My Visual Diary of M.Arch by Andy Tee Qi Xuan

ANDY TEE QI XUAN

my visual diary of M.Arch 2O17 - 2O19

Compilation of works in Master in Architecture (M.Arch) in the University of Sheffield Registration No: 170204260 Y5 Project: Counterproposal of White Cube Studio (re)-activist Architecture Studio Tutor: Simon Baker Y6 Project: Canal Edge as City Facade Studio Intergenerational Architecture Studio Tutor: Satwinder Samra

Sheffield School of Architecture(SSoA) , South Yorkshire. March 2019

a 1OO-word manifesto

BOTH-AND ARCHITECTURE

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The truth is not in the middle, and not in one extreme, but in both extreme.â&#x20AC;? Charles Simeon

Architects are being selective in determining which problems they want to solve. In the Either-Or world, I prefer several solutions to one problem rather than one solution for all problems. Architects are not demigods. Opposed to overamplification of one extreme, the idea of symbiosis promotes inclusiveness, embraces indifferences, and harmonises contradiction. The coexistence between two oppositions emphasises the combination of focus to consider the possible futures or capacities of architecture. Architecture should be negotiable rather than inflexible, compromising rather than ignoring, suggestive rather than leading, and heterogeneous rather than homogenous. Architecture opens to all possibilities. Where will duality take architecture?

M.Arch Y5

Context

Based in Brussels, Belgium, Molenbeek SaintJean is widely labelled as the breeding grounds of violent Islamist extremists in Europe. Mass media echoed this perception of Molenbeek when talking about strategies to contain terrorism. However, underneath the negative side of this district lies a young and vibrant art scene waiting to be discovered. Wandering along existing art trails in Molenbeek, the visitor would experience the city just like entering into an enormous gallery because art is everywhere even on the street. The citizens want their voice to be heard and the art enthusiasts want their creativity to be unleashed. Therefore a gathering place is designed for community and creatives to celebrate the artistic legacy. The initial idea is intended to promote informality and casualness in architecture, to serve the community instead of tourist and become the extension of their daily lifestyle within Molenbeek context. Therefore, this project goes opposite of this universal white cube concept by defying the neat perimeter to which traditional institution instils an atmosphere where nothing is to be touched.

M.Arch Year 5

Counterproposal of White Cube Gallery How can people make musuem better? Instead of how can museum make people better? Opposite to be timeless, hermetic and low on human presence, Participatory Art Centre in Molenbeek (PACM) opens itself up to visitors with active participation in the curation process. PACM aims to serve the overlooked young artists and community as well as to deliver a counterproposal to the conventional programming of the museum. Additionally, PACM will offer community and visitors to contribute, collaborate and co-create the content with social interaction. The selected site is located deep in Molenbeek and surrounded by a high density of residential building. Looking to the local context and geographic situation, the strategy of urban infill will define the lost space in the urban fabric to reactivate the vibrancy of surrounding neighbourhood. The typical urban blocks in built environment tend to deny visual accessibility and offer very little interaction with users between inside and outside. Evoking the openness of public space, PAMC expresses spatial and symbolic transparency through the Bringing multipurpose hall, stepping lounge, accessible storage, studio and art follies to one location, PACM will become an open stage which allows social encounters and cultural experiences to take place. Teens with experienced artists pairing program will further help participants develop skills that will support their individual and community goals. Ultimately, the city will enter the art centre, and the art centre will become part of the city.

M.Arch Y5

PART 1 STUDIO (RE)-ACTIVIST ARCHITECTURE

PROCESS

Studio (Re)-activist architecture studio is based in Molenbeek, Brussels, a neighbourhood with a highly mobile and international population with 62% foreign-born residents with associations with terrorust activity , as well as social and economic ineqality causing deep divisions. Our projects speculated on future sites of purposeful organised group activity, bringing people of different backgrounds. We looked at 2008,Council of Europe white paper: Living together as equals in dignity. Cities have long been characted by social diversity; city life defined by Iris Marion Young as ‘a being together of strange’ and by Doreen Massey as ‘throwntogetherness’. Our studio explored ways to develop long-term meaningful contact in order to reduce prejudice and foster respect between people of different social groups. We used technique of the Situationists: Derive, Constructed Situation and Detournement to engage with our context. Through observation, participation and analysis we developed narratis describing speculative propositions which established a critical position, offering an altertive amplification of evident cultural and social activity. We explored architecture in the midst of life, fit for everyday use, looking io a form of cohabitation in which the rights of the individual and the interests of community are in balance. This equilibrium is based upon a shared vision of future.

PART 2 SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI)

PART 3 PROPOSITION

studio vs cube

where the art is displayed

where the art is made

experience and encounter

to do vs not to do

lab-like vs home like atmosphere

spatial sequence and quality

spatial transparency and body movement

sense of place

place-making

informality of user behaviour

design synthesis

M.Arch Year 6

Canal Edge as City Facade How can public space be reversible?

Architecture evolves when it opens to all possibilities. The challenge for an architect, in reality, is that we are being selective of determining which problem need to be solved and tend to use the standardised answer for all issues. Positioning architect as a strategist, in this paper, will be risked in an attempt to investigate to explore the inhabitable infrastructure as contemporary alternative architecture with the concept of resilience. To consider the unpredictable risk of climate change, loss of cultural heritage and economic crises in Rotherhamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context, the thesis initiates to contextualise the transformative paradigm and expands the investigation of current issues to meet these challenges. From the investigation, three broad types of resilience are elaborated: â&#x20AC;&#x153; Flood Resilience, Cultural Resilience and Community Resilienceâ&#x20AC;? as a combination of focus. The flood resilience concept introduces the reversibility of infrastructure to speed up the recovery from disaster and suggest the city that works with water, but not against water. Additionally, the cultural resilience concept stimulates dialogue between historical legacy and contemporary lifestyle through adaptive reuse of forgotten cultural heritage while the community resilience concept offers a shared platform for residents and independent entrepreneur to encourage knowledge exchange and small business support. By taking a heritage-led approach, Rotherham Regeneration Visitor Centreis a cultural regeneration proposal as an architectural response to visualise the concept of flood, cultural and community resilience. Furthermore, the thesis presents the significance of existing heritage as a cultural resource and prioritise the second life of the old building with contemporary ideas of sustainability. While the existing heritage as design generator, the thesis celebrates the coexistence between old and new architecture by utilising the bridge chapel as a foundation for decision making.

Key drawing 1: cultural resilience: old facade new event

Key drawing 2: flood resilience: on stilt

CONTENTS iv

PREFACE part 1 STUDIO

INTERGENERATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

Studio Theme Studio Methodology Initial Task 1, 2, 3 part 2 NARRATIVE regional context global context

part 3

PROTECT ROTHERHAM

with structure as ‘hardware’

part 4

PRESERVE ROTHERHAM

with program as ‘software’

1 4 6

INHABITABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

A 100-word manifesto (both-and architecture) How Rotherham City interacts with River Don? Think out of the Wall Thesis Question Thesis Methodology

10 12 14 16 18

FLOOD RESILIENCE

Infrastructure Mapping in Rotherham Rotherham is Flooding Resillience versus Resistance CS 1: Reversibility of Horizontal Skyscraper CS 2: Flexibility of Movable

22 23 26 28 29

CULTURAL RESILIENCE

Performance of Rotherham City What to Preserve? Existing Building Material Studies What Not to Preserve? CS 3: Recollection of Digital History CS 4: Cultural Regeneration of Post Industrial City

34 38 40 42 44 45

part 5

PROPORSITION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CULTURAL + FLOOD RESILIENCE

Resource Center as Soft Infrastructure Project Brief Formulation Spatial Relationship Diagram Site Analysis Stakeholder Mapping Model Making

48 49 50 51 52 54

PREFACE The author works on his thesis almost every day. It explained why he would describe his design manifesto as a visual diary. The daily compulsion of photographs, diagram and drawing suggest the involvement of readers’ interpretation aside from the author’s lens. Along crafting this thesis, the author draws inspiration from two books as key references: ‘Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture’ by Robert Venturi and ‘Inhabitable Infrastructure: Science Fiction or Urban Future?’ by CJ Lim. The first book discussed the contradiction between simplicity and simpleness of orthodox Modern Architecture and further proclaims ‘nonstraightforward architecture’ to recognize the complexity in architecture.1 The second book identified an unstudied area of the climate change-related design and planning opportunities by addressing the current environmental issue.2 The first book motivates the author to see the past anew by constructing a critical position towards contemporary architecture and the later book reveals the author’s personal interest.

