[RE] JAMES GIDDEN SILVIA MELFI ANDREW MORRIS HARMONY WEE
GENERATIONS OF
ZORROZAURRE
Abstract The following project seeks to propose how the peninsula of Zorrozaurre can be redeveloped through addressing several critical social-economic challenges identified not just within the site, but also in Bilbao, Spain and Europe.
The following design strategy and proposed masterplan critically opposes the somewhat generic ideas previously put forward by Zaha Hadid Architects over 10 years ago. Instead presenting a multifaceted design strategy that will regenerate the peninsula to create a new identity based on the themes of ‘Health and well-being’. Zorrozaurre will become the centre of employment and learning opportunities for the large elderly and young unemployed ‘Nini’ populations within Bilbao. It will provide exciting mixed residential development, and diverse public spaces, green spaces, nature reserves and recreational facilities will be frequent and commonplace along the length of the site; drawing in visitors from all around the city via the new public spine that will be water transport network. Key words; Bilbao, Zorrozaurre, Regeneration, Reconnecting, Elderly, Nini, Employment, Learning, Opportunities, Public Space
Abstract
Presently the small population who reside on the peninsula are isolated and disconnected from the surrounding urban fabric due to limited and poor infrastructure. (Reference ZAWP Book) The lack of biodiversity, public space and facilities are highly apparent between the numerous empty post-industrial structures and hard brownfield landscape.
Contents Introduction
1
Site Analysis Initial thoughts, preconceptions and design workshops
13
Challenges that were identified on the site
14
Study Trip
18
Masterplan Critique
19
Summary of issues
25
Site City Country & Europe
27 29 31
Election Summary
32
Problem Statement
34
Urban Strategy
41
Actors
45
Flood protection & enrichment of biodiversity Retention and Rejuvenation of Urban Artefacts Employment, apprenticeships, research, care and learning opportunities New residential development; retirement apartments, Nini accommodation, social & private housing
51 54 56 59
Reconnecting to the river Community facilities Recreational facilities & public spaces New transport infrastructure
62 64 66 69
Urban Strategy Phases Phase 1
73
Phase 2
75
Phase 3
77
Phase 4
79
Summary
79
Masterplan
81
Transport Infrastructure
83
Eatery and Archive
85
Employment, research centres and Remediating attenuation ponds
87
Employment and Community
89
Water transport maintenance hub
91
Vehicular access point and research area
93
Sections
95
References
97
Introduction
Page 1
Introduction
It is the tenth largest city in Spain, and has an estimated one million metropolitan inhabitants, making it one of the most populous urban areas within northern Spain. Founded in the early 14th century, Bilbao became a pivotal commercial hub for the Basque Country, enjoying significant importance as an active port [exporting iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries] within Spain’s northern maritime coast block directly facing the Atlantic Ocean. Throughout the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Bilbao experienced heavy industrialisation, becoming an industrial centre second only to Barcelona such was its importance. After a very turbulent and testing second half of the 20th century, modern day Bilbao is now an ever developing service city. Large scale and widespread socio economic change has resulted in a city and its public that is experimenting rigorously to establish its new identity amongst the Guggenheim led regeneration process.
Introduction
Bilbao is a city in Northern Spain, and a major municipality within the province of Biscay, which in turn is a key part of the independent community of the Basque Country.
Page 2
TIMELINE OF BILBAO 1300 MEDIEVAL BILBAO
1200 Fishing village
foundation of Bilbao Casco Viejo
near the old port
Introduction
economy based on the comemrce by sea
1900 1800 INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION OF BILBAO BILBAO
1960s works to create Deusto canal comenced
1876 1936-1939 1970s Beginning urbanisation of Spanish Civil War Beginning of the Ensanche outside the economic medieval city recession 1939-1975 Spain under Franco’s dictatorship; Basque Country stripped of autonomy
Page 3
1500 COMMERCIAL BILBAO
Bilbao is the most most important economic centre in the Seignory of Biscay
The city was hit twice by floods between the 16° and the 18° century that destroyed a large part of the old medieval city
Creation of the Consulate of Bilbao
1970s because of the industrial and economic crisis the project did not end
1979 Statute of Autonomy for Basque Country under new democratic central government
2003 Zaha Hadid’s masterplan is adopted for the regeneration of the site of Zorrotzaurre
1995 1997 Inauguration of Inauguration of new metro Guggenheim system Museum Guggenheim effect
1983 Flood causes great damage to the old city
urban regeneration
Introduction
Bilbao was rebuilt and expanded
Introduction
Page 4
It was formed during the 1950s and the 1960s, at the height of Bilbao’s industrial heyday. Initially a canal was to be constructed to improve navigation for large industrial ships using the estuary of Bilbao. Yet before completion, the project was stopped in 1968 with 400 meters left to finish, resulting in today’s current form as a peninsula. The area was once pivotal to industrial Bilbao, with many industries moving there during its peak. However, the industrial crisis of the 1980s forced many industries to shut down or relocate, leaving a handful to struggle over the years, and now only a few remain today. Despite its present state of abandonment and dereliction, Zorrozaurre provides a rare and unique development opportunity being just one of only two sites within the whole City to have the water of the Ria del Nervion [Estuary of Bilbao] surrounding both the front and rear sides. A masterplan for the peninsula was put forward by architect Zaha Hadid back in 2003, and despite very limited progress since, local government still intend to proceed with the design in the future decades.
Page 5 Introduction
Zorrozaurre [The site] is an artificial peninsula situated in the district of Deusto within the city of Bilbao. It is the second largest district by population, providing homes for around 52,000 people.
Page 6
TIMELINE OF ZORROZAURRE 1960 1960s The river Nervion is part These were the years in which of the chatacter of Bilbao, the economy of Bilbao was until this year it was developed more than ever also econmically valued becouse the power of the industries
Introduction
commercial exchange and shipbuilding industries
The idea to consolidate industrial activities in one place was possible through the creation of the artificial island of Zorrozaurre. works to create Deusto canal comenced
1997
2004
Along the Deusto Canal was infrastructures for the access and docking of the ships. Therfore the river Nervion (the west side of Zorrozaurre) was under utilised.
Zaha Hadid’s masterplan is adopted for the rejuvination of the site of Zorrozaurre and it turn the peninsula into an island
1994
Page 7
1970
Introduction
Even if the project of The use of the peninsula until this Zorrozaurre was to design an year was massive; the river island becouse of represents a route of shipyards from the economic crisis the project the esturay into the city. was not finished and today it is a peninsula devided A negative aspect was the increase from the city. of pullution in the water and on land.
2016
The peninsula of Zorrozaurre today appears as a site without functions and services; minimal functioning industries and there are a multitude of abandoned buildings. The most important connection between the peninsula and the city is the bridge in the south end; it is also a total stop off for the access of any industrial ships into the city.
