Connecting Macau to allow creative pollination of the Pearl River Delta by Andrew Morris

Connecting Macau to allow creative pollination of the Pearl River Delta James Gidden | Andrew Morris | Harmony Wee

At present the border crossing between Macau & China deals with upwards of 350,000 people a day, a staggering figure which is only expected to continue to increase following the completion of the US $22 million terminal expansion back in 2009 [MacauNews 2009]. The movement of people is a key part of Macau’s existing urban fabric and consequently this project aims to build upon, harness and channel this untapped energy to foster this Special Administrative Region’s [SAR] development into a key part of the ever-expanding megalopolis that is the Pearl River Delta [PRD]. The project aims to strengthen connectivity throughout the PRD by implementing a sustainable, efficient, multimodal transportation system. The construction of a multipurpose terminus in the north of Macau will provide a destination for transport interchange, economic/academic activity and mixed use real estate

development. It will become an entrance to Macau at a scale which will both compete and compliment the international airport located on Taipa Island, while also creating an enlarged doorstep from Macau into the PRD. A new ‘Creative Axis’ [located at the base of the terminus] will provide a setting where education and research can be cultivated. The improved and enhanced connections between the main cities of the PRD will allow expertise from each metropolis to be brought to Macau and nurtured to generate an exchange of knowledge within a liberal and innovative environment centred around creativity.

Overall the project will help diversify the SAR’s economy and begin to bring balance to the geographical gateway of the PRD which exists between Macau in the west and Hong Kong in the east [which at present is dominated by Hong Kong]. This balance shares principles found in the cultural practice of Fung Shui; notably the importance of retaining the potent Qi energy that flows down from the mountains of Guangzhou and into the PRD. A stronger and more balanced gateway will help achieve this and enable the energy to be captured, retained and redispersed, augmenting Macau and the region’s continued economic evolution.

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abstract

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where

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1.4

POPULATION BILLION

TRILLION DOLLARS

WORLDS MOST

POPULOUS COUNTRY SQUARE

9,600,000 KM

60% POPULATION

LIVE

GDP 11.3

OF THE

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

IN URBAN AREAS

中華人民共和國

china

China, is a sovereign state in East Asia with a population of over 1.381 billion,. Governed by the Communist Party of China, based in the capital of Beijing, it exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directcontrolled municipalities (Beijing,

Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country’s major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, China is the world’s second largest country [by land area] and is considered a major regional power within Asia, while also being characterized as a potential future world superpower. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become one of the world’s fastestgrowing major economies. As of 2014, it is the world’s second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). China is also the world’s largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. [BBC.2016 & Wikipedia.2016]

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where

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GUANGDONG PROVINCE

MOST POPULOUS PROVINCE IN CHINA

POPULATION

107,240,000

HIGHEST GDP IN CHINA

12% OF NATIONAL

ECONOMIC

TOWNSHIPS

186,000 KM SQUARE

OUTPUT

1642

Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of China. Its capital, Guangzhou, sits within its industrial Pearl River Delta region, the dense network of cities that covers nine prefectures of the province.

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guangdong province

where

Guangdong surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79.1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year; the total population was 107,240,000 in the 2014 census, accounting for 7.79 percent of Mainland Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous and important cities in China. Since 2011, Guangdong has had the highest GDP among all provinces of Mainland China, contributing approximately 12% of the national economic output, and home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of Chinese and foreign corporations. [Britannica.2016 & Wikipedia.2016]

where

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PEARL RIVER DELTA

“

”

WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD

“

EXPERIMENTAL PLOT OF LAND

SQUARE

”

40,000 KM

GDP

$1.3 TRILLION

MILLION PEOPLE

MEGALOPOLIS

The Pearl River Delta. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not a single city but a region inhabited by a cluster of very diverse cities such as Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Zhuhai, and Macau. Together these metropolises may represent a new model of the megalopolis.

R.Koolhaas.1996

The Pearl River Delta [PRD] is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary, where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and is an economic hub of China. The nine largest cities or metropolises of the PRD have a combined population of 57.15 million which makes it the largest urban area in the world in both size and population. This region is considered an emerging megalopolis with future development into a single mega metropolitan area. The PRD has become the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workshop and is a major manufacturing base for products such as electronic appliances, toys, garments and textiles, and plastic products of which much of it is produced for the export market. [Britannica.2016 & Wikipedia.2016]

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pearl river delta

where

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30 KM 658 SQUARE

MACAO REPUBLIC OF CHINA

SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF THE PEOPLE’S

THOUSAND PEOPLE

PREVIOUSLY ADMISTERED BY

PORTUGAL

TOURISM

57% OF GDP

GAMING MAKES UP

52% OF

82% OF THIS

EMPLOYMENT IN TOURISM SECTOR

澳門特別行政區

Macau was administered by the Portuguese Empire from the mid16th century until late 1999, when sovereignty transferred back to China. As part of the agreement, Macau Basic Law stipulates that the region operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer when it will instead be governed more central from Beijing. Macau is amongst the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s richest regions, thanks largely to becoming the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gambling epicentre over the last decade with the licencing monopoly coming to end back in 2002 allowed for an influx of casino based development. The economy has prospered with continual and sustained growth of its tourism industry. Macau now averages 20 plus million visitors annually, with over 50% of those arrivals coming from mainland China and another 30% from Hong Kong