Figure 1.1 typical page as reader’s guidance

1 Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966). 2 CJ Lim, Inhabitable Infrastructure: Science Fiction or Urban Future (New York: Routledge, 2017).

The thesis first begins with studio initial tasks to reinforce personal interest. Secondly, the author raises the relevant question to physicality as ‘hardware’ and program as ‘software’ to further develop a touchstone of this idea into the inhabitable infrastructure. The multidisciplinary investigation later creates a framework to deliver a proposition to Rotherham’s community as a testing ground. The proposition aims to be contextual responsive, people oriented and appropriate application of technology. The thesis is ambitious in term of taking consideration of multiple issues in Rotherham. Being selective of determining which problem to be solved not only amplifies the egoism of our profession but also limits the possibility of architecture. Architecture is ‘weak discipline’ with confused contents and boundaries.3 The weak discipline is, therefore, the real strength.4 To fulfil our responsibility, architects thus should posit themselves to rethink, reconstruct and redefine the fundamental of architecture. Figure 1.2 ‘design is messy’ diagram shows the timeline of events

3 Mark Cousins, Introduction to Design Manifesto (University of Sheffield, 2018). 4 Carolyn Butterworth, Introduciton to Design Manifeto (University of Sheffield, 2018).

... I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have much time for the idea of loner of genius who does everything all by himself. You need other people well, at every level. Alvaro Siza (extracted from studio brief 2O18-19)

part 1

INTERGENERATIONAL ARCHITECTURE STUDIO

Figure 1.3 revealing shared personal interest between studio members

intergenerational architecture

STUDIO THEME Intergenerational Architecture (IA) Studio in 2018-19 is a mixed group of Year 5 and 6 passionate M.Arch students (figure 1.4) under Satwinder Samra as studio tutor’s guidance. The studio investigates how the architectural shift will respond to our present and future intergenerational demographic by exploring environments for play, learning, living, social interaction, healthcare and civic amenity.5

Figure 1.4 inclusive diversity of studio members

The studio aims to unearth the hidden ‘potential ‘in places of partial decline by looking at provision human, domestic and urban scales. After the first part of project (figure 1.6), the studio’s expanding interest in individual themes is evident in the divergence of studio investigation and students’ later work.

Figure 1.5 peer support group (PSG) as informal learning Week 1

Week 2

Week 1

Studio Introduction Studio Introduction Visual Communication and Studio Methodolgies Visual Communication and Studio Methodolgies

Week 2 Task 01 Task 01 Culturaland Heritage and Fast Cultural Heritage Fast forward to forward 2062 to 2062

Week 3

Task 02 Task 02 Impaired/Enhanced Impaired/Enhanced

Task 04 Task 04 Thematic Revealing Thematic Revealing

Week 3 RotherhamRotherham Site Visit Site Visit

Week 4

Week 4 Studio Reviews Meeting with Studio Reviews Meeting with Dr Isalah Durosaiye? Dr Isalah Durosaiye?

Figure 1.6 timeline of initial tasks as early work

5 Satwinder Samra, ‘Intergenerational Architecture Studio Brief’, 2018.

intergenerational architecture

ROUNDTABLE When developing the ideas for individual projects, we work as closely as possible and practise work-life balance. In this case, every studio member who comes from different backgrounds can share accurate information as well as knowledge and experience the cultural juxtaposition through peer support group program(PSG). During the tutorial session, students and tutor play multiple roles which are presenter, recorder, timekeeper and assessor (figure 1.7) to allow individual focuses on their presentation. The idea of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;roundtableâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (figure1.8) acts as a catalyst to operate the non-hierarchical learning process and encourages the student to speak their inner voices in non-stereotypical tutoring atmosphere.

Figure 1.7 respective roles of presenter, recorder, time keeper and assessor on roundtable during tutorial

Figure 1.8 multidirectional information flow and active conversation in positive atmosphere

intergenerational architecture

STUDIO METHODOLOGY

Figure 1.9 Rotherham flood risk management documents

Figure 1.1O Rotherham town centre planning documents

Figure 1.11 Rotherham ecological planning documents

IA Studio adopts an evidence-based methodology for investigating existing conditions with demographics, legislation, policy economics and typologies. At the same time, the studio encourages students to visualise the idea with experimental tactics and methods through drawing, making and testing. Moreover, the studio takes an entrepreneurial and light-footed approach to investigate the economy, value and purpose as productive tools during brief project development.

Reality evolves. It explained why IA studio took an action research approach to encounter the first-hand experience for current data collection.

Figure 1.12 perception versus reality of Rotherham

P O S T- IT BRAINS TO RM

Figure 1.13 the process of collecting ideas after site visitation through post-it mind map technique

Perception

Reality

Dying High street

Social Inequality

Unemployment

Heritage

Local entrepreneurship

Well connected

Homelessness

Unsafe

Disorientation

Resilient city

Misrepresentation

Historic Prosperity

Lively

Vacant

Decline

Divided

Cultural

Empty Plots

Empty

Figure 1.14 the outcome of ideas collection

Opportunity

initial task O1

CULTURAL HERITAGE.

Design should be forward-looking, non-nostalgic, no regression with poor copies of styles from the past. Tay Kheng Soon The Line, Edge & Shade Paradigm

Due to its multi-ethnic culture, Malaysia is a rich variety of rural and urban domestic architecture, moulded by the fusion of local traditions, colonial and foreign influences. Tropical architecture in Malaysia has faced two significant challenges which are post-colonialism and globalization.

Figure 1.15 inclusive cultural heritages in Malaysia

It is kind of strange to see the coexistence between traditional and modern architecture (figure 1.16). In this context, tropical architects have been faced with the task to sustain the contextual relevancy and regional character.6 It shows the coherent idea of recapturing the issues and the process of reinterpreting of contemporary Malaysian architecture by application of Malay traditional architecture in design values.7 This collage (figure 1.15) represents the inclusive cultural heritage in Malaysia and the reintroduction of historical knowledge and cultural issues to contemporary design. What fascinated me is the study of the contemporary architecture was built upon historical precedents and cultural heritages become an input for essence but not only appearance in architecture.

Figure 1.16 coexistence between traditional and modern architecture

6 Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre, and Bruno Stagno, Tropical Architecture-Critical Regionalism in the Age of Globalization (UK: Wiley-Academy, 2001). 7 Elham Hosseini and others, Values in Traditional Architecture: Malay House, 2012. London

initial task O1 (cont.)

FAST FORWARD TO 2O62.

Malaysia is always summer. A tropical country that has high and even temperature with high rainfall and humidity throughout the year. Climate is one of the prime factors in culture, and therefore architecture.8 Climate change is phenomenon that will only grow and Malaysians have no awareness of flooding risk that caused by rising sea levels and temperature.9 Responding to this environmental crisis with sustainable development strategy, the architectural transformation in Kuala Lumpur is speculated to transform into a flood resillient city in the future. How the city will work with water, but not against water. (figure 1.17)

Figure 1.17 speculative flood resillient city in Malaysia

The parallel confrontation with cultural heritage in the past lays a foundation for future architecture to engage instead of being sharply divided then discard. It explained why the image of the traditional Malay house (figure 1.18) is projected in the future with the floating structure.

8 Richard Hyde, Climate Responsive Design: A Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid Climates (Taylor & Francis, 2000). 9 Shamil Norshidi, ‘Climate Change in Malaysia: Floods, Less Food, and Water Shortages – yet Its People Are Complacent’, South China Morning Post, 20 September 2018 <https:// www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2164866/climate-change-malaysia-floods-less-food-and-water-shortages-yet-its>.

Figure 1.18 the image of tradtional Malay house

initial task O2

ENHANCED DAILY RITUAL.

Whatever space and time mean, place and occasion mean more. Aldo van Eyck The Playgrounds and the City

Devonshire Green skate park which is one of the author’s favourite places in Sheffield. The spatial nature of skate park is a public space that intentionally designed for youngsters to avoid the collision between different users.10 However, along with the observation, my finding is the contrasting atmosphere of the park between day and night and being underused due to bad weather in winter. In this case, how can architectural intervention reactivate underused public space as an in-between space in urban tissue setting11 in different period?