Page 8
UK
Introduction
North Atlantic Ocean
Europe
Bilbao
Africa
South America
Bilbao’s position within Europe/ World context
Page 9 Bilbao Municipality
Greater Bilbao context
Introduction
Greater Bilbao
Page 10
Zorrozaurre
Introduction
Ria Del Nervion [Estuary of Bilbao]
COUNTRY
Page 11
BASQUE MOUNTAINS AND WATER
GENERAL FRANCO
Introduction
[DICTATORSHIP]
FOUGHT FOR
INDEPENDENCE
PROUD TO BE
BISQUAY
BAY
FISHING VILLAGE MARITIME SKILLS
BASQUE BASQUE LANGUAGE
Page 13
Site Analysis Initial thoughts, preconceptions and design workshops
Small urban studies were carried out which looked at identifying key urban rules gained from reflections of important urban spaces, both successful and unsuccessful in nature. The studies helped frame crucial questions which in turn prompted understanding of strategic urban principles which could be carried forward into the space within our design proposal for Zorrozaurre. Following on from this a series of design workshops began our initial investigations of the current state of site. We used our previously establish urban rules to explore and identify the key issues/ challenges and discussed how these rules could provide ideas and drivers of change on the peninsula.
Site Analysis
Prior to visiting Bilbao and Zorrozaurre, several design workshop were carried out in order to initiate consideration of potential urban design principles and develop thinking towards the site and challenges awaiting.
Page 14 Site Analysis
Challenges that were identified on the site; • Connections and barriers between the river and the mainland How could the orientation of buildings be used to create spaces which could re-connect Zorrozaurre with the water? • Celebrate the rich history and diversity of Bilbao Could existing architecture be used to highlight this and frame design ideas and style of new development? • Neglect of the river and disconnection of Zorrozaurre from its surrounding urban fabric The site should be used as an asset to the city. Zorrozaurre could be made more accessible and a much more desirable place for all users of the city to visit. The use of basic conceptual models and diagrams also helped to frame some initial ideas which could be used as the foundation on which to build urban strategies. These ideas included; • Possibility of inviting the nearby university campus onto the centre of the island, along with other actors who could contribute to the regeneration of the site. • Increased flow of people to and from the university [and other nearby actors] would encourage involvement in the range of activities taking place at the centre of Zorrozaurre, such as the fresh produce
Our final investigative considerations [before heading to Spain and Bilbao for a site visit] involved working on producing a series of conceptual models and urban design framework diagrams for the site based on the ideas and thinking of Aldo Rossi (traditional) and Rem Koolhaas/Le Corbusier (non-traditional approach). This provided the team with a design approach/tool that enabled strategic study and identification of the health of the existing fabric and brought about interesting discussion on the retention and removal of certain parts of the site.
Page 15 Site Analysis
market, exhibition spaces and a revamped skate park. • Creating further links with the wider context by connecting the peninsula with a bridge to the proposed regenerated train station on the south bank of the River Nervion; thus providing a new route of access to the peninsula. • Improvement of infrastructure, connecting to much of the recent redevelopment the city has undergone. • Increased use of the river as public space.
Page 16
Above; Irregular short blocks
Right; Topography study
Site Analysis
Below; Site misconceptions and existing connections
Above; Frontal continuity with diverse function Right; Aldo Rossi conceptual models highlighting the urban artefacts.
Site Analysis
Page 17
Page 18 Site Analysis
Study Trip
We headed to Spain and spent 7 days in Bilbao on a study trip in order to build up analysis and begin development of a masterplan for Zorrozaurre. While away we not only immersed ourselves in the culture and history of Bilbao, but also meet with city councillor Asier Abaunza Robleso and with the leaders of local creative enterprises currently housed on the site.
The proposal for the former port and industrial area is for homes for nearly 15,000 new residents, while providing workshops, labs, studios, and offices for nearly 6,000 working people. The canal opened to enlarge the port during its heyday, is destined to be extended for floodcontrol purposes. This will make Zorrozaurre into an island, with the proposal arguing that it will enable Zorrozaurre to occupy a strategically key position within the future expansion of the city. Zaha Hadid Architects aim to tackle the challenge of the unused existing urban fabric through a bold approach to infrastructure and the waterfront hoping to highlight the great significance of its natural and strategic position. The suggested island will be integrated into neighbouring communities on both banks of the Nervion by a series of bridges, in the hope to allow the river to become a meaningful part of the daily life of locals. While Bilbao’s existing tram system will be extended along the full length of Zorrozaurre, establishing a central spine of activity running through the island and linking the region’s downstream communities to the city’s centre. The plan is quoted promising ‘future residents and
Page 19
Strategic Statement; Refurbishment and construction of housing, new industries, tertiary uses, urban and recreational spaces and new connections linking the peninsula, city and surrounding areas. (Dezeen, 2007)
Site Analysis
Masterplan Critique
Page 20 Site Analysis
workers will all enjoying a rich tapestry of outdoor places. Waterside promenades, parks, the tree-lined central avenue, small squares, and public gardens—all link together to create a textured setting for urban social life.’ The overall masterplan comes across as reasonably thoughtful and well considered if not a little generic. Almost surface level responses to cover over complexed multiple social-economic issues which appear wider than just within the context of the existing peninsula. The proposed form of much of the future development is reminiscent of many densely built waterfronts around the world. Not to say that is a bad thing, but a solution should strive to test and advance existing concepts, tailoring a design response specific to the needs of a place and its people, rather than copying and pasting implemented ideas that where perhaps successful elsewhere and filling in with locals. There is a real fear that completing the canal could further separate the already isolated existing community to the extent whereby they can then be easily removed and replaced, ultimately gentrifying the site. The scheme should build on and around the existing positives, one being the small residential community and the creative enterprises being another. More poignant responses are needed, perhaps larger city or national scale social issues such as an aging population and high young unemployment. Flipping these issues to make them
The orientation of the project towards the water is however a strong component to the masterplan and one adopted within our own. It is currently an unused and untapped resource within the city, yet it should be a public spine and most important connection between districts, places and people.
Page 21 Site Analysis
drivers for change, rather than a scheme of private housing and non-specific office space.
Disused Industrial building Residential building
Vacant Plot
Bullring
Estacion de Abando I. Prieto
Parque Miribilla
San Nicolas Church Santiago Cathedral Bilbao Arena
Hostel
Residential building Disused Industrial building Residential building
Parque Etxebarria
Basilica of Bego単a
Page 22
Disused Industrial building
Nervion River
Basurto-Zorroza
Site Analysis
Puente Euskalduna
Disused Industrial building
Club de Remo
Page 23
Retrofitted building Residential building
Site Analysis
San Mames Stadium Ria De Bilbao Maritime Museum Puente Euskalduna Zorrozaurre
Residential building
Guggenheim Museum
Vacant Plot
Residential building
Azkuna Zentora
Bilbao city context
Page 24
BASQUE COUNTRY MOUNTAINS AND WATER
GENERAL FRANCO Site Analysis
[DICTATORSHIP]
FOUGHT FOR
INDEPENDENCE
PROUD TO BE
BISQUAY
BAY
FISHING VILLAGE MARITIME SKILLS
BASQUE BASQUE LANGUAGE
Key challenges arose, presenting the team with a clear understanding of what needed to be tackled and framed initial ideas and approaches that could be taken to best redevelop the peninsula. Following this, connections where made between the issues which helped to begin the formation of the Urban Strategy. The subsequent infographics break down and summarise the key country, city and site specific challenges.
