumped to the roof tanks for further water storage and distribution to ensure the maximum efficiency. In SubangParade water is used for domestic purpose, for flushing toilets, for air conditioning system, and for sprinkler system to project water in case of fire.

Figure 4.3.1(a): Area indicated in blue is the location of water service tanks

4.3.2 WATER SUPPLY “Grid distribution of underground pipeworks (water mains) delivers treated water to service reservoirs and then to consumers. The connection to the water grid is made by the local water authority or its approved contractor at the expense of the developer� Sivaraman K. The source of water supply for SubangParade comes directly from the privatized corporation SYABAS.The water supply from SYABAS comes directly from the water main,underground and then being distributed to the water bulk meter.The domestic water supply branches out to several tanks namely, the fire tank and R.C domestic storage tank

Figure 4.4(a): Supply distribution from SYABAS

4.3.2.1 WATER METER Water meters are used to measure and determine the volume of water flow through a particular portion of the system. (Located outside the building, in front of the main entrance of SubangParade)

Water to Subang Parade

Water fromSYABAS

Figure 4.3.2.1(a): Located outside the building, in front of the main entrance of SubangParade)

Figure 4.3.2.2(b): water meter diagram components

4.3.3WATER STORAGE The storage capacity for any building can be determined from hours of supply, pressure in mains and fire storage requirements. It also depends on:     

Type and use of buildings Number of occupants Type and number of fittings Frequency and pattern of use Likelihood and frequency of breakdown of supply

In SubangParade, the storage compartments are segregated into two: 1. Basement storage: Collects water from the city mains during hours of water supply if the pressure is not enough to reach the point of supply 2. Overhead storage: mandatory for flushing toilets

4.3.3.1 PLACEMENT OF WATER TANKS There are 6 water tanksavailable inSubangParade located in the water tank room,at basementlevel. Three of the main water tanks are: R.C suction tank, R.C sprinkler tank and R.C wet riser. The Reinforce Concrete suction tank stores water received from SYABAS which will be pumped up with the aid of the booster pump to the domestic water tank, located at the roof, if needed. The R.C sprinkler tank and R.C wet riser tank provide water supply for the fire protection system such as: sprinkler and dry pipe risers.

Figure 4.3.3.1(a): R.C water storage tank

Figure 4.3.3.1(b): Water level

4.3.3.2 R.C WATER STORAGE TANK The basement of SubangParade houses the R.C storage tank where water from the supply pipe is flown in. The water level in the tank is monitored by the usage of a float valve. The float valve function is to avoid overflow of water into the tank. When the water enters the tank, the float device drops, opening the valve. The valve remains open until the float device is raised to the pre-determined level by the rising water. The valve will then be closed and the water supply will shut off. In case of situations when the main water supply is turned off, the suction tank should act as back up tp provide necessary water needed for the building. When the pressure is low, the water will then be pumped up the main domestic water tank located at the roof top.

Figure 4.3.3.2(a): Connection from rising main to the tank

Figure 4.3.3.2(b): Motor

Figure4.3.3.2(c): R.C sprinkler tank

Figure 4.3.3.2(d): Horizontal concrete beam used as support for the water tanks

Figure 4.3.3.2(e): Mechanical drawing of detail of sprinkler tank

Figure 4.3.3.2(f): Mechanical drawing of detail of wet riser tank.

Water supply pipe

R.C sprinkler pipe

Figure 4.3.3.2(g): Water pipes UBBL: 





Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose rell systems , shall be located at ground , first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Requirements for Installation of water storage tanks: 1. Tanks are installed on bases above ground level, platforms where the tank is being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration taking place.

2. Metal Tank are to be installed with a membrane of non-corrosive insulating material between the support and the underside of the tanks 3. Tanks must be supported in a certain manner, so that no load is transmitted to any of the attached pipes 4. Tanks must be easily accessed for inspection, repairs, maintenance and replacement 5. Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-potable water.

6. Insulation from heat and cold should be specified

4.3.4 WATER PIPES Water distribution piping vary according to their usage and functionality in supplying water to their designatedareas. The sizes of pipes and material correspond according to their distribution outlets in order to provide the necessary pressure for the usage of the users. “The internal plumbing systems of most houses or buildings have been installed using Galvanized Iron Pipe (GI Pipe). The life span of G.I. pipes is generally between five (5) to seven (7) years.� SYABAS

Figure 4.3.4(a): Water pipes

Figure 4.3.4(b): R.C sprinkler pipes

Type

Material

Size

Cold water rise( from suction tank to roof tank)

Mild steel cement lining pipe (MSCL)

100

Cold water rise (from pump room to nd 2 floor)

Stainless steel pipe

50

Cold water distribution (lower ground to roof)

ABS PN 15

50

Cold water distribution (lower ground to first floor public toilet and common areas)

ABS PN 15

100

Table 4.3.4: According to SubangParade

Standards: The manufacture and installation of pressure is tightly regulated by the ASME “B31� code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the ASME boiler and pressure vessel code (BPVC). To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards.

UBBL: (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be(a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes , cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated (2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

4.3.5 PUMP SYSTEM Pump selection depends on two factors: yield of the rate of a well, daily flow (and maximum instantaneous flow rate) needed by the users, the size of the storage or pressure tank

Figure 4.3.5: Hydro pneumatic system

Hydro pneumatic system is being used in SubangParade. The hydro pneumatic system consists of a pressure vessel and a pressure pump. The pressure vessel contains water with a pressurized air space to provide the pressure for the system. With water demand, water flows from the vessel, increasing the air space as well as decreasing air pressure. This lower pressure signals the pump to start. The pump meets the demand with the excess volume backing up the pressure vessel. Thus decreases the air apace and increases the pressure once again. When the upper level is reached, the pump shuts off. The new pressure vessels have a neoprene bladder to separate the air space from the water.

The water is pumped from the supply system into a pressure tank for storage. Air in the tank is compressed by the water entering the tank. As the pressure in the tank increases, the pressure in the water distribution system also increases, since it is fed from the tank.

4.3.6 COLD WATER SYSTEM: Advantages of Indirect water system:    

Provides a reserve against failure of the mains supply Sudden demands are met from the cistern which fills slowly thus reducing the demand on the water main and the size of the incoming pipe Runs at a lower pressure which minimize noise and wastage and allows particular appliances to be used Heating and how water supply apparatus can be vented to the storage cistern, minimizing safety valve requirements.

The water supply comes from the R.C suction tank and is pumped up to the main water domestic tanks for storage. From the domestic tanks,located at the rooftop, the cold water is distributed throughout the basement via domestic water pumps. SubangParade has 3 floors to distribute water to, due to its location on roof level, gravitational system is employed to distribute water to the lower floors. Water is transported to the service areas such as irrigation taps, car park taps, toilets etc., without any aids of pumping devices.

However, pressure booster pumps are used to boost the flow of water in another distribution line which supplies water to the roof level, as well as selected areas.

Gravitational system: This is the most reliable and economical distribution system as it is only by the action of gravity

Figure 4.3.6(a): Booster pump is used to pump the water to the domestic water tank located at the roof top.

Water pressure booster pump Water booster pump is used to provide more pressure in the water pipes for better cleaning, flushing and irrigation. It is driven by an electric motor.

4.4 CONCLUSION Water supply system in SubangParade is simple yet efficient. All water tanks were located in one room at basement level. It applies straightforward layout of the water supply system thus its easy to understand. Based on the observation, the system seems well mainted with no signs of leakage or rust. Overall, the system implemented is effective due its stoarge capacity which is large enough to store and cater to the needs of it’s occupants.

SANITARY, SEWERAGE, DRAINAGE SYSTEM 5.1 5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5

Introduction Literature Review 5.2.1 Components of System 5.2.2 Case Study Brief 5.2.3 Sanitary Appliances 5.2.3.1 Water Closet 5.2.3.2 Wash Basin 5.2.4 Drain-waste-vent System 5.2.4.1 Traps 5.2.4.2 Sump Pit 5.2.4.3 Sump Pump 5.2.4.4 Stack 5.2.4.5 Septic Tank 5.2.4.6 Manholes 5.2.4.7 Oil and Petrol Interceptors 5.2.5 Drainage Uniform Building By-Laws Analysis Conclusion

5.1 INTRODUCTION Sewage, also known as wastewater is any liquid that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence (environmental pollution and pollutants). Sewage can take the form of human wastes and household wastes for example, urinals, stables, latrines, discharge of rain. Disposal of sewage is safely done through the use of defined systems.

Drainage is a combination of above-and below-ground systems, known respectively as sanitation and foul drainage. Surface or rainwater collection and disposal can be considered separately.

Depending on the building’s service system, drainage functions either from each individual systems or a combination of systems.

