Eagle Creek Park Spring Pond 2007 Floral Inventory

Eleven year resurvey of permanent plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve, Eagle Creek Park, Indianapolis, IN

Rebecca Dolan and Marcia Moore Friesner Herbarium, Butler University 4600 Sunset Ave. Indianapolis, IN 42608 rdolan@butler.edu mmoore@butler.edu

11/23/07

Background Permanent plots allow changes in vegetation to be tracked through time. In 1996, we established eight 3 x 3 center grid point plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve at Eagle Creek Park. Five plots were within the boundaries of the Preserve. Three were adjacent but outside the boundary in a younger wooded stand. We quantified all woody and herbaceous species present in the plots and evaluated the quality of the vegetation, noting especially invasive exotic species of concern. The results of that study, along with details of our sampling technique and a review of site characteristics were presented in our report to IndyParks titled “Qualitative vegetation analysis of Spring Pond Nature Preserve and Adjacent Sites in Eagle Creek Park�, submitted in 1996. Here we present results of a resurvey of the plots conducted during the summer of 2007, and compare the data with those obtained during the initial sampling.

Methods We used the same vegetation survey procedures used in our 1996 survey. Data were collected during early August in 2007, the same time of year as our original work. Following the initial survey, point centers were permanently marked by IndyParks staff with numbered tags affixed to plastic poles and their locations plotted using global positioning systems (GPS). Locations of plots are indicated in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Location of permanent plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

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Results A total of 81 species were identified in the sample plots located inside the preserve in 1996, with a total of 80 seen in 2007. Table 1 is a master list of all plants encountered in sample plots. Common names, scientific names and status as native or non-native are given. Plants identified only to genus could not be identified to species due to phenological constraints. That is, critical flower or fruit parts were needed for identification were not present at the time of the surveys. Although the total number of species seen in plots varied by only one between 1996 and 2007, this does not mean there was a change involving only one species. 31 species were seen in 2007 that were not recorded in 2007 (Table 1). The most notable new additions to the flora in the preserve are Japanese barberry, Autumn olive, Amur honeysuckle, and Multiflora rose. All four are invasive exotic species. Japanese barberry was not seen inside or outside the preserve in 1996. The latter three were all detected in sample plots outside the preserve, but not inside, in 1996.

More species were present in plots located outside of, but adjacent to, the preserve in 1996 (71) and in 2007 (66). 23 of the species seen in 2007 were not detected in 1996. Oriental bittersweet and Winged burning-bush, both invasive exotics, were seen for the first time in or out of the preserve on plots outside in 2007.

No plants listed as rare, threatened, or endangered by the Division of Nature Preserves were seen in either sample years

Plot-level data for both sample years are presented in Appendix 1 for tree-layer vegetation and in Appendix 2 for herb-layer vegetation. For the tree-layer, some large trees were lost due to death between 1997 and 2007. A few large trees were present in plots in 2007 that were not recorded in 1997. Some of these trees are of large enough size that they are unlikely to have been missed in 1997 and could not be new growth. Likely explanations for the discrepancy between

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the two sample years include slight changes in the location of point centers as the permanent markers were installed and points were GPS’ed (a tree was considered in the plot if more than one-half of the trunk was in, so a few cm. change could affect inclusion) and data recording errors. In cases of discrepancy, the 2007 data are suggested to be more reliable.

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Table 1. Master species list for plants seen in survey plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve in 1996 and 2007. Inside plots are located within the boundaries of the preserve. Outside plots are just outside the boundaries, adjacent to the preserve in younger growth woods.

Scientific name Acalypha sp.

Acer negundo Acer nigrum Acer saccharinum Acer saccharum Actea alba Aesculus glabra Agrimonia parviflora Allium tricoccum Arisaema triphyllum Asimina tribola Asplenium platyneuron Barbarea vulgaris* Bidens sp.

Berberis thunbergii* Boehmeria cylindrica Botrychium virginianum Campanula americana Campsis radicans Carex grayi Carex laxiflora Carex tribuloides Carpinus caroliniana Carya cordiformis Carya glabra Carya laciniosa Carya ovata Celastrus orbiculatus* Celtis occidentalis Cercis canadensis Cinna arundinacea Circaea quadrisulcata Cornus florida Cornus racemosa Crataegus mollis Cryptotaenia canadensis Cystopteris fragilis Desmodium sp.

Dichanthelium clandestinum Dicentra cucullaria Diospyros virginiana Elaeagnus umbellata*

Common name

Inside 1996

Three-seeded mercury Box elder Black maple Silver maple Sugar maple Doll's eyes Ohio buckeye Small-flowered agrimony Wild leek or ramps Jack-in-the-pulpit Paw paw Ebony spleenwort Winter cress Beggar's-ticks Japanese barberry False nettles Rattlesnake fern Tall bellflower Trumpet creeper Gray's sedge Sedge Sedge Musclewood Bitternut hickory Pignut Hickory Shellbark hickory Shagbark hickory Oriental bittersweet Hackberry Redbud Wood reed Enchanter's nightshade Flowering dogwood Gray dogwood Downy hawthorn Honewort Brittle fern Tick-trefoil Deertongue Dutchman's breeches Persimmon Autumn olive

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x x x x x x

Outside 1996

2007

x

x

x

x x

x

x x

x

x

x x x

x x

2007 x x x

x

x x x x x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x x x x x x

x

x

x

x x

x x x x x x

x x

x x x x x

x x

x x x x

x

x x x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x

x x

x x

Epifagus virginiana Erigenia bulbosa Erigeron annus Euonymus alatus* Eupatorium purpureum Eupatorium rugosum Eupatorium serotinum Fagus grandifolia Fragaria virginiana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Fraxinus quadrangulata Galium asprellum Galium boreale Galium circaezans Galium triflorum Geum vernum Geum canadense Geum virginianum Glechoma hederacea* Gleditsia triacanthos Glyceria striata Hackelia virginiana Hydrophyllum virginianum Impatiens capensis Jeffersonia diphylla Juglans nigra Juncus tenuis Laportea canadensis Leersia virginica Ligustrum obtusifolium* Lindera benzoin Liriodendron tulipifera Lonicera japonica* Lonicera maackii* Lycopus virginicus Menispermum canadense Mimulus ringens Nyssa sylvatica Onoclea sensibilis Ophioglossum vulgatum Osmorhiza claytoniii Oxalis stricta Parietaria pensylvanica Parthenocissus quinquefolia Phlox divaricata Phryma leptostachya Phytolacca americana Pilea pumila

Beech drops Harbinger of Spring Fleabane Winged burning-bush Sweet joe-pye weed White snakeroot Late-flowering thoroughwort American Beech Common strawberry Green ash Blue ash Hay-scented bedstraw Northern bedstraw Wild licorice Fragrant bedstraw Spring avens White avens Cream avens Ground ivy Honey-locust Fowl mannagrass Beggar's lice Virginia waterleaf Spotted jewelweed Twinleaf Black walnut Path-rush Wood nettle Virginia cut-grass Privet Spice bush Tulip tree Japanese honeysuckle Amur bush honeysuckle Bugleweed Canada moonseed Monkey-flower Black gum Sensitive fern Adder's tongue fern Sweet cicely Yellow wood sorrel Pellitory Virginia creeper Spring phlox Lop-seed Pokeweed Clearweed

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x x

x x

x

x x

x

x

x x x

x x

x x x x x x

x x

x

x x

x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x

x x x x

x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x

x

x x

x x

x x

x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x

x x x x x x x

x

x x x x x

x x x

Plantago lanceolata* Platanus occidentalis Podopyllum peltatum Polemonium reptans Polygonatum biflorum Polygonum virginianum Populus deltoides Potentilla simplex Prunella vulgaris* Prunus serotina Quercus alba Quercus bicolor Quercus macrocarpa Quercus muehlenbergii Quercus palustris Quercus rubra Ranunculus abortivus Ranunculus septentrionalis Ranunculus hispidus Ribes cynosbati Rosa multiflora* Rubus allegheniensis Rubus occidentalis Sambucus canadensis Sanicula marilandica Sassafras albidum Scutellaria galericulata Scutellaria lateriflora Senecio obovatus Smilax hispida Solidago caesia Solidago flexicaulis Staphylea trifolia Taraxacum officinale* Thelypteris hexagonoptera Tilia americana Toxicodendron radicans Tradescantia subaspera Trillium sessile Ulmus rubra Verbena urticifolia Viburnum dentatum Viburnum prunifolium Viola pubescens Viola sororia Vitis vulpina

Plantain Sycamore May-apple Greek valerian True Solomon's seal Virginian knotweed Cottonwood Common cinquefoil Heal all Black cherry White oak Swamp white oak Bur oak Chinquapin oak Pin Oak Red oak Kidney-leaved buttercup Swamp buttercup Rough buttercup Gooseberry Multiflora rose Allegheny raspberry Black raspberry Elderberry Black snakeroot Sassafras Common skullcap Mad-dog scullcap Round-leaved golden ragwort Hispid greenbriar Blue-stemmed goldenrod Zig-zag goldenrod Bladder-nut Dandelion Beech fern Basswood or linden Poison-ivy Spiderwort Toadshade Slippery elm White vervain Southern arrowwood Black haw Smooth yellow violet Common purple violet Grapevine

*non-native

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x x x x x x x

x

x x

x x

x x x

x x x x x x

x x

x

x

x x

x

x x

x x

x x x x

x x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x

x x

x x

x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x

x x x

x x

x

x

x x

x x

x x x

x x x

x

Tree-layer vegetation Inside the preserve, density of trees increased by almost 30%, while basal area decreased 16% between the sample years (Table 2). Several very large trees died between 1996 and 2007. Structure of the vegetation outside the preserve was more stable, with small percentage increases in both density (8.2%) and basal area (7.7%).