Page 25
Following the study trip, in depth site analysis help identified the key issues currently facing Zorrozaurre. These issues, together with further research into sociopolitical problems at both city and national scale began to raise questions to be answered within our urban design strategy, bridging the gap from analysis to design response.
Site Analysis
Summary of Issues
Page 26
ZORROZAURRE CONTAMINATED
POST INDUSTRIAL
LANDSCAPE
RESTRICTED PEDESTRIAN
ACCESS
LACK OF
COMMUNITY
NO
RELATION
Site Analysis
WITH THE
RIVER
ABSENCE INSUFFICIENT INFRASTRUCTURE OF PUBLIC
SPACE
BROKEN CONNECTION
WITH THE
CITY
MINIMAL
GREEN
SPACES
There is a small remaining residential community and a limited number of creative enterprises disconnected from the rest of the city. This is due to the limited infrastructure of a single roadway and small bus service. The existing communities currently manage a delicate relationship with local Government and Council The absence of public space and public facilities further contribute to its current undesirable nature; it is not a place the Bilbaoans’ want to visit but a place to be avoided. Very limited green space and biodiversity both on the peninsula and within the water highlight the overall lack of well-being on Zorrozaurre. The site is ailing and needs intensive care. Hard concrete edges created for shipping and industry have weakened the connection between the peninsular and Ria del Nervion [Bilbao Estuary], while decaying and damaged boating ports do little to improve matters, and encourage no-one using the river to stop.
Page 27
Post-industrial decline and relocation of the port has resulted in high loss of industry and employment opportunities. Much of the site is now empty, abandoned and unused which has led to a lack of identity or purpose. Land contamination from toxic industrial waste, along with derelict buildings are in need of removal and or treatment.
Site Analysis
Site Specific Issues;
Page 28
BILBAO INCREASING
YOUNG] [ NINI UNEMPLOYED
Site Analysis
BRAIN DRAIN
IMMIGRATION
POPULATION
HIGH RATES
AGEING POPULATION POPULATION
DECLINE
FLOOD1
2 7 RISK
DIFFERENT
N AT I O N A L I T I E S
Bilbao has had a naturally decreasing population since the 1980’s. A steady but not booming birth rate, and emigration of young adults does not help balance an ever increasing elderly population. Bilbao’s population has more over 64 years olds than 0-19. Despite an increasing number of pre-adolescents attending higher education year on year since 1991 over half the population was deemed inactive in 2011. The Spanish economic crisis in recent years has seriously impacted employment opportunities all over the country. This has significantly effected the people of Bilbao with emigration and unemployment both rising annually since 2007. This has resulted in a brain drain and an increasing Nini [young unemployed] population. However, despite these difficulties immigration rates [5000+ since year 2000], have remained constant. Yet integration issues are on the rise, with 127 different nationalities now within the city and certain groups not mixing well.
Page 29
Two main socio-economic challenges dominate the city of Bilbao currently, with the issues linked to the population demographic and employment opportunities.
Site Analysis
City Specific Issues;
Page 30
SPAIN
45%
UNDER 30s UNEMPLOYED
INCREASED
USE OF
Site Analysis
ANTIBIOTICS
ABOVE
AVERAGE SMOKING
RATES
1/4 JOBLESS OF POPULATION
LOW EARNINGS
EMIGRATION
€0.00
HIGH
?
?
?
One of our main aims as designers of public environments should be to create spaces which promote social wellbeing. Places should not just facilitate local needs but present the individual with a freedom through a choice of opportunities, while suggestively promoting a healthier lifestyle.
Page 31
Somewhat slightly more generic issues but still social challenges are Spain’s above average smoking rates and ever increasing use of antibiotics and antidepressants. These are both reflections on public health and wellbeing, with above average [against developed country standards] smoking figures and use of prescription drug suggesting unhappiness and stress as strong element of society.
Site Analysis
Country & Europe Specific;
Page 32 Site Analysis
Election Summary Spain faces political uncertainty after two new parties, the Anti-austerity party Podemos & liberal Ciudadanos, won nearly a third of the seats in the country’s election. The PP [conservatives] and the Socialists have previously dominated, alternating the running of the government for the last three decades. (BBC, 2015) Key Electoral Issues; • The economy, corruption allegations and a separatist drive in Catalonia • Many Spaniards are poorer now than they were at the time of the last election • Unemployment remains high at 21%, the second-highest rate in the EU [Greece higher] • Negotiations period has begun prompting a new era lead by the younger portion of the population, many of those born after the country’s dictatorship ended in 1975. • Why this is of importance? The result of the Spanish General Election, or more to the point the lack of a stable government currently overshadows the country and is a significant indicator of the change of opinion amongst much of the general public. Large parts of society [predominately the younger portion] feel change is needed with shifts in attitudes
GOVERNMENT
73%DECEMBER 2015 FOURTH LARGEST 350 UNGOVERNABLE? POPULAR
PARTY
DE MO PO
TS IS
L IA
C SO
S
ECONOMY
S
D
A UID
C
O AN
OTHER
which put the following socio-economic issues at the front of what needs to be addressed; social inequality, unemployment and economic instability. Spain and indeed Bilbao are very much in a period of uncertainty. However, one thing is for sure, that social change is likely to feature strongly in the future.
Site Analysis
ELECTION TURNOUT
SEATS
EUROPE’S
Page 33
SPAINISH
Page 34 Site Analysis
Problem statement Zorrozaurre is a former port and industrial district north of Bilbao city centre (Zorrotzaurre.com, n.d.). It provides a unique opportunity being one of just two sites in Bilbao to be almost entirely surrounded by water, on the east side by the River Nervion and on the west by the Deusto channel. The channel was excavated in the 1960’s to allow better access for transportation of shipped goods produced by the industrial factories up and down the peninsula. Much of this industry has now left Zorrozaurre due to the industrial decline since the 1980’s and Government policy over the last 30 years resulting in the relocation of the docks to the Puerto de Bilbao at the mouth of the River Nervion. This imposed migration away from the peninsula has resulted in a considerable amount of the industrial buildings becoming obsolete and abandoned. Much of the urban fabric is now dilapidated and has been forgotten about. This has caused the peninsula to enter a state of disrepair in desperate need of establishing a new identity. Currently the small community who reside and work on the peninsula are isolated and disconnected from the surrounding urban fabric due to limited and poor infrastructure. (Alcock, 2015) This issue along with a whole series of other social-economic and geo-physical challenges are presently impacting the sustainability, resilience and health of the site.
Page 35
ACCESS
INSUFFICIENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
Site Analysis
RESTRICTED PEDESTRIAN
Page 36 Site Analysis
Sustainability is the consumption of resources needed to live without jeopardising the people and generations of the future. Within the context of Bilbao and Zorrozaurre the lack of sustainability could perhaps best be represented by the inefficiency and redundancy that is disconnecting the peninsula from the rest of the city. There is a disconnection from the river which was once the industrial bloodline of the city, it is now unused and despite large development and improvements to the waterfront edges throughout Bilbao there remains a lack of public connectivity. This along with poor infrastructural connections has over time allowed the peninsula of Zorrozaurre to fall further into decline and become the outcast of the city that it is today.