5.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Sewage forms part of our daily life activities. Accumulation of sewage can be a hindrance to our health and hygiene, unless we discharge it into sewage and sanitary system. There are many strategies to dispose of waste water but first it has to be understood that waste water is any water that has been adversely affected by anthropogenic influence (Burton, 2003). The definition of sewerage system from research is a network of collecting and conveying sewage by water carriage system through underground pipes. After that we have fully understood the terminologies, the system of the wastewater subset will be introduced.

5.2.1 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM Systems usually comprise sanitary appliances, pipes, service areas, and treatment area. A sanitary appliance is a fixture connected to the sewer pipe, into which people put sewage or wastes. Aside from the appliances, such as toilet, sink, etc‌ most of those components are installed away from public sight or disturbance and located in service rooms.

Terminology Surface-water drain:

a pipe conveying rain water away from roofs or paved areas within a single curtilage Surface-water sewer: the local authority pipework system Waste Pipe: pipe from a sanitary pipework system Stack: a vertical pipe Invert: the lowest point on the internal surface of a pipe Crown: the highest point on the internal surface of a pipe Foul drain: a pipe conveying water-borne waste from a building Foul sewer: the pipework system provided by the local drainage authority Subsoil drains: a system of underground porous or unjointed pipes to collect groundwater and convey it to its discharge point Manhole: an access chamber to a drain or sewer Combined system: a drainage system in which foul and surface-water are conveyed in the same pipe Individual system: a drainage system of underground porous or unjointed pipes to collect groundwater and convey it to its discharge point A sanitary sewer is defined as an underground carriage system to transport sewage from

households and commercial buildings to treatment or disposal through pipes. The system of sewers is a called Sewerage.

Figure 5.2.1(a): Sewerage System

A storm sewer collects storm water through gutters and catch basins. Storm water is drained from the street through the gutter into the storm sewer. Rainwater collection system is composed of several parts, including roof drains, pipes and catch basins, which all typically flow to a detention or infiltration system.

As mentioned earlier, a combined sewer system collects sanitary and storm water runoff in a single pipe system. As the drain and sewer are shared, the installation costs are comparatively low, but the water authorities but sewage processing costs high, due to the extra volume of surface water. These systems are common in older development areas, but the water authorities rarely accept them now, due to the need for special overload facilities at sewage treatment works in event of storm-water surcharge. The drawback of this system will be water pollution due to combined sewer overflow.

Figure 5.2.1(b): Dry and Wet Weather

Combined System

Separate System

Figure 5.2.1(c): Types of System

For separate system, the site installation costs are higher than for a combined system, but sewage processing is much cheaper and controllable. Surface water can discharge into a stream, river or other convenient watercourse. In granular subsoil, a soakaway can be used.

Figure 5.2.1(d)

Figure 5.2.1(e)

A soakaway is a pit filled with coarse rubble for collection and storage of storm-water, for subsequent dispersal into the subsoil. They are only acceptable in granular, free-draining and not closer than 5 m to the building. This acknowledges that water concentrations could undermine foundations.

Figure 5.2.1(d) and 5.2.1(e) show acceptable soakaways for large buildings and estate drainage from several dwellings.

5.2.2 CASE STUDY: SUBANG PARADE Subang Parade is a 4-floors complex. We can found features of sewerage system such as collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal. All wash closets on each floor are located in a similar place. They all share the same direct stack, hence it becomes more cost efficient and space efficient. The waste from the wash closets from every floor is collected and directed through the sewer line: soil pipe, vent pipe and waste pipe. At the manhole, the contaminants from the sewage and discharge is removed, and the remaining sewage flows into the drainage.

Figure 5.2.2(a): Ground Floor Plan

5.2.3 SANITARY APPLIANCES Wastewater are discharged into the waste and soil pipes and flow down the stack to the main discharge outlet. All water closets, wash basins and floor traps connect to those stacks. The trap seals of the traps prevent foul gases from exiting through the inlet.

5.2.3.1 WATER CLOSET A water closet is an enclosed room or compartment, in which is found a toilet bowl with flushing mechanism. Most flush valves are 63.5 mm in diameter. During the flushing, the tank of a conventional toilet empties. A float ball drops, activating the ballcock which releases water into the tank. The water is delivered to the ballcock through a supply tube that is connected to a valve at the wall. When turned clockwise, this valve shuts off the flow of water to the tank. To prevent overflow and flooding, the top of the overflow tube is open and acts as a drain if the tank’s water level rises too high.

Figure 5.2.3.1(b)

Figure 5.2.3.1(c)

Figure 5.2.3.1(a)

5.2.3.2 WASH BASIN It is a bowl shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands. It generally consists of a tap; which supplies either hot or cold water, a drain; to remove used water and includes a strainer or shut off device and an overflow-prevention device. The most common material used is the solid ceramic due to its high resistance to hot and cold temperatures and also its corrosion resistance.

Figure 5.2.3.2(a) Wash Basin

5.2.4 DRAIN-WASTE-VENT SYSTEM In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is part of a system that removes sewage and greywater from a building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes. DWV systems maintain neutral air pressure in the drains, allowing flow of water and sewage down drains and through waste pipes by gravity. In rare situations, a downward slope out of a building to the sewer cannot be created, and a special collection pit and sewage ejector pump are needed. All fixtures must contain traps to prevent sewer gases leakage. All fixtures are connected to waste lines through traps. The waste is taken to a soil stack or soil vent pipe.

5.2.4.1 TRAPS Water Seal A water seal is used to prevent the entry of waste water gases and pest into the building. In addition to preventing foul air entering a building, a trap will also retain debris that could otherwise block the discharge pipe. Water seals traps are fitted just after the sanitary appliances, traps some flushing water, create a water seal in the waste water pipe. For toilet bowl and urinal, traps are cast together with the sanitary appliance. For the purpose of cleaning, it should be detachable, but if it is fixed, the appliance should be removable.

Figure 5.2.4.1(a) Bottle or ‘P’ and Tubular or ‘S’ Trap

When the basin is used, the used water goes through the basin waste, into the drainage pipe and then into the sewer. The accumulation of waste and dirt emits harmful gases, which needs an outlet through the drainage pipes.

The bottle trap is a kind of a deep vessel which has a bigger diameter than the plumbing pipe.

The plumbing pipe that comes from the basin goes straight into the bottle trap. The trap is always immersed with water. When sewer gases enter the system again through the outlet pipes and reach the bottle trap, the water, found in the trap, seals the way.

The tubular or ‘S’ trap is located within a plumbing fixture. The bend in the trap prevents sewer gases from entering buildings. The water in the trap creates a seal that prevents sewer gas from passing from the drain pipes back into the occupied space of the building.

Traps tend to collect hair, sand and other debris, hence limit the ultimate size of objects that will pass on into the rest of the plumbing. Traps are usually removable for cleaning.

Figure 5.2.4.1(b) S-trap

A gully trap is a basin in the ground which receives piped wastewater from kitchens, bathroom and laundry before it is emptied into the sewer. The basin has a water seal to prevent foul odours of the sewer reaching the surface. The top or surround is raised above ground level to prevent stormwater and other foreign matter entering the sewer.

Figure 5.2.4.1.1(c): Gully Trap Gully traps are not meant for stormwater. In periods of heavy rain, a sudden increase in water flowing into the sewer through gully traps can result in wastewater overflows elsewhere in the sewerage system. The excessive flows can also cause problems at the wastewater treatment plant due to system overloading. Gully traps must have an overflow rim at least 150 mm below the overflow level of the lowest fixture served by the system, located within the legal boundary of the land on which the building stands, to prevent surface water from entering the trap, be constructed so the grate will lift to allow surcharge, have at least one discharge pipe feeding into it to maintain the water seal.

5.2.4.2 SUMP PIT It is a low space that collects any often-undesirable liquids such as chemicals. The sump pit is located at the basement and has wall and bottoms constructed of concrete, polyethylene, polypropylene, fiberglass or other suitable materials. An adequate sealed cover is provided to support the occupancy floor load. The collected liquid is pumped to an outlet using a sump pump which is mostly submersible.

Figure 5.2.4.2(a): Service room in basement

Figure 5.2.4.2(b): Sump Pit

Figure 5.2.4.2(c): Sump Pit

Figure 5.2.4.2(d): Sump Pit

5.2.4.3 SUMP PUMP A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water collecting sump pit, commonly found in the basement of any building. Either a large clearance centrifugal pump, driven by a 440 V three phase electric motor, or a pneumatic ejector, is used.

