What is the problem in Bilbao?
A sustainable future for Zorrozaurre peninsula?
Andrew Morris 10275174 ARCH 653 Connecting Sustainable Practices
Abstract
The peninsula of Zorrozaurre in Bilbao,
will help protect the site from flooding
Spain is currently in a state of uncertainty.
(Lean, 2014) and also remove the many
Much of its industry has departed due to a
pollutants that have entered the land over
government led masterplan that does not
the last century facilitating development on
appear to address many of the issues the
the brownfield site (Sassi, 2006, p. 17). The
fragile site faces. The site is susceptible to
new and much needed green spaces will
flooding due to its topography and is at risk of
entice wildlife and improve the appearance
being eradicated if a one in one hundred year
of the site. In addition the retrofitting of the
flood event or storm surge occurrs. Through
dilapidated industrial buildings will be a
the utilisation of international precedents
more feasible proposition as the damaging
and case studies this essay proposes
effects of flooding will have been prevented.
measures that could be implemented on the
The rejuvenated and protected buildings
peninsula to ensure proposed intervention
will
for the site is both protected and resilient.
creating work particularly for young people
The post industrial brownfield qualities of
who are statistically in greatest need of
the toxic site are discussed, therefore the
employment. The findings of the paper
recommendations are that phytoremediation
suggest that Zorrozaurre can once again
is implemented through a sustainable urban
become a significant destination if resilient
drainage system [SuDS]. This intervention
considerations are made.
provide
enterprising
possibilities
Contents
Problem Statement
05
Problem context analysis
15
Proposition
28
Conclusion
34
References
36
Figure References
44
San Mames Stadium
Ria De Bilbao Maritime Museum
Puente Euskalduna
Disused Industrial building
Club de Remo
Residential building
Residential building
Retrofitted building
Vacant Plot
Residential building
Disused Industrial building Residential building
Vacant Plot
Disused Industrial building Residential building
Residential building
Disused Industrial building Hostel
Nervion River
Basurto-Zorroza
San Mames Stadium Ria De Bilbao Maritime Museum Puente Euskalduna Zorrozaurre
Guggenheim Museum
Azkuna Zentora
Bullring
Estacion de Abando I. Prieto
Parque Miribilla
San Nicolas Church Santiago Cathedral Bilbao Arena
Parque Etxebarria
Basilica of Bego単a
Page 01
Figure 1 Bilbao city context
Figure 2 Zorrozaurre peninsula
Page 03
Figure 3 Existing qualities of Zorrozaurre
Problem statement
Page 05
Zorrozaurre is a former port and industrial
has resulted in a considerable amount of
district
industrial
north
of
Bilbao
city
centre
becoming
obsolete
(Zorrotzaurre.com, n.d.). It is almost entirely
and empty. Many of the properties are now
surrounded by water, on the east side by
dilapidated and forgotten, causing them to
the River Nervion and on the west by the
enter a state of disrepair. However due to
Deusto channel. This channel was excavated
their post industrial appearance they are
in the 1960’s to allow better access for
somewhat appealing and some opportunities
shipping transporting goods produced by
for retrofitting and employment have been
the industrial factories up and down the
implemented by young artistic entrepreneurs
peninsula. Much of this industry has now left
(Michael, 2015). This is significant because
Zorrozaurre due to Government policy over
45 percent of those under the age of 30 in
the last 30 years and has moved to locations
Spain are currently unemployed.
out of town to ensure that the city centre is not dominated by secondary industry. This imposed migration away from the peninsula
Figure 4 Cross section of Zorrozaurre
buildings
Page 07
Bay of Biscay
Greater Bilbao
Figure 5 Greater Bilbao Context
Bilbao Municipality
Page 09
Another reason for this forced removal of
at the level that the current global climatic
industry is because the city’s politicians
situation requires nor the issues that a toxic
and property developers have realised the
brownfield site carries.
potential of the flat land in close proximity to Natural forces have begun to claim back
peninsula offers (Alcock, 2015, p. 25). These
particular areas of the peninsula with some
appealing plots however, come with the
derelict and ruined plots being covered by
attached stigma of being brownfield sites
wild vegetation and undergrowth. However, It
that have been contaminated over many
is currently lacking any intentional expanses
years by heavy industry. Zaha Hadid, the
of green space which would compliment
Pritzker Prize award winning architect, was
the waterways that are on both sides of the
employed to design a sparkling masterplan
site. It is the only dual water aspect location
for the whole 57 hectare site (Zaha Hadid,
in the whole of Bilbao and so this should
2007). Unfortunately the design does not
be celebrated and promoted through the
appear to have considered sustainability
interventions that are to be proposed.