NATURAL
FORCES
CLAIMING
BACK PENINSULA
Page 37
POST INDUSTRIAL
LANDSCAPE
Site Analysis
CONTAMINATED
Page 38 Site Analysis
Resilience is the ability to recover or adjust to misfortune/ difficulties. Bilbao has a colourful history full of challenges. The industrial crisis of the 1980’s and the later decline which accompanied it, led to high levels of unemployment, economic difficulties, loss of identity and need for redevelopment of large urban areas. In addition the catastrophic flooding of 1983 caused widespread damage and loss of life. Much of the city has now recovered and been redeveloped. ‘The Bilbao effect’ and projects of the Bilbao Ria 2000 development plan has shown great resilience, however the site of Zorrozaurre remains in desperate need of regeneration. The site was turned into a peninsula back in the 1960’s, and was developed in response to the needs of the city’s industrial heyday, however since the relocation of the port up stream to the Puerto de Bilbao and the continued decline of industry within Bilbao in general, Zorrozaurre has not been able to find a new purpose or identity which has created most of its struggles to be resilient.
NO
RELATION
WITH THE
RIVER
Site Analysis
Page 39
Urban Strategy
Page 40
Page 41
Urban Strategy Strategy Summary
The strategy has identified the importance of mental and physical health and well-being amongst the existing community of Zorrozaurre and wants to redevelop the peninsula buy inviting the people of Bilbao. Everyone within the surrounding neighbourhoods and all districts throughout the city are welcome, creating a centre of replenishment and care for the whole city. This strategy will also be implemented upon the physical elements of the site, with the policy of cleansing and restoration being strong elements throughout the several phases of development. Along with the existing residents, the main target audience are that most vulnerable within Bilbao’s demographic. Those in need of support and security; the large elderly population and ever increasing group of unemployed young adults, Nini’s. They have completed
Urban Strategy
The proposal ultimately aims to tackle a series of complex socio-economic challenges faced not only on Zorrozaurre, but within the context of the city of Bilbao and even at a national scale throughout Spain. The themes of health and well-being will be key components of all that is within the strategy.
Urban Strategy
Page 42
Zorrozaurre will be reconnected with the rest of the Bilbao through the revival of the Ria Del Nervion and the creation of a new public spine for use by all of the city. A fresh identity will be established through new educational, employment, recreational and residential opportunities, made possible through the involvement of local actors being provided with exciting opportunities on the peninsula. New green spaces, public spaces and nature reserves will complement the recreational space and transform the lifeless hard industrial landscaping of present. Finally, new community facilities such as markets [for goods and knowledge exchange] shops, cafes, bars and restaurants will provide the increased and strengthen residential population with all the essential amenities, keeping those living on Zorrozaurre on the peninsula in an aim to build a stronger community with a real sense pride for the place that they live
Page 43 Urban Strategy
higher education and are now living at home with their parents lacking decent job prospects. The older generation have been through the rise and fall of the dictatorship, the civil conflict and social unrest. Currently they are without sufficient care or opportunities to enjoy their twilight years.
Urban Strategy
Page 44
Actor summary The above mentioned actors have [in the most part] all been identified as offering strong new potential connections and opportunities within close proximity of Zorrozaurre. Our proposed design strategy aims to build on these key local enterprises to provide exciting new employment and educational prospects on the peninsula, focused specifically on the elderly and Nini parts of the population. The proposal will offer ways of working in collaboration with these projects facilitating them with extra space to expand the positive work that is already taking place. The strategic vision attempts to provide the young adults graduating from the nearby educational facilities with appropriate employment. These exciting opportunities will in some way begin to ensure that the ‘brain drain’ Bilbao is currently experiencing will be combated.
Page 45 Urban Strategy
Within the strategy there are many individually elements which provide tailored solutions to key challenges. Tackling these issues separately would lead to a disjointed and fragmented redevelopment of Zorrozaurre. However, placing the answers together and forming connection between them has resulted in a strong multifaceted urban development strategy that offers an approach to reinvent the peninsula and will give the area a much needed new identity and grounding within the city.
Page 46 Urban Strategy
Actors 1. GAZ – Rocket Climbing Centre A ‘pop up’ recreational facility within an old industrial unit. 2. University of the Basque Country Faculty of Economics and Business,Technical School of Mining Engineering and Public Works, Faculty of Engineering The only public University within the Basque Country, with a number of faculty buildings within close proximaty of the site. 3. Biscay Parkinson Association Centre for patient treatment and family help, dealing with the difficulties of Parkinson’s disease. 4. Pabellion Nº6 An amateur dramatics facility which works in association with ZAWP. 5. Basque Centre for Biodiversity Regional centre in charge of the protection and maintenance of Basque biodiversity. 6. Idom Office facility providing consultation on Industrial & Energy, Infrastructural and Architectural services.
Page 47
7. Kirolak Bilbao Centre in charge of the development of public sport in Bilbao. 8. Clínica IMQ Zorrotzaurre Private hospital & medical research facility.
10. Espacio Open A ‘pop-up’ creative enterprise within the old cookie factory. 11. ZAWP – Zorrozaurre Art Work in Progress A ‘pop-up’ creative enterprise which promotes community involvement in the urban development plan. 12. Retirement apartments Local to the site and an indicator of Bilbao’s aging population and the presently uninviting accommodation on offer to the elderly. 13. University of the 3rd Age An external educational actor not specific to Bilbao but with campuses all over the world aimed at retirement/ older generation. Within Spain, predominately placed within cities in the South.
Urban Strategy
9. Dance School Local public recreational facility
Page 48
14. Christian Schools - Salesianos Deusto & La Salle Bilbao 15. Basque Language and Culture Centre Numerous education facilities surround the site, with each offering a different learning environment.