Figure 1.19 revealing daily activities of skate park in Devonshire Green, Sheffield

The idea of ‘programmatic interexchange’ transforms the skate park into a winter planting garden without changing the original physicality of public space. (figure 1.20) The enhancement of existing skate park not only allows all people to involve in winter planting process but also creates a sense of belongingness instead of segregation. The architecture intervention itself is not only an amplification of the local potential and needs but also a substiprogrammatic exploration of public spaces for intergenerational demographic.

Figure 1.2O ‘programmatic interchange’ of skate park during winter and other seasons. 10 Mathew Carmona and others, Public Spaces Urban Spaces, Second Edition (Elsevier, 2010). 11 D. Kollarova A. Van Lingen, Aldo Van Eyck - Seventeen Playgrounds (Lecturis, 2016).

initial task O3

THEMATIC REVEALING -IMAGINED AGEING.

Most people get married, have children, and call that maturity. What that is, is aging. Maya Angelou

Ageing population is reality and it is going to be worse. The disequilibrium is caused by lower birth rate and lower death rate due to advancement of medical technology. However, people nowadays live longer but suffer longer sicker year.Through thematic revealing task, the collage (figure 1.19) investigates the ‘imagined ageing’ by visualizing the current ageing life with decreasing healthy life expectancy, working as alternative ageing life and leisured ageing life as a distant dream. The thematic exploration also recognizes the undefined silo or roles for old people and promote life-long learning to avoid role-less in older age.12

Figure 1.21 actual, alternative and imagined aging life

The study then further expands to explores the relationship between ageing population and 24-hour working culture. Undeniably, people have long working hours and fewer leisure times.13 Transport networks, communications industries, call centre, care home, hospital, police station, fast food restaurant, security, courier services now need work restlessly to sustain the society’s demand.14 (figure 1.20) To this extend, it remains unknown how can architectural shift overcome the 24-hour culture that required more working force in the current ageing society.

12 Lisa Berkman, ‘The Shape of Population to Come’, TEDxHarvardCollege <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qS_ldldHQj4>. 13 Gleanda Cooper, ‘Britain Moving towards 24-Hour Working Culture’, The Independent Digital News & Media, 16 May 1996, UK edition edition <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/britain-moving-towards24-hour-working-culture-1347551.html>. 14 Simon Usborne, ‘Britain’s 24-Hour Culture: With the “leisured Society” a Distant Dream We’re Working Longer and Less Regular Hours than Ever’, The Independent Digital News & Media, 3 September 2015, UK edition edition, p. 0 <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-24-hourculture-with-the-leisured-society-a-distant-dream-were-working-longer-andless-10485410.html>.

Figure 1.2O 24-hour culture as a challenge for aging population

part 2

NARRATIVE

Figure 2.1 initial tasks create a fusion between studio agenda and personal interest by exploring multiple themes at the same time.

narrative of wall in regional context

HOW ROTHERHAM CITY INTERACTS WITH RIVER DON?

Figure 2.2 Rotherham city has a flood wall to interact with River Don

Figure 2.3 another floor wall

Figure 2.4 and another flood wall

Figure 2.5 more flood walls

narrative of wall in global context

THINK OUT OF THE WALL

Donald Trump is trying to build a wall. I’m trying to burn walls down and build more bridges. Janelle Monae

A wall divides one place from another and defines boundaries. One power of the wall as an architectural element is to protect. It has overamplified to such an extent that a defensive wall can now be a flashy and cost-deficient free-standing object. Moreover, the nature of wall begins to deteriorate, from protection to segregation. President Donald Trump planned to build an “impenetrable, physical, tall, powerful, beautiful, southern border wall” between the US and Mexico that estimated costs US$25billion to reduce illegal immigration. Unsurprisingly, Trump has always insisted Mexico will finance the 1,000 miles long wall. Bruno Stago mentioned that the modern city is planned using a methodology which getting more detached from the limitations imposed to it by climate and the environment. Figure 2.2 wall as a inflexible free-standing object

16 Simon Unwin, Analysing Architecture (London,UK: Routledge, 2014). 17 ‘Trump Orders Wall to Be Built on Mexico Border’, BBC News, 26 January 2017 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-us-canada-38740717>. 18 Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre, and Bruno Stagno.

Lebbeus Woods discussed how problematic wall can be when it creates gated communities that planned as safe havens for the wealthy from the conflicts between socioeconomic classes and becomes a curse to well-intentioned equalitarianism.19 US$1.1 billion flood wall and embankment yet failed to protect 100,000 homes and businesses from flooding in Louisiana, New Orleans.20 (figure 2.4) Is it necessary to build a higher and thicker wall to stop greater intrusion? The continuance of astonishingly huge national budget for military and defence suggests that our old-age fears have remained unchanged.21 To address issues of natural disaster, security and mindless urban planning, we need to ‘think out of the wall’ and speculate an alternative idea in the existing reality. Tropical architecture has a famous motto: less walls, more life. To build is to connect, but not to divide.

19 Lebbeus Woods, Slow Manifesto (Princeton Architectural Press). 20 ‘Billions Spent On Flood Barriers, But New Orleans Still A “Fishbowl”’, 28 August 2015 <https://www.npr. org/2015/08/28/432059261/billions-spent-on-flood-barriers-but-new-orleans-still-a-fishbowl>. 21 CJ Lim.

Figure 2.3 great balance between protection and segregation of of ha-ha wall to connect and divide the landscape

Figure 2.4 flooding in Louisiana

narrative

THESIS QUESTION

What if inhabitle infrastructure can be both container of human activities and modifier of climate? The role of architecture shifted from its task of emphasizing the hardware as appearance (physical components of a building) to the holistic approach of designing ‘software’ as content.22 By taking comprehensive exploration between architectural object and subject, the thesis will investigate the symbiosis between flood resilient infrastructure and the architectural program which lead to inhabitable infrastructure.

Figure 2.5 what would inhabitable infrastructure be?

The idea of ‘What if ’ adopts the heuristic and forecasting research methods23 to speculate the future reality by seeking new facts and relations between facts. In this case, the formulation of hypothesis aims to discover new scientific truth and alternative ways of problem-solving.

22 Hadas A Steiner, Beyong Archigram: The Structure of Circulation (Routledge, 2009). 23 Elzbieta Danuta Niezabitowska, Research Methods and Techniques in Architecture, 1st edn (New York: Routledge, 2018).

The term ‘container of human activities’24 represents a productive program as ‘software’ that fulfils the usability of architecture. Part 4: Preserve Rotherham will first identify the stereotypical preservation of existing cultural heritage and respond to this issue by introducing a digital preservation program25. While ‘modifier of climate’26 represents an alternative infrastructure as ‘hardware’ that will protect the Rotherham city from flooding risks without overreliance on flood wall and embankment as static flood defence system. Part 3: Protect Rotherham will reveal the current flooding issue and recent flood scheme project to lay a foundation for research.

24 Linda N. Groat and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods, 2nd edn (Wiley-Academy, 2013). 25 ‘Recollection: A Collaborative Tool For Sharing And Visualizing Cultural Data’, 2011 <https://www.fastcompany. com/1758244/recollection-collaborative-tool-sharing-and-visualizing-cultural-data>. 26 Linda N. Groat and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods, 2nd edn (Wiley-Academy, 2013).

Figure 2.6 multidisciplinarity of architecture: the connection between ecology, economy and social culture in the formulation of working framework

narrative

THESIS METHODOLOGY ecology

I think creative accidents are more allowable during design practice but we cannot be that flexible in the research process. Tuba Kocaturk

economy

social culture

Figure 2.7 multidisciplinary study of local documents

diagram

research

manifesto

public space

The thesis also uses the research method of logical argumentation27 by constantly doing analysis and synthesis. The thesis attempts to draw a conclusion through the process of comparison, abstraction and generalization. Derived from studio agenda, the thesis adopts evidence-based methodology with a multidisciplinary approach by referring to Rotherham planning documents and policy in ecology, economic and flooding risk aspects. (figure 2.7) In this case, the evidence-based methodology will enhance the effectiveness of research. When developing the thesis, the technique of collecting and analyzing the accessible literature is used to pertain the topic connected to researched topic. Along the investigation, the author formulates the research problem through design, pulic infrastructure and policy then transforming the thesis in Rotherham as testing ground. To this end, the observation and speculation are built upon the existing fundamental of architecture knowledge to consider the possible futures or capacities of architecture.

studio reading list

Figure 2.8 technique of recording multidisciplinary finds.