Table 2. Comparison of the structure of tree-level vegetation in 5 permanent plots inside Spring Pond Nature Preserve and in 3 plots outside but adjacent to the preserve in 1996 and 2007.

Inside 1996

2007

Outside 1996

2007

Density (trees/ha)

1,018

1,313

1,167

1,263

Basal area (dm2/ha)

2,924

2,444

2,068

2,228

Several species were detected in the tree-layer in 2007 that either were not present or were too small to meet the definition of tree in 1996: Grape vine, Basswood, Black maple (possibly not distinguished from sugar maple in past sampling), Chinquapin oak, Hawthorn, and Pignut hickory.

The density of Paw paw inside the preserve increased greatly, resulting in an Importance Value increase of almost 300% (Table 3). Importance Value of sugar maple decreased by 50%, due to a decrease in density. Other species had more consistent values in both years.

Outside the preserve, Black-haw was seen for the first time in 2007, along with Musclewood, Pignut hickory, Poison ivy, and Chinquapin oak, with the later species being found in low densities (Table 4). Species present in 1996 but not seen in 2007 were also low density in the original surveys: Blue ash, Persimmon, and Spicebush. Green ash and Sugar maple accounted for most of the basal area of trees outside the preserve in both years. The top three species in Importance Value were the same both years: Elm, Sugar maple, and Green ash, in that order.

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Table 3. Tree-level species composition based on survey sites inside Spring Pond Nature Preserve. Common names are in table 1.

1997 2007 Density Density (Trees/ha) (Trees/ha) Fagus grandifolia 40.0 37.8 Tilia americana 2.2 Carya cordiformis 53.3 28.9 Prunus serotina 11.1 11.1 Nyssa sylvatica 4.4 Acer nigrum 2.2 Juglans nigra 2.2 2.2 Fraxinus quadrangulata 24.4 4.4 Quercus macrocarpa 6.7 6.7 Quercus muehlenbergii 2.2 Populus deltoides 4.4 6.7 Cornus sp.

11.1 4.4 Vitis sp.

4.4 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 31.1 31.1 Celtis occidentalis 28.9 15.6 Crataegus sp.

2.2 Carpinus caroliniana 53.3 42.2 Aesculus glabra 91.1 82.2 Asimina tribola 102.2 471.1 Diospyros virginiana 2.2 Carya glabra 2.2 Carya ovata 2.2 2.2 Carya laciniosa 17.8 6.7 Ulmus rubra 251.1 282.2 Lindera benzoin 6.7 46.7 Acer saccharum 242.2 206.7 Quercus michauxii 2.2 Platanus occidentalis 2.2 4.4 Liriodendron tulipifera 2.2 Scientific Name

1997 2007 Basal Area Basal Area (dm2/ha) (dm2/ha) 186.2 186.2 1.0 361.7 281.8 2.2 70.7 0.3 11.3 24.0 27.1 8.1 0.2 109.5 135.1 38.1 90.6 107.9 1.4 0.3 0.2 303.6 347.0 94.8 45.8 0.2 13.4 12.9 29.3 38.0 3.9 26.5 0.6 0.1 1.6 4.8 31.1 28.6 169.5 279.9 0.2 4.1 580.8 702.6 27.7 65.4 91.5 4.8

I.V. = Importance Value = mean of relative density, relative basal area and relative frequency

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1997 I.V.* (%) 5.7 8.4 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.1 2.0 1.4 1.3 6.4 3.7 4.4 6.8 6.3 0.3 0.3 2.3 15.0 0.8 30.0 0.6 1.0 0.3

2007 I.V.* (%) 5.3 0.3 6.6 2.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 2.6 0.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 7.4 2.3 0.2 3.5 5.6 17.1 0.2 0.3 1.1 15.8 3.1 19.6 1.7

Table 4. Tree-level species composition based on survey sites outside but adjacent to Spring Pond Nature Preserve. Common names are in Table 1.

1997 2007 Density Density (Trees/ha) (Trees/ha) Carya cordiformis 14.8 18.5 Viburnum prunifolia 18.5 Prunus serotina 22.2 22.2 Juglans nigra 3.7 11.1 Fraxinus quadrangulata 3.7 Acer negundo 11.1 11.1 Cornus sp.

33.3 55.6 Vitis sp.

7.4 63.0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 55.6 74.1 Celtis occidentalis 3.7 3.7 Crataegus sp.

3.7 14.8 Carya sp.

3.7 Carpinus caroliniana 3.7 Asimina tribola 3.7 14.8 Diospyros virginiana 7.4 Carya glabra 3.7 Quercus palustris 14.8 7.4 Toxicodendron radicans 11.1 Acer saccharinum 11.1 18.5 Ulmus rubra 574.1 514.8 Lindera benzoin 3.7 Acer saccharum 388.9 385.2 Liriodendron tulipifera 3.7 3.7 Scientific Name

1997 2007 Basal Area Basal Area (dm2/ha) (dm2/ha) 100.9 262.5 1.2 89.3 92.6 0.1 53.5 0.4 12.2 32.0 1.5 3.7 0.7 5.7 496.9 559.5 0.8 0.4 2.3 2.2 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.6 103.9 1.8 219.4 168.1 2.1 279.0 206.4 348.1 345.5 0.0 409.6 518.0 2.2 9.2

I.V. = Importance Value = mean of relative density, relative basal area and relative frequency

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1997 I.V.* (%) 3.4 4.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 2.8 0.9 13.8 0.5 0.5

0.5 2.6 5.4 5.9 31.0 0.5 25.7 0.5

2007 I.V.* (%) 5.5 1.1 3.4 1.7 1.7 3.0 4.7 14.3 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.4 3.3 0.6 4.4 26.6 24.9 0.5

Herb-layer vegetation Composite statistics that summarize the amount of variation in the herb-layer vegetation at the plot level show very similar values for richness (the average number of taxa found in a plot), evenness and Shannon-Weaver diversity (both indices of species diversity based on the number of taxa and their cover class values) (Table 5).

Table 5. Comparison of herb-layer vegetation in permanent plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve in 1996 and 2007.

Inside 1996

2007

Outside 1996

2007

Richness

10.6

10.4

12.0

11.5

Evenness

0.948

0.933

0.960

0.966

Shannon-Weaver diversity

2.206

2.119

2.365

2.322

Inside the preserve, the most frequently encountered plants in both survey years were spicebush seedlings and saplings, Virginia knotweed, violets (Table 6).

Jewelweed was more common in 1996. Wood reed and Cream avens were found on more than half the plots in 2007 but were not found inside the preserve in 1996. Spicebush, Paw paw and Virginia knotweed had the highest average cover classes.

Outside the preserve, White avens, Jewelweed, Virginia knotweed, Poison ivy and violets were found on the most plots in 1996 (Table 6). All but the Avens and Jewelweed remained common in 2007. Spicebush, Wood reed, Virginia knotweed and Cream avens had the largest average cover class values in 2007.

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Table 6. Common herb-layer species at Spring Pond Nature Preserve, on plots inside and outside the preserve in 1996 and 2007. Species found on 20% or more of the plots are listed. c.c = cover class.

Species

Acer saccharum Asimina triloba Boehmeria cylindrica Botrychium sp.

Campsis radicans Cornus sp.

Cryptotaenia canadensis Eupatorium rugosum Eupatorium serotinum Fraxinus sp.

Galium circaezans Galium triflorum Geum canadense Geum virginianum Impatiens capensis Lindera benzoin Lonicera maackii Parthenocissus quinquefolia Pilea pumila Podophyllum peltatum Polygonum virginianum Prunella vulgaris Quercus sp.

Rosa multiflora Rubus occidentalis Sanicula marilandica Smilax hispida Toxicodendron radicans Ulmus sp.

Viola sp.

Vitis sp.

Cinna arundinacea Leersia virginica Unknown grass Carex tribuloides Unknown sedge

Inside % Freq.

1996 24.4 28.9 35.1

Mean c.c.

2007 1996

26.7

0.2 1.0 0.5

2007

Outside % Freq 1996

2007

20.0 42.2 24.4 60.0

46.7

55.6 44.4 28.9 66.7

33.3 31.1 66.7

1.1 1.4 2.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.1

22.2 31.1 26.7 22.2 55.6

2.6

1.7

70.4

0.4

51.9 40.7 37.0

0.4

37.8

0.6

0.4

42.2

22.2 29.6 22.2 77.8 59.3 88.9 55.6 25.9

26.7

70.4 22.2 63.0

1.1 1.0 0.6

26.7

33.3 22.2

66.7 66.7 33.3 40.7

0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.7 2.0 1.3 0.4

96.3 22.2 33.3 51.9 33.3

0.9

48.1

0.9 0.2 0.7

40.7

0.8 0.8 0.4

85.2 51.9

0.3 0.6

0.3 33.3

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.3 0.3

66.7 44.4

40.0

29.6 0.9 0.3 1.7

0.5

66.7

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.6 0.4

64.4 64.4 82.2

2007

0.8 22.2 22.2

37.8 28.9

Mean c.c.