Figure 5.2.4.3(a): Sump pump The water enters via the perimeter drains of a basement waterproofing system, flowing into the basin. Each sump located in the sump chamber contains 2nos of pumps which are used to pump the wastewater to the ground floor outlet. The pump have a flow capacity of 7.5 litres/sec and is controlled by a level regulator to prevent overflow and underflow.

The pneumatic ejector collects the discharge in a steel tank containing a float. At the upper fluid level, the float operates a change-over valve, which admits air from a compressor and storage vessel. The incoming compressed air drives the sewage into the outlet drain at the higher level. Non-return valves are fitted to the inlet and outlet pipes to stop the possibility of reverse flow.

Both types of sewing-lifting equipment have open vent pipes to ensure that back pressures are not imposed upon the soil stack.

5.2.4.4 STACK Waste Pipe The DWV system has three components. Drain lines collect water from sinks, showers and tubs. Waste lines carry waste from toilets. Vent lines extract sewer gases out from the room.

Figure 5.2.4.4(a): Branch Pipe to W.C

Figure 5.2.4.4 b): Branch for a range of WCs

Figure 5.2.4.4(c): Branch for a range of urinals

Figure 5.2.4.4(d): Branch from a sink

In order to minimise the possibility of blockages, the dimensions of the pipe are typically 1.25 inches to 4 inches in diameter. Most drain piping is ABS plastic, cast iron or copper. Some vent pipes are galvanized iron. Each drain must be served by a vent line that carries sewer gases out through the roof. Several vents may be connected together and joined to one larger soil stack as long as there is no drain above the connection joint.

All waste pipes should have cleanouts at easily accessible locations. A cleanout is simply a Yshaped fitting in the line that is capped off. A cleanout offers a convenient place for a plumber to access the line whenever a blockage happens. They are located in easily accessible locations.

Soil pipes, as well as soil pipes, are separately ventilated by providing separate vent pipe or anti-siphonage pipe. Fresh air, through an inlet connected to the lower-most manhole or inspection chamber, is provided for proper ventilation. It is then extracted to the vent pipe where it mixes with the foul gas. A flap valve is provided at the inlet of fresh air into the inspection chamber to avoid the escape of foul gases in the public.

5.2.4.5 SEPTIC TANK It is generally a three separate compartments tank. The first compartment separates solid from liquids; heavier solids settle as sludge and lighter solids form a surface scum. The scum is a solid crust which excludes oxygen, thereby encouraging anaerobic action to reduce the volume of solids. The middle compartment is half the volume of the first and completes any further separation of solids that may be necessary. The outlet from the third compartment could feed a small biological filter of broken stone or rubble, where aerobic bacterial action will complete the process before the water is discharged. Discharge may be into a stream or river, or by percolation into underground porous strata by means of inverted perforated land drainage pipes. Whatever is selected will require permission from the local water authority and they will probably examine treated water samples on completion of the installation.

A piping network, often laid in a stone-filled with multiple drainage holes in the network. The size of the leach field is proportional to the volume of wastewater and inversely proportional to the porosity of the drainage field. The entire septic tank can operate alone or, where topographic considerations require.

Figure 5.2.4.5(a) Septic Tank

5.2.4.6 MANHOLES These are masonry or precast concrete access chambers, with sufficient working space at drain level. It ensures that sewer lines and other utilities such as electrical cables are able to be checked for damage and maintenance. Access to the manhole is restricted by a manhole cover. It is a flat circular plug placed to also prevent accidental access to the manhole.

Figure 5.2.4.6 (b) External back drop manhole

Figure 5.2.4.6 (a) Manhole at Subang Parade

Figure 5.2.4.6 (c) Deep manhole with access shaft

Manholes are found in urban areas, in the middle of the streets and on the sidewalk.

5.2.4.7 OIL AND PETROL INTERCEPTORS These chambers are essential where the surface water drains from garage forecourts, industrial premises, etc. and flows into the drain which discharges into a river or other watercourse. The construction may be traditional brick and concrete or reinforced plastic in three compartments shown in principle in Figure 5.2.4.7(a).

Figure 5.2.4.7(a): Oil/Petrol interceptor 5.2.5 DRAINAGE Flood damage is reduced by carrying water away through drains into the bays. Large amounts of water can build up quickly during heavy rain and storms, and without adequate drainage this flows towards low-lying land, causing flooding, and damage and safety risks.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 115: Roof coverings and drainage. All roofs of buildings shall be so constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these By-laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.

The drainage system of Subang Parade is as follows; the storm water runs off Subang Parade’s area and their roofs through gutters and downpipes, and into the residential drains. The latter connect to streets and roads drains or council drains. The council drains connect to regional drains. Regional drains conduct the water into the nearest river or directly to the bay.

5.3 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS Section 43: In all buildings, the size of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms shall be(a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5 metres by 0.75 metre; (b) In the case of water closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.25 metres by 0.75 metre; (c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre; and (d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre.

Sewerage System By-Law: Laws of Malaysia act 133, Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 Under laws of Malaysia Act 133, no water pipe, stack pipe or down spout for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to serve or act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

Under Water Service Industry Act 2006 No.35, it shall be the duty of every facilities license to construct, refurbish, upgrade, maintain and repair its water supply system and sewerage system and all other assets in relation to the systems such as the facilities license is and continuous to be able to meet its obligation.

Water Supply By-Law: Street Drainage and Building Act 1974  No.56, Rainwater pipes not to be used as soil pipe. No pipe used for the carrying off rainwater from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water closet or any sullage water.  Under JKR20800-132-23:1.3.1, Storage tank shall be watertight and properly supported, provided with dust and mosquito-proof cover. The cover shall be constructed that it shall not be airtight. The storage shall be provided with a high pressure ball valve on the inlet and of the same size as inlet pipe, overflow/warning pipe shall discharge outside the building.

5.4 ANALYSIS At Subang Parade, liquid waste are flushed through sanitary appliances into stacks. The stacks direct the waste towards the sump pit found in the basement of the building. To access the service room, one has to travel through numerous rooms and corridors. So it is well sealed and kept away from the public.

Waste water is pumped into the public sewer line and travels to a wastewater treatment plant.

Due to the numerous shops and restaurant, interceptors are required to prevent pipe blockage.

Most of the system is hidden either in the ceiling, behind walls or underground. The presence of those pipes are not noticeable as smell is kept fresh. This is made possible by having stack vents installed. The gases are guided through vent pipes to the roof.

5.5 CONCLUSION Wastewater encompasses numerous potential contaminants and concentration of pollutants such as faeces and urine, garbage, minerals and also hazardous industrial wastes. In Subang Parade the disposal system is properly applied into the design of building, and the wastes are treated properly so that the users will not be affected by improper disposal. The efficient design, in terms of sanitation and drainage, complies with the standards and requirement of regulatory bodies in Malaysia. It is clearly demonstrated through the presence of all basic requirements of sanitation services and storm water systems, which is executed at affordable costs.

Design is not only an important element of Subang Parade for discharging wastewater. Subang Parade is ideally situated in the neighbourhood of a wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater discharge into the public sewer line reduces the cost of a septic tank or treatment system for Subang Parade.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.2.1 General Distribution 6.2.2 Devices 6.3 Case Study 6.3.1 Electrical Distribution System 6.3.2 High Voltage, Transformer Room & Low Voltage Room 6.3.3 High Tension Switch Gear 6.3.4 Raceway, Conductor Electrical Riser 6.3.5 Back Up System 6.4 Analysis 6.5 Conclusion

6.1 INTRODUCTION Some of the many ways to generate electricity is by the burning of fossil fuels, and the latest method that has been discovered to sustain fossil fuels is by nuclear. In example to this existing technique, electricity is now being generated at power plants and distributed through transmission lines through multiple distribution systems earlier before consumption.

In the modern world, electricity plays an important part and is being adapted to a rising number of uses. In a building, electricity is the most important and major supply system as it supplies power to move appliances such as ventilation, lighting system, heating and cooling systems, mechanical transportation and telecommunication equipment. A building becomes only partially functional when electrical supply is absent, whereby it will only depend on emergency supply for a short period of time. This is proven to show that buildings to rely on electricity for a smooth and normal operation. The demand and usage of power in a building can be determined trough analysis, as well as the essential measures in doing so.

The subtopic will generally cover the study of electrical services in a building in general, as well as the selected case study building, Subang Parade. The electrical distribution and consumption in buildings will be discussed. The appropriateness of electrical services found will be studied as per requirements of the Uniform Building By-Law 2001. A much more critical and detailed analysis of the electrical system in Subang Parade will be discussed from the flow of the district power plant to the electrical utilities. The subtopic will also be discussing on the uses of different types of rooms and appliances within the electrical distribution system.