27 Elzbieta Danuta Niezabitowska.

Figure 2.9 synthesis between 2 themes: physicality and performance of city

a potential site with appropriate scale that allows working with existing cultural heritage and flooding risk along the river corridor the site is too huge in term of scale for inital brief

the site is less contextual sensitive to respond

the site is too huge in term of scale for inital brief

Figure 2.1O site selection

Figure 2.11 chapel of our lady on the bridge as proposedsite that links railway staion, river Don local landmark in Rotherham town centre urban setting

Each new situation requires a new architecture. Jean Nouvel

part 3

PROTECT ROTHERHAM

with structure as ‘hardware’

figure 3.1 pointing out the sharp division between existing flood defence system and building.

protect Rotherham

INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING

The City as a collection of infrastructures

Figure 3.2 (left to right)the river Don,urban form and road in Rotherham

CJ Lim Inhabitable Infrastructure

The physicality in Rothertham is firstly based on river Don then derived into urban form and road as physical access. (figure 3.2)Infrastructure refers to the fundamental man-made structures, networks, services and facilities that sustain the system of city. More than the implication of rationality, rationality and efficiency, infrastructure is also an engine of socio-economic growth, urban planning and social well-being. To maintain the balance relationship between man-made structure and nature, infrastructure should be designed in such an environmentally friendly, cultural and contextual responsive way. The map (figure 2.14) highlights the two major types of infrastructure - soft and hard in Rotherham. The soft represent the economic, health and cultural infrastructure and the green represent the physical network that helps to form Rotherham. The hard infrastructures are mostly located along the river corridor and derived into higher contour with a little mixture of soft infrastructures.

Figure 3.3 soft and hard infrastructure mapping in Rotherham

28 CJ Lim

protect Rotherham

ROTHERHAM IS FLOODING

Retreat, attack or defend?

2007 FLOOD DAMAGE £14M phase-1 flood protection £15M damage to calrkson + obsorn works 48,144 pupil days lost 428 house excuated 273 dwellings at river flood risk 2321dwellings at surface water flood risk

Building FutureS RIBA, 2O1O

According to Rotherham local flood risk management strategy document in 2014, the Environmental Agency identified the impact of climate change which lead to higher local flood risk for River Basin District across England and Wales.29 The document stated the sources of local flood risk: surface water runoff, ordinary watercourse, artificial water bearing infrastructure, groundwater, main river and large reservoirs. Looking at Rotherham flood related local plans, there is a strategic flood risk assessment Level 2 for Central Rotherham Regeneration and Flood Alleviation Area.30 The flood depth map (figure 2.15) revealed that industries and infrastructures have higher flooding risk due to its geographical concentration along the river corridor in Rotherham. Therefore, it is worth to question what kind of approach will be taken by future development in flooding area. Retreat, attack or defend?31

29 Rotheram Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’. 30 Jacobs consultants, ‘Flood Risk Toolkit’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council). 31 JO STIMPSON, ‘Retreat, Defend, Attack’, 2010 <https:// www.newcivilengineer.com/retreat-defend-attack/5213532. article>.

Figure 3.4 flood map of Rotherham city

Fo rge I s l a n d w i l l b e a n e w mi xe d - u s e l e i s u re h u b . P ro p o s a l s s h o u l d s e e k to i n cor p o rate a m i x of re sident ial units and leisure deve lopments ( i n c l u d i n g A 3 /A 4 / D 2 u s e s ) , to h e l p c re ate a n e w a n d v i b ra nt L e i s u re Q u a r te r i n t h e c e nt re o f Ro t h e r h a m t h at co m p l e m e nt s t h e ex i st i n g Reta i l Q u a r te r. N e w l i n ka ge s s h o u l d b e c re ate d a c ro s s t h e r ive r, to p rov ide m ove m e nt ro u te s o n a n e a st- we st a n d n o r t h - s o u t h ax i s , i nte rs e c t i n g at a new public square . The site includes land withi n Flood Zo ne 2 and 3. Deve lopment will need to satisf y re leva nt planning policy re ga rding flood r i s k a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u nc i l ’s F l o o d R i s k To o l k i t .

T h e p r i m a r y ro l e o f t h e s i te a s a Tra n s p o r t I nte rc h a n ge w i l l b e reta i n e d , h o weve r o t h e r a n c i l l a r y u s e s , s u c h a s reta i l , w i l l b e e n co u ra ge d so long as they re main ancillar y to the overall p u r p o s e o f t h e fa c i l i t y a s a Tra n s p o r t H u b , a n d d o n o t p re j u d i c e t h i s p r i m a r y rol e .

I t i s e nv i s a ge d t h at h a l f t h e s i te w i l l b e reta i n e d a s a traditional indoor market, however support for a l te r n at i ve p ro p o s a l s for t h e a d d i t i o n a l s u r p l u s area will be supporte d where they : provide o p p o r t u n i t i e s fo r s m a l l s ca l e m a n u fa c t u r i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e re t h ey s u p p o r t sta r t- u p e nte r p r i s e s ; ex p l o i t t h e op p o r t u n i t i e s p rov i d e d by t h e p rox i m i t y to t h e A d va n c e d M a n u fa c t u r i n g I n n o vat i o n D i st r i c t ( ‘A M I D ’ ) ; c l o s e l y l i n k to t h e Ed u cat i o n Q u a r te r.

I t i s a nt i c i p ate d t h at D r u m m o n d S t re e t C a r Pa r k w i l l b e b ro u g ht for wa rd to com p l e m e nt t h e re co nf i g u re d M a rket s b y p ro vi di n g s p a c e for reta i l a n d ‘ m a k i n g a n d t ra d i n g ’. P ro p o s a l s should consider how best to inte grate with the M a r ket a n d Ed u cat i o n Q u a r te r, i n a d d i t i o n to t h e re st o f t h e Tow n C e nt re . P ro p o s a l s s h o u l d seek to o verco me perc eive d seve ra nce issues ca u s e d by t h e A 6 0 2 1 .

T h e Ed u cat i o n Q u a r te r i s v i ta l to t h e f u t u re s u c c e s s o f t h e Tow n C e nt re a n d p ro p o s a l s s h o u l d b e co m p l e m e nta r y to t h e Q u a r te r ’s e d u cat i o n foc u s . P ro p o s a l s s h o u l d s e e k to i n cor p o rate i m p ro ve m e nt s to D o n ca ste r G ate i n o rd e r to improve this key move ment ax is by better i nte g rat i n g C l i f to n Pa r k to t h e e a st a n d Forge I s l a n d to t h e we st .

To Pa r k gate

N 0m

50m 100m

To D o n ca ste r

250m Dr

n Ce

ten

ary

Eff i n g h a m Square

Ro t h e r h a m I nte rc h a n ge Bus Stat ion

To C ha pe ltow n/ Meadowhall Chapel of our Lady

Str

gham E f f in ge

on La ne

H o lm

C l i f to n Pa r k

ift

Rot he r ha m C i v i c T h e at re D onca ste r G ate

tr hS

Hig

Ro t h e r h a m Minste r

L in e

lle

way

All Saints Square

ee Str rch C h u te r M in s e n s G a rd

rd R a il

Rot he r ha m C o l l e ge o f A r t s a n d Te c h n o l o g y

es C ho

M a r ket Hall

gat

1 Fo rge Island

dge

et Corp orat ion St re

Ro t h e r h a m C e nt ra l Train Stat ion

Bri

Stre

Fre

ri de

6 Main Stre et

River Don

Ro t h e r h a m M et ro p o l i ta n Borough Council

W es tg at e

Tow n Hall

10 9

New York Stadium

LANDSCAPE

CON N EC T I V I T Y

E x i st i n g G re e n S p a c e P u b l i c Rea l m Ex ist ing To be Improved P ro p o s e d

U R BA N L I F E D evel o p m e nt O p p o r t u n i t i e s Mixe d use Re s i d e nt i a l Reta il I nte rc h a n ge w i t h a n c i l l a r y Reta il M a k i n g a n d Tra d i n g Educat ion

M o ve m e nt & C o n n e c t i v i t y P r i o r i t y Ro u te s E x i st i n g Ped e st r i a n i s e d S t re et s C yc l e Ro u te s

P ro p o s e d G re e n Ro u te s

R a i l way L i n e

Tow n C e nt re G ateways

P ro p o s e d Tra m Ro u te

Po i nt s o f I nterest

Tow n C e nt re M a ste r p l a n S t u d y A re a B o u n d a r y

To Sheff ie ld

Figure 3.5 Rotherham town centre masterplan We st gate C h a m b e rs ( 0 . 4 h a ) L aw C o u r t s a n d Po l i c e Land South of Main St.