1996

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1.2 1.8 0.5 0.6

2.0 0.3 0.4 1.1 0.7

0.9 0.6 1.9

1.1 37

77.8

0.6 0.3

0.5 1.0

Species of Concern No non-native species were on the plots inside the preserve in 1996 (Table 7).

By 2007, five species were present. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maakii) was the most frequent, found in five plots. Although Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) was found in only one plot inside the preserve, it was seen often in areas off the sampling plots. Four of the five non-native species present in the preserve in 2007 were found in adjacent sample plots outside the preserve in 1996. Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) was newly detected in plots outside the preserve in 2007.

Inside the preserve, Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) covered from 1-7% of plots in which they occurred (cover class 1). Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), Amur honeysuckle, and Muliflora rose (Rosa multiflora) covered 8-25% (cover class 2).

Table 7. Non-native species encountered in plot surveys.

Species

Inside (A,C,D,E,F) 1996

2007

Outside (B,H,G) 1996

Berberis thunbergii Celastrus orbiculatus Elaeagnus umbellata Ligustrum obtusifolium Lonicera japonica Lonicera maackii

C9

A7, C8 A3, A5, A7, C2, C4

B8 H4 B9 B3, B5, B6, G2, G4

Rosa multiflora

A3, A7

G3

A3,A7

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2007 B1, G1, G5 G2 B5, G7 G3, G6 B2, B4, B5, G4, G6, G7, H5, H7, H9 B3, B6, B9, G2, G3, G4, G5, G7, G8, G9, H1, H2, H4, H6

Conclusions and Recommendations Our ten year resurvey data show that the vegetation at Spring Pond Nature Preserve continues to be of significant natural area quality, as noted in our 1996 report. Threats from invasive exotic species are on the increase. In 1996, we found no invasive exotics on plots within the preserve, but noted Amur honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Autumn olive, Multiflora rose and Privet in plots adjacent to, but outside, the boundaries of the preserve. By 2007, all but privet had established inside the preserve. This shows that the adjacent woods may be a point of entry for invasives. Both Spring Pond and surrounding woods should be surveyed by Stewardship staff with the goal of eliminating all invasive exotic plants. Japanese barberry is of special concern. It was not noted during 1996 surveys, but has established at three survey points outside and one inside the preserve. Many other individuals were noted on the survey plots inside the preserve.

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Appendix 1. Tree-layer vegetation by plot at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

1997

2007

Plot

Common name

DBH (cm)

Common name

DBH (cm)