6.2 LITERATURE Review 6.2.1 GENERAL DISTRIBUTION

Figure 6.2.1(a): Basic Electrical Distribution System

Being the first shopping mall in Subang Jaya, Subang Parade is located close to Wisma Consplant (formerly known as Wisma Tractors) and Empire Shopping Gallery in SS16, Subang Jaya. The anchor tenant of Subang Parade is Parkson Departmental Store and they require constant flow of electricity without any shortage or breakdowns to enable constant electrical flow running during working hours. The main usage of electricity in Subang Parade is mainly consumed for air conditioning, lighting, elevators, escalators, appliances, and many more electrical appliances and machines.

Basic distribution of electricity is shown in Figure 6.1.1(a). Electricity that is being generate by electromechanical generators at power stations are being powered by heat engines fueled by the burning of fossil fuel or nuclear division, alongside with the kinetic energy of the flow of water and wind. Other sources of energy also include geothermal power and solar photovoltaic energy. Examples of conventional power stations are nuclear powered plants, coal-fired, gas and hydroelectric dams as well as large-scale solar powered stations. The frequent necessity of external electricity sources to transmit power over extensive distances is needed to the fact that they are centralized.

Current is being generated at high voltage by power plants to be dispersed to users.

Before consumption, electricity passes across a series of distribution systems known as the power distribution grid. Electricity voltage will either be raised or lowered according to suitability at different points of the system during this process.

Electricity is being transferred to the transmission substation through the distribution grid from the power plants. Electricity is being stepped up (increase in power) by the step up transformer within the substation at this point to overcome the opposition of the electricity when travelling through extensive distance across the transmission lines. Current is then being passed across electrical pylons along the distribution grid system, or in more heavily populated areas, underground transmission lines, and to substations in various areas.

Current is then being stepped down by step down transformers at substations due to the high voltage, which is inappropriate for domestic use.

6.2.2 DEVICES

Figure 6.2.2(a): Building Electrical Distribution Several devices are being found and used in the distribution of electricity throughout a building such as meters, main switch, distribution board, branch circuit and many more. These devices are used in the building electrical distribution flow. When the flow of current from the substation is being transmitted to the High Tension Room or is also known as the High Voltage Room to be further dispersed to various step down transformers to decrease the current voltage according to the usage and consumption in buildings. The Low Voltage Room will then receive the current that has been decreased earlier.

The function of the Main Switchboard Room or Low Voltage Room is to store the main switches of various services in a building. The transformers then receive respective currents for each panel. The Low Voltage Room is installed with circuit breakers to prevent excessive power flow that may possibly harm the electrical appliances inside the room.

Then, distribution boards receive current from main switchboards. Using bus ducts, the transfer is assisted by electrical risers situated at every level of a building. A sub switchboard is installed in each riser room. The sub switchboard regulates the electrical supply using meters to the particular level by the main switchboard to avoid power flows that may cause in an electricity trip and to ensure that only the level that is affected electricity’s supply is cut off.

6.3 CASE STUDY 6.3.1 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Outdoor Distribution

Figure 6.3.1(a): Power transmission to Subang Parade In Malaysia, the transmission voltage networks are 500kV, 275kV, 132kV and the distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and 400/230V. Residential areas usually use more of the latter and the remaining is used for industrial usage. As for this case study, TNB Substation is the main source that provides electricity to Subang Parade.

Indoor Distribution

Figure 6.3.1(b): Power being transformed to low voltage Figure above indicates the TNB switching room, gen-set room, and the high and low voltage area and transformers.

Figure 6.3.1(c): Diagram shows the location of TNB switching room in red (LG).

Main Switching Station (SSU) A dedicated amount bulk consumer of 32kV, 22kV and 11kV is provided by the SSU / Main Switching Station according to Tenaga Nasional Berhad.

Subang Parade is getting 11kV and the SSU delivers a bulk capacity injection to the load center for distribution from the Main Distribution substation. SSU Switchgear Room, the control room and the battery room are part of the SSU and only switchgear room is available in Subang Parade.

SSU Switchgear Room Electrical disconnects switches, fuses or circuit breakers are components of a switchgear which is used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. There are several functions of a switchgear such as to de-energize equipment to enable work to be done and to clear faults downstream. The switchgear is immediately connected to the consistency of the electricity supply. The SSU Switchgear Room has a medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breakers that is rated current up to 6,300 A, and higher for generator circuit breakers that is as perrequired by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. By forming and destroying the arc in a vacuum container, current will be interrupted by these beakers.

The long life bellows is being design to travel the 6 to 10 mm the contacts must part.

The medium-voltage range of power systems corresponds approximately for voltages up to about 40,500 V. The SSU Switchgear Room is required to have good ventilation within the room itself and does not have any column and cross-beam to prevent any interruption.

Legend:

A) High Voltage/ Low Voltage Room

B) Switch Gear

C) 3 Phase Transformers

D) Transformation of voltage label

E) Distribution Panel

F) Sub Switch Boards

Diagram 6.3.1(i): Transformation of high voltage to low voltage Figure above shows how Subang Parade receives electricity from the power station.

TNB metering kiosk receives electricity first before it flows to the power station. The TNB Power Station (SSU) then receives electricity flow after the meter. It then will be transported to the Vacuum Circuit Breaker or which is also known by the term main switch. The function of the main switch is to protect the three phase transformer

when it is overloaded by disconnection the power which is at 11kV in the transformer room beside it. Voltage is being stepped down to 415kV before it is being transferred to the Low Voltage area which is located in a different room. The Low Voltage Room is located beside the transformer room and they are all located close together to increase proficiency and to avoid energy loss. Fatal accidents may occur if a person were to be zapped due to the leakage of current from the transformer, hence air circuits are installed to avoid leakage. Finally once it has reached the transformer, it will then flow to the distribution panel (switchboard) and it will be further distributed through the riser to the rest of Subang Parade.

6.3.2 HIGH VOLTAGE, TRANSFORMER ROOM & LOW VOLTAGE ROOM

Diagram 6.3.2(ii): High Voltage Room (YELLOW), Transformer Room (BLUE) and low voltage room (RED) (LG Plan) in lower ground floor plan of Subang Parade

Diagram 6.3.2(iii): High voltage room and Transformer Room in plan view

6.3.3 HIGH TENSION SWITCH GEAR Situated in the Lower Ground level, the main metal-clad switchgear for commercial, industrial, and public buildings, makes it almost invariable and isolated in a wellventilated electrical switchgear room. The function of a switch gear is to control the flow of electricity within the electrical system and to provide protection from current overloading, as well as short circuit current and insulation failure. Not just that, the switch gear also acts as a fail-proof mechanical indicator as well as an insulator between open contacts. Other functions of the switch gear also include functional switching, emergency switching, emergency stopping and also stopping of entire mechanism for maintenance. The switch gear would operate on the backup generators supplying the power required when power failure occurs, hence emergency switching is used. No special rooms are needed for smaller sub distribution switchboards. A clear and large sign stating “ DANGER-HIGH VOLTAGE � is to prevent vandalism or tampering. Specification for switchgear should state the maximum overall dimensions of sections that will be transported and installed in a piece.

Figure 6.3.3(a): “DANGER’’ sign outside the High Voltage Room

Figure 6.3.3(b): Sufficient exits and hallways provided for installation and removal of equipment

Step-Down Transformer The function of a step-down transformer is to step down high voltage current from 11kV to 415V using the machine in the diagram below. Subang Parade has an amount of 5 transformers at its transformer room.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5) Figure 6.3.3(c): Photos of devices in Transformer Room

The switchgear (1) receives electricity flow from the TNB substation and flows to the 5 transformers (2) to be stepped down the voltage from 11kV to 415V. It will then be divided and passes along the ACMV. The switchboard for distribution to the users, lighting, AHU and etc. (3) helps to absorb water vapors or oil to reduce the humidity inside the transformer (4) is a system to check the temperatures of the transformers.

The technician would be alerted in case an emergency occurs. (5) A CO2 system is installed in the transformer room to release carbon dioxide incase of a fire emergency.

Using an electromagnetic induction, a transformer transfers energy between two or more circuits and changes or converts alternating current (ac) of one voltage to alternating current of another voltage. A primary winding and a secondary winding are components of an iron core which are wound at least twice, and are used as transformers in buildings. A voltage enforced on the primary winding induces (through the iron core) a voltage in the secondary winding in proportionate to the ratio of turns in the two coils. Hence, a secondary winding has a smaller number of turns compared to a step-down transformer in its primary winding. Theoretically, it is to be said that transformers are reversible; however practically it is rarely being used that way. Transformers are sorted into two categorize: single-phase and three phase construction. However, based on the case study for Subang Parade, a three phase transformer is being used.