T h e c e nt ra l b l o c k to t h e e a st o f Ke p p e l W h a r f, d ef i n e d b y M a i n S t re et , M a r ket S t re et a n d Domine Lane should be brought for wa rd for re s i d e nt i a l o c c u p at i o n . I t wo u l d b e ex p e c te d t h at p ro p o s a l s m a ke l i n ks a n d i nte g rate w i t h t h e p ro p o s e d re s i d e nt i a l a re a s to t h e s o u t h a l o n g We st gate , a n d al s o s e e k to i mp ro ve t h e co n n e c t i v i t y to Ro t h e r h a m C e nt ra l a c ros s Fo rge Island.

Should the Law Courts and Police Stat ion opt to re l o cate away f ro m t h e i r p re s e nt s i te s t h e n i t wo u l d b e ex p e c te d t h at t h e re wou l d b e a st ro n g re s i d e nt i a l co m p o n e nt a s p a r t o f a ny m i xe d - u s e scheme that would be deve loped here . P roposal s s h o u l d b e a r i n m i n d t h e re q u i re m e nt s o f S i te s a n d Po l i c i e s L o ca l P l a n p o l i c y S P 6 4 to s afe g u a rd co m m u n i t y fa c i l i t i e s , a n d a l s o e m b ra c e t h e site ’s rive rs ide l ocat ion, opening up this m o ve m e nt ro u te fo r p e d e st r i a n s a n d c yc l i st s . T h e s i te i n c l u d e s l a n d w i t h i n F l o o d Zo n e 2 a n d 3. Deve lopment will need to satisf y re leva nt p l a n n i n g p o l i c y re ga rdi n g f l o o d r i s k a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k Too l k i t .

S tat i o n ( 1 . 5 5 h a )

(0.83ha)

T h i s s i te o ffe rs o p p o r t u n i t y for m i xe d u s e d eve l o p m e nt at a key gateway l o cat i o n to t h e Tow n C e nt re . T h e s i te i s c u r re nt l y s e g re gate d f ro m t h e Tow n C e nt re b y t h e H o l m e s C h o rd Railway Line, and therefore proposals will be ex p e c te d to co nt r i b u te towa rd s t h e i m p ro ve m e nt o f t h e M a i n S t re et gateway, t h e re b y re d u c i n g t h i s p e rc e p t u a l s e p a rat i o n w i t h t h e re st o f t h e Tow n C e nt re . T h e s i te i n c l u d e s l a n d w i t h i n F l o o d Zone 2 and 3. Deve lopment will need to s atisf y re leva nt planning policy re ga rding flood r isk a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k Too l k i t .

Fo r m e r G u e st & C h r i m e s S i te ( 01. 3 7Forge ha) Island

T h e G u e st a n d C h r i m e s s i te w i l l b e b ro u g ht fo r wa rd w i t h a m i xe d - u s e d s c h e m e to s u p p o r t t h e ‘ m a k i n g a n d t ra d i n g ’ v i s i o n i n t h e Tow n C e nt re . F l ex i b l e wo r ks p a c e s w i l l b e e n co u ra ge d to support employment and new business startups – this could potentially include a live/ wo r k e l e m e nt to s u p p o r t g ro w t h o f t h e Tow n Cent re populat ion and loca l entrepre neurship. P ro p o s a l s t h at a re i n C 3 i n u s e w i l l b e st ro n g l y re sisted. Proposals should have re ga rd to Policy MU9.

L a n d to t h e west o f West gate ( 3 . 5 h a )

T h e l a n d to t h e we st o f We st gate w i l l b e co m e a d i st i n c t n e w re s i d e nt i a l c h a ra c te r a re a t h at e m b ra c e s i t s r i ve rs i d e s e tt i n g a n d ex te n d s n o r t hwa rd s i nto t h e Tow n C e nt re . P ro p o s a l s should also consider how they inte grate with o t h e r re s i d e nt i a l p ro p o s a l s b eyo n d t h e Tow n C e nt re M a ste r p l a n b o u n d a r y, n o ta b l y t h o s e to t h e e a st o f We st gate . T h e s i te i n c l u d e s land within Flood Zone 2 and 3. Deve lopment will need to satisf y re leva nt planning policy re ga rdi n g f l o o d r i s k a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k To o l k i t .

2 Transport Interchange 3 The Markets 4 Drummond Street Car Park 5 Education Quarter 6 Westgate Chamber 7 Law Courts and Police Station Ro t h e r h a m Tow n C e nt re M a ste r p l a n 8 Land South of Man Street 1:9 2 5 0Former 0 at A 1 Guest and Chrismes Site 1O Land to e west of Westgate

protect Rotherham

FLOOD SCHEME DEVELOPEMENT OF FORGE ISLAND Muse Developments has been appointed by Rotherham Council as partner for regeneration of Forge Island.32 (figure 3.5) The proposal (figure 3.6) will transform the temporary bus station33 into leisured facilities with cinema, food and drink outlets.34 The regeneration of Forge Island will become a new commercial public area connecting to the rest of the town centre. The opposition is the reflection of truth. It explained why it is essential to do comparison between the thesis and Forge Island regeneration development in term of climate change adaption in flooding area. From there, the thesis has different vision (figure 3.7) for Rotherham town centre by designing a community-led proposal with productive program and an alternative flood resilient architectural approach with will be further elaborated later. 32 Forge Island transforming Rotherham, ‘EXCITING NEW DEVELOPMENT’ <http://newforgeisland.co.uk>. 33 Gareth Dennison, ‘Plans in to Use Forge Island as Temporary Bus Station’, Rotherham Advertiser, 5 January 2018 <https://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk/news/view,plans-into-use-forge-island-as-temporary-bus-station_25133.htm>. 34‘Developer Selected for Forge Island Regeneration’, Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2018 <https://www. rotherham.gov.uk/news/article/1588/developer_selected_ for_forge_island_regeneration>.

Figure 3.6 Forge Island regeneration development by Muse Developments Ltd. proposed site

project

Forge Island

community-led (educational?)

redevelopment scheme

leisure-led (commercial)

long lasting structure (pilotis) +?

flood resistant infrastructure

3.75m high retaining walls + flood gates +improved canal path

replacable + movable component + flexible mechanism

flood resillient infrastructure

terraced amphitheatre + pedestrian bridge

shorter?

flood protection

1:1OO year

digital history/library digital learning tourist information

program

hotel cinema food + drink outlets

low?

estimated flood defence work cost

high(£14m)

low?

entire development cost

high(£6Om)

theme

to be confirmed

aim of rotherham flood alleviation scheme

3.5km stretch of the Don from Templeborough to the town centre

restoration of cultural heritage + inhabitable infrastructure the chapel of our old lady and surrounding wetland

Figure 3.7 comparison between design proposal and existing flood scheme project in Rotherham

protect Rotherham

RESISTANCE VERSUS RESILLIENCE The consistent elaboration of design manifesto (page 10) constructs a critical position for this thesis to take a holistic approach for problem-solving. It explained why it is necessary to have a thorough study of flood resistance and resilience. Buildings in flood risk areas should consider both resilience and resistance approach to reduce the impact of future floods.

Figure 3.8 flood resistance

flood doors or flood barriers prevent water entering a building

non-return valves prevent sewage flowing back to the pipe.

gardens can be made flood resistant by diverting water away

brickwork can be made be more flood resistant by filing by cracks

There is a distinguishing line between these two approaches: flood resistant construction minimizes the amount of water that may enter a building, while flood resilient building minimizes the permanent damage that caused by flood water.35

35 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;FLOOD RESISTANCE VS FLOOD RESILIENCEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (newground) <http://newground.co.uk/blog/flood-resistance-vs-flood-resilience/>.

Figure 3.9 flood resillience

electrics and sockets are raised to above the height of flood water

water resistant materials such as stainless steels can be used in kitchen

valuable items should be stored upstairs.

the material of components need to be earsily drying and cleaning.

case study 1: horizontal skyscraper by Steven Holl Figure 3.1O linear massings blending with surrounding sites

REVERSIBILITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE Kevin Lynch pointed out the creative, future-oriented action is a human ability but not the environmental one. He further elaborates the idea of reversibility that has high recovery from disaster.36 Steven Holl’s Horizontal skyscraper37 is designed elevated 35-meter high from the ground with one large structure to cater the program within and maximize the landscape on the ground floor level.