A1

Bitternut hickory

30.1

Bitternut hickory

34.2

Green ash

2.6, 2.5

Green ash

5.0

Hawthorn

3.6

Ohio buckeye

8.5

Paw paw

4.0, 3.3, 3.0, 2.7, 2.6

Paw paw

2.3, 2.0, 1.9, 1.7

Slippery elm

7.6, 7.0

Spice bush

2.1, 1.8, 1.7

Sugar maple

5.1, 2.9

Paw paw Slippery elm

A2

A4

5.1

Sugar maple

4.3

American beech

55.5

Hackberry

53.1

Ohio buckeye

4.4, 4.3, 3.8, 3.0

Ohio buckeye

6.2, 4.6

Paw paw

4.9, 3.1, 2.8, 2.3, 2.2

Paw paw

4.7, 4.0, 4.0, 3.9, 3.9

Paw paw

2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.7

Paw paw

3.7, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.6

Paw paw

2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 1.7, 1.4

Slippery elm

29.5, 10.7

Spice bush

4.7, 3.4, 3.2, 2.2, 2.1

Spice bush

2.0, 1.7

Slippery elm

A3

2.5, 1.7

8.5

Sugar maple

33.0, 3.3, 2.7

Black cherry

6.1

Black cherry

7.4

Green ash

3.1, 2.5

Green ash

4.7

Paw paw

3.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.8, 1.7

Paw paw

1.5, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3

Slippery elm

10.5, 7.7

Slippery elm

5.2, 4.6, 3.9, 2.6

Sugar maple

64.3, 27.9

Bitternut hickory

36.0

16

Sugar maple

50.5, 23.5

A5

3.4

Sugar maple

23.5

Paw paw

2.0, 1.1, 1.0

Spice bush

2.5, 2.2

Sugar maple

38.5, 6.3, 5.8, 5.1, 4.2

Sugar maple

26.7, 23.8, 3.0, 2.8, 2.7, 2.2

American beech

5.0

Green ash

4.2

Green ash

12.5, 11.2, 2.0

Paw paw

3.0

Paw paw

6.1, 5.5, 4.7, 3.9, 3.4

Paw paw

3.2, 3.0, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6

Paw paw

2.5, 2.5, 2.3, 2.0

Pumpkin ash

7.0

Slippery elm

8.6

Spice bush

2.5

Basswood or Linden

7.5

Spice bush

2.1

A6

Sugar maple

38.6, 21.0

A7

A8

Spice bush

Sugar maple

50.2, 37.0

Sugar maple

51.8

American beech

2.3, 2.3

American beech

5.3, 4.9, 3.9

Spice bush

1.4

Sugar maple

8.7, 6.4, 6.4, 5.1, 3.2

Sugar maple

3.1, 2.7

Black maple

25.4

Blue ash

8.7, 7.1

Sugar maple

51.4, 6.0, 4.4, 3.1, 2.5

A9 Green ash

2.7

Hackberry

5.5, 3.7

Hackberry

4.0

Ohio buckeye

4.0, 3.2

Ohio buckeye

4.1, 2.7

Persimmon

5.8 Paw paw

1.7, 1.6

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Slippery elm Sugar maple

7.3 5.2, 4.4, 4.1, 3.1

B1

B2

B3

B4

Pumpkin ash

3.4

Slippery elm

14.0, 11.9

Spice bush

1.4

Sugar maple

9.0, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 5.8

Sugar maple

5.5, 3.9

Bitternut hickory

39.4

Black cherry

12.7

Pin oak

39.6

Slippery elm

12.3, 9.6, 3.2, 2.8

Slippery elm

10.5, 10.1, 4.7

Sugar maple

7.8, 5.2, 5.2

Sugar maple

23.2, 14.9, 6.5, 3.8

Pin oak

52.7

Pin oak

58.2

Slippery elm

14.6, 11.2, 2.4

Slippery elm

11.0, 5.5, 3.2

Sugar maple

12.9, 12.0

Sugar maple

26.6, 19.1, 15.0, 11.2

Sugar maple

10.7, 6.9

Black cherry

31.6

Paw paw

1.8

Black cherry

11.8

Grape

3.8

Persimmon

41.9

Slippery elm

14.6, 8.7, 3.9, 3.4, 2.4

Slippery elm

12.9, 12.4, 4.0

Sugar maple

10.3, 3.8, 3.1

Sugar maple

18.2, 17.3, 14.9, 11.6

Sugar maple

11.3, 3.6

Black cherry

24.3

Black cherry

29.5

Green ash

38.1

Green ash

41.3

Slippery elm

5.9, 5.8, 2.6, 2.3, 2.0, 1.9

Slippery elm

16.0, 5.5, 2.4

Sugar maple

19.7, 17.2, 13.5, 13.2, 4.9

Sugar maple

23.2, 21.3, 17.0, 7.4, 6.8

Sugar maple

3.5, 3.2, 2.0

Sugar maple

4.3, 4.0, 2.2

Tulip poplar

8.7

Tulip poplar

17.8

18

B5

Black cherry

14.8

Black cherry

15.4

Slippery elm

9.3, 8.5, 4.7, 3.7, 3.0

Slippery elm

11.0, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 2.6

Sugar maple

25.2, 11.8, 11.4, 9.7, 5.8

Sugar maple

22.0, 16.0, 15.2, 11.1, 9.9

Sugar maple

1.7

Sugar maple

2.0

Box elder

29.0

Slippery elm

14.0, 6.6

Slippery elm

20.0, 7.1

Sugar maple

16.5, 15.8, 9.8, 7.0, 5.3, 4.1

Sugar maple

17.8, 11.6, 5.3, 3.3

Green ash

49.1

Slippery elm

9.5, 9.0, 8.0, 5.3, 5.2

Slippery elm

17.6, 16.0, 12.8, 8.8, 7.1

Slippery elm

5.2, 4.2, 3.3, 3.2, 1.8

Slippery elm

6.5, 6.4, 5.5, 4.5, 4.4, 3.4

Sugar maple

31.3, 12.8, 12.2

Sugar maple

16.7, 16.6

Bitternut hickory

48.5

Black cherry

40.1

Black cherry

30.3

Green ash

20.0

Green Ash

23.5

Persimmon

42.6

Silver maple

70.5

Silver maple

62.7

Slippery elm

11.8, 11.8, 8.2, 5.8, 5.7

Slippery elm

6.9, 3.6

Sugar maple

13.8, 9.1, 9.0, 4.5, 4.3, 3.8

Sugar maple

18.1, 1.0., 9.7, 4.7, 4.5

Hackberry

5.2

Slippery elm

20.0, 12.5, 10.3, 7.9, 7.2

Slippery elm

31.8, 15.8, 15.7, 12.2, 9.5

Slippery elm

3.3

Slippery elm

9.5, 3.3

Sugar maple

17.1, 16.3, 9.7, 9.3, 7.0

Sugar maple

19.8, 18.0, 12.6, 7.4, 7.2

Sugar maple

6.5, 2.7, 2.2

Green ash

59.0, 56.1

Green ash

63.3, 60.4

Musclewood

10.6

Paw paw

4.7, 4.7, 4.1, 3.9, 3.8

Paw paw

3.6, 2.1, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1

B6

B7

B8

B9

C1

Sugar maple

42.4, 37.0, 31.7, 22.4, 14.7

19

C2

C3

C4

American beech

2.2

Green ash

54.5 Musclewood

6.3, 4.2

Paw paw

4.2, 2.3, 2.0, 1.5, 1.5

Paw paw

1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.1

Spice bush

1.6

Spice bush

2.0

Sugar maple

37.9, 32.4, 16.0, 13.4

Sugar maple

24.7, 19.2, 4.2

Black walnut

37.1

Black walnut

39.4

Hackberry

46.5, 3.9, 2.6

Hackberry

47.2

Ohio buckeye

8.4, 5.0, 4.8, 4.7, 3.4, 2.8

Ohio buckeye

12.1, 9.4, 8.2, 3.4

Paw paw

2.9, 2.7, 2.3, 2.3, 2.0

Paw paw

1.8, 1.6, 1.6

Slippery elm

5.3

Slippery elm

6.4, 4.4

Sugar maple

45.9, 45.0, 27.8, 3.2

Sugar maple

46.9, 46.0, 33.2, 6.6, 5.2

Sugar maple

2.8

Green ash

67.6

Green ash

72.5

Ohio buckeye

2.9

Ohio buckeye

3.4

Paw paw

1.3, 1.2, 1.2

Paw paw

2.7, 2.4, 2.4, 2.1, 2.0

Paw paw

2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 1.4

Sugar maple

11.8

Hackberry

3.7

Paw paw

2.9, 2.9, 2.5, 2.4, 2.4

Paw paw

2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0

Paw paw

2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8

Paw paw

1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7

Paw paw

1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.6, 1.6

Paw paw

1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.4

Paw paw

1.4, 1.3, 1.2

Sugar maple

47.3, 25.4, 21.6, 20.4

Sugar maple

11.5

Paw paw

2.1, 1.9, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5

C5

Sugar maple

46.2, 23.9, 20.9, 17.6

20

C6

Grape

2.8

Ohio buckeye

3.6

Ohio buckeye

5.3, 4.9, 4.8

Paw paw

2.5, 2.2, 2.0, 1.9, 1.9

Paw paw

4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.1, 3.8

Paw paw

1.6, 1.6, 1.5

Paw paw

3.7, 3.7, 3.5, 3.4, 3.4

Paw paw

3.4, 3.2, 3.1, 3.1, 3.0

Paw paw

2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6

Paw paw

2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5

Paw paw

2.5, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.1

Paw paw

2.0, 2.0, 1.7, 1.6, 1.6

Paw paw

1.5, 1.5, 1.3

Sugar maple

41.0

Paw paw

4.6, 1.6, 15, 1.4, 1.4

Paw paw

1.3, 1.3, 1.1

Sugar maple

50.7, 49.1

Hackberry

2.5

Spice bush

1.9

Sugar maple

40.0

C7 Sugar maple

49.9, 54.0

C8

C9

D1

Paw paw

1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2

Sugar maple

44.6, 37.0, 11.9, 2.0

Sugar maple

65.1

Paw paw

2.7, 2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 1.9

Paw paw

11.3, 5.9, 5.4, 5.0, 4.4

Paw paw

1.8, 1.5

Paw paw

3.6, 3.1, 2.2, 2.0

Bitternut hickory

19.3, 11.8

Flowering dogwood

3.6

Musclewood