Figure 6.3.3(d): Three Phase Transformer used in Subang Parade

The passage of current across the transformer coils produces heat due to the winding cable resistance. The unit’s cooling medium receives the heat and then is being radiated or disposed. Transformers are either dry (air cooled) or liquid-filled depending on the required electrical characteristics, the proposed physical location of the transformer, and costs. As for the building chosen for this case study, that is Subang Parade; Oil-insulated Transformer is being used. When it is being installed indoors, a fire hazard is presented due to the highly flammable oil which can cause fire from a ruptured or leaking tank. As a safety precaution, majority of oil-filled transformers are installed in fire-resistant vaults which involves substantial cost.

Some of the advantages offsetting this cost are long durability, excellent electrical characteristics, low noise level, and high overload capacity.

Specific consideration must be given out to the transformer’s heat-generating properties when an indoor transformer is installed and good ventilation within the room is required. Indoor transformer installation is much more advisable to install in a fire-resistant room. A CO2 fire protection system is installed in the transformer room in Subang Parade to act as an extinguishing agent in the fire protection system.

The technician in charge is required to be alert to see the sign on the door whether the condition inside of the transformer room is suitable to enter or not. The green light will appear if it is safe for one to enter the transformer room, and the red light will appear if it is vice versa.

Figure 6.3.3(e): CO2 Cylindrical Tank in Transformer Room

Figure 6.3.3(f): Safety sign on the door of the Transformer Room

Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) and Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) Having the same function as a fuse, a circuit breaker is an electromechanical device which also acts as a switch. It is also able to open and close a circuit in a very short time. The similar function of these two beakers is able to cut off power and to isolate if there are faults within it to prevent from outbreaks. Being specially designed to protect high voltage circuits, circuit breakers are produced in various sizes varying from small devices to protect individual household appliances up to large switchgears. By producing and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container, current is being interrupted by vacuum beakers. On the other hand, air circuit breakers are used to configure trips and to delay trips when circuit is overflowed. The air circuit breakers enclosures are designed to be easily drawn-out to enable easier access and maintenance. Air circuit breakers have a shorter lifespan compared to vacuum circuit breakers.

Figure 6.3.3(g): Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Main Switch Board / Distribution Panel Having a huge assembly of panels which contains switches, the function of a main switchboard is to allow electricity to be transmitted and to split the main current into smaller currents for further distribution control of current. With the presence of the main switchboard, one is being able control the electrical supply of the entire network from a specific area. Another function of the main switch board it to provide switching, current protection and (possibly) metering for those various currents. Generally, switchboards are able to distribute power to transformers, panel boards, control equipment, and, ultimately, to individual system loads. Having functions such as dividing an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits and providing a protective fuse or a circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure, a distribution panel is part of a component of the electricity supply system. Typically, a main switch, and in boards nowadays, one or more residualcurrent devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO), are also incorporated.

Figure 6.3.3(h): Main Switchboard in low voltage area

Diagram (i): Distribution panel

Sub-Switch Board Having the same function as the main switch board, the sub-switchboard is able to connect and disconnect electrical flow from the main switchboard. The sub-switch board can be found in many places such as the AHU room, the fire pump room, the A/C room and many more places.

Diagram 6.3.4(ii): Plan view of sub-switch board (Red=AHU), (Green=A/C), (Blue=Elevator)

Figure 6.3.3(i): Sub-switchboard in AHU Room

Figure 6.3.3(ii): Sub-Switchboard

6.3.4 RACEWAY, CONDUCTOR ELECTRICAL RISER Conductors come in various shapes and sizes such as round wires, rectangular cross section or stands that are made of metals either copper or aluminum. Electrical conductors are means by which current is conducted across the electrical system, parallel to the piping of a hydraulic system. Raceways are used to cover these wires where current is carried across and conductors are covered with insulators to avoid them from causing electric shock; hence Insulators are called raceway.

Figure 6.3.4(a): Electrical raceway and riser in Subang Parade

6.3.5 BACK-UP SYSTEM Generator Set

Diagram 6.3.5(i): Location of Generator Set in low voltage room (LG)

Due to the character of the function of the building, Subang Parade operates by a standby system. Having it as a commercialize building, Subang Parade requires a system that is able to protect and to prevent them from having any financial loss.

Subang Parade uses two diesel generators as their standby system whereby this generator has a combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator to generate electrical energy. This is a specific case of engine-generator. Below shows both diesel generators in low voltage room, which is (1A) & (1B).

Figure 6.3.5(a) & (b): Diesel Generator (1A) & (1B) in low voltage room

Diagram 6.3.5(ii): Diesel Generator and the components

The function of a diesel generating set is to provide power-supply incase of an emergency if the grid fails and acts as a support for minor applications such as peaklopping, grid support and export to the power grid and are used in places which do not have connection to the power grid. The size of diesel generators is important to prevent low-load or shortage of power and it is made complicated by modern electronics such as non-linear loads. The system will automatically detect the power shortage and the gen set based on the power needed to prevent any clash will start running when power failure or power shortage occurs. The fuel system, space housing the equipment and the set itself are components of the generator. By using a gen-set, it is able to provide the building unlimited kVA capacity and is only set back by the size of the fuel tank. To prevent any failure during power failure or power shortage, the gen-set has to be maintained properly. Gen- sets are commonly located at the lower ground levels to ensure low noise levels and to avoid diesel emissions from users. Fuel is also positioned nearby to the gen-set for fuel refilling purposes and to ensure smooth operation during power shortage. The figure below showed the fuel tank that placed near to the gen-set.

Figure 6.3.5(c): Fuel tank in the low voltage room

6.4 ANALYSIS Transformer A transformer is machine that modifies or transformers alternating current (ac) of one voltage to alternating current of another voltage. A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding.

Under MS1525; 7: Electric power and distribution This clause applies to the energy efficiency requirements of electric motors, transformers and distribution systems of buildings except those required for emergency purposes.
All electrical power distribution equipment should be selected for their energy efficiency and to minimize cost of ownership. Cost of ownership includes the capital cost and the cost of energy over the equipment life time.

Supply system voltage has significant impact on losses. Hence, the supply voltage should be maintained as close as possible to the design/optimum voltage of the equipment installed.

Subang Parade has a gen set on its own for transformers to step down its current flow. The figure below shows the transformer own the by gen- set. It is not required for a gen set to have a transformer on it’s own as they rather costly. The other two transformers are supposedly to be connected to the gen set system and are still able to handle the load of the gen sets. Lesser number of transformers equalizes to lesser equipment, hence lesser maintenance is required.

To decrease the cost of consumption of electricity, transformers, switchboards and gen sets are all placed nearby to each other. Spatial organization was properly looked in to minimize space area and to ensure that it is well organized.

Figure 6.4(a): Gen set own transformer Generator Set The function of the generator is to deliver sufficient power and source for the whole building to run under emergencies such as fire and also as a standby system where it is always ready to give electrical power to the building. When a power failure or a power shortage occurs, the generator will automatically start operating. The system will automatically be notified that there is a power shortage and will start operating the gen set based on the power needed to prevent any clash. The fuel system, space housing the equipment and the set itself are part of the components of the generator set.

Under UBBL Section 253(1):
Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property.

Subang Parade follows all the requirements above. When a break down occurs, diesel generator is used as a standby system to give sufficient power. Besides that, fuel is placed nearby the generator to ensure smooth operations when power shortage occurs.

6.5 CONCLUSION Subang Parade has an efficient and organized electrical system. Most of the systems and appliances that are built and used within the building have been working ever since the day it was built. Maintenance is carried out frequently to ensure that all systems work well daily and throughout the year. It can be said that the equipment used in Subang Parade are in top class as the system that they used are well advanced whereby if there is a fault in any of the systems, the person in charge will be notified via SMS immediately. Hence, maintenance becomes easier.

As stated earlier, it would be much more convenient if the generator shared the same transformer from the switchboard instead of having its own because it is rather costly and harder to maintain. Besides that, the fuel should be provided sufficiently just as a standby to ensure that the generator can work continuously without any shortage of fuel during power shortage.

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Uniform Building By-Law 7.1.2 Literature Review 7.2 Elevator 7.2.1 Location of Elevators 7.2.2 Types of Elevators 7.2.3 Hydraulic Elevator 7.2.2.1 Advantages and Drawbacks 7.2.4 Motor Room 7.2.5 Car 7.2.6 Size, Speed and Capacity Rise 7.2.7 Cables 7.2.8 Counterweight 7.2.9 Shaft 7.3 Safety Device 7.3.1 Elevator Car Control 7.3.2 Elevator Control System 7.3.3 UBBL 7.4 Escalator 7.4.1 Location of Escalators 7.4.2 Types of Escalators 7.4.3 Components of Escalators 7.5 Safety Considerations 7.5.1 Fire Protection

7.1 INTRODUCTION Early electric lifts were controlled by an attendant and only featured controls to go up and go down. Doors had to be opened manually as well. Nowadays, lift attendants are reserved for only the most exclusive establishments, as the automatic passenger operated lift has all but taken over.