Urban Strategy
16. Music School Local public education and creativity facility. 17. Athletic Club Bilbao Foundation The foundation of Bilbao’s only football team, it’s primary mission is to return to society part of what the public gives to the Club through volunteering, donations and community projects. Other notable actors; • Centro de Salud San Ignacio - Public Medical Centre • Hospital de Basurto • Public Hospital with links to University of the Basque Country • University of the Basque Country Halls of residence • Zorrozaurre Rowing Club • Polideportivo Municipal De San Ignacio – Sports recreation & leisure Centre
Page 49 Urban Strategy
Target Audience
Unemployed Youths [Nini’s] Elderly population
Page 50 Urban Strategy
FLOODING 1 in 100 YEAR RIP
RIP
RIP
WORST 1983
FLOOD
3 9 D E A T H S
6000
RIP
RIP
RIP
60000
HOMELESS
JOBLESS RIVER TOXICATED
Why? The existing topography [sat in the base of a valley] and context of Zorrozaurre result in it being extremely susceptible to flooding with all the existing properties are at risk; If a 1 in 100 year flood event were to happen again the effects would be detrimental and cause a large amount of damage. The risk of flooding becomes greater due to changes in the climatic conditions, with sea level predicted to rises around 50cm increase by the end of the decade (Department of Environment & Regional Planning, 2008, p. 14) How? Bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques will be heavily used throughout the sustainable urban drainage systems [SuDS] that expands across the whole site. Phytoremediating plants can be incorporated within SuDS development to enhance the protective
Page 51 Urban Strategy
Flood protection & enrichment of biodiversity
Page 52 Urban Strategy
measure and enable decontaminate (McDonough and Braungart, 2002, pp. 125 - 126) of the post industrial land. Offering a more environmentally friendly solution to the alternative commercial cleaning process. A network of attenuation ponds, swales and reed beds will provide natural preventers that can help minimise the risk of floods. These interventions act as temporary storage tanks, improving the quality of water and soil, whilst simultaneously creating wetland habitats for wildlife in an attractive manner. These natural environments or urban nature reserves will both improve the appearance and resilience of the peninsula and had a positive influence on the inhabitants and visitor’s quality of life, improving their psychological and mental wellbeing (Chiesura, 2004, p. 130). The invitation of wildlife will reinstate the riverside location back to it’s original state “[a] hundred years ago,…a fertile alluvial plain on the edge of the city” (Alcock, 2015, p. 24). The natural remediating processes will help to ensure that the ground water run off is cleansed and reduced in a cost effective manner (Nature Conservancy, 2013). What? The various flood protection measures proposed ensure that the existing and new buildings on the peninsula have the possibility of a resilient future, while returning quality to the ground currently lost under hard impermeable surfaces. Research and environmental study centres will be setup to deal with land contamination and toxicity on the
Page 53 Urban Strategy
peninsula. Studies will bring together the Basque Centre of Biodiversity, local IMQ Medical Centre researchers and students and employees from the University of the Basque Country’s local faculties. Their work will look into how brownfield sites can be cleansed and then built upon, carrying out experimentation and testing of various remediation technologies.
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Retention and Rejuvenation of Urban Artefacts
Why? Developing on ideas taken from the urban strategy work of Aldo Rossi; retaining what he describes as urban artefacts or important buildings along with new development will provide a balance to the rejuvenation of the peninsula. That way, selective history is preserved which can be utilized and repurposed without sentiment restricting progressive thinking and development for the future. Translated onto the peninsula, it provides a more respectful process for identifying what is to be kept and what is to be removed. Also the cost of demolition and new build across the whole of the site would far outweigh the cost of a more balance approach which includes retrofitting and celebration of history (Eisinger, 2012, p. 84).
What? This process will also see the value of current disused industrial buildings and land increase. Efforts should be made to ensure that certain buildings are cared for and given a new lease of life. Lateral thinkers such as Espacio Open and ZAWP have already begun to retrofit and utilise some of the buildings that are on the site initiating employment and education for the younger generations (Espacio Open, n.d.) (Zorrotzaurre art work in progress, n.d.). However, the future of these buildings is uncertain as without the resilience that is being promoted in this strategy these enterprises could be wasted as the buildings would be damaged in the event of a serious flood or demolished if/when the government led masterplan is implemented. Short term eco-demolition and recycle industries will be brought in to oversee removal of unwanted buildings and structures. This will reduce waste and limit the negative environmental impacts.
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How? With careful and well considered selection, the existing fabric will undergo further analysis to identify what buildings are to be retained and which ones are to be removed. Given the sites industrial heritage many of the structures possess manufacturing/ factory like qualities. However, one or two held significantly more importance during the areas heyday and those building tend to offer better prospects for re-purposing and in some chase have already been.
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Employment, apprenticeships, research, care and learning opportunities
Why? Cities are designed to be lived in. However, people will often only inhabitant areas where there are employment opportunities or at least good connection to some. Given that at present Zorrozaurre can offer very little on both accounts it’s not hard to understand why there is only a very small community living and work on the peninsula. People are great drivers of change and in order to redevelop Zorrozaurre the public are required in greater numbers in order to populate the area and make investment worthwhile. To attract people, you must offer something they want or need. How? A number of local actors have been identified within the surround neighbourhoods of Zorrozaurre along with a
The strategic vision attempts to provide the young adults graduating from the nearby educational facilities with appropriate employment; through apprenticeships, research, care work and teaching prospects. These exciting opportunities will in some way begin to ensure that the ‘brain drain’ Bilbao is currently experiencing will be combated. While the set-up of a University of the Third Age will offer members of the elderly population a diverse range of educational and life skill courses [new hobbies]. Language courses and Basque history and cultural classes will also be offer to new arrives [immigrants] in an attempt to prompt better integration into society. A community market facility will seek to encourage knowledge exchange between the young and old inhabitants of Zorrozaurre with the aim of preventing segregation of different generation. What? When studying Bilbao’s population demographic you can quickly identify who are in most need of help and
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few key national organisations. Each offering strong new connections and possibilities for the peninsula and can shape the redevelopment of the area. The proposal aims to bring together these select enterprises to form diverse new partnerships. Which through collaborative projects will provide exciting new employment and educational prospects on the peninsula.
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support. In Bilbao and throughout the whole of Spain cities are beginning to struggle with the issue of an aging population. This generally means that there are more elderly members, 64 and above than younger, between 0-19. Ultimately, a more youthful and energetic population is preferable given that they are more active, productive and contribute more to the local and then national economy. Cities are commonly geared to the younger proportion of the population which makes the challenge of an aging population even more troublesome. As a result, there are less opportunities and systems in place for the care and support of the older generation. At the opposite end of the population, Bilbao also has a big challenge in Nini unemployment. A Nini being a young adolescent, often post completion of higher education, who is unable to find work due to high unemployment rates and lack of job prospects. The cause, the Spanish economic crisis which hit the country back in 2008 and is still being felt today. Both these two population groups need support in very different ways however when place together offer an exciting prospect for Zorrozaurre by creating opportunities tailored to each but presented through a combined system.
Why? The prosed employment and learning opportunities on Zorrozaurre hope to not only begin to address the social challenges of young unemployment and an aging population but are one element of the strategy to attract increased visitor numbers to the area. However, there is a danger that this form of social development could lead to a new commuter society on the peninsula. This would result in an urban environment which is alive during the working hours of the day but dead and deserted come the evening/ night. Only a marginal improvement on the current near abandoned state of the site, and could further isolate the small existing community.
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New residential development; retirement apartments, Nini accommodation, social & private housing
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How? The proposal instead aims to build on and strengthen Zorrozaurre’s surviving residents through a series of new mixed use residential development phases. The idea is to provide a range of basic apartments and houses which are designed to be adapted by the residents who inhabit them. Those benefiting from the employment and or leaning opportunities will be encouraged to become part of the residential community too. The hope is to generate an exchange of knowledge and skills amongst a diverse and mixed group of individuals, each with something different to share and contribute. The development wants to invoke a strong sense of pride and ownership within the community and this will be achieved through adaptive housing allowing individuals make their own mark on structures through small self-led development projects. Development of more traditional private housing schemes has been considered, but has been avoided as this could form segregation within the new inclusive community. The approach would only be carried forward as a means of financing other projects through the sale of land to developers. What? Inspired by the work of Chilean Architect Alejandro Aravenawrite and coupled with the desire to create a
Alejandro discusses within a lecture provide by Tedtalks conferences, how there is a need to bring the community into the design process.The proposed urban strategy focuses heavily on the challenges of an aging population and high young unemployment and when considering both demographic groups within the design process one could quickly conclude that due to their contrasting differences, separated residential developments would be beneficial. However, instead the aim is to celebrate the difference between the two groups and bring them together to create a healthier and more stimulating environment. Retirement apartments will be provided within and amongst more basic shells for the younger residents. The aim being that the younger inhabitants can grow into the structures and development them over time when their own needs change and develop. By mixing the two demographics care and support can be offered to the elderly and knowledge, wisdom and life guidance returned.