INCREASED
WATER W E AT H E R
EXTREME
W I L L BECOME MORE
RISING
TEMPERATURES
Figure 6 Climate change issues
the city and the prime waterfront plots the
PERCIPTIATION
INTESNE AND MORE FREQUENT
RISING
IF EVERYONE IN THE WORLD CONSUMED AS MUCH AS THE UK WE WOULD NEED
Page 11
BILBAO 1 in 100 YEAR RIP
RIP
RIP
WORST 1983
6000
RIP
RIP
Bilbao.
The
existing
topography
and
context of Zorrozaurre result in it being extremely susceptible to flooding and all the existing properties are at risk; If a 1 in the effects would be detrimental and cause
RIP
60000
a large amount of damage. As the risk of flooding becomes greater due to changes in the climatic conditions (Department of Environment & Regional Planning, 2008, p. 14), consideration needs to be taken on how buildings and the spaces around them
HOMELESS
can be made more resilient (Carpenter et al.,
JOBLESS Figure 7 Floods of 1983 information
there is a collective fear of flooding in
100 year flood event were to happen again
FLOOD
3 9 D E A T H S
Due to the catastrophic floods of 1983
RIVER TOXICATED
2001).
Page 13
Figure 8 Zorrozaurre context in the municipality of Bilbao
Problem context analysis
Page 15
The need to build on brownfield sites has
Bioremediation is a waste management
become a major focus of attention in the
technique that utilises organisms in order
construction industry as suitable ‘green
to remove or neutralise pollutants from a
field’ sites are becoming far less available
contaminated site. The process happens
(Sassi, 2006, p. 17). However, these sites
over a long period of time and makes use of
are often discarded industrial or commercial
the biodegradation processes that naturally
buildings and plots that have had a toxic
occur. The benefits of this procedure are that
past such as Zorrozaurre. If these sites
large quantities of soil, sediment or water do
are to be redeveloped they will need to
not need to be extracted from the ground
be decontaminated. Currently there are
to allow the treatment to take place and
minimal sustainable and financially viable
so it causes less disruption than traditional
cleansing procedures available but several
decontamination processes (Environmental
new remediation techniques are being
Enquiry, 2015).
tested, which appear to be relatively low cost and beneficial to the environment (Gray,
Phytoremediation utilises the leaves, stems
2015). These experimental processes are
and roots of plants to store and remove
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation which
pollutants
utilise natural processes to decontaminate
process utilises metal-accumulating plants
toxic locations.
that clean soil and water that have been
from
the
environment.
The
polluted. It is rapidly becoming an important
Page 17
environmentally friendly and cost effective
is one attempt at moving away from linear
technology (Raskin, Smith and Salt, 1997).
into a more circular metabolism for cities
‘Phytofilration’ plants can be used in filtration
(Girardet, 1999, p. 33) considering ways of
systems to ‘bioaccumulate’ impurities such
utilising the waste and pollutants that are
as heavy metals which can be harvested
produced at industrial locations.
and mined for reuse by a process named ‘phytomining’ (Gray, 2015). This process
A severely contaminated location that has been transformed into a wonderful sanctuary in the middle of one of the busiest capital cities in the world is Camley Street Natural Park in London. This inner city green space adjacent to St Pancras international train station was historically a coal store. It is now a hub for wildlife and an oasis for residents in the densely populated area of Camden. The green public space also functions as an educational facility which teaches children and adults outside of the classroom, giving
Figure 9 + 10 Camley Street natural park
hands on learning experiences (London Wildlife Trust, 2015).
Page 19
More recently one of the most contaminated brownfield spaces in London, a site in Stratford, became the location for the government funded development of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. This site contained a postwar munitions dump, factories, 52 electricity pylons, neglected waterways and a ‘Fridge Mountain’. The transformation provided the infrastructure for an expansion of London, leaving a lasting legacy of 6.5km of new and revitalised waterways, that are considered in the landscaping and green infrastructure of the beautiful 21st Century parkland (LDA Design, 2013). One of the main intentions of the development was to relieve pressure from the over crowded residential areas of north and east London. The substantial regeneration is a pertinent example of how a Figure 11, 12 + 13 Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
neglected, polluted and disused location can be converted into something that is ground breaking and beneficial to the whole country.