The territory has the fourth highest life expectancy in the world with an estimated population of around 647,700 living in an area of 11.8 sq miles which makes it the most densely populated region in the world. [Britannica.2016 & Wikipedia.2016]

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macau

where

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economy

where

Around 70% of the economy of Macau is dependent on hospitality, tourism and the gambling industry. The remaining 30% comes from a mixture of small scale garment manufacturing, banking and other financial services. According to government data, gambling revenu has fallen sharply by 34% in the last 12 months to a five-year low. This has resulted in the economy shrinking by a large 20% in the last year alone. [Plymouth University. M.Arch Yr II .2016]

where

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existing development strategy

These plans analyse current estimates and suggest â&#x20AC;&#x153;high-priority projectsâ&#x20AC;? in five domains (transportation, environmental protection, health, urban development and urban security) for the coming five years. These projects are: the construction of the Macau Light Rapid Transit (LRT); the construction of a new cross border access point; and the construction of a fourth connection between Macau and Taipa sides; which was also referred to by the CE earlier in the presentation of the 2016 Policy Address.

what

Huizhou Guangzhou Dongguan

Foshan

Jiangmen

Shenzen Zhongshan Zhuhai Macau

Hong Kong

The project aims to strengthen connectivity throughout the PRD by implementing a sustainable, efficient, multimodal transportation system. The construction of a multipurpose terminus in the north of Macau will provide a destination for transport interchange, economic/academic activity and mixed use real estate development. It will become an entrance to Macau at a scale which will both compete and compliment the international airport located on Taipa Island, while also creating an enlarged doorstep from Macau into the PRD.

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what

logo explanation

Pearl River Delta

Guangzhou Foshan

Huizhou Dongguan

Shenzen

Creative Axis

Jiangmen Zhongshan Zhuhai

Hong Kong Macau

Macau

Terminus

Qi Chi energy

The circle is seen in many cultures as a symbol of unity, enlightenment, and perfection. The shape is one that gives a sense of continual movement, infinite, resonance and balance. Relating Feng Shui to the wider scale of PRD, it represents the continuity of wealth and succession within the PRD with a balance of well-being of the people, knowledge (theres an old Chinese saying “活到老学到老” (one never stops learning ) and money.

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what

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Huizhou Guangzhou Dongguan

Foshan

Jiangmen Zhongshan Zhuhai

There is minimal efficient high speed connectivity within the Pearl River delta currently. The only noteworthy connection is the high speed rail link that is currently between Hong Kong, Shenzen and Gaungzhou and onwards to Bejing. Other than this connection there are only roads that are often heavily over used and inefficient.

Macau

Shenzen

Hong Kong

regional strategy

Huizhou Guangzhou Dongguan

Foshan

Jiangmen Zhongshan Zhuhai

Shenzen

Hong Kong

Macau

The proposal intends to implement a high speed mulit modal rail link between the 9 metropolises within the Pearl River Delta.

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what

Zhuhai

Macau

Shenzen

7 Million

2 Million 0.6 Million

2 Million

Zhongshan

11 Million

Dongguan

Jiangmen

The diagram to the right highlights the population within in each of the PRD metropolises.

Huizhou

8 Million

13 Million

7 Million

Guangzhou

5 Million

Foshan

5 Million

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Hong Kong

Zhuhai

Macau

Real Estate & Petrochemicals

Huizhou

Logisitics Shenzen

Hong Kong

The metropolises within the PRD each have their own expertise and specialismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. This allows them to prosper and sustain economic viability. Only 4 of these locations currently have substantial creative areas of study and are restricted by the Chinese government.

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Dongguan

Finance

Manufacturing Hospitality

Lighting manufacturing

Zhongshan

Electronics manufacturing

Cermaics

Jiangmen

Guangzhou

Petrochemicals

Foshan

Auto-part manufacturing

existing expertise

what

local strategy

HZMH crossroads

Terminus

Creative axis and education pockets PEARL RIVER DELTA

ZHU HAI

HENG QIN

HONG KONG MACAU

MACAU

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what

Health and Wellbeing Culture and Community

Business

Health and Wellbeing

Culture and Community

Health and Wellbeing Culture and Community

what

Business

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areas of expertise Business

Infrastructure and Transport

Infrastructure and Transport Business Health and Wellbeing Culture and Community Urbanisation Business

Culture and Community Urbanisation

Infrastructure and Transport

Health & Well beingCulture and Community

Business

Infrastructure and Transport

Culture & Community

Sustainability and Environment Infrastructure and Transport

Urbanisation

Sustainability and Environment

Culture and Community

Urbanisation

Manufacturing Infrastructure and Transport

Sustainability and Environment Infrastructure and transport

Urbanisation Manufacturing

Environment and Sustainability

Sustainability and Environment

Urbanisation

Sustainability and Environment Manufacturing

Manufacturing Urbanisation

Urbanisation

Infrastructure and Transport

Densely populated settlements that embody a wide diversity of both skills and opportunities are the incubators of dynamic social development and entrepreneurial innovation. Government intervention can undermine the free air of cities in which even ordinary people can do extraordinary things. J. Jacobs