10.0

Ohio buckeye

4.4

Ohio buckeye

4.3

Paw paw

1.4, 1.4

Slippery elm

20.8, 15.3, 11.7, 9.8, 9.3

Slippery elm

6.9, 6.3

Sugar maple

7.9

Slippery elm Sugar maple

14.0, 6.8, 6.4, 6.3, 6.2 7.5

21

D2

D3

D4

D5

Hackberry

1.4

Musclewood

7.3, 6.5

Musclewood

6.3

Paw paw

2.4

Paw paw

2.6, 1.4, 1.1, 1.0

Slippery elm

14.1, 9.8, 7.0, 5.8, 5.2

Slippery elm

18.5, 11.7, 11.5, 11.0, 7.8

Slippery elm

5.7

Sugar maple

2.0

Bur oak

44.0

Bur oak

47.6

Green ash

46.4

Green ash

48.0

Ohio buckeye

7.0

Shellbark hickory

27.4

Shellbark hickory

27.8

Slippery elm

15.6, 9.2, 8.3, 7.4, 4.9

Slippery elm

19.7, 9.7, 8.5, 8.3, 5.6

Slippery elm

4.9

Bitternut hickory

29.8

Dogwood

2.7

Bitternut hickory

24.5, 20.5, 18.0, 15.9, 15.9

Bitternut hickory

15.4, 14.6

Flowering dogwood

2.4

Hackberry

10.7

Ohio buckeye

8.7, 5.9, 3.1, 2.7

Ohio buckeye

9.0, 6.2, 3.3

Paw paw

2.8

Paw paw

3.7, 1.6

Shagbark hickory

9.7 Shellbark hickory

12.9

Slippery elm

11.4, 11.0, 7.5, 7.2

Slippery elm

21.2, 19.2, 18.6, 16.1, 15.7

Slippery elm

12.0, 11.3, 11.1, 5.3

Hackberry

2.7

Musclewood

8.6, 5.9

Musclewood

10.6, 7.5

Ohio buckeye

10.3, 9.0, 8.9, 7.2, 4.3, 2.7

Ohio buckeye

12.6, 11.0, 10.1, 9.8, 8.2

Ohio buckeye

7.9, 5.7, 4.3

Paw paw

2.0

Paw paw

1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0

Slippery elm

9.9, 9.7

Slippery elm

12.0, 11.6, 6.3, 5.6

Sugar maple

4.2, 3.5

Sugar maple

5.1, 4.2

22

D6

D7

D8

D9

Bitternut hickory

39.1

Bitternut hickory

5.5

Bur oak

51.0

Bur oak

55.7

Musclewood

8.2

Musclewood

8.8

Ohio buckeye

8.5

Ohio buckeye

8.3

Slippery elm

50.0, 18.1, 10.8, 7.9, 7.8

Slippery elm

42.5, 22.7, 12.4, 12.0, 9.0

Slippery elm

5.6, 2.4

Slippery elm

5.8, 3.5

Bitternut hickory

22.0

Bitternut hickory

24.7

Black cherry

61.3

Bur oak

41.7

Bur oak

48.7

Cottonwood

51.0, 50.9

Cottonwood

55.6, 41.1, 37.4

Hackberry

8.3

Hackberry

8.4

Ohio buckeye

8.0, 2.0

Ohio buckeye

8.0

Paw paw

1.7

Shellbark hickory

14.9

Slippery elm

9.9, 9.2

Slippery elm

18.7, 17.7, 11.5, 10.3, 4.3

Slippery elm

2.4

Sycamore

23.1

Bitternut hickory

38.3

Dogwood

3.3

American beech

3.4

Bitternut hickory

36.6

Green ash

29.6

Green ash

30.7

Hackberry

12.0

Hackberry

16.8

Ohio buckeye

12.2, 7.8

Ohio buckeye

13.4

Shellbark hickory

4.5, 2.8

Slippery elm

12.5, 10.9, 9.9, 9.8, 9.6

Slippery elm

17.8, 13.2, 13.2, 12.5, 6.2

Slippery elm

8.6, 7.9, 5.5, 3.0, 2.6

Slippery elm

4.5, 2.8

Flowering dogwood

1.8

Musclewood

13.1

Musclewood

3.9

Pignut hickory

2.8

23

E1

E2

E3

E4

Shellbark hickory

2.6

Slippery elm

13.8, 6.0, 4.9, 4.6, 4.0

Slippery elm

18.2, 12.1, 11.6, 7.9, 5.4

Slippery elm

3.7, 3.2, 3.1

Slippery elm

5.2, 4.7, 3.8, 3.8

Hackberry

6.3, 4.0

Musclewood

4.1

Musclewood

5.3

Ohio buckeye

11.7, 2.1

Paw paw

2.0

Slippery elm

18.7, 11.2, 11.0, 9.3, 9.0

Slippery elm

18.9, 13.8, 8.8, 6.4, 5.7

Slippery elm

5.3, 4.7, 4.3, 4.2, 4.0, 3.8

Slippery elm

5.2, 3.3

Sugar maple

61.8, 3.2

American beech

4.0, 3.8

Bitternut hickory

44.3, 18.0

Bitternut hickory

35.8

Green ash

11.8, 1.9

Musclewood

5.7

Musclewood

7.3, 6.1, 4.5, 4.5

Slippery elm

7.3, 3.2

Slippery elm

13.0

Sugar maple

7.0, 6.1

Grape

2.3

Green ash

8.9

Musclewood

5.0, 4.5

Blue ash

13.9 7.0, 6.8, 6.8, 6.7

Blue ash

6.2, 3.8, 3.6, 2.7, 2.5, 1.8

Flowering dogwood

3.2

Musclewood

3.0

Ohio buckeye

1.3

Slippery elm

9.9, 8.9, 6.1, 5.9, 1.7

Slippery elm

16.0

Bitternut hickory

9.3, 8.1

Bitternut hickory

11.1

Musclewood

5.2, 4.3, 3.8

Ohio buckeye

7.8

Ohio buckeye

8.5

Paw paw

3.0

Slippery elm

3.1

Slippery elm

5.3

24

E5

E6

E7

E8

E9

Sugar maple

29.6, 21.0

Sugar maple

31.9, 21.9

Musclewood

3.9, 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2

Shellbark hickory

24.9

Shellbark hickory

26.7

Slippery elm

19.4, 12.3, 11.3, 10.9, 6.9

Slippery elm

15.5, 13.8, 13.6, 8.8, 8.7

Slippery elm

6.2, 5.6, 5.6, 5.6, 5.4

Slippery elm

7.2, 6.7, 6.7, 6.3, 6.2

Slippery elm

4.6, 4.5, 4.1, 3.4, 2.6

Slippery elm

5.7, 5.4, 4.4, 4.0, 3.4

Slippery elm

3.2, 3.1, 2.7

Bitternut hickory

74.6

Bitternut hickory

70.4

Black gum

3.7

Flowering dogwood

6.7

Musclewood

2.7

Musclewood

3.6

Ohio buckeye

10.6, 2.4

Ohio buckeye

10.3, 2.6

Shagbark hickory

16.5

Slippery elm

8.7, 7.0, 5.6

Slippery elm

11.2, 9.8, 8.9, 7.5

Tulip poplar

16.5

Black gum

1.0

Chinquapin oak

39.8

Chinquapin oak

46.7

Ohio buckeye

10.1, 7.0, 5.5

Ohio buckeye

11.2, 7.4, 6.5, 2.5

Paw paw

2.5

Paw paw

1.3, 1.1, 1.1

Paw paw

3.0, 2.6, 2.5, 1.9, 1.6

American beech

36.9

American beech

38.5

Bitternut hickory

15.5, 14.3, 5.2

Bitternut hickory

18.8, 8.5

Musclewood

3.6, 3.6, 3.4

Musclewood

5.0, 4.6

Paw paw

2.7, 1.0

Paw paw

1.6, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1

Shellbark hickory

9.8

Slippery elm

3.9, 3.7

Slippery elm

15.5, 8.0, 5.3, 5.0

Sugar maple

20.0, 3.4, 2.1

Sugar maple

20.4, 3.9

Bitternut hickory

41.8

Bitternut hickory

49.5

25

F1

Musclewood

3.8, 2.8

Shellbark hickory

7.7

Slippery elm

12.6, 12.6, 9.3, 7.8, 7.1

Slippery elm

12.5, 10.5, 7.6, 7.3, 7.3

Slippery elm

5.5, 4.9, 4.6, 4.4, 4.0

Slippery elm

6.9, 6.8, 5.6, 5.2, 5.0

Slippery elm

3.0, 2.3

Slippery elm

4.0, 3.8, 3.4, 3.2

American beech

9.7, 4.7 Bitternut hickory

46.2

Black cherry

5.1 Hackberry

2.6

Paw paw

2.5, 1.8

Paw paw

3.9

Sugar maple

39.1, 13.2, 5.3, 5.2, 4.5

Sugar maple

13.8, 13.7, 9.2, 2.7

Sugar maple

4.2, 3.8, 3.1, 2.4, 2.0, 1.2 American beech

8.7

Black cherry

4.8

Black cherry

9.9

Paw paw

2.2

Sugar maple

57.5, 35.3, 15.3, 9.4, 5.7

Sugar maple

4.5, 2.6

F2

Sugar maple

F3

F4

F5

54.6, 40.0, 33.3, 1.8

American beech

4.2

American beech

10.8

Sugar maple

30.8, 9.9

Sugar maple

13.3, 5.1

Sycamore

61.2

Sycamore

68.6

American beech

28.2, 22.5, 15.9, 6.5

American beech

39.3, 31.6, 20.6, 11.9

Black cherry

5.6

Black cherry

8.7

Paw paw

1.6

Sugar maple

55.2, 34.6, 2.3

Sugar maple

5.3, 4.8, 4.2

Black cherry

3.2

Black cherry

8.1

Slippery elm

4.6

Slippery elm

8.5

Sugar maple

63.7, 51.8, 44.2, 24.4, 4.3

Sugar maple

36.3, 8.4, 5.3, 4.7, 3.1

Sugar maple

4.3, 3.8, 3.4, 2.8, 2.2

Sugar maple

2.3

26

F6

F7

F8

American beech

4.5

American beech

6.2

Ohio buckeye

4.2

Ohio buckeye

8.5

Spice bush

2.2

American beech

66.4

American beech

74.7, 5.3

Musclewood

2.7

Paw paw

1.3

Slippery elm

6.8, 5.2

Slippery elm

9.1, 7.2

Sugar maple

4.1, 3.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.1

Sugar maple

7.1, 6.3, 5.1, 4.9, 4.2

Sugar maple

1.6, 1.5

Sugar maple

3.1, 2.3, 1.7, 1.7

American beech

3.4

American beech

7.0

Slippery elm

5.7, 5.1

Slippery elm

9.5, 8.5

Sugar maple

49.0, 17.3, 14.4, 10.0, 4.8

Sugar maple

50.5, 17.5, 16.5, 7.8, 7.8

Sugar maple

2.0, 1.5

Sugar maple

4.5, 2.3, 2.2

American beech

7.6, 6.2

Green ash

57.0

Spice bush

2.6, 1.3

Sugar maple

28.4

Dogwood

3.9, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0

Green ash

3.8

Hickory seedling

1.8

Paw paw

3.7, 1.6, 1.4

Slippery elm

10.8, 9.1, 9.0, 4.6, 2.6

Box elder

5.7

F9 Bitternut hickory

G1

G2

52.4

Sugar maple

29.0, 25.4

Bitternut hickory

1.2

Dogwood sp.