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residential community which sees a mixed and diverse demographic living together; the proposed solution of adaptable housing best provided the opportunity to achieve this.
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Reconnecting to the river
Why? At present the river appears to function as little more than as a large drainage system, preventing flooding within the city. During the length of the study trip to the city, public use of the water was witnessed on a very limited basis. Instead the river has been perceived as a major risk ever since the disaster of the 1983 flood event and as a result a psychological barrier now seems to stops society using its water as public space. The river desperately lacks a ‘peace time’ function and much like Zorrozaurre needs to establish a new identity and function within the city. How? The aim is to change the perception surrounding the river, removing the psychological barrier, and in parts softening the over bearing concrete one which too restricts public connectivity. Made to accommodate the oversized cargo ships of the industrial past before being added to in a response to water safety, the river today has turned into a lifeless,
What? Zorrozaurre will benefit from being the at the epicentre of public river usage, with job opportunities and a new service sector adding to a broader and more dynamic future identity. Small river acupuncture schemes will begin to return biodiversity and people to the waters edges along much of the length of the peninsula. Hopefully serving as precedents for riverfront sites throughout the city to follow. Increased public use of the waterfront areas and the water itself will slowly return life to the river way. The long term goal is to create a new public spine to the city, of which importantly can also serve as a key new connection between Zorrozaurre and the rest of the city.
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rigid canal. The proposal seeks to reconnecting the city to the river, by using Zorrozaurre as a catalyst for change. An enhanced and more positive public relationship will be created through increased social use of the waterway made possible by establishing a new river transport/ leisure hub based on the peninsula.
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Community facilities
Why? The current sense of community on the site is very poor, and this can be partly attributed to the lack of amenities and facilities available to the existing residents. Places for the public to meet, get together and build relationships are almost non-existent. When visiting the peninsula, this was noted, which both forces and encourages inhabitants and visitors to go elsewhere to seek opportunities to socialise and shop. There are a few small ‘pop up’ community groups in place but they struggle to tackle the huge deficiencies and currently fight month on month to survive, with little unity presently between them. How? In response to this issue the strategy envisages implementing market spaces where not only goods but knowledge can be exchanged, in an attempt to unite the people of Zorrozaurre. There will also be basic amenities created providing those living on the peninsula with places to shop and go about their daily
What? Several of the old industrial buildings will be retrofitted to become community archives and learning centres where both the young and old generations can share together and acquire knowledge from one another. The growing of food in allotment spaces will also create a way of bringing the community together. The minimal community facilities that are already in place on the site will also be encouraged and given incentives to continue the positive work that they are already doing. The urban strategy will build upon these projects and help to further expand their initiatives.
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life. New restaurants and bars will be built facing the Duesto Canal providing community with links to the river and a strong public realm along the waterfront areas. These spaces will be for the whole demographic and will provide opportunities where they can share time together and build relationships.
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Recreational facilities public spaces
&
Why? In order to protect the mental and physical health of the general public, spaces and environments must be made available to provide people with opportunities for social interaction, engagement and activity. These spaces are key outlets for escapism and relaxation from the stress and strain of the fast pace of modern urban life. Recreational facilities and public space are reasonably commonplace throughout urban Bilbao and a decent level of public participation was observed while spending time in the city. However, within the context of Zorrozaurre the same opportunities were very limited. One small public square and park situated by the community church is all that is on offer for the residents and visitors of the peninsula. The current hard landscaping and lack of green space also offer very restricted environments for recreational activity. Presently Zorrozaurre is not set-
How? People regularly show signs of resilience, and two such cases within the context of Bilbao and Zorrozaurre are the use of roadways as running tracks and cycle paths and the ‘pop-up’ recreational facilities. All along the industrial edges of the river banks surrounding and on the peninsula, members of the public attempted to make use of the environment they have by partaking in social activity and fitness routines. The peninsula based rowing club and GAZ climbing centre now occupy previously disused warehouses space and typifies the resilience the site should have in the future. The proposal aims to build on this positive attitude by preserving the spaces the public currently use. Additional funding will enable the existing small recreational enterprises develop and expand. While outdoor areas will be made safer through restriction of vehicular traffic and proper designation of pedestrian and cycle routes. Innovative facilities and public space, will interconnect with projects to enhance green areas biodiversity throughout the site; will also be created to develop a new strong public realm and social core to a redevelopment Zorrozaurre.
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up to be a place for people and public activity, instead an environment of production and work of days pasted.
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What? The vision is to provide a new larger community of varying generations on Zorrozaurre with a series of diverse public space and well-being facilities across the full length of the peninsula. Opportunities will be frequent and commonplace; and visitors from different districts and neighbourhoods will be welcome and encouraged to visit the area and make use of the spaces, creating a city hub for recreation and public activity.
Why? Currently the small remaining residential community and a limited number of creative enterprises are very much isolated and disconnected from the rest of the city. This is due to the limited infrastructural links to and from the peninsula, with a single roadway and small bus service providing the full extent of access. The water almost entirely surrounds Zorrozaurre; on the east side the River Nervion and on the west the Deusto channel. Once bustling with industrial activity the water way provided a strong connection between the peninsula and the old port; positioned further south within the greater urban fabric of the city. Since the decline of industry and the relocation of the port upstream to the Bay of Biscay, Zorrozaurre has suffered and become more withdrawn from city. How? The proposal aims to build on the strong infrastructural system that Bilbao already has in place. Adapting the
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New transport infrastructure
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current networks to incorporate the peninsula and reaffirm transport connection to the surround city. The idea is to run a new tram line down the south-western edge of Zorrozaurre, creating a new stronger waterfront spine to the peninsula. The existing roadway will be demarcated through shared space principles to promote the reduction in vehicular traffic and improve pedestrian and cycle routes. The limited bus service will also be increased to provide more frequent links to surrounding neighbourhoods. This improved public link while also include a series of new bridges to connect to key facilities and or communities on the opposite river banks, with the metro station on the lower south-western side a prime example. Final an innovative water transport link, which will see the depot based on Zorrozaurre, will be set-up to begin to return the public to the waterway. The idea being that water taxi’s can provide another key element to the city’s public transport plan and create an adaptive system which aims to re-initiate life to the waterfront areas with ‘pop-up’ stations added along the river with increased popularity. What? Over the last 25 years Bilbao, led by the development initiative Ria 2000, Bilbao has undergone a huge urban transformation. At the heart of everything that
New metro lines were placed underneath the city, less visible yet still effective in establishing stronger connection between existing neighbourhoods/ districts and new development with them. A tram network was integrated along with improvements made to the existing bus services. Cycle paths have also become a more prominent feature of the street giving pedestrians more choice and an incentive to be active and healthier. Together the above mentioned changes have provided the general public with a strong range of commuting opinions for getting around the city and have begun to tackle some of the previous domination and traffic relating issues caused by the rapid rise of the motor vehicles presence and use within urban environments.