Page 21
Over the last thirty years the Swedish city of
In an intriguing correlation with Bilbao,
Malmรถ has shifted from traditional drainage
Bangladesh is susceptible to flooding due
to sustainable drainage systems [SuDS]
to its proximity to the Ganges Delta and
(Landa Mendez, 2014, p. 41). This move
the many tributaries that flow into the Bay
was made because neighbourhoods were
of Bengal (Brammer, 1990). It is a common
frequently suffering from floods because
occurrence and it has a large impact on the
the drainage systems could not handle the
landscape and society of Bangladesh. This
influx of water when high rainfall events
has resulted in small scale flooding being
happened. Through the addition of various
seen as beneficial and aids the functioning
measures including green spaces, swales,
of the agricultural industry, it replaces the
green roofs and attenuation lakes there has
requirement for artificial irrigation systems.
been a significant reduction in surface run-
This utilisation of flood water prevents
off after downpours in Malmรถ. The green
the land from becoming infertile as the
spaces that were a byproduct of the SuDS
floodwaters transport vital nutrients. The
implementation have improved the image of
positivity that Bangladeshi communities
the location and created a more pleasurable
have in regards to small scale flooding is an
place for the residents to live (Kazmierczak
interestingly sustainable attitude that is not
and Carter, 2010).
shared internationally.
Page 23
Torpedo Factory Art Center is an example of a building which has been retrofitted and is no longer used for its original purpose. This munitions factory in Washington DC became obsolete due to the peace at the end of WWII and was abandoned (Torpedofactory. org, n.d.). A proposal was put forward to covert the large, empty and disused factory into art studios as the cost to demolish the building and start again would have been too expensive to make it a feasible proposition. It has been successfully in action since 1974 however the amount of effort needed to convert it into a remarkable art centre was significant. Further renovation work took place over several years to improve it further into a centre that now houses over 150 artists. Figure 14, 15 + 16 Torpedo Factory Art Center
Page 25
SPAINISH UNEMPLOYMENT 1/4 JOBLESS
45%
UNDER 30s UNEMPLOYED
A
small
collection
of
young
artistic
entrepreneurs have begun to retrofit several disused buildings in Zorrozaurre (Espacio Open,
n.d.)
(Zorrotzaurre
art
work
in
progress, n.d.). This has been encouraged by the low rent charged for the obsolete buildings at present. In 2014 one out of every four adult Spaniards were out of work however, an even more staggering statistic is that 45 percent of those under the age of 30 are currently unemployed “Ours is a lost or wasted generation” as stated by Alvaro Garcia (Ham, 2014). In addition the lack of
€0.00
LOW EARNINGS Figure 17 Spanish Unemployment
employment for graduates in Spain has resulted in many of them migrating in search
GRADUATES
€0.00 MIGRATING
of more prosperous careers leaving the moral in the younger generations low. The economical opportunities that the previously disused buildings on the peninsula in Bilbao are beginning to provide is helping to combat this issue.
Page 27
G
Figure 18 University campuses in vicinity of the peninsula
Proposition
Page 28
The potential for development in Zorrozaurre
resilience to be tested, to help understand
is considerable however, due to its current
how existing buildings and brownfield sites
state and context many challenges lie ahead
can be remediated and retrofitted to protect
and these will only increase if appropriate
them from the effects of flooding. Due to
action is not taken. The high quantity of
the sites proximity to natural and manmade
disused, obsolete industrial buildings and
waterways it gives many opportunities for
vacant plots create many opportunities for
green infrastructure to be put in place with
improving the outlook. The case studies that
which resilience, remediation, prevention
have been analysed in this paper raise several
and protection can be experimented.
key issues that highlight actions that have been taken at similar sites. If these acts of
At present there is a lack of flood protection on
brownfield remediation, flooding protection
the peninsula, there are no sacrificial areas and
and building retrofitting are undertaken it
minimal green spaces. If phytoremediating
will secure a positive future for the site and
plants can be incorporated within the SuDS
the people of Bilbao. This will ensure that
green infrastructure this already protective
Zorrozaurre is firstly an asset to the city
and
but also to the development of sustainable
decontaminate (McDonough and Braungart,
practices across the world.
2002, pp. 125 - 126) and protect the post
proactive
measure
can
begin
to
industrial site that will otherwise need to be The peninsula is an ideal location for
cleansed through unsustainable processes
Page 30
are prevalent in 21st century cities (Girardet,
invitation of wildlife will reinstate the riverside
1999, p. 33). The network of attenuation
location back to it’s original state “[a]
ponds, swales and reed beds will provide
hundred years ago,…a fertile alluvial plain
natural preventers that help minimise the risk
on the edge of the city” (Alcock, 2015, p.
of floods whilst detoxicating the brownfield
24). The natural remediating processes will
site. These interventions act as temporary
help to ensure that the ground water run off
storage and improve the quality of water and
is cleansed and reduced in a cost effective
land, whilst simultaneously creating wetland
manner (Nature Conservancy, 2013). The
habitats for wildlife in an attractive manner.