2.4

Flowering dogwood

2.6

Slippery elm

10.6, 9.4, 8.5, 8.1, 6.3

Slippery elm

6.2, 4.4

Blue ash

3.9

27

G3

Slippery elm

26.2, 12.8, 11.5, 11.4, 8.5

Slippery elm

8.4, 6.9, 5.2

Sugar maple

18.8, 18.2, 17.4, 13.7, 13.6

Bitternut hickory

47.0

3.5, 2.1

Green ash

4.8

Slippery elm

13.7, 10.5, 9.8, 9.2

Sugar maple

24.7, 21.3, 20.2, 18.9, 18.8

Sugar maple

18.4, 16.1

Bitternut hickory

65.0

Black haw

5.2, 2.3, 1.6, 1.2

Hawthorn

3.6

Slippery elm

9.0, 8.6, 7.0, 4.7, 3.9

Slippery elm

14.3, 12.0, 8.8, 8.1, 7.4

Slippery elm

3.4, 3.1, 3.0, 2.4, 2.1, 1.5

Slippery elm

5.6, 5.3, 4.4, 4.4, 3.4, 3.4

Slippery elm

3.2, 3.1, 2.4, 2.4, 1.8

Sugar maple

14.0

Sugar maple

13.7

Grape

3.6

Pin oak

46.0

Pin oak

48.9

Slippery elm

15.7, 11.6, 10.0, 8.9, 7.2

Slippery elm

15.7, 12.6, 8.6, 8.0, 5.4

Slippery elm

5.7, 3.8, 2.0

Slippery elm

3.0

Sugar maple

39.9, 14.2, 13.7

Sugar maple

24.9, 22.5, 16.8, 12.9

Box elder

14.5

Box elder

15.0

Flowering dogwood

3.1

Flowering dogwood

2.2

Grape

3.3

Grape

3.4, 2.0

Hawthorn

8.9

Hawthorn

5.5, 5.3

Paw paw

1.7

Slippery elm

15.3, 12.4, 9.0, 6.7, 5.9

Slippery elm

19.1, 5.0, 4.7, 4.0

Slippery elm

4.4, 4.2, 3.9, 3.1

Sugar maple

9.9, 4.8

Sugar maple

10.8, 10.7

Black haw

2.3

Hawthorn

1.7

Slippery elm

13.4, 4.1, 3.7, 2.6

G4

G5

Grape

G6 Slippery elm

11.5, 6.7, 4.9, 3.6

28

G7

Sugar maple

14.8

Grape

3.7, 3.7, 1.7

Pin oak

32.9

Slippery elm

7.6, 7.4, 4.8, 3.2, 3.1

Slippery elm

11.6, 9.1, 5.3, 5.2, 4.9

Slippery elm

3.0, 2.0

Slippery elm

4.6

Sugar maple

12.2, 11.8, 11.5, 10.9, 4.9

Sugar maple

14.3, 13.3, 12.9, 12.8

Sugar maple

3.5 Grape

3.6, 3.1

Green ash

22.6

Green ash

28.6

Slippery elm

12.4, 9.7, 8.0, 6.7, 5.3

Slippery elm

14.4, 10.8, 8.5, 8.3, 7.4

Slippery elm

4.9, 4.0, 3.3

Slippery elm

6.5, 4.4

Sugar maple

18.6, 11.1, 10.6, 8.4, 7.1

Sugar maple

20.9, 11.8, 8.3, 8.2, 6.7

Sugar maple

6.4, 5.8, 2.9, 1.4

Sugar maple

6.1, 6.0, 3.8

Box elder

14.3, 2.4

Flowering dogwood

3.8, 1.0

Dogwood

4.0, 3.4, 2.5

Grape

3.7, 3.2

Green ash

12.1

Green ash

16.5

Musclewood

9.1

G8

G9

H1

Slippery elm

10.0, 7.5, 7.3, 6.1, 3.8

Slippery elm

20.1, 12.7, 11.5, 9.3, 6.3

Slippery elm

3.0, 2.8, 2.2

Slippery elm

5.4, 5.3, 5.0, 4.5, 4.1, 3.8

Slippery elm

3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.3, 2.1

Sugar maple

5.8

Sugar maple

6.7, 4.0

Bitternut hickory

15.5

Bitternut hickory

2.9.

Green ash

23.6

Green ash

11.8, 14.1

Silver maple

43.2

Silver maple

53.9, 9.2

Slippery elm

19.8, 10.3, 9.3, 8.2, 7.0

Slippery elm

14.4, 11.5, 9.3, 6.7

Slippery elm

5.7, 5.0

Sugar maple

14.7, 8.4, 5.9, 5.2, 2.2

Sugar maple

15.9, 3.3, 2.5

29

H2 Black walnut

2.2

Flowering dogwood

2.3, 1.9, 1.4, 1.2

Dogwood

4.2, 4.0, 3.2, 2.5

Green ash

35.0, 18.0, 11.2

Green ash

36.0, 18.0, 15.0

Poison ivy

5.5, 5.0, 4.0

Slippery elm

13.3, 10.9, 8.5, 6.3, 3.7

Slippery elm

2.8

Sugar maple

3.5

Slippery elm

7.0, 6.1, 4.3

Sugar maple

3.0

Dogwood

2.2, 2.0, 1.5

Green ash

16.8

Green ash

21.3

Silver maple

52.6

Silver maple

13.0

Slippery elm

12.4, 9.9, 9.2, 8.2, 7.8

Slippery elm

9.0, 7.6, 7.0, 5.7, 4.3

Slippery elm

6.7, 6.2, 6.0, 5.4 Grape

4.3

Green ash

30.0

Green ash

35.7

Slippery elm

16.0, 10.5, 8.1, 6.5, 4.4

Slippery elm

17.9, 8.4, 7.4

Sugar maple

14.7, 12.5, 11.3, 10.5, 8.9

Sugar maple

8.3, 6.2, 3.4

Sugar maple

4.4, 3.5, 3.3, 3.2

Black cherry

18.1

Slippery elm

9.9, 8.5, 7.1, 3.9

Slippery elm

14.5, 9.9, 6.9

Sugar maple

11.7, 8.1, 7.5, 5.3, 4.5, 1.8

Sugar maple

12.3, 10.1, 8.5, 7.6, 2.3

Green ash

34.2

Green ash

43.7, 30.6, 19.1

Hackberry

3.9

Slippery elm

6.5

Sugar maple

20.7, 10.0, 6.0

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

Slippery elm

19.8, 16.1, 9.3, 5.0, 5.0

Spice bush

1.0

Sugar maple

11.6, 9.5, 4.5

Bitternut hickory

31.9

30

Green ash

H8

39.8

Black walnut

23.2, 22.5

Grape

3.7

Green ash

47.2

Pignut hickory

7.9

Slippery elm

27.7

Slippery elm

14.7, 9.8

Sugar maple

13.2, 10.8, 10.3, 6.0

Sugar maple

12.8, 10.8, 8.3, 2.7

Black cherry

13.6 Black walnut

28.2

Grape

2.8, 2.6

Green ash

55.5, 54.0

Green ash

51.5, 44.3

Slippery elm

19.9, 13.0, 11.2, 7.0, 5.0

Slippery elm

8.5, 5.8, 4.3

Grape

5.3

Green ash

43.4

Slippery elm

11.2, 9.2, 6.5, 3.6, 3.2

Sugar maple

16.7, 14.9, 12.6, 9.0

H9

Sugar maple

21.3, 16.3, 12.5, 9.9, 5.7

31

Appendix 2. Herb-layer vegetation by plot at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

Values are cover class values. Common names are in Table 1.

1996

2007

value

value

Agrimonia parviflora

–

2

Arisaema triphyllum

1

–

Asimina triloba

4

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Erigeron annuus

–

1

Eupatorium serotinum

1

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

2

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

–

4

Phytolacca americana

–

1

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum sp.

1

–

Prunella vulgaris

–

1

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Scutellaria galericulata

–

1

Aesculus glabra

–

1

Arisaema triphyllum

1

–

Asimina triloba

4

–

Aster sp.

1

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

–

3

Carex grayi

–

2

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Notch-leaved unknown

1

–

Pilea pumila

1

3

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Rosa sp.

–

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Acer saccharum

1

–

Agrimonia parviflora

–

1

Asimina triloba

2

2

Plot

scientific name

A1

A2

A3

32

A4

A5

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Carex sp.

1

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cornus sp.

–

2

Elaeagnus umbellata*

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Galium circaezans

1

–

Galium triflorum

–

1

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

2

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Osmorhiza calytoni

1

–

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

2

Pilea pumila

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Rosa multiflora*

–

1

Sanicula marilandica

2

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

Ulmus sp.

–

3

Viola sp.

1

–

Carya sp.

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fagus grandifolia

–

3

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

5

2

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

3

4

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

3

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Ulmus sp.

–

2

Verbena urticifolia

–

2

Agrimonia parviflora

–

2

Arisaema triphyllum

2

–

Asimina triloba

–

3

Aster sp.

–

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

3

Cornus sp.

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

3

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium circaezans

1

1

Geum canadense

1

–

33

A6

A7

Geum virginianum

–

2

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

4

4

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Lycopus virginicus

1

–

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Pilea pumila

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

1

Sanicula marilandica

2

1

Viola sp.

–

1

Arisaema triphyllum

1

–

Bidens sp.

–

2

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium asperellum

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

4

3

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum sp.

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Solidago caesia

–

2

Toxicodendron radicans

1

1

Viola sp.

1

1

Acer saccharum

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Elaeagnus umbellata*

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

1

2

Galium circaezans

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Jeffersonia diphylla

1

–

Lindera benzoin

4

4

Lonicera japonica*

–

1

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Menispermum canadense

1

–

Pilea pumila

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

2

–

34

A8

A9

Polygonum sp.

1

1

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

3

Rubus occidentalis

1

3

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

–

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Verbena urticifolia

–

1

Viburnum dentatum

–

1

Viola sp.

1

–

Vitis sp.

–

1

Acer saccharum

–

1

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Carpinus caroliniana

–

1

Carya sp.

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Eupatorium rugosum

1

2

Fagus grandifolia

1

2

Fraxinus sp.

1

3

Galium circaezans

2

–

Galium triflorum

–

1

Geum virginianum

–

1

Lindera benzoin

5

4

Osmorhiza claytoniii

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Phytolacca americana

1

–

Polygonatum biflorum

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Viola sp.

1

1

Acer saccharum

1

–

Asimina triloba

3

3

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

1

3

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium circaezans

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

–

4

Pilea pumila

2

–

Polygonum sp.

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

35

B1

B2

B3

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Viola sp.

1

1

Vitis sp.

–

1

Berberis thunbergii*

–

3

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Campsis radicans

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Euonymus alatus

–

1

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

3

–

Galium boreale

1

–

Galium circaezans

1

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

1

3

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Phryma leptostachya

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

1

Rosa sp.

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Vitis sp.

–

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

–

1

Fraxinus pennslyvanica

1

–

Galium circaezans

–

2

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

–

1

Lonicera maackii*

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquelifolia

–

1

Phryma leptostachya

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

1

Viola sp.

1

–

Asmina triloba

–

1

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

1

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Galium circaezans

1

–

Geum canadense

1

1

36

B4

B5

Geum virginianum

1

–

Lindera benzoin

4

2

Linguistrum vulgare

1

–

Lonicera maackii*

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquelifolia

–

1

Polygonum sp.

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Rosa multiflora*

–

1

Sanicula marilandica

1

1

Senecio obovatus

1

1

Staphylea trifolia

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Viola sp.