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was achieved was an impressive new public transport infrastructure system.
Page 72 Urban Strategy Actors; ZAWP, Pabellon Nยบ6, Espacio Open & Gaz
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Urban Strategy Phases
Infrastructural investment & improvements; • Demarcation of main road using shared surface principles to limit vehicular traffic and encourage pedestrian and cyclist. • New pedestrian and cycle routes established, with new main access route on eastern edge of peninsula. • Introduction of Tram system to accompany existing bus service [to increase over time with need]. • New bridges installed, mixture of pedestrian only and vehicular. Consolidation and strengthening of existing community; • New community facilities [basic amenities]. • Continued grants for existing residential improvements. • Funding incentives to be offered to keep existing creative enterprise and industry in place. • Grants to encourage new pop-up/ creative group initiatives [Space within existing empty structures of good health to be identified and made available] Ongoing.
Urban Strategy
Phase 1
Page 74 Urban Strategy Actors; Public Medical Centre, IMQ Private Hospital, Basque Centre for Biodiversity, University of the Basque Country – Technical School of Mining Engineering and Public Works, Idom
Cleansing; • Identification of urban artefacts, what structures are to be kept and to be removed and contaminated land. • Short term [pop-up] eco-demolition/ recycle industries to oversee removal of unwanted buildings and structures and return derelict land [where not communicated] to green/ public space. Research space and initial local actor involvement; • New Research Hub/Centre built – to contain contamination laboratories and work space for environmental and health studies.
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Bilbao’s new public spine: Ria de Bilbao as public space; • Water sports and transport hub with maintenance centre established on southernmost part of Zorrozaurre peninsula with water taxi points to be rolled out throughout city/ along river, increasing with popularity. • Softening to ‘concrete straight jacket’ currently restricting river, new public edges and recreation space to both sides of peninsular [to become model/ exemplar for rest of the city to follow. • Flood defence increased through use of Suds [Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems], balancing ponds at intervals along the length of peninsula.
Urban Strategy
Phase 2
Page 76 Urban Strategy Actors; Retirement apartments, Biscay Parkinson Association, University of the Basque Country
Page 77 Urban Strategy Phase 3 Residential Development Phase 1; • Private housing [Sell land to developer to raise funds]. • Social housing [ to add too and strengthen existing community]. • Retirement apartments [New community established]. • Student accommodation for University of the Basque Country.
Page 78 Urban Strategy Actors; University of the Basque Country, Athletic Club Bilbao Foundation, Kirolak Bilbao, Dance School, Local Schools Salesianos Deusto & La Salle Bilbao, Basque language and culture centre, Music School, Idom
University of the 3rd Age, Nini job opportunities, and elderly care; • New small university campus for elderly population. • Nini job opportunities • NGO recreational facilities, active living and wellbeing reserves/ urban escape areas. • Social care centre
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Phase 4
Urban Strategy
Residential Development Phase 2; • Nini residential accommodation
Urban Strategy Phases Summary Initially, small scale development will be undertaken, starting with infrastructural projects and consolidation of the residential and employment spaces. This is aiming to get the existing community on board and in support of the regeneration. The 4 strategic phases of development will build up in intensity and scale, addressing increasingly complex and difficult challenges after considerable consolidation and strengthening of the existing community.
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EATERY AND ARCHIVE
VEHICULAR ACCESS P
C
B
A
EMPLOYMENT AND COMMUNITY
9
5
9
4
6
3
9
C
2
B
A
Masterplan
1
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
ATTENUATION PONDS
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Masterplan
POINT AND RESEARCH SPACE
S
7
Masterplan
8 4
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Eatery Land tranport hub Commercial outlets Remediation research centres Recreation and leisure facilities Market Place Attenuating and urban parkland Water transport maintenance hub Community knowledge exchanges
LEGEND Attenuation and remediation ponds Employment and research Community and recreation spaces Green open public space WATER TRANSPORT MAINTENANCE HUB
Mixed residential zones
Masterplan
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Page 83 The west bank of the peninsula will have a sacrificial boardwalk added to it. This will be for the use of pedestrians and cyclist continuing the cycle route that follows the river, beginning in the old town. However, in the event of high waters [flooding] it will be out of use. The boardwalk is envisioned to help the users of the peninsula feel more connected with the river Nervion as well as getting a better perspective of the inviting urban fabric that is being implemented through the urban strategy and masterplan. A new tramline will also be installed on this side of Zorrozaurre that will help with the relationship of the currently excluded site with the wider city of Bilbao. The shared space road way will give priority to pedestrians but leave enough room for cars to pass by each other. This improved infrastructure will also be supported by a new water transport service which will bring life back to the river.
Masterplan
Transport infrastructure
Masterplan
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Several of the Vicinay Cadenas [Chain manufacturing company] buildings have been selected as urban artefacts and will be retrofitted to become key buildings in the masterplan. Especially the large 3-5 storey industrial building. This will be converted at one end into an eatery that will provide graduates and retirees with employment opportunities. Knowledge exchange between these two parties will be facilitated through the collaborative atmosphere created within the eatery. In the open space outside the building there will be allotment spaces where food for the eatery can be grown offering further opportunities for knowledge exchange. These spaces will be cared for by the community and will help to draw the diverse society living on Zorrozaurre together. Part of the building will also be an archive and educational facility explaining the history of Zorrozaurre and the many industries that have existed on the site over its life. The strategic vision is that the elder population of Bilbao will be able to utilise this place to share their experiences and knowledge with the younger generations to encourage them to take up a fruitful career in Bilbao. They will also be able to share their skills so that these relics of time will not be lost and forgotten. The tree lined river edge will offer a wonderful experiential route along the Duesto Canal where there are no cars just pedestrians and cyclists.
Masterplan
Eatery and Archive
Masterplan
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The University of the Basque country Faculty of Economics and Business, Technical School of Mining Engineering and Public Works and the Faculty of Engineering are in very close proximity. The masterplan will provide the students and graduates from these educational institutes with exciting and intriguing job prospects. The proposed facilities will be conducting research into various remediation techniques and experimenting with them to see how post industrial brownfield landscapes can be cleansed and built upon. This research will constantly be developing and will possibly enter into looking at new construction techniques for building on these toxic landscapes that are ever present in the 21st Century. The attention ponds will act firstly as flood protection measures that will sustainably manage the flow of water in and around the peninsula. Secondly in conjunction with the SUDS these beds will act as laboratories for the research centres. Through the introduction of phytoremediating and bioremediating species sustainably viable remediation techniques will be experimented with. The original research in the south end of the peninsula will help gain a greater understanding of these processes so that in future phases of the rejuvenation the best solutions can be implemented elsewhere in Zorrozaurre.
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Employment, research centres and Remediating attenuation ponds.