‘phytostabilization’ (Raskin, Smith and Salt,
These natural environments will not only
1997) will be beneficial in decontaminating
improve the appearance and resilience of the
the brownfield site but also highly reducing
peninsula but also have a positive influence
the amount of pollutants that are washed into
on the inhabitants and visitors quality of life,
the river Nervion in the event of high rainfall
improving their psychological and mental
and/or flooding.
RUNOFF
STORING Figure 19 SuDS principles
ALLOWING WATER TO
SOAK
INTO THE GROUND
FILTERING OUT POLLUTANTS
wellbeing (Chiesura, 2004, p. 130). The
SLOWLY RELEASING IT
in keeping with the linear metabolisms that
S L O W L Y TRANSPORTING WATER ON THE SURFACE
Page 32
The various flood protection measures
the buildings would out weigh the cost of
proposed ensure that the existing and new
retrofitting and consequently retain the
buildings on the peninsula have the possibility
eloquent stories of their past and celebrate
of a resilient future. Consequently the value
their histories (Eisinger, 2012, p. 84). Efforts
of disused industrial buildings and land will
should be made to ensure that these buildings
increase. The cost to demolish and rebuild
are cared for and given a flourishing new lease of life. Lateral thinkers such as Espacio Open and ZAWP have already begun to retrofit and utilise some of the buildings that are on the site initiating employment and education for the younger generations
Figure 20 Espacio open flea market initiative
(Espacio Open, n.d.) (Zorrotzaurre art work in progress, n.d.). However, the future of these buildings is uncertain as without the resilience that is being promoted in this essay these enterprises could be wasted as the buildings would be damaged in the event of a serious flood or demolished if/when the
Figure 21 ZAWP function space
government led masterplan is implemented.
Conclusion
Page 34
Through the decontamination, flood resilience
combatting the high levels of unemployment
and rejuvenation of Zorrozaurre it can once
currently experienced in the demographic of
again become an important location in Bilbao
18 - 30 year olds in Spain. With a number
as it was fifty years ago. The flood preventing
of academic institutions in the vicinity of the
green spaces and retrofitted buildings will
site (University of the Basque Country, n.d.)
create a desirable location. The site can
graduates could be provided with places to
help to educate people about the effects of
live and work on the peninsula furthering the
climate change and the measures that should
endeavours of the proposed interventions.
be implemented to protect fragile locations
These processes will take time but through
from flooding and extreme weather events.
the various stages Zorrozaurre will begin to
The various experimental technologies and
manifest itself as a resilient and sustainable
techniques that are proposed also provide the
location that will be of benefit not only in
potential for employment, a possible way of
Bilbao but also internationally.
SuDS + Phytoremediation + Retrofitting =
Figure 22 Concluding Diagram
Education
Housing
Employment
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Page 36
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The peninsula of Zorrozaurre in Bilbao,
will help protect the site from flooding
Spain is currently in a state of uncertainty.
(Lean, 2014) and also remove the many
Much of its industry has departed due to a
pollutants that have entered the land over
government led masterplan that does not
the last century facilitating development on
appear to address many of the issues the
the brownfield site (Sassi, 2006, p. 17). The
fragile site faces. The site is susceptible to
new and much needed green spaces will
flooding due to its topography and is at risk of
entice wildlife and improve the appearance
being eradicated if a one in one hundred year
of the site. In addition the retrofitting of the
flood event or storm surge occurrs. Through
dilapidated industrial buildings will be a
the utilisation of international precedents
more feasible proposition as the damaging
and case studies this essay proposes
effects of flooding will have been prevented.
measures that could be implemented on the
The rejuvenated and protected buildings
peninsula to ensure proposed intervention
will
for the site is both protected and resilient.
creating work particularly for young people
The post industrial brownfield qualities of
who are statistically in greatest need of
the toxic site are discussed, therefore the
employment. The findings of the paper
recommendations are that phytoremediation
suggest that Zorrozaurre can once again
is implemented through a sustainable urban
become a significant destination if resilient
drainage system [SuDS]. This intervention
considerations are made.
provide
enterprising
possibilities
Andrew Morris 10275174 ARCH 653