Liberal Environment [Macau] + Density + Diversity = Discovery

Sustainability and Environment

Health and Wellbeing

Business

Chinese medicine practices a diverse variety of methods, including herbal treatments, acupuncture, message [tui na], dietary therapy and general exercise. The majority are frequently on offer throughout the urban fabric of Macau, as is the case throughout many, if not all, of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cities, townships and villages. The strong presence of such businesses and spaces highlights the importance placed on health and well-being within Chinese culture. Therefore, spaces will be available along the length of the creative axis to encourage increased participation and education in such practices. Greater significance will be placed on both the creation and accessibility to green and public spaces in order to promote leisure activity. While pop-up health related businesses and greater community access to medical knowledge and skills will be a key part of the ever-changing dynamic of the streetscape along the Creative Axis.

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health and well-being

what

business

what

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02 Health and Wellbeing

In recent decades, China has become As an SAR, Macau has arguably the undisputed manufacturing greatly from a more lenient Businessbenefited powerhouse of the world, accounting form of governance with greater for around half of all electrical freedom behind much of the recent appliances. However, the country is influx of the gambling industry. As a now rapidly transitioning from lowresult, the region has been given a head cost manufacturing to a higher-value, start on many of the metropolises of innovation-led economy. Businesses the PRD, making it the perfect place to are essential seen as the engines establish a testing ground for innovative of wealth-creation which is why experimentation and development. The strong commitment to the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Creative Axis will create an opportunity relentless progress into the realm of for large corporations to bring innovation is deemed crucial. The knowledge and skills to Macau, which Chinese government is encouraging the can be shared with local industries and development of business environments small businesses. In return they will that are experimental and progressive benefit from a more liberal [not limited [Haour,G. Zedtwitz,M. 2016].Culture â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Created to butCommunity including taxation breaks] and and in Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is providing a change of creative environment in which to test approach as new and dynamic practices and progress new more innovative arise, which despite being traditional business models, which can then be Chinese, clearly demonstrate an distributed around the PRD. innovative capability to compete on the world stage.

culture and community

Culture and Community

Infrastructure and Transport

Rapid development and limited planning has wasted huge amounts of building materials, produced boring cityscapes and created a conservation disaster according to Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top cultural heritage official [Branigan, T. 2010]. There is a gradual realisation that a lot of traditional architecture and valuable cultural heritage that could have been passed down to

future generations has been ruthlessly demolished and removed for the sake of relentless growth. The protection of cultural heritage in China has entered its most difficult, grave and critical period, which if a change of attitude is not adopted could result in Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heritage being completely extinguished. [Branigan, T. 2010] Many residents want improved living conditions, but all too commonly buildings are being demolished while they are still usable. Instead of exploring opportunities to upgrade traditional homes, simply knocking them down and throwing up new higher-rise skyscrapers is the popular approach, often in the hope of adopting the metropolis image. Though not entirely clear, several research sources place the average lifespan of a building within the PRD around the 30-year mark which compared to 74 years in the USA and 132 years in the UK is not just alarmingly wasteful but an arduous commitment to urban reform.

Innovative public focused educational pockets along the length of the Creative Axis will be encouraged to reach out and pollenate adjacent residential communities, with the area of Iao Hon being a key example of where this will happen. This creative academic pollination aims to foster a change in attitude amongst residents in the hope of generating a greater sense of pride between community and place. A change in attitude should in turn have a knock-on effect, especially when communities are integrated into the density testing process. Together residents and creative academics within the urban environments will incubate a new attitude towards culture and heritage and thus encourage a more considered and heritage protective period of development within not just the PRD but greater China.

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Business

what

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infrastructure and transport

Culture and Community

Comparisons are fairly commonplace increased economic stability offering between much of the PRD today and better protection against predicted Infrastructure and Transport the industrialisation Taiwan experienced regional stagnation and resulting in a back in the early 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, including reduction on outside support from the that of the challenge of connectivity. central government in Beijing. The PRD boasts a population over 57 million, a figure fast approaching that This is not to say that the region is of the United Kingdom, which makes without infrastructural connection knitting together that many people already but more acknowledges and the multiple metropolises a vital a need for a network with even hurdle that needs to be overcome for greater connectivity. It will be a the region to achieve its full potential highly enhanced system, one that [The Economist. 2002]. Politicians and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t shy away from environmental leaders are becoming increasingly aware responsibilities either. Which perhaps of the importance of hyper-connectivity best summaries the overarching within the PRD and appear to Urbanisation share development strategy for the PRD. As a common ambition that will see the for Macau, its geographical position multiple metropolises integrated to at the bottom of the region and with form one large megatropolis [network the smallest population of all the areas or cluster of cities with a pop. over 10 metropolises means there is a very real million]. The understanding and hope danger that it could be left behind in is that being better connected will the overall development of the PRD not only increase the efficiency of the into a megalopolis. To prevent this, a movement of goods and people but will new multi-modal transport terminus also provide further opportunity for is proposed to link Macau into the continued growth. Ultimately greater new more efficient infrastructural regional unity will enable the PRD system of the PRD. It will build on to become more independent with the territories already high existing