Figure 3.11 35m high floating structure above the ground

The elevated structure (figure 3.11) has the reversibility to become flood resilient: when the building is hit by flood, the floating structure ensure the safety of users, and the ground level landscape a public space will be reactivated again when the flood runoffs. The poetic dimension of reversibility can be discovered in Tanah Lot Temple, Indonesia (figure 3.13). The only path to enter the temple on foot will be inaccessible when the tide gets higher, and the floating temple appears. Figure 3.12 sunken water storage for flood resillience

36 Kevin Lymch, Good City Form (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1984). Figure 3.13 Tanah Lot Temple, Indonesia

37 Steven Holl Architects, ‘HORIZONTAL SKYSCRAPER - VANKE CENTER’ <http://www.stevenholl.com/projects/vanke-center>.

case study 2: pier55 by Heatherwick Studio

MULTIFUNTIONALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE Heatherwick Studio explored how a new pier can be both a park and world-class performance space.(figure 3.14) When the usability of park is designed to integrate with the performance space, two themes interweaving together, and form the topography of park. The three-dimensionally park landscape will serve the need for outdoor amphitheatre and performance space, as raked seating could be shaped for better audiences’ views. The lesson has been taken from this project is the unique working methodology that focuses on the making process and opens to all possibilities instead of pursuing to a style or aesthetic. A ‘box model’ (figure 3.15) is used to explore the undulating park landscape with manipulated repetitive piles on riverbank. Every pile will form a planter box on top and connect in tessellating patterns (figure 3.16) at different heights then become a dynamic landscape.

38 Thomas Heatherwick and Maisie Rowe, Thomas Heatherwick Making (UK: Thames & Hudson, 2015).

Figure 3.14 the integration between park and world class performance space

Figure 3.15 box model for undulating park landscape

Figure 3.16 piles with tessellating patterns

Architecture is saved from obsolescence and appears comtemporary as it is framed and reframed by preservation as culturally significant. Rem Koolhaas, 2OO4

part 4

PRESERVE ROTHERHAM

Figure 4.1 Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge built in 1483

with

program as ‘software’

Figure 4.2 site investigation through ad hoc city walk in Rotherham

Figure 4.3 good city form by Kevin Lynch

Through an ad hoc city walk, the site investigation not only reveals the interaction between Rotherham city and River Don, but also the performance of the town due to declining industrial. The following images demonstrated that the city set up defense system along the river corridor to ensure the safety from flooding risk and the current city issues through ‘vitality’, ‘sense’, ‘fit’, and ‘access’ as multiple ‘performance dimensions’.

performance of city

VITALITY

Figure 4.4 the vitality of Rotherham due to the declining industries which led to huge amount of empty slots.

Figure 4.5 defence system that protect the city from flood is the vitality of Rotherham

performance of city

SENSE

Figure 4.6 Rotherham Minster as local landmark suggests orrientation to viewer and gives a sense of place to community.

performance of city

FIT

Figure 4.7 the idea of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;fitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is not about the object between the wall gaps or buildings

Figure 4.8 the idea is about how human activities as performance can be well fit into the physicality of city

performance of city

ACCESS

Figure 4.9 access to destination

Figure 4.1O access to information

Figure 4.11 equality for all people to access all resource espeacially the growing population of minority group in Rotherham

cultural resilience

WHAT TO PRESERVE?

Figure 4.12 Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge built in

Figure 4.13 Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge built in

Although Rotherham is a post-industrial city, the city is rich in term of cultural resource. One of the four remaining bridge chapel in England is in Rotherham town centre39. (figure 4.15) In the past, the Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge (figure 4.12) were built for the spiritual needs of travelers, who would give thanks for safe journey40. A light was lit in the chapel every night to guide the traveler into the town, literally or metaphorically, became a beautiful gesture offering to the Rotherham city. It existed as a Chantry Chapel for little over 60 years. After its closure under the 1547 Act of Dissolution, the building had a particularly dynamic evolvement through the history, serving as almshouse, town gaol, tobacconist, newsagent shop and then back to chapel in 1924 (figure 4.16). The first moves to restore the building as a chapel came in 1901, when almost 1,000 Rotherham residents wanted to bring the chapel to its original state. The timeline of chapel has revealed the changing context and nothing could become the same again. The history never repeats itself again. To reinforce and sustain the identity of place in Rotherham, an actual ruin of a historical cultural heritage must be conserved, maintained and recreated in inclusive perspective. Todays, the bridge chapel is normally kept locked and not often open to public. (figure 4.17) Beyond the material restoration of chapel to the original version, the idea of re-functionalizing and alteration of existing tangible heritage as programmatic enhancement can prompt the dialogues between contemporary society and cultural heritage41. 39 ‘Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge’, National Churches Trust <https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/comment/9956>.

Figure 4.14 Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge built in

40 Edward Green, ‘Bridge Chapels’, Cathedral Communication Limited, 2002 <http://www.buildingconservation.com/ 41 Machado Silvetti, Jeffry Burchard, and Patrick Ruggiero, The Architecture of Cultural Heritage, 2015 <http://www. machado-silvetti.com/PERSPECTIVES/151221_QAM-CulturalHeritage/feature.php>.

Figure 4.15 the best of surviving medieval bridge chapels in

England

Figure 4.16 timeline of bridge chapel reveals dynamic function changes along the history

preserve Rotherham

EXISITING BUILDING MATERIAL STUDIES The intention of cultural regeneration for post-industrial Rotherham city aims to reactivate the existing underused cultural heritage by transforming it into cultural and tourist information center. The proposed site(figure 4.22) therefore is selected at surroundings bridge chapels on the river Don. Figure 4.21 the image of bridge chapel in 2OO7 flood

Figure 4.22 site location at surroudning bridge chapel in Rotherham town centre

red sandstone

stained glass

Figure 4.23 exisitng material surveys of bridge chapel

A series of existing building studies have been done to ensure a better understanding to integrate old historical building with new architecture such as material surveys(figure 4.23) and measure drawing(figure 4.24). The site is also considered as flood risk zone 2 which has a possibility of encounter flooding (figure 4.21) that 1:100 year.

Figure 4.24 measure drawing of bridge chapel

preserve Rotherham

WHAT NOT TO PRESERVE? Sheffield

When simplicty cannot work, simpleness results. Robert Venturi

Rotherham

Doncaster

Today, the rapid development of technology and techniques has allowed architecture to liberate itself from materials and places. This phenomenon caused the monopoly of glass architecture and overwhelming identical building across the world. Architects tend to look for the simplest, least time-consuming answer to instead of pursuing an appropriate solution to fulfil the need and desire of human. Analogous to a series of stacked plates, the medium-rise building set itself apart from River Don by building higher flood embankment with repetitive floor plates on top(figure 4.19). The stacking flood plates of the tallest building in Rotherham structurally work like layers of wedding cake(figure 4.20). The over-amplification of optimizing net-to-gross spatial efficiencies resulted in demeaning and alienating form of high-rise existence for their inhabitant.42 This thesis initiates to embrace the indifference and celebrate the cultural legacy of Rotherham.

Barnsley Figure 4.18 aerial view of four metropolitan boroughs in South Yorkshire include Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield reveals the uniqueness of respective places 42 Ken Yeang, Reinventing the Skyscraper: A Vertical Theory of Urban Design (Great Britain: Wiley-Academy, 2002).

Figure 4.19 Analogous to a series of stacked plates

Figure 4.2O Analogous to a wedding cake

case study 3: digital preservation as programmatic enhancement

RESOURCE LIBERATION Has technology changed our lifestyle in the digital era? As digitals tools evolve, standards change and interoperability fails, we lose access to older information. 39 Only the latest information rises to the top when access to history becomes harder. The disconnection and fragmentary information of existing cultural infrastructure requires a core platform for information exchange and high accessibility of all contents. The process of digitalizing the content is the utilization of a young generation who are familiar with technology in the digital era while the creation of content regarding historical precedent and local legacy is the input from the old generation with the recollection.