7.1.1 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW LIFT 1.Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm.

2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load.

3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long and 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel.

4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be turned through 180o inside the lift.

Lift Door Installation should provide the following: a) The lift doors should be power operated. b) A clear opening of not less than 1000mm should be provided. c) Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that the lift car and landing doors would not close while the opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging provisions which operate if the door is held open for more than 20s. d) If the door sensors are not provided, the dwell time of an automatically closing door should not be less than 5s and the closing door speed should not exceed 0.25 m/s Lift Controls 97.

UBBL Clause 124, a lift shall be provided for a non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main entrance. It is also essential for a building with less than 4 storeys to provide an elevator for the elderly and disabled. Minimum walking distance to the lift should not exceed 45m and the lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal travel distance.

7.1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical transportation is transport device used to move goods or people vertically between floors. Types of vertical mechanical transportation that can be found in buildings are escalator and elevators. Elevators Elevators are one of the vertical mechanical transportation found in multi-storey buildings or high rise buildings. Elevators are vertical transport generally powered by electric motor that is drive by traction cable and counterweight system like a hydraulic pump used to transport goods or people vertically up and down to different levels or floors.

The performance and effectiveness of an elevator set up is achieved by calculating the round trip time (RTT). This is an ordinary period of time for one lift car to circulate, assimilating statistical data for the time lost due to stops. It is measured from the time the lift doors begin to open at the main.

7.2 ELEVATOR As the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a worm and-gear-type reduction unit, which turns the hoisting sheave. Elevators typically operate at speeds from 38 to 152 meters (125-500 ft.) per minute and carry loads of up to 13,600 kilograms (30,000 lb.). An electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level. Subang Parade has 9 groups of elevators serving the whole mall. 7 groups are connected directly to car park. The balance two groups are utilised within the shopping mall excluding basement level. In one group, there are 2 elevators, with one is designated for Bomba in terms of emergency.

Figure 7.2(a) electric elevators two speed centre opening 1.52m

Figure 7.2(b) hydraulic elevators for interfloor traffic 7.2.1 LOCATION OF ELEVATORS

7.2.2 TYPES OF ELEVATOR Geared Traction Elevator and Plunger Hydraulic Elevator In a gearless traction machine, six to eight lengths of wire cable, known as hoisting ropes, are attached to the top of the elevator and wrapped around the drive sheave in special grooves.

The other ends of the cables are attached to a counterweight that moves up and down in the hoist way on its own guiderails. The combined weight of the elevator car and the counterweight presses the cables into the grooves on the drive sheave, providing the necessary traction as the sheave turns. To reduce the load on the motor, the counterweight is calculated to match the weight of the car and a half-load of passengers. As the car rises, the counterweight descends, balancing the load. This reduces energy consumption because the motor is required to lift no more than the weight of half a car load at any time. The grooved sheave in this traditional gearless system is quite large, from 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2–4 ft) in

diameter. The electric motor that runs it must be powerful enough to turn this large drive sheave at 50–200 revolutions per minute in order to move the elevator at the proper rate.

Safety is provided by a governing device that engages the car’s brakes, should the elevator begin to fall. A powerful clamp clutches the steel governor cable, which activates two safety clamps located beneath the car. Moveable steel jaws wedge themselves against the guiderails until sufficient force is exerted to bring the car to a smooth stop.

Figure 7.2.2(a) Components of Electric Elevator

7.2.3 HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR The car, cables, elevator machine, control equipment, counterweights, hoistway, rails, penthouse and pit are the principal parts of a traction elevator illustration.

Figure 7.2.3(a)

Hydraulic elevators are used extensively in buildings up to five or six stories high. These elevators—which can operate at speeds up to 46 meters (150 ft) per minute—do not use the large overhead hoisting machinery the way geared and gearless systems do. Instead, a typical hydraulic elevator is powered by a piston that travels inside a cylinder. An electric motor pumps oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston smoothly lifts the elevator cab.

Electrical valves control the release of the oil for a gentle descent.

Figure 7.2.3(b) shows the system of the hydraulic elevator

With holed hydraulic systems,the elevator car is mounted on a piston that travels inside a cylinder.The cylinder extends into the ground to a depth equal to the height the levator will rise. As hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder through the valve. As the fluid returns to the reservoir,the car descends.

In some instances,bedrock a high water table or unstable soil conditions can make diggging the hole required for a conventional hydraulic elevator solves this problem with pistons mounted inside the hoistway to raise and lower the car The roped hydraulic eleavtor extends the rise of the holeless eleavtor to 18 metres(60ft), without the need for a below ground cylinder.

7.2.2.1 ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS One advantage is that hydraulic elevators allow for a simple building structure; the cylinder used to move the elevators up and down is supported by the soil beneath the building versus the building itself.     

No overhead machine room is necessary Elevator hoist way dimensions are optimized Loads are distributed to load bearing walls-there are no overhead structural requirements Machine rooms can be located remotely Installation costs are generally less than those for conventional traction roped systems

The drawbacks of the hydraulic elevator include:      

Machine room needed for pump unit and control system Limited speed and performance High noise levels as compared to other systems Odour from heated oil Environmental concerns due to significant use of oil Poor ride quality as compared with other systems

7.2.4 MOTOR ROOM Elevator room is located on top pf the elavator shaft. It housed traction machines of all elevators, including control panel.

Figure 7.2.4(a) shows the traction machine

Figure 7.2.4(b) the motor room system

An elevator motor room is usually located above the elevator on the highest floor of a building. In this motor room it contains the following:    

Winding Gear Traction Sheave Control Panel Overspeed Governor

Reasonable access to and from the machine room should be provided as it is important for the equipment to be maintained and occasionally remove and replace parts. The ventilation must be sufficient enough in removing the heat released by the equipment to maintain a maximum heat of 40oC.

7.2.5 CAR The car is the only element which the normal passenger is familiar. Some of a building’s prestige depends upon proper design of the elevator car. Essentially, the car is a cage of some fire-resistant material supported on a structural frame, to the top member of which the lifting cables are locked. By means of guide shoes on the side members, the car is guided in its vertical travel in the shaft. The car is equipped with safety doors, operating-control equipment floor- level indicators, illumination, emergency exits, and ventilation. It is designed for long life, low maintenance and soft operation.

Figure 7.2.5(a): Elevator car components

Elevator Car is composed of the following components: Car Sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension, 1. The elevator cabin, 2. Mechanical accessories which are: 

Car door and door operator.



Guide shoes.



Door Protective Device.

7.2.6 Size, Speed and Capacity rise

Electric Elevator

Hydraulic Elevator

Elevator Capacity

1800Kg

1360Kg,26 persons

Internal Car Size

180cm*183cm

90cm*270cm

Door arrangement

Two speed centre opening

Single-speed centre opening

Round-Trip Time

1 minute

2 minutes 15 seconds

Table 7.2.6(a) shows the comparison between electric elevator and hydraulic elevator

Elevators are manufactured by and industry norms and are consequently accessible in standard outlines. All elevators in the United States are prepared at an edge of 30 degree from the level, with a base vertical leeway of 2.1m for elevator travellers. The 30 degree bent implies that the ascent is equivalent to 57% of the unit's anticipated floor region for its divide.

To meet Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) capability lengthened newels with no less than two even treads before the arrival plate are required. Today the business has institutionalized the straight speed and therefore, Subang Parade's elevators are running on a solitary pace of 0.5m/s. Security code (ANSI/ASME 17.1) characterizes the width of a lift as the width of the stair tread (in inches). The estimation of width assignment is currently named size. The standard size and width of Subang Parade's elevators are 1.22 m (size) and 1.02m (width). A 1.02m tread can unquestionably convey 2 persons, mentally circumstances, in addition to physical ones, for example, cumbersome dress, bundles, handbags, and folder cases.

Accordingly, on a 1.02m wide tread, one individual uses every venture in an askew game plan.

By and by actually, greatest limit is drawn nearer just amid crest burdens periods in transportation terminals. In lift plan all the rationale force is exchanged at a certain point;

that is, the drive engine drives the fundamental chain, top sprocket, step tie and pulls up the steps lead to the whole gathering to move. This settlement is suitable for impartial ascents up to roughly 7.6m; past that, the outline gets to be progressively wasteful. In Subang Parade, the climb of the elevator is roughly 7m.