Sustainability and Environment

commuter population, creating a destination for transport interchange as well as commercial and residential development, becoming a gateway to and from Macau to the PRD. It will also look to establish [along the Creative Axis] academic connections with local and regional universities to offer educational opportunities around transport infrastructure with a focus on environmental sustainability and efficient management within megalopolis scale networks.

urbanisation

Urbanisation

Sustainability and Environment

Despite having the smallest population of any of the metropolises within the PRD region, Macau has the highest urban density in the world with just over 55,000 people living within a single squared mile. This somewhat frightening statistic could easily be viewed as a negative and an issue however, this proposal instead suggests that in fact it should be embraced, especially in the context of the PRD. The region has demonstrated

unprecedented urban growth over the last 50 years and predicted trends are for population numbers to continue to rise in the coming decades as the region develops into a megalopolis. The border regulations of the SAR’s of Macau and Hong Kong will be relaxed resulting in a new influx of migrants. Urban density figures are undoubtedly going to spiral upwards, embracing this challenge is vital in the progression of this region. Research undertaken by architectural practice OMA [Rem Koolhaas & Elia Zenghelis] has revealed that the average time taken and number of people involved in designing a building within the PRD is 10 days and 3 people. That is for a 40-story building, others are done in even less time which is both impressively efficient yet shocking at the same time and has resulted in cityscapes that are ‘rigid, superficial, dull and at the expense of past culture’ according to China’s heritage chief [The Guardian. 2010].

The Creative Axis will set up research pockets that will begin to look more closely at the challenge of urban density, using some of the existing developments of Macau [notably Iao Hon] as a testing bed for the PRD. The proposal is for creative academics from both the region and internationally to converge on Macau and work with local communities to develop new, more innovative practices for the design and construction of dense urban environments. The main overriding desire is to instil a greater level of ambition and aspiration in the populations of the PRD who are those most directly impacted by urban density. Through the development of more creative design solutions there is the hope that quality of life and cityscapes can be enhanced.

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Infrastructure and Transport

what

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sustainability and environment Urbanisation

Sustainability and Environment

hospitals in Dongguan carried out Rapid economic growth and 6,242 breast tumour operations alone. industrialisation is behind many of Although it has been acknowledged the severe environmental problems that further investigation is required, and serious challenges currently facing there is serious suggestion that there are the metropolises of the PRD, negative strong connections between cancer and influence on both peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and environmental pollution, which is a big food security. Numerous study groups cause for concern. led by Universities within the region have identified alarmingly high levels of Back in 2007, the Chinese government pollution within the soil, air and water published its first official document on of much of the PRD. Many urban environment and health, the National areas suffer from high level of acidity Environment and Health Action within rainfall, while some of the most Plan which highlights the shifting heavily used canals/ waterways have attitude within the country towards been given the lowest Grade for quality, the environment. The Creative Axis meaning most polluted and unsuitable will embrace this change and aims to even for agriculture within the Manufacturing Chinese build upon it by introducing sites which water pollution classifications. It is will be dedicated to environmental also clear that residents of the PRD research, and education. The aim is to are facing worrying health problems. use innovation as a focus to initiate In June 2006, a paper published in alternative methods and practices to not the journal for Research on Cancer only tackle environmental challenges Prevention and Treatment written by but prevent further issues from arising. researchers in Dongguanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hospital The PRD is hugely demanding on the made claim that between January 2001 environment, the physical impact of and October 2005, the two biggest

the resources it uses and the energy required to keep 57 million supported and functioning is massive and damaging. Expertiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s from academia, business and science will use Macau as an environmental test site working at a local scale within the community and at a wide scale, both regional and globally, to develop a more viable and secure future for the urban environments of the PRD.

Manufacturing

manufacturing

The PRD is responsible for drawing in one-quarter of China’s foreign investment and generates one-third of its exports. The industrial impact has been of such magnitude that it has transformed trading patterns and investment flows globally and as a result the region now boasts a vastly skilled workforce with an abundance of manufacturing knowledge. By contrast Macau’s manufacturing industry has all but been phased out and relocated to mainland China, leaving the territory to mainly rely on gambling and tourism for economic growth. The Creative Axis will provide a destination where manufacturing can begin to be re-introduced [on a small scale] by creating a point within the PRD for industry’s experts to congregate and share existing knowledge both locally and internationally through Macau’s global connections. The aspiration is to strengthen and add to the small remaining pockets of localised

what

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Sustainability and Environment

manufacturing within Macau. This will be done through creative education, which will make use of the existing expertise within the PRD to create a knowledge exchange. Local industry will be encouraged and supported within a community based academic environment in a hope to begin to make better use of the opportunity presented by the strength of the existing tourism sector. New market spaces will provide local industries with a platform to sell products while also doubling up as a testing ground for new innovative creation from the bigger manufacturing companies around the PRD.