Figure 4.21 Framework of Digital Preservation Program

This architectural program will open different roles that fit into “digital natives” and “digit immigrants” then further allow intergenerational learning to happen. The recollection of digital history can be achieved through co-creation and contribution. This scenario will offer equality of access to information and reinforce the resource liberation to all people. More than just preserve and present digital, the user can encounter the first-hand experience to the history in the Lady’s chapel. The digitalization program allows local community to preserve digital history and present it to outsider which will lead to cultural heritage tourism.

43 Fast Company. 44 Erick Maina, ‘Cultural and Heritage Tourism’ (SlideShare, 2015) <https://www.slideshare.net/ERICKMAINA/culture-and-heritage-tourism>. 45 ‘UNESCO World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Action Plan 2013-15’ (World Heritage Convention) <https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-669-6.pdf>.

case study 4: cultural regeneration for post industrial city

ACTIVE PARTICIPATION Through the celebration of subculture as intangible heritage, low or no-profit events can open to create cultural environments rich in experience and encounter. The community and tourists are then exposed to the showcase of local lifestyle, values, traditions, religious ceremonies and history legacy which lead to cultural attraction. Due to low entry threshold, the sustainable tourism can strengthen economic vitality by supporting the local small businesses for creative and independent entrepreneurs. The case studies created an innovative habitat to attract knowledge-based employees through the restoration and revitalization of the geographical area or existing building. A meeting point between living culture as software and built city as hardware also creates a sense of pride and belongingness by residents. The cultural heritage tourism can be driven by modernization where the interface between development and conservation tends to expand cities and to construct new building in historic districts and rural suburban areas. Conservation of heritage can sustain the historical legacy in contemporary lifestyle and ensure that it becomes a resource by bringing improved income and living standards for local people.44 Moreover, the cultural tourism programs establish broad stakeholder networks and promote active participation.45 In Rotherham context, the bridge chapel as archeological site has great potential that can highlight the role of cultural tourism become a catalyst for the regional economic development.

Figure 4.22 Red Brick Vintage in Liverpool, UK

Figure 4.23 798 Art Zone in Beijng,China

Architects canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t force people to connect, it can only plan the crossing points, remove barriers and make the meeting places useful and attractive Denise Scott

part 5

PROPORSITION

Figure 5.1 Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge as purposed site

proposition

VISITOR CENTER AS SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE How can a resource centre as soft infrastructure integrate the flood and cultural resilience approach to sustain the historical legacy in the contemporary lifestyle of Rotherham?

Figure 5.2 cultural loop between tangible and intangible heritages

Rotherham Regeneration Resource Centre(RRRC) is a cultural regeneration project as a meeting point between contemporary society and cultural heritage in Rotherham Town Centre, United Kingdom. The scheme reveals the digital preservation program3(figure 1) as alternative conservation of cultural heritages beyond material preservation, while the disconnection and incomplete information of existing cultural infrastructure requires a core platform for information exchange and high accessibility of all contents. The investigation is built upon the richness of existing cultural resources in Rotherham, so the old building can then receive a second life through â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;re-functionalizingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;4 instead of being brought to its original state.

Figure 5.3 project brief formulation of tourist and cultural center

proposition

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

Figure 5.4 spatial relationship diagram

Figure 5.5 program relationship diagram

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 5.6 mirco site analysis

O1 geometry of existing bridge chapel on site

O4 nucleus link for the old and new configurations Figure 5.7 site tactic

O2 an orthogonal grid deriving from bridge chapel

O3 landscape as noise buffer and soft threshold

O5 reactivation of street level vibrancy

O6 public and private zone + transitional massing

proposition

STAKEHOLDERS MAPPING

Figure 5.9 stakeholder diagram

Key members in Rotherham Regeneration Resource Centre project The National Lottery Heritage Fund is the largest funder of heritage in the UK which is dedicated to sustain and transform the local heritage through funding distribution from ÂŁ3,000 to ÂŁ5million. The non-departmental pubic body adopted the funding mechanism to ensure the conservation project that advocate the value of existing heritage with no destruction. National Church Trust is the charity dedicated to support places of worship of historic, architectural and community value throughout the UK. The collaboration between local and national organisation encourage appropriate management and provides grants for modernisation of places of worships. Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council has proposed the Economic Growth Plan 2025 to boost the visitor economy with leisure development and attractions within the town centre. Since most of the traditional industries of the 19th and 20th centuries no longer exist, the plan focuses on the large scale regeneration of old industrial area are instead of cultural heritage and infrastructure as existing cultural resource. Rotherham College is currently developing a higher education centre by setting up a series of adult courses to empower local community and enhance their skill to sustain their careers. The digital preservation program is built upon the vision of Rotherham Masterplan 2025 and open to school leavers and adults for digital learning. As part of Regional Media Ltd, Rotherham Advertiser is one of South Yorkshireâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading independent media companies. Responding to the fragmentation of information among cultural infrastructure and heritage, Rotherham Advertiser can potentially become the core platform for digital history recollection in the region. Rotherham Federation plays the important role to build stronger sense of belongings and community pride by breaking the barrier between Rotherham College as formal institution and local community as informal organisation.

The Don Network that in partnership with environmental agency are working on Don Plan to deliver positive outcome to water environment in England.

The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body working closely between people and wildlife for sustainable future development.

The Don Catchment River Trust is an organisation that help to encourage public education of heritage and change the perception of River Don. Their ambition is to create a more valuable and safer river Don in the future.

proposition

MODEL MAKING

Figure 5.9 site adaptive

conceptual model

Figure 5.10 massing studies

Figure 5.11 conceptual pixel model

Second Floor The large ceiling offers the varies dimple effect and suggests visitor at lowerground to move upstairs. First Floor The interior lighting celebrates the double volume lobby and the intersection between horizontal and vertical movement. Use of gallery track lighting as a perimeter band of the oor can further emphasize the arrival of visitor. Ground Floor The lighting will be hidden above the extensive preforated grating ceiling will enrich the spatial sequence from the entrance to the end of the building. The arti cial lighting will accents the wall well and re ects wary off to the polish concrete floor. Lowerground Floor To minimise light pollution for waterfront promenade and all time access, a lighting should be 1-3 lux with bulbs protected and directed downwards.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Waking along the bridge chapel, I saw the newly

y opened Rotherham Regeneration Visitor Centre.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153; I stepped in and found out a caf My idea was to get a coffee and e

fe at one facing to the chapel. explore the new building next to the old.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153; I walked through the lobby and the video I can tell there were more things to e

o wall told me the attractions of the town. explore at upper floor from the void.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153; I realised there was more depth f

for me to explore on ground floor.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Then I grab a book and This is my second time se

d sit on the social stair . ee the chapel from inside.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Walking up to the rest floor, the to work on the conte

e old and young gathered together ent of digital history.â&#x20AC;?

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Eventually, I left the building and I see the bridge chapel is no longer a los

my journey to the town began. st memory but a new form of legacy.â&#x20AC;?

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre, and Bruno Stagno, Tropical Architecture-Critical Regionalism in the Age of Globalization (UK: Wiley-Academy, 2001) ‘Billions Spent On Flood Barriers, But New Orleans Still A “Fishbowl”’, NPR News, 28 August 2015 <https:// www.npr.org/2015/08/28/432059261/billions-spent-on-flood-barriers-but-new-orleans-still-a-fishbowl> Carolyn Butterworth, Introduciton to Design Manifeto (University of Sheffield, 2018) CJ Lim, Inhabitable Infrastructure: Science Fiction or Urban Future (New York: Routledge, 2017) D. Kollarova A. Van Lingen, Aldo Van Eyck - Seventeen Playgrounds (Lecturis, 2016) Elham Hosseini, Gurupiah Mursib, Raja Nafida, and Bahram Shahedi, ‘Values in Traditional Architecture: Malay House’, 2012 Elzbieta Danuta Niezabitowska, Research Methods and Techniques in Architecture, 1st edn (New York: Routledge, 2018) ‘FLOOD RESISTANCE VS FLOOD RESILIENCE’ (Newground CIC) <http://newground.co.uk/blog/ flood-resistance-vs-flood-resilience/> Gleanda Cooper, ‘Britain Moving towards 24-Hour Working Culture’, The Independent Digital News & Media, 16 May 1996, UK edition edition <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/britain-movingtowards-24-hour-working-culture-1347551.html> Hadas A Steiner, Beyong Archigram: The Structure of Circulation (UK: Routledge, 2009) Jacods consultants, ‘Flood Risk Toolkit’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2010) Kevin Lymch, Good City Form (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1984) Lebbeus Woods, Slow Manifesto (Princeton Architectural Press, 2009) Linda N. Groat, and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods, 2nd edn (Wiley-Academy, 2013) Lisa Berkman, ‘The Shape of Population to Come’, TEDxHarvardCollege, 2015 <https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=qS_ldldHQj4> Mark Cousins, Introduction to Design Manifesto (University of Sheffield, 2018) Mathew Carmona, Steve Tiesdell, Tim Heath, and Taner Oc, Public Spaces Urban Spaces, Second Edition (Kidlington, UK: Elsevier, 2010) Fast Company, ‘Recollection: A Collaborative Tool For Sharing And Visualizing Cultural Data’, 2011 <https:// www.fastcompany.com/1758244/recollection-collaborative-tool-sharing-and-visualizing-cultural-data> Richard Hyde, Climate Responsive Design: A Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid Climates (Taylor & Francis, 2000) Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiciton in Architecture (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966)