7.2.7 CABLES Cables (ropes) are made of groups of steel wires uniquely designed to withstand the weight of the car and its live load. The cables are associated to the crosshead (top beam of the elevator). Four to eight cables, depending on car speed and capacity, are positioned in parallel. Although multiple of ropes are used primarily to surge the traction area on the drive sheaves, they also surge the elevator safety factor, as each rope is normally capable of supporting the entire load. The minimum factor of safety varies from 7.6 to 12.0 for passenger elevators. The cables from the top of the car pass over the motor-driven cylindrical sheave at the traction machine (grooved for the cables) and the downward to the counterweight.

7.2.8 COUNTERWEIGHT The counterweight is made up of cut steel plates stacked in a frame attached to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is locked. It is guided in its travel up and down the shaft by two guide rails typically set up on the back wall of the shaft. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load.

It serves several purposes: 1. To provide adequate traction at the sheave for car lifting 2. To reduce the size of the traction machine 3. To reduce power demand and energy cost

7.2.9 SHAFT The shaft or hoist-way is the vertical passageway for the car and the counterweights. On its side walls are the car guide rails and certain mechanical and electrical auxiliaries of the control apparatus. At the bottom of the shaft are the car and counterweight buffer. At the top is the structural platform on which the elevator machine rests. The elevator machine room (which occupy one or two levels) is usually directly above the shaft. It contains the traction machine and the solid-state control that supplies energy to the elevator machine and control equipment are designed for quiet, vibration-free operation.

Arrangement of Elevator Machines, Sheaves and Cables

Subang Parade used single wrap 2:0 Roping for their arrangement of elevator machines, sheaves and cables. The mechanical leverage of the 2:1 roping is that it permits the use of high-speed, low power (lower cost) traction machine.

7.3 SAFETY DEVICE The following list describes all the safety components used in electrical traction elevator safety system:

Figure 7.3(a) Device for locking landing doors (Hoist way Door Interlock). 

It shall not be possible in normal operation to open the landing door (or any of the panels in the case of a multi-panel door) unless the car has stopped, or is on the point of stopping, in the unlocking zone of the door.



The unlocking zone shall not extend more than 0.2 meter above and below the landing level.



The hoist way door locking mechanism provides a means to mechanically lock each hoist way door and the elevator cannot leave a landing unless the doors are fully closed and secured.

Figure 7.3(b): Hoist way door interlock

Progressive safety gear 

Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car (or counterweight) by gripping the guide rails in the event of car speed attaining a pre-determined value in a downward direction of travel, irrespective what the reason for the increase in speed may be.



Progressive safety gear retardation is affected by a breaking action on the guide rails and for which special provisions are made so as to limit the forces on the car, counterweight to balancing weight to a permissible value.



Pair of safety gears is mounted in the lower part of car sling and operated simultaneously by a linkage mechanism that actuated by over speed governor.

Figure 7.3(c): Progressive safety gear

Over speed governor. 

Over speed governor function is to actuate the safety gear if the car speed exceeds 115% of its rated value.



Usually a cable is attached to the safeties on the underside of the car, called the governor rope. This rope runs down through a pulley at the bottom of the shaft and back up to the machine room and around the governor sheave.



When over-speeding is detected, the governor grips the cable which applies the safeties that wedge against the guide rails and stops the car.



The over speed governor works on the floating principle with a cam curve and roller guided rocker.



It is situated either in the machine room or in the head room.



Over speed governor is provided by a factory adjusted switch activated when the tripped speed is reached to disconnect the machine drive starting with governor pulley blocking.

Figure 7.3(d) shows gear components Buffers.

A Buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency.

They may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed.

There are two principal types of buffers in existence:  

Energy accumulation: accumulate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.

Energy dissipation: dissipate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.

Polyurethane buffers which are energy accumulation type with non-linear characteristics are used for our lifts that have rated speed not more than 1 m/sec.

Figure 7.3(e): Main types of buffers

Final Limit switches. 

Final limit switches shall be set to function as close as possible to the terminal floors (the highest or lowest landing of lifts), without risk of accident.



Final limit switches shall operate before the car comes into contact with the buffers.

The action of the final limit switches shall be maintained whilst the buffers are compressed.



After the operation of final limit switches, the return to service of the lift cannot occur automatically.

Other safety devices and switches

Figure 7.3(e): Overload device Load weighing device or the overload sensor is mounted on the lower transom to sense the nearness of car floor during loading of car isolation springs. The sensor is operated by altering the distance between car floor and sling dependent on the load. A distance screw shall be provided close to the sensor for protection purposes. Set the distance screw in such a way that it projects the sensor by a approximately 1 mm, so that the sensor is protected in the case of shock motions which raise during safety gear operation of the car.

E- Emergency Alarm Switch: It will sound an alarm when activated by a passenger and in most elevators; an emergency telephone or intercom can serve as a link to assistance if the car should stall.

7.3.1 ELEVATOR CAR CONTROL The movement of an elevator car and all of its parts is restrained by three different systems that associate and interact to provide a unified control system. The same goes with the elevator system in Subang Parade.

The three systems are: 1. Drive Control System 2. Operational Control System 3. Supervisory System

Figure 7.3.1(a) shows the elevator car control

Drive Control System Drive Control System, also recognized as motion control system determines the car’s acceleration, velocity, braking, levelling and regenerative braking plus all aspect of door motion. Elevator car acceleration and deceleration are accomplished by restraining the speed of the motor that drives the traction elevator machine. This speed control can be accomplished in a number of ways. In this case, Subang Parade used Variable Voltage DC Motor Control or recognized as Ward Leonard System as their motor speed control’s drive.

Ward Leonard System Before the evolution of electronic motor control, the only practical way of obtaining the precise motor speed control necessary for smooth step less elevator was to provide a variable DC voltage to a DC traction motor. This variable DC voltage was obtained from an auxiliary mg set comprising an AC motor and a DC generator. It is a classic high quality elevator drive arrangement and is found in the vast majority of better quality geared and gearless set up built before 1990.

The disadvantages of this system are: • Low capability • Expensive machines • High Noise levels

The elevator control system may be viewed either from the point of view of an individual user or as a system being acted on by many users and the following images show these different point of views.

Figure 7.3.1(b) state chart for user activity 7.3.2 Elevator control system Elevator control system is responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as:



Travel



Speed



Accelerating and decelerating



Door opening speed and delay



Levelling and hall lantern signals

The main aims of the elevator control system are: 

To bring the lift car to the correct level



To minimize travel time



To maximize passenger comfort by providing smooth ride



To accelerate, decelerate and travel within a safe speed limits.

There are 3 main types of elevator control systems as follows: 

Single Automatic Operation



Selective Collective Operation



Group Automatic Operation

Elevator as a control system also has different types of components. These can be divided into the following categories: 1. Inputs This control system includes the following: (a). Sensors (b). Buttons (c). Key Controls (d). System Controls

2. Outputs This control system includes the following: (a). Actuators (b). Bells (c). Displays

3. Controllers The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive command control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are functioning efficiently. There are 3 primary types of controller technology used: (a). Relay based controller (electromechanical switching) (b). Solid-State Logic Technology (c). PLC Controller (computer based technology)

7.3.3 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW LIFT 1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm.

2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load.

3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long and 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel.

4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying with all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be turned through 180o inside the lift.

Lift Door Installation should provide the following: a) The lift doors should be power operated b) A clear opening of not less than 1000mm should be provided c) Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that the lift car and landing doors would not close while the opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging provisions which operate if the door is held open for more than 20s d) If the door sensors are not provided, the dwell time of an automatically closing door should not be less than 5s and the closing door speed should not exceed 0.25 m/s Lift Controls 97

Should comply with the following: a) Controls should be clearly indicated and easily operated in accordance with Clause 27 of MS 1184:2002. b) Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the car-operating panel.

The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than 20mm. c) Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control buttons in the lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400mm above finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not emergency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided and preferably of a design which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped inside.

d) All buttons should be designed such that the visually impaired can identify them by touch.

Buttons which are not designed as such are best modifies by fixing embossed or Braille numbers or letters next to the lift buttons. Lift Indicators 98 Should be provided in accordance with the following: a) ‘Lift coming’ indicators should be provided at each landing. b) Indicators should be provided at each lift lobby to show the position and direction of motion of the lift car. Alternatively, an audible indicator should be provided to indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel. c) An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and the floor at which the floor at which the lift car is situated. d) Embossed Braille number indicating each floor level should be provided beside the outside call button.

Handrails Handrails should be: a) Fixed not less than 840mm or more than 900mm from finished floor level, extended in the case of ramp or stairway by 300mm b) Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less than 100mm 99 Lift Pit a) Pits must be fire-resistive as should be partitions between elevator pits. b) Permanent provisions must be made to prevent accumulation of water in the pit. Pits should be waterproofed and/or sealed. c) Drains and pumps must be complying with the plumbing code and steps should be taken to prevent water, gas and odours from entering the pit.