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how

Implementation of a high speed multimodal transportation system

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creative pollination phase one

how

Connections are established between Macau and the PRD

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creative pollination phase two

how

Creative knowledge exchange begins to thrive in Macau

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creative pollination phase three

how

Creative expertise is shared throughout the PRD and beyond

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creative pollination phase four

“Dull, inert cities, it is true, do contain the seeds of their own destruction and little else. But lively, diverse, intense cities contain the seeds of their own regeneration, with energy enough to carry over for problems and needs outside themselves.” J. Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

“You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.” R. Buckminster Fuller

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the creative axis

how

usage

The key is for each neighbourhood or city district to have sufficiently diverse attractions at different times of the day, what is sometimes today called â&#x20AC;&#x153;mixed uses,â&#x20AC;? so that there are lots of different people pursuing their own plans around the clock. The people who use the schools, places of worship, stores, offices, residences, workshops, theatres, and restaurants located in the same vicinity help to make it interesting and attract still more people, who encourage still more diverse uses. J.Jacobs

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how

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development rules

how

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Development along the length of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Creative Axisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; must actively engage the public at street level to help foster community involvement within the knowledge exchange process.

public ground floor

The proposed raised LRT system which will run in the middle of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Creative Axisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will not only improve connection within the area but will serve as an incubator for pop up activity, offering wifi and energy for the public to plug into.

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smarter streets

how

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With the proposal committing to the continued densification of Macau, greater priority is to be placed on the creation and integration of additional green and public spaces. This will provide increased opportunity for residents to come together at street level.

green / public spaces

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cultural preservation

how

No longer will development be achieved at the cost of heritage. The proposal will place greater value on existing cultural architecture, and will build with more consideration to preservation.

how

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Rather than one or two key areas being designated as innovated zones within Macau, the development of creative pockets will be nurtured along the whole of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Creative Axisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This should offer greater opportunity for both diversity and public engagement with innovation to be encouraged to spread into adjustment communities.

creative pockets

With urban structures getting taller and taller and more and more people living in urban areas, no more will Macau build endless skywards housing its population in generic cookie cutter blocks. The proposal will instil a greater aspiration amongst communities for a better quality of living. Hybrid density will seek to find a solution to generic uninspired urban environments with buildings looking towards new construction models and increased flexibility in use.

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hybrid density

how

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At the west of the creative axis within the inner harbour area of Macau there will be several laboratories of urbanism. The construction of an institute where education can be fcultivated will allow for this experimentation to be exchanged between local, regional and national actors.

Knowledge exchange institute

how

The pedestrianised area within the creative axis will provide an area where business, manufacturing and community can thrive. The expertise from the PRD will help to strengthen the micro industries that already exist and begin to provide opportunities for these ventures to expand into the regional domain.

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Creative axis

how

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The LRT stations provide another location where casual knowledge exchange can take place. The implementation of the LRT promotes a more efficient and sustainable form of transport within Macau and also helps to provide much better access to the metropolises of the PRD.

Creative axis connection

how

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HZMZ Terminus

The relationship between the terminus and the existing urban fabric is one that will need to be executed with great care. However, it should be seen as a positive addition to this area and will help to improve and harness the flow of people that move through this area.

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precedent analysis

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Transbay Transit Center by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects San Francisco, California, USA

New Lab, high-tech entrepreneurial hub Brooklyn Navy Yard, United States

The Barbican Estate by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon Architects London, United Kingdom

De Rotterdam by OMA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

precedent tissue study

Recycling Plant by Abalos & Herrero

Renaissance Barcelona Fira Hotel Ateliers Jean Nouvel by Ribas & Ribas Arquitectos

Madrid, Spain

Barcelona, Spain

Sliced Porosity Block by Steven Holl Architects Chengdu, China

The “Pink Street” by José Adrião Lisboa, Portugal

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precedent analysis

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Sliced Porosity Block by Steven Holl Architects Chengdu, China

Creating a metropolitan public space instead of object-icon skyscrapers, this three million square foot project takes its shape from its distribution of natural light. The required minimum sunlight exposures to the surrounding urban fabric prescribe precise geometric angles that slice the exoskeletal concrete frame of the structure. Establishing human scale in this metropolitan rectangle is achieved through the concept of â&#x20AC;&#x153;micro urbanism,â&#x20AC;? with double-fronted shops open to the street as well as the shopping center..

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precedent analysis

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Transbay Transit Center by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects

San Francisco, California, USA

Transbay Transit Center will be a stateof-the-art multimodal transit station in downtown San Francisco, linking 11 transit systems and connecting the city to the region, the state, and the nation. The massive undertaking, designed by renowned architecture firm Pelli Clarke Pelli will bring together 11 systems of local and national transportation, serving 45 million people per year. This center will span five city blocks, housing a variety of programs that will attract many different types of users to the downtown site. After all, this development is not just a transportation hub.