Rotheram Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’, 2014 Satwinder Samra, ‘Intergenerational Architecture Studio Brief ’ (Department of Architecture in University of Sheffield, 2018) Shamil Norshidi, ‘Climate Change in Malaysia: Floods, Less Food, and Water Shortages – yet Its People Are Complacent’, South China Morning Post, 20 September 2018 <https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2164866/climate-change-malaysia-floods-less-food-and-water-shortages-yet-its> Simon Unwin, Analysing Architecture (London,UK: Routledge, 2014) Simon Usborne, ‘Britain’s 24-Hour Culture: With the “leisured Society” a Distant Dream We’re Working Longer and Less Regular Hours than Ever’, The Independent Digital News & Media, 3 September 2015, UK edition edition <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-24-hour-culture-with-the-leisured-society-a-distant-dream-were-working-longer-and-less-10485410.html> ‘Trump Orders Wall to Be Built on Mexico Border’, BBC News, 26 January 2017 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-us-canada-38740717>

part 6

APPENDIX 1

ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY REPORT

CONTENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6

SPECIFIC PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY APPROACH

Inhabitable infrastructure

PROJECT SPECIFIC PERCEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Rotherham is flooding Rotehrham is industrial declining

SITE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

Analysis of the exisiting cultural heritage Analysis of the proposed site

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Roof as fifth faรงades

‘18 SEP OCT NOV DEC -

What if inhabitable infrastructurecan be both container of human activitiesand modifier of climate?

‘19 JAN FEB MAR MAY APR MAY JUN WEEK 1 2 3 4 5

104

O1 specific personal technology approach

INHABITABLE INFRASTRUCTURE Today, the rapid development of technology and techniques has allowed architecture to liberate itself from materials and places. This phenomenon caused the monopoly of glass architecture and overwhelming identical building across the world. Architects tend to look for the simplest, least time-consuming answer to instead of pursuing an appropriate solution to fulfil the need and desire of human. Not every problem needs a high-tech solution. To this extent, I construct my critical position to explore the architecture shift integrated with technology as an enhancement tool for all habitats and inhabitats by creating the common ground between nature and manmade instead of a barrier for the non-prioritised to overcome which led to segregation and ecosystem destruction. Kevin Lynch1 recognised that the creative, future-oriented action is a human ability, but not the environmental one. The technology theme of inhabitable infrastructure2 is built upon climatic change adaptive architecture that obeys to the mother nature but not fights against her. The studio theme3 discussed how appropriate application of technology can create a sustainable, intergenerational friendly and comfortable environment in Rotherham as a post-industrial city. While, the personal interest explore how technology can embrace the uniqueness of site context with flood resilient infrastructure as architectural input. The fusion between personal and studio technology themes (figure 1.1)reinforce and diverge into the multiple dimensions of investigation below. •How can technology create a climate change adaptive infrastructure while support human activities? •How can technology can integrate local material with traditional craftsmanship? •How can technology create an inevitable environment for intergenerational interaction with minimum conflicts?

figure 1.1 the fusion between sudio and personal technology interests

figure 1.2 case study for contextual responsive, reversibility and climatic comfort. project: horizontal skyscraper4 by Steven Holl’s architects, Shenzhen, China 2OO9 challenge: lower developments of surrounding sites,flooding risk and access to green spaces, mixed development for hotel, office and apartment strategy: linear massing to compress the high density from verticality into horizontality, integration between sunken glass cubes, ground level landscape and floating struc -ture, cooling ponds fed by a greywater system, a green roof with solar panels and uses local materials such as bamboo. The glass façade with porous louvers.

1 Kevin Lymch, Good City Form (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1984). 2 CJ Lim, Inhabitable Infrastructure: Science Fiction or Urban Future (New York: Routledge, 2017). 3 Satwinder Samra, ‘Intergenerational Architecture Studio Brief’ (Defigure 1.3 case study for intergenerational interaction, human scale and contextual responsive. partment of Architecture in University of Sheffield, 2018). project: swept under the carpet5 by Bjarke Ingels Group, Copenhagen 2OO2

4 Steven Holl Architects, ‘HORIZONTAL SKYSCRAPER - VANKE CENTER’ challenge:polluted topsoil, a mooring for sail club and a outdoor play area for youth club <http://www.stevenholl.com/projects/vanke-center>. 5 Bjarke Ingels Group, Yes Is More. An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution (Copenhagen, Denmark: Taschen, 2010).

strategy: cover the entire site with a wooden deck as digging up the topsoil is too costly a social carpet for public daily interaction and a storage for sailor

O2 project specific percepts of sustainable design

Project Objective • • • • •

Protect existing infrastructure and businesses Protect proposed new development Improve access to riverside areas Provide a consistent standard of protection in the town Take climate change into account in the design

ROTHERHAM IS FLOODING

figure 2.1 project objectives are built upon the Rotherham Renaissance Flood Alleviation Scheme6

My project is a mix of cultural and tourist information centre that consists of retails, huge social lounge, digital learning room and workshops. It is set in the future of 2030, it explained why it is essential to speculate how the transformation of Rotherham city will interact with existing river Don.There is a distinguishing line between these two approaches: flood resistant construction minimizes the amount of water that may enter a building, while flood resilient building minimizes the permanent damage that caused by flood water.7 (figure 2.3) figure 2.1 Rotherham flood risk management documents

flood doors or flood barriers prevent water entering a building

non-return valves prevent sewage flowing back to the pipe.

gardens can be made flood resistant by diverting water away

brickwork can be made be more flood resistant by filing by cracks

Accessible green and blue spaces •Exploration of the ‘floating landscape’8(figure 2.4 ) will not only solve the shortage of parks and public space in the city but also can divert the water away instead of reliance on sewage system. •Lightweight weight constructions of floating landscape can protect against floods and minimise the footprint of the building on the existing wetland. •Use of local material such as steel in post-industrial Rotherham city through prefabrication can be a cost-effective investment in architecture instead of defence system such as £14M phase 1 flood protection in Rotherham , 2013.9 electrics and sockets are raised to above the height of flood water

water resistant materials such as stainless steels can be used in kitchen

valuable items should be stored upstairs.

figure 2.3 study between flood resistance and resiience

figure 2.4 case study for ‘floating landscape’, Pier55 by Thomas Heatherwick Studio

the material of components need to be earsily drying and cleaning.

Promote biodiversity on the site within limits •Selection of native plant species of semi-natural wet grassland10 that located under Rotherham Bridge which are brown sedge, meadow thistle, early marsh-orchid and strawberry clover. •A 1:12 maximum gradient ramp will be designed from street level to wetland ground level to ensure users’ safety and accessibility. •To minimise light pollution for exiting wetland and all time access, a lighting should be 1-3 lux with bulbs protected and directed downwards. Designs for comfort11 •Visual: Elevating the level of infrastructure above the river could not only become flood resilient but also make the infrastructure more noticeable from a distance. •Thermal: Application of green roof which focuses on east and west (approximately 1000-1500mm depth) aims to create shade and support evaporative cooling with 30% sunlight reflection, 80% solar gain reduction in summer and 30% in winter. •Acoustic: Closed-spaced vegetation as noise buffering (50% reduction) for noise level 60-80dB from the source of traffic intersection at 10m

O2 project specific percepts of sustainable design

ROTHERHAM IS INDUSTRIAL DECLINING Design for lean construction •The project construction aims to be cost effective and to achieve highest possible environmental sustainable structural performance. The project is speculated to be constructed mostly with concrete to elevated on existing wetland and cater a walkable green roof which