According to UBBL Clause 153, a smoke detector is to be provided at the lift lobby. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate traffic that move in two directions.

UBBL Clause 124, a lift shall be provided for a non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main entrance. It is also essential for a building with less than 4 storeys to provide an elevator for the elderly and disabled. Minimum walking distance to the lift should not exceed 45m and the lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal travel distance.

7.4 ESCALATORS

Figure 7.4(a) The location of elevators and escalators

7.4.1 TYPES OF ESCALATORS FOUND IN SUBANG PARADE Crisscross

Figure 7.4.1(a) shows crisscross escalators

Escalators are like moving walkways, are often powered by constant-speed alternating current motors move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.3–0.6 m) per second. The typical angle of

inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise] up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single-piece aluminium or stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Parallel

Figure 7.4.2(b) shows parallel escalators The benefits of escalators are many: 

They have the capacity to move large numbers of people.



They can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase.



They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic).



They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits



They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.



They can help in controlling the traffic flow of people For example, an escalator to an exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may reduce security concerns.

Escalators Basic components are as follows: 1.

Landing Platforms.

2.

Truss.

3.

Tracks.

4.

Steps.

5.

Handrail.

6.

Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).

7.

Drive system.

8.

Auto-Lubrication System.

9.

Braking system.

10.

Safety devices.

11.

Electrical & Control Systems.

Figure 7.4.2(c) shows the components of a typical escalator An escalator drive system includes the following components: (i)Drive Machine and Gear Reducer. (ii)The Step Drive System. (iii)The Handrail Drive System.

The variation on how these two systems are combined is dependent upon the type of escalator. The Drive Machine used to drive the pinion gear or the main drive chain may directly or indirectly drive the Handrail Drive System.

Figure 7.4.2(d) shows details of the escalator drive system

Machine is located within the incline of the truss between the step bands. The main drive is located within the incline of the truss within the step band. The motor may be directly connected to the gearbox or it may transfer power through a belt drive. The gearbox will have a direct connection to the drive axle. A modular escalator may have a single drive or a multiple drive depending on the overall length of the escalator.

Figure 7.4.2(e) shows the modular drive system

7.5 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS As a safety measure, escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of the steps. This helps riders steady themselves, especially when stepping onto the moving stairs. Occasionally, a handrail will move at a slightly different speed from the steps, causing it to "creep" slowly forward or backward relative to the steps. The loss of synchronization between handrail and step speed can result from slippage and wear.

The direction of escalator movement (up or down) can be permanently set, or be controlled by personnel according to the predominant flow of the crowd, or be controlled automatically.

In some setups, direction is controlled automatically by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is on the escalator).

Figure 7.5(a) shows the emergency stop button of an escalator Traffic patterns must also be anticipated. In some buildings, the objective is simply to move people from one floor to another, but in others there may be a more specific requirement, such as funnelling visitors towards a main exit or exhibit. The escalators must be designed to carry the required number of passengers. For example, a single-width escalator traveling at about 1.5 feet (0.5 m) per second can move about 2000 people per hour. The carrying capacity of an escalator system must match the expected peak traffic demand, presuming that passengers ride single file. This is crucial if there are sudden increases in the number of riders.

For example, escalators at stations must be designed to cater for the peak traffic flow discharged from a train, without causing excessive bunching at the escalator entrance.

It is preferred that staircases be located adjacent to the escalator if the escalator is the primary means of transport between floors. It may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift near the escalator for wheelchairs and disabled people. Finally, consideration should be given to the aesthetics of the escalator.

7.5.1 FIRE PROTECTION Fire protection of an escalator may be provided by adding automatic fire detection and suppression systems inside the dust collection and engineer pit, in addition to any water sprinkler system installed in the ceiling. To limit the danger caused by overheating, ventilation for the spaces that contain the motors and gears must be provided, and small targeted clean agent automatic extinguishing systems can be installed in these areas. Fire protection of an

escalator floor opening may be provided by adding automatic sprinklers or fireproof shutters to the opening, or by installing the escalator in an enclosed fire-protected hall.

Figure 7.5.1(a) shows the mimic diagram of fire safety Four approach of implements protection in case of nearby escalators are available: The rolling shutter, the smoke guard, the spray nozzle curtain and the sprinkler vent. Subang Parade used rolling shutter and also spray nozzle curtain.

8.0 References 8.1 Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System 1. Unknown. Cooling Technology, Inc. Water Cooled Chillers & Air Cooled Chillers http://www.coolingtechnology.com/about_process_cooling/water-cooledchiller/default.html 2. Unknown. Wikipedia. Chiller http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiller 3. Unknown. Ag Power Web Enhanced Course Materials. Expansion Valve. https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/expansion_valve.htm 4. Unknown. Wikipedia. Air Conditioning. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning 5. Unknown. Lytron Total Thermal Solutions. Selecting a Cooling System. http://www.lytron.com/Tools-and-Technical-Reference/Application-Notes/Selecting-aCooling-System

8.2 Fire Protection System 1. Mechanical And Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Eleventh Edition�, by Author Walter T. Grondzik, Alison G. Kwok, Benjamin Stein, John S. Reynolds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc Publisher 2. “Active / Passive Fire Protection." Active / Passive Fire Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2015. http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasfire.htm 3. "The Basics of Passive Fire Protection." The Basics of Passive Fire Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2015. http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-ofpassive-fire-protection.aspx 4. "Fire Sprinklers as Fire Prevention Systems - HowStuffWorks." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d.

Web. 11 May 2015. http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/householdsafety/fire/fire-sprinker-system1.htm 5. "Active Fire Protection Measures." Active Fire Protection Measures. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2015. http://www.ilo.org/iloenc/part-vi/fire/item/774-active-fire-protection-measures

8.3 Water Supply System 1. Hickey, H. (2008) Water Supply and Evaluation Methods (1sted). Retrieved from https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publictions/water_supply_systems_volume_I.p df 2. Garett, R., Tech, E., & Mip, R. (2000). Hot and cold water supply(2nd ed.,pp.21-67 retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470690277.fmatter/pdf 3. Siva K.(2013) Lecture: Water System Retrieved from https://times.taylors.edu.my 4. Water supply plumbing systems.

(2006) (1st ed.) retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/portal/publication/pex_design_guide.pdf

1.

2.

3.

4.

8.4 Sewerage, Sanitary & Drainage System Roger Greeno. (1997) Building Services, Technology and Design. Published by Longman A.F.E. Wise and J.A. Swaffield. (2002) Water, Sanitary and Waste Services for Buildings.

Published by Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann David V. Chadderton. 2004 Building Services Engineering. Published by E & FN Spon Unknown. Level, the Authority on Sustainable Building. Drainage Systems. (Last accessed: 09th May 2015). Retrieved from: http://www.level.org.nz/water/wastewater/drainagesystems/

8.5 Electric Supply System 1. Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering Systems: A BASIC DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS COULD BE CATEGORISED INTO FIVE (5) SECTIONS SUCH AS; (n.d.). Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering Systems. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://leonim.blogspot.com/2011/02/basic-design-guideline-for-mechanical.html 2. Electrical Installations: Electrical rooms design. (n.d.). Electrical Installations. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://electricalinstallationblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/electrical%20rooms-design.html 3. Powering The Nation | Tenaga Nasional Berhad. (n.d.). Powering The Nation | Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://www.tnb.com.my

4. ROTARY UPS. (n.d.). UPS | Uninterruptible Power Supply Comparative Informant. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://www.upsci.com/UPS-rotary.htm 5. Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings (8th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

6. Buku Panduan Piawai Baru Rekabentuk Pencawang Elektrik (Jenis Bangunan) Bahagian Pembshsgisn, TNB Webbook http://www.tnb.com.my/application/uploads/uploaded/Substation_design_booklet.pdf 7. Tenaga Nasional Berhad Electricity Supply Application Book http://www.tnb.com.my/application/uploads/uploaded/ESAHv3.pdf 8. http://www.uniten.edu.my/newhome/uploaded/coe/arsepe/2007/lecture/week%201/ UNITEN%20ARSEPE%2007%20L13%20Regulatory%20issues%20Ir%20Azhar.pdf

8.6 Mechanical Transportation System 1. MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/s_features.html

2. Elevators Types and Classification - Part One Electrical Knowhow. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-types-and-classification-part.html 3. How Stuff Works “How Elevators Work�. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator8.htm

4. Otis Worldwide | Elevators. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.otisworldwide.com/k2elevators.html