1

1

Asplenium platyneuron

–

1

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Campsis radicans

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Galium circaezans

1

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Liriodendron tulipifera

–

1

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

1

Rosa sp.

1

–

Sassafras albidum

–

1

Smilax hispida

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Viola sp.

2

1

Botrichium sp.

1

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Elaeagnus umbellata*

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Galium boreale

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Lonicera maackii*

1

1

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Phryma leptostachya

1

–

Rosa sp.

2

–

Rubus occidentalis

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

37

B6

B7

Senecio obovatus

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Ulmus sp.

1

1

Viola sp.

2

1

Acer saccharum

1

–

Asimina triloba

–

4

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Campsis radicans

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

1

–

Galium circaezans

1

1

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

–

3

Lonicera maackii*

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

1

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

1

Rosa sp.

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

1

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Viola sp.

1

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Eupatorium rugosum

–

1

Galium circaezans

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Juncus tenuis

–

1

Lindera benzoin

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Polygonum sp.

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

2

3

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa sp.

2

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

2

Ulmus sp.

1

–

38

B8

B9

C1

Viola sp.

1

2

Campsis radicans

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Elaeagnus umbellata*

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

1

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Phryma leptostachya

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Vitis sp.

–

1

Acer saccharum

–

1

Campsis radicans

1

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Galium circaezans

–

1

Geum virginianum

–

2

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

1

–

Lonicera japonica*

1

–

Phryma leptostachya

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Rosa multiflora*

–

1

Rosa sp.

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

1

Smilax hispida

1

–

Viola sp.

1

2

Acer saccharum

1

–

Agrimonia parviflora

–

2

Arisaema triphyllum

1

–

Celtis occidentalis

2

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

1

3

Geum virginianum

1

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Hepatica americana

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

4

3

39

C2

C3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

Quercus rubra

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

Vitis sp.

–

2

Acer saccharum

1

–

Agrimonia parviflora

–

1

Arisaema triphyllum

1

–

Asimina triloba

2

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cornus sp.

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

1

–

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Hackelia virginiana

–

1

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Podophyllum peltatum

2

–

Polygonum sp.

–

3

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Rubus occidentalis

1

2

Smilax hispida

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Vitis sp.

–

1

Acer saccharum

1

1

Aesculus glabra

1

–

Asimina triloba

3

5

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

–

3

Fraxinus sp.

2

3

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

1

Hepatica americana

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

1

Lindera benzoin

–

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

2

Podophyllum peltatum

2

–

Polygonum sp.

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

40

C4

C5

C6

Sanicula marilandica

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Viola sp.

1

1

Acer saccharum

1

–

Carex laxiflora

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cornus sp.

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

1

2

Galium circaezans

–

2

Geum virginianum

–

2

Gleditsia triacanthos

–

1

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Juncus tenuis

–

2

Lindera benzoin

4

3

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Oxalis stricta

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

2

Phryma leptostachya

1

1

Pilea pumila

–

1

Polygonum sp.

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

2

–

Quercus sp.

1

–

Rubus occidentalis

1

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

1

Viola sp.

2

1

Vitis sp.

–

1

Acer saccharum

1

–

Asimina triloba

4

5

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Dicentra cucullaria

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

2

3

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Geum virginianum

–

2

Hepatica americana

1

–

Lindera benzoin

4

4

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Viola sp.

1

1

Asimina triloba

4

4

Carex tribuloides

–

1

41

C7

C8

Carpinus caroliniana

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

4

Galium boreale

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Hackelia virginiana

–

1

Impatiens sp.

–

1

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Menispermum canadense

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

2

Pilea pumila

2

–

Poa pratensis

–

1

Polygonum sp.

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Carex laxiflora

–

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cornus sp.

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium circaezans

–

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

5

3

Pilea pumila

–

1

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Ulmus sp.

–

1

Viburnum dentatum

1

–

Viola sp.

1

1

Vitis sp.

–

1

Acalypha sp.

–

1

Arisaema triphyllum

1

–

Asimina triloba

3

3

Carex sp.

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cornus sp.

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

3

42

C9

D1

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Geum virginianum

–

2

Leersia virginica

–

3

Lindera benzoin

4

3

Lonicera japonica*

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Polygonatum biflorum

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Smilax hispida

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Vitis sp.

–

1

Acer saccharum

–

1

Asimina triloba

5

–

Berberis thunbergii*

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cornus sp.

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

3

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Geum virginianum

–

2

Gleditsia triacanthos

–

1

Grass sp.

2

–

Hepatica americana

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Leersia virginica

–

3

Lindera benzoin

4

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

2

Pilea pumila

1

1

Polygonum sp.

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Sanicula marilandica

–

1

Smilax hispida

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

–

2

Viola sp.

1

1

Acer saccharum

–

1

Asimina triloba

1

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Carex sp.

2

–

Carpinus caroliniana

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Circaea quadrisulcata

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

1

Eupatorium rugosum

2

3

Geum virginianum

–

1

Impatiens capensis

4

–

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Pilea pumila

–

2

43

D2

D3

D4

Polygonum virginianum

3

3

Solidago caesia

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

–

2

Laportea canadensis

2

–

Viola sp.

–

1

Asimina triloba

–

2

Carpinus caroliniana

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

3

1

Eupatorium rugosum

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

1

Galium boreale

1

–

Glyceria striata

–

3

Grass sp.

3

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

3

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Pilea pumila

–

1

Podophyllum sp.

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Scutellaria epilobiifolia

1

–

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

1

Smilax hispida

–

1

Solidago caesia

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Carex sp.

2

–

Circaea quadrisulcata

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Glyceria striata

–

1

Grass sp.

2

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Pilea pumila

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

2

3

Sanicula marilandica

–

1

Smilax hispida

2

–

Viola sp.

–

1

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Carex sp.

2

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Geum canadense

–

1

Geum virginianum

–

2

44

D5

D6

D7

Impatiens capensis

4

–

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

3

3

Solidago caesia

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

2

–

Unknown grass 3

–

2

Asimina triloba

3

3

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Carya cordiformis

1

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Glyceria stiata

–

1

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Lindera benzoin

3

4

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Viola sp.

1

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Glyceria striata

–

1

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Polygonum virginianum

3

3

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Carex sp.

2

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Carya cordiformis

1

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Menispermum canadense

1

–

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Scutellaria epilobiifolia

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

2

2

45

D8

D9

E1

E2

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Menispermum canadense

1

1

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

1

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

–

2

Menispermum canadense

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

3

3

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Acer saccharum

1

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

–

2

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Carya cordiformis

1

–

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium boreale

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Laportea canadensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

5

4

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

2

Pilea pumila

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

2

3

Quercus sp.

–

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

2

Viola sp.

1

1

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

1

Campsis radicans

1

–

Cornus sp.

1

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Galium boreale

1

–

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

46

E3

E4

E5

Hydrophyllum virginianum

–

2

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

1

–

Menispermum canadense

1

–

Mimulus ringens

–

1

Oxalis stricta

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

1

Pilea pumila

1

1

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Ranunculus hispida

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Acer saccharum

–

1

Bidens sp.

–

1

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

3

Campsis radicans

1

–

Carex tribuloides

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

2

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Galium triflorum

2

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

3

2

Menispermum canadense

1

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

1

Pilea pumila

1

2

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Aesculus glabra

1

–

Asimina triloba

–

3

Boehmeria cylindrica

2

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

1

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Leersia virginica

–

4

Lindera benzoin

2

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

2

Pilea pumila

1

2

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Laportea canadensis

2

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Aesculus glabra

1

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

47

E6

E7

E8

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Aesculus glabra

2

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

2

Carex sp.

2

–

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Galium circaezans

–

1

Geum virginianum

–

1

Impatiens capensis

4

–

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Pilea pumila

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

–

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Impatiens sp.

–

2

Laportea canadensis

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Nyssa sylvatica

2

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

2

Pilea pumila

1

3

Polygonum sp.

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

1

3

Quercus sp.

–

1

Asimina triloba

5

3

Campanula americana

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Eupatorium rugosum

1

–

Galium boreale

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Laportea candensis

2

–

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

48

E9

F1

F2

F3

Campsis radicans

1

–

Celtis occidentalis

1

–

Circaea quadrisulcata

–

1

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Laportea canadensis

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

1

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Menispermum canadense

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

3

Toxicodendron radicans

1

3

Carya sp.

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Fagus grandifolia

–

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum sp.

–

3

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Viola sp.

1

–

Acer saccharum

1

1

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Carex sp.

2

–

Carya cordiformis

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Erigeron annuus

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

2

2

Eupatorium serotinum

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Lindera benzoin

4

3

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

3

Smilax hispida

1

–

Actea pachypoda

1

–

Bothrichium sp.

1

–

Carya cordiformis

2

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Circaea quadrisulata

1

–

49

F4

F5

Cornus sp.

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

4

Galium asprellum

2

–

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Lindera benzoin

5

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Smilax hispida

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

2

Viburnum dentatum

–

1

Viola sp.

1

2

Vitis sp.

–

1

Agrimonia parviflora

–

1

Carex sp.

2

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

4

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Laportea canadensis

2

–

Leersia virginica

–

3

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

1

Pilea pumila

–

1

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

1

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Viola sp.