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precedent analysis

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De Rotterdam by OMA Rotterdam The Netherlands

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precedent analysis

De Rotterdam is conceived as a vertical city: three interconnected mixed-use towers accommodating offices, apartments, a hotel, conference facilities, shops, restaurants, and cafes. The towers are part of the ongoing redevelopment of the old harbor district of Wilhelminapier, next to the Erasmus Bridge, and aim to reinstate the vibrant urban activity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; trade, transport, leisure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; once familiar to the neighborhood.

precedent analysis

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Renaissance Barcelona Fira Hotel Ateliers Jean Nouvel by Ribas & Ribas Arquitectos Barcelona, Spain

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precedent analysis

Two â&#x20AC;&#x153;highrise disksâ&#x20AC;? standing parallel to each other are the outstanding feature of the 105-meter-tall Renaissance Barcelona Fira Hotel, Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). This type of construction also has a gap between its elements, elaborately greened and allowing for the passage of air, something which delighted the jury. The balustrades on the various stories have plants along them, creating hanging gardens. Bridges and open staircases in the gap between the two buildings form links and afford views out over the surrounding cityscape. When guests step out of their hotel rooms they are confronted not with a closed corridor, but with an airy, shadowy space, and the wind force customary in such highrises is very welcome in the northern Spanish climate, which can be hot in the summer.

precedent analysis

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The “Pink Street” by José Adrião Lisboa, Portugal

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precedent analysis

Nova do Carvalho Street [Rua Nova do Carvalho] in Cais do Sodré was painted in pink color. The gesture of painting a street in pink synthesizes in a very pragmatic and effective way the need for change. At Pink Street one produces, shares and consumes culture. The proposal aims to strengthen the character established with the previous intervention, giving ot continuity and permanency. The proposal consists of levelling the sidewalk with the road so as to turn the existing space in a public space without continuous barriers.

precedent analysis

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The Barbican Estate by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon Architects London, United Kingdom

These are grouped around a lake and green squares. The main buildings rise up to seven floors above a podium level, which links all the facilities in the Barbican, providing a pedestrian route above street level. Some maisonettes are built into the podium structure. There is no vehicular access within the estate, but there are some car parks at the periphery of the estate. Public car parks are located within the Barbican Centre.

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precedent analysis

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New Lab, high-tech entrepreneurial hub Brooklyn Navy Yard, United States

page 83

precedent analysis

New Lab will be a supportive and collaborative working environment for designers, engineers, and entrepreneurs—people trying to accomplish really hard things—not in Silicon Valley or at MIT but right here in Brooklyn,” said Cohen in a press release. Companies in New Lab’s member directory work in multiple fields of design, including robotics, nano tech, artificial intelligence, wearables, interactive architecture, and urban tech. In terms of the latter category, New Lab is teaming up with the NYC Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC)’s Urban TechNYC program to create a special residency program for urban technology entrepreneurs.

precedent analysis

page 84

Recycling Plant by Abalos & Herreros Madrid, Spain

The recycling plant combines a heterogeneous rubbish selecting and processing complex, storage, workshops and offices, all beneath a vast green inclined roof which echoes the gravitational nature of the process as well as the original hillside on which it sits, re-established thanks to an ultralight structure. The composed produced which unifies the different programs and incorporates a museum area with a display intended to encourage peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental awareness. The green roof , polycarbonate, the lightweight bolted structure and the set of interior facings manifest this spirit. The facility has a light cycle of 25 years, after time it can be recycled as an amenity for the park surrounding it by that time or be dismantled by recycling components.

page 85

precedent analysis

page 87

when

page 88

regional phasing

1. Connecting the PRD through a sustainable high speed infrastructure system.

2. Srengthing Macauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connectivity to the PRD through multi-model transport exchange.

3. Innovation pollination of the PRD

1. Existing land reclamation completed.

2. Demolition of sites in preparation for the development of the HZMH Terminus and “Creative Axis’.

3. Street becomes a creative space and connects to completed Terminus.

4. Incubation of innovate pockets along ‘The Creative Axis’.

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local phasing

when

Current residential development completed

Identify creative pockets along future creative axis

Identify sites for relocation of existing communities affected by future HZMZ terminal Existing transportation proposal [LRT] implementation

Land reclamation ongoing to completion

page 91

macau phase one

when

Demolition for HZMZ terminal

Reclaimed land developed to existing plan

Additional LRT phases implemented

Relocation of residents and existing community

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macau phase two

when

Development of new HZMZ Crossroads Terminus [multimodal]

Development of Creative Axis Street segmented into multiused spaces, including introduction of pedestrian only zone New LRT and bus stations [transport nodes] constructed

Reclaimed land developed to existing plan

page 95

macau phase three

when

macau phase four

HZMZ Crossroads Terminal opens Innovative projects start up throughout pockets along the length of Creative Axis. i.e, Urban testing within Iao Hon Relocation of existing residents, demolition and development of creative sites. Reservoir project Marina project

Reclaimed land developed to existing plan

page 97

when

Terminus expansion to include old border crossing

Creative Axis fully establish

No more border controlnew larger/ stronger connections

Pollenation of local communities and PRD in full effect

Marina Redevelopment effects trickle down Reclaimed land developed to existing plan

page 99

macau phase five

when

page 101

architectural discussion

page 102

Rather than a single comprehensive image for the entire environment, there seemed to be sets of images, which more or less overlapped and interrelated. [Lynch.K. 1960] Macauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development can be viewed as a series of separate developments. Each an attempt at a different set of ideas or individuals take on urban utopia. Laboratories of urbanism; testing grounds of differing urban scales and form, a collection of individual images, which make up the whole.