Masterplan
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Page 89 Masterplan Employment and Community This drawing shows allotments and an area of open space located in between residential zones occupied by young and older generations in the community. This offers space for people to interact with humans and the environment. The green boxes in the buildings create a soft transition from the exterior to interior. The external spaces provide the community with congregation spaces.
Masterplan
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Page 91 Masterplan Water transport maintenance hub This drawing shows the main water transport hub and docks for boats as well as the research hub. Bioremediating and phytoremediating plants will be installed for research activities by the research hub as well as creation of a recreational green space for the surrounding community. The water transport hub and remediation area is divided by a road designated for vehicles. Minimal buildings surround the area which creates a relaxing environment.
Masterplan
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Page 93 Masterplan Vehicular access point and research area This drawing shows the main vehicular access towards the peninsula. There is a Remediating, recreational green space under the Frank Ghery Bridge. This space will act as a laboratory for research as well as being the main recreation area for the surrounding community. This space will also act as a larger flooding buffer zone that will protect the island from the event of a catastrophic flooding event.
Masterplan
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Page 95 Masterplan
Section A-A
Section B-B
Section C-C
References
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References
Alcock, R. (2015). The Island that Never Was - La Isla que Nunca Fue. Bilbao: Editorial ZAWP / Asociaci贸n Hacer铆a Arteak Elkartea.
Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. and Abel, N. (2001). From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What?. Ecosystems, 4(8), pp.765-781. Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), pp.129-138. Department of Environment & Regional Planning, (2008). Basque Plan to Combat Climate Change. 1st ed. [ebook] Bilbao: IHOBE - Sociedad Publica de Gestion Ambiental. Available at: http://www.ingurumena.ejgv. euskadi.eus/r4911293/en/contenidos/plan_programa_ proyecto/plan_cambio_climatico/en_cc/plan.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2015].
References
Brammer, H. (1990). Floods in Bangladesh: Geographical Background to the 1987 and 1988 Floods. The Geographical Journal, 156(1), p.12.
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Eisinger, A. (2012). urbanRESET. Basel: Birkhäuser. Environmental Enquiry, (2015). Environmental Inquiry - Bioremediation. [online] Ei.cornell.edu. Available at: http://ei.cornell.edu/biodeg/bioremed/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2015].
References
Espacio Open, (n.d.). www.espacioopen.com Home. [online] Espacioopen.com. Available at: http:// espacioopen.com [Accessed 3 Oct. 2015]. Girardet, H. (1999). Creating sustainable cities. Totnes, Devon: Published by Green Books for the Schumacher Society. Gray, J. (2015). Brownfield Sites. [online] Sustainablebuild.co.uk. Available at: http://www. sustainablebuild.co.uk/brownfieldsites.html [Accessed 6 Dec. 2015]. Ham, A. (2014). The lost generation of Spain’s unemployed youth. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/world/the-lostgeneration-of-spains-unemployed-youth-2014022633i8e.html [Accessed 6 Dec. 2015]. Kazmierczak, A. and Carter, J. (2010). Adaptation to climate change using green and blue infrastructure: A database of case studies.. 1st ed. [ebook] Manchester: The University of Manchester. Available at: http://www.
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grabs-eu.org/membersArea/files/NW_England.pdf [Accessed 12 Dec. 2015].
LDA Design, (2013). London 2012 Olympic Park | London UK | LDA Design with Hargreaves Associates. [online] World Landscape Architecture. Available at: http://worldlandscapearchitect.com/london-2012olympic-park-london-uk-lda-design-with-hargreavesassociates/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2015]. Lean, G. (2014). How Suds can stop the floods. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/weather/10549244/How-Suds-can-stopthe-floods.html [Accessed 5 Dec. 2015]. London Wildlife Trust, (2015). Camley Street Natural Park | London Wildlife Trust. [online] Wildlondon.org. uk. Available at: http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/reserves/ camley-street-natural-park [Accessed 5 Dec. 2015]. McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to cradle. New York: North Point Press. Michael, C. (2015). The Bilbao Effect: is ‘starchitecture’ all it’s cracked up to be? A history of cities in 50
References
Landa Mendez, N. (2014). Adaptation to Urban Floods by Planning and Design Guidelines for an adaptive management to urban floods and storm water use taking as a case study the city of Bilbao. Master. KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
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buildings, day 27. [online] the Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/30/bilbaoeffect-gehry-guggenheim-history-cities-50-buildings [Accessed 6 Dec. 2015]. Nature Conservancy, T. (2013). Green Infrastructure Case Studies. 1st ed. [ebook] The Nature Conservancy. Available at: http://www.nature.org/about-us/workingwith-companies/case-studies-for-green-infrastructure. pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2015]. Raskin, I., Smith, R. and Salt, D. (1997). Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 8(2), pp.221-226. Sassi, P. (2006). Strategies for sustainable architecture. London: Taylor & Francis. Torpedofactory.org, (n.d.). Torpedo Factory Art Center. [online] Available at: http://torpedofactory.org [Accessed 6 Dec. 2015]. Tremlett, G. (2011). Spain’s lost generation of graduates join wave of migrants in search of jobs. [online] the Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/ world/2011/mar/28/new-europe-spain-graduatesemigrate [Accessed 5 Dec. 2015]. University of the Basque Country, (n.d.). Hasiera - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea - UPV/EHU. [online] Available at: http://www.ehu.eus/eu/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2015].
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Zaha Hadid, A. (2007). Zorrozaurre Masterplan Masterplans - Zaha Hadid Architects. [online] Zahahadid.com. Available at: http://www.zaha-hadid.com/ masterplans/zorrozaurre-masterplan/?doing_wp_cron [Accessed 15 Dec. 2015]. Zorrotzaurre art work in progress, (n.d.). ZAWP. [online] Available at: http://www.zawp.org/en/ [Accessed 3 Oct. 2015].
References
Zorrotzaurre.com, (n.d.). Zorrotzaurre. [online] Available at: http://www.zorrotzaurre.com [Accessed 3 Oct. 2015].
The following project seeks to propose how the peninsula of Zorrozaurre can be redeveloped through addressing several critical social-economic challenges identified not just within the site, but also in Bilbao, Spain and Europe. Presently the small population who reside on the peninsula are isolated and disconnected from the surrounding urban fabric due to limited and poor infrastructure. (Reference ZAWP Book) The lack of biodiversity, public space and facilities are highly apparent between the numerous empty post-industrial structures and hard brownfield landscape. The following design strategy and proposed masterplan critically opposes the somewhat generic ideas previously put forward by Zaha Hadid Architects over 10 years ago. Instead presenting a multifaceted design strategy that will regenerate the peninsula to create a new identity based on the themes of ‘Health and well-being’. Zorrozaurre will become the centre of employment and learning opportunities for the large elderly and young unemployed ‘Nini’ populations within Bilbao. It will provide exciting mixed residential development, and diverse public spaces, green spaces, nature reserves and recreational facilities will be frequent and commonplace along the length of the site; drawing in visitors from all around the city via the new public spine that will be water transport network. Key words; Bilbao, Zorrozaurre, Regeneration, Reconnecting, Elderly, Nini, Employment, Learning, Opportunities, Public Space