1

1

Acer negundo

–

2

Boehmeria cylindrica

1

–

Carex sp.

2

–

Carya cordiformis

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Circaea quadrisulata

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

1

–

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

2

4

Galium asprellum

2

–

Galium triflorum

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum sp.

–

2

50

F6

F7

F8

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Rubus occidentalis

–

1

Smilax hispida

1

–

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Acer saccharum

1

2

Carya cordiformis

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cytopteris fragilis

2

–

Eupatorium rugosum

2

2

Fraxinus sp.

1

4

Geum virginianum

–

2

Hackelia virginica

–

1

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

3

Lindera benzoin

4

3

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1

–

Pilea pumila

2

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

–

Rubus allegheniensis

–

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

4

Smilax hispida

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Viola sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium perfoliatum

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

–

1

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fagus grandifolia

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium asprellum

1

–

Geum canadense

2

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Lindera benzoin

4

2

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

1

Pilea pumila

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Viola sp.

1

1

Boehmeria cylindrica

–

1

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Eupatorium rugosum

–

2

Fagus grandifolia

–

3

Fraxinus sp.

2

–

Geum canadense

1

–

51

F9

G1

Geum virginianum

–

2

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Leersia virginica

–

3

Lindera benzoin

3

2

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Quercus sp.

–

1

Viola sp.

1

–

Acer saccharum

–

1

Agrimonia parviflora

–

1

Bidens sp.

–

1

Carex tribuloides

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cornus sp.

–

2

Erigeron annuus

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

2

–

Eupatorium serotinum

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

1

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Laportea canadensis

2

–

Leersia virginica

–

2

Lindera benzoin

5

2

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Oxalis stricta

1

1

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Podophyllum peltatum

1

–

Polygonum sp.

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rubus occidentalis

–

1

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Viola sp.

–

1

Asplenium platyneuron

2

–

Berberis thunbergii*

–

2

Campsis radicans

1

–

Carex sp.

1

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1

–

Galium circaezans

1

–

Galium triflorum

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Lindera benzoin

–

2

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

52

G2

G3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

2

Polygonum sp.

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Prunella vulgaris

–

1

Rubus occidentalis

3

3

Toxicodendron radicans

2

2

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

2

Viola sp.

1

–

Agrimonia parviflora

–

2

Aster sp.

–

1

Bidens sp.

–

2

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Carex sp.

2

–

Celastrus orbiculatus*

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Eupatorium rugosum

2

1

Fraxinus quadrangulata

2

–

Galium asprellum

1

–

Galium triflorum

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

1

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Lonicera maackii*

1

–

Orchid sp.

1

–

Oxalis stricta

1

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Prunella vulgaris

–

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

3

Rubus occidentalis

–

3

Rubus sp.

2

–

Sanicula marilandica

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

1

Viburnum dentatum

1

–

Viola sp.

–

1

Vitis sp.

–

1

Agrimonia parviflora

–

1

Agrimonia pubescens

1

–

Aster sp.

–

1

Carex laxiflora

–

1

Carex sp.

2

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Cornus sp.

1

–

Desmodium sp.

–

1

Eupatorium sp.

1

–

53

G4

G5

Fraxinus quadrangulata

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Galium triflorum

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Lindera benzoin

–

3

Lonicera japonica*

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Ribes cynosbati

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

2

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

1

Rubus sp.

2

–

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Senecio obovatus

1

–

Solidago sp.

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

3

2

Ulmus sp.

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Vitis sp.

–

1

Agrimonia parviflora

–

1

Asimina triloba

2

2

Boehmeria cylindrica

–

1

Carex sp.

1

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Galium circaezans

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Lindera benzoin

1

2

Lonicera maackii*

2

2

Polygonum virginianum

2

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

3

Rosa sp.

3

–

Rubus occidentalis

2

2

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Viola sp.

1

1

Aster sp.

–

1

Berberis thunbergii*

–

1

Carex sp.

2

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cornus sp.

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Galium triflorum

1

–

54

G6

G7

Geum canadense

3

–

Geum virginianum

2

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

5

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Prunella vulgaris

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

3

Rosa sp.

2

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

2

Unknown seedling

–

2

Viola sp.

1

–

Agrimonia parviflora

2

–

Agrimonia pubescens

2

–

Asplenium platyneuron

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Cryptotaenia canadensis

2

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

3

Galium triflorum

1

–

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Glyceria stiata

–

2

Grossularia cynosbati

2

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Leersia virginica

–

4

Lonicera japonica*

–

2

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Quercus sp.

1

–

Rosa sp.

–

1

Rubus sp.

3

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Verbena urticifolia

–

1

Agrimonia parviflora

1

–

Carex sp.

2

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Elaeagnus umbellata*

–

2

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1

–

Galium circaezans

1

–

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Lindera benzoin

3

4

Lonicera maackii*

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

Rosa multiflora*

–

3

Rosa sp.

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

55

G8

G9

H1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Viola sp.

1

–

Carex sp.

1

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Galium triflorum

1

–

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Grass sp.

4

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Leersia virginica

–

1

Lindera benzoin

1

5

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Rosa multiflora*

–

3

Rosa sp.

1

–

Rubus occidentalis

1

3

Sanicula marilandica

1

–

Smilax hispida

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

2

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Carya sp.

–

1

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

–

1

Eupatorium rugosum

1

–

Fraxinus sp.

–

2

Galium asprellum

1

–

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

2

–

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

1

Polygonum virginianum

3

3

Prunella vulgaris

–

1

Quercus sp.

1

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

1

Rosa sp.

2

–

Senecio obovatus

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

2

3

Unknown mustard

1

–

Viola sp.

1

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Geum canadense

1

1

Geum virginianum

2

2

Grass sp.

4

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

1

–

56

H2

H3

H4

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

1

Rosa sp.

1

2

Solidago sp.

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Verbena urticifolia

–

1

Agrimonia parviflora

–

3

Carex sp.

2

–

Carex tribuloides

–

3

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Circaea quadrisulata

1

–

Cornus sp.

1

3

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

2

Grass sp.

4

–

Impatiens capensis

4

–

Juncus tenuis

–

2

Leersia virginica

–

1

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

2

Quercus sp.

–

2

Rosa multiflora*

–

2

Rubus occidentalis

2

2

Solidago sp.

–

1

Toxicodendron radicans

2

3

Ulmus sp.

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

1

Carex sp.

2

–

Carex tribuloides

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Eupatorium serotinum

–

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

1

Geum virginianum

1

–

Grass sp.

4

–

Impatiens capensis

1

–

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Prunella vulgaris

–

1

Quercus sp.

–

1

Rosa sp.

–

3

Scutellaria lateriflora

1

–

Solidago sp.

–

2

Toxicodendron radicans

1

1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Carya sp.

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

57

H5

H6

Galium asprellum

1

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

2

2

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

4

–

Ligustrum vulgare

1

3

Lindera benzoin

2

3

Plantago lanceolata

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Prunella vulgaris

–

1

Rosa multiflora*

–

4

Rosa sp.

2

–

Solidago sp.

–

1

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus

2

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

2

Asplenium platyneuron

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

3

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

3

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Grass sp.

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Oxalis stricta

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

–

3

Rosa sp.

–

1

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Rubus sp.

1

–

Solidago flexicaulis

–

1

Solidago sp.

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

2

Viola sp.

1

–

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

2

–

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Ligustrum vulgare

–

1

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Mimulus ringens

–

1

Oxalis stricta

1

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

2

Polygonum sp.

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

–

2

58

H7

H8

H9

Rosa multiflora*

–

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Rubus sp.

3

–

Solidago sp.

–

1

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus

1

–

Toxicodendron radicans

1

1

Unknown seedling

–

1

Botrichium sp.

1

–

Carex laxiflora

–

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

1

2

Fraxinus sp.

–

1

Galium circaezans

–

1

Geum canadense

2

–

Geum virginianum

–

2

Grass sp.

3

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

3

–

Lonicera maackii*

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Toxicodendron radicans

–

2

Viola sp.

1

–

Eupatorium rugosum

1

2

Cinna arundinacea

–

1

Fraxinus sp.

–

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

2

2

Grass sp.

2

–

Hackelia virginica

–

1

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

3

3

Osmorhiza claytonii

1

–

Oxalis stricta

–

1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

2

–

Polygonum sp.

–

2

Polygonum virginianum

1

3

Rosa sp.

–

1

Solidago flexicaulis

–

2

Toxicodendron radicans

1

–

Unknown seedling

–

1

Viola sp.

1

1

Carex sp.

1

–

Cinna arundinacea

–

2

Cornus sp.

1

–

Erigeron annuus

–

1

59

Eupatorium rugosum

–

1

Galium circaezans

–

1

Geum canadense

1

–

Geum virginianum

1

–

Impatiens capensis

3

–

Lindera benzoin

5

3

Lonicera maackii*

–

2

Parietaria pennsylvanica

–

1

Polygonum virginianum

1

2

Rubus occidentalis

–

2

Rubus sp.

1

–

Sanicula marilandica

3

–

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus

2

–

Toxicodendron radicans

–

1

Unknown seedling

–

2

Viola sp.

1

2

*non-native species

60