Edges are boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls. Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close one region off from another; or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined together. These edge elements, although probably not as dominant as paths, are for many people important organising features, particularly in the role of holding together generalised areas, as in the outline of a city by water or wall. [Lynch.K. 1960] Macauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban fabric is fragmented into districts by the scale and nature of paths between new and old development. Edges or seams devoted to motor vehicles inspire little connectivity instead creating fragmented communities/ mini districts.

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kevin lynch

architectural discussion

page 104

Guardian of gateway Gateway into PRD Qi circulates within PRD Qi circulates internally Potent Qi from mountains

Feng Shui is a Chinese philosophical practice of harmonising everyone with the surrounding environment. The principles of Feng Shui are attend to be used both in the built environment through its responds to the context and to the needs of humans. Discussions in architecture relate it in metaphoric terms, positioned against invisible forces that bind the universe, earth, and humanity together, known as qi [energy]. The classic says,â&#x20AC;?If qi rides the wind is scattered; if it is bounded by water it is held.â&#x20AC;? The ancient Chinese thought the earth to be like a living organism much like the human body. Mountains represent bones, water the blood and vegetation the hair. They imagined that the flow of qi on earth was similar to the flow of Qi through the human

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feng shui & qi

architectural discussion

body. When Qi is accumulated, physical spaces benefit as do those who are living there. Therefore, the accumulation of Qi is an essential condition and should also be a key consideration within new development. A vast proportion of 21st century human activity revolves around transportation and infrastructure, energy related and qi related, promoting sensitive design in order to eliminate negative environmental impact while advocating ecologically sustainable. (McLennan ,2004)

architectural discussion

page 106

aldo rossi vs rem koolhaas Architecture of the City.

S.M.L.XL.

Urban artefacts not only summarise city form, but also provide a window to the society which surrounds it: it becomes not only a place of the human condition, but evolves to be a part of that condition.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a very depressing phenomenon that we can deal with decaying conditions in the city only by inventing weak attempts to restore them or to declare them historical. It would be much more powerful and creative to use other tactics, such as taking away something and then building something entirely new.

The city gives new meanings and uses to unchangeable forms. It is symbolic of the meaning of architecture of the city, where the broadest adaptability to multiple functions corresponds to an extreme precision of form. [Rossi. A. 1982]

People can inhabit anything. And they can be miserable in anything and ecstatic in anything. More and more I think that architecture has nothing to do with it. Of course, thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s both liberating and alarming. But the generic city, the general urban condition, is happening everywhere, and just the fact that it occurs in such enormous quantities must mean that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s habitable. Finding a balance towards development. [Koolhaas. R. 1995]

Infrastructural networks: Through them people, organisations, institutions and firms are able to extend their influence in time and space beyond the ‘here’ and ‘now’; they can in effect, ‘always be in a wide range of places’ [Curry. 1998] We must recognise how the configurations of infrastructure networks are inevitably imbued with biased struggles for social, economic, ecological and political power. Cities accumulate and retain wealth, control and power because of what flows through them, rather than what they statically contain. [Beaverstock et.all. 2000] Cities are singular points on the circuits which create them. It is defined by entries and exits. [Deleuze & Guattari. 1997] [Graham, S. & Marvin,S]

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splintering urbanism

architectural discussion

page 108

‘Created in China’ is a country scale action guide which emphasises how manufacturing enterprises should be motivated to improve quality and image. It suggests how the Chinese Government should adopt policies to attract innovative resources, technologies and talent to create more profitable businesses in order to strengthen the countries international standing and economy. The aspiration is for China to move from ‘Made in China’ to ‘Created in China’

page 109

created in china

architectural discussion

page 110

Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces. Placemaking capitalizes on a local community’s assets, inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces that promote people’s health, happiness, and well-being. The existing residents of Macau must be at the centre of this transition in order to restrict the potential increased influx of Mainland Chinese suffocating the vibrant culture that exists

5 Strategies to attract people 1) Market Your Strengths 2) Offer Educational Opportunities 3) Provide Flexible Housing 4) Make Mobility a Priority 5) Create a Sense of “Place” The Creative Axis 1) Commuter population 2) creative pockets 3) Denstiy testing in Iao Hon 4) Multi-model tranposrt terminus and systems 5) The Creative Axis

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placemaking

architectural discussion

page 112

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The street is the river of life of the city, the place where we come together, the pathway to the centre. Whyte. H

page 113

new urban agenda III

architectural discussion

[draft]

We envisage cities and human settlements that: B. Are participatory; promote civic engagement; engender a sense of belonging and ownership among all their inhabitants; prioritize safe, inclusive, accessible, green and quality public spaces friendly for families; enhance social and intergenerational interactions, cultural expressions and political participation, as appropriate; and foster social cohesion, inclusion and safety in peaceful and pluralistic societies, where the needs of all inhabitants are met, recognizing the specific needs of those in vulnerable situations. (D) Meet the challenges and opportunities of present and future sustained, inclusive and

sustainable economic growth, leveraging urbanization for structural transformation, high productivity, value-added activities and resource efficiency, harnessing local economies, and taking note of the contribution of the informal economy while supporting a sustainable transition to the formal economy. (E) Fulfil their territorial functions across administrative boundaries, and act as hubs and drivers for balanced, sustainable and integrated urban and territorial development at all levels. (H) Protect, conserve, restore and promote their ecosystems, water, natural habitats and biodiversity, minimize their environmental impact, and change to sustainable consumption and production patterns.

architectural discussion

page 114

Networks emerge and thrive when people are able to have free and casual contact with acquaintances and strangers alike in the safety of streets, sidewalks, and other public spaces. Jacobs.J

If the Pearl River Delta truly hopes to achieve economic greatness, it will need networks both local and global to get there. “If you look at world history, all the great cities are supported by vast transportation arteries connecting their vital commercial organs with the outside world.” “without infrastructure you’re definitely a loser.” [Zhang,X. & Kloosterman, R.C. 2015]

page 115

transportations

architectural discussion

To China & The PRD

Border Mai

Commuter population movement

ute

to s

out

h is

lan

rou te

uth i

sla

n ro

Seams

Iao Hon New development Increased density

Gambling & Tourism Need to diversify economy

page 117

architectural discussion

Border

Site for Terminus

Demolition

Street for Creative Axis Street for Creative Axis

Demolition

Movement of People

page 119

references

page 121

sustainability

ustainability

page 122s

Sustainable building program Reducing traffic congestion Water Policy Energy waste City Switch Smart Blocks

Technical (energy) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including: power, heat and gas flows in the city (incl. local supply and use information and future projections); distribution network system and operational issues; demand side opportunities (energy saving and peak shifting), from building retrofit to automated demand side response; energy storage. [ Roberts.S, 2015] Commercial â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including: value flows within energy system and within smart meter roll-out; access to national system balancing services and other trading mechanisms for recovering value; potential business models for city-wide approach; investment requirements and potential sources; energy supplier interest in supporting Bristol coordinated smart meter roll-out; relevant active innovation initiatives. [ Roberts.S, 2015]

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sustainability

page 125

references

eferences

page 126r

BBC. 2016. China country profile. online] available from < http:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asiapacific-13017877 > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Branigan, T. 2010. China heritage chief says building boom is destroying countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heritage [online] available at < https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2010/aug/04/china-culture-citiesheritage > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Britannica. 2016, Guangdong [online] available from < https://www.britannica. com/place/Guangdong > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Britannica. 2016, Macau [online] available from < https://www.britannica. com/search?query=macau%20 > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Britannica. 2016, Pearl River Delta [online] available from < https://www.

britannica.com/place/Pearl-RiverDelta> Accessed on 13.12.2016 Chinadialogue. 2011. Report on Environmental Health in the Pearl River Delta. Published by German Asia Foundation. London, Germany, Beijing, San Francisco Graham. S, Marvin.S [2001] Splintering Urbanism. Published by Routledge. London Haour,G. Zedtwitz,M. 2016. Created In China, How China Is Becoming A Global Innovator. Pulished by Bloomsbury Information Ltd. London, New York, New Delhi, Sydney Jacobs. J. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Published by Random House. Inc. New York, USA Lynch. K. 1960. The image of the city. Published by The MIT Press. Massachusetts, USA & London,

England MacauNews. 2009. [online] available < http://macaunews.com.mo/macaugovernment-invests-us-22-millionease-border-congestion> Accessed on 10.12.2016 McLennan. J. F. 2004. The Philosophy of Sustainable Design. Published by Ecotone Publishing Company LLC. USA Plymouth University. M.Arch Yr II . 2016. Macau Briefing Document. Publiched by Plymouth University Students. Plymouth, England Roberts. S. 2015. BRISTOL SMART ENERGY CITY COLL ABORATION. [online] available at < https://www. cse.org.uk/downloads/reports-andpublications/policy/community-energy/ insulation-and-heating/planning/ renewables/towards-a-smart-energy-citymaping-path-for-bristol.pdf > Accessed

on 13.12.2016 The Economist. 2002. The Pearl river delta, A new workshop of the world. [online] available < http://www. economist.com/node/1382626 > Accessed on 13.12.2016 UN-Habitat 3. 2016. New Urban Agenda 3 [online] < https://www2. habitat3.org/bitcache/99d99fbd0824de 50214e99f864459d8081a9be00?vid=5 91155&disposition=inline&op=view > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Whyte. W. 1980. The social life of small public spaces. Published by Projects for public spaces. New York, USA Wikipedia. 2016. China [online] available from < https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/China > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Wikipedia. 2016. Guangdong [online] available from < https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Guangdong > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Wikipedia. 2016. Macau [online] available from < https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Macau > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Wikipedia. 2016. The Pearl River Delta. [online] available from < https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_ Delta > Accessed on 13.12.2016 Zhang,X. Kloosterman, R.C. 2014. Connecting the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Workshop of the Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;: Intra- and Extra-Service Networks of the Pearl River Delta City-Region. Published by Routledge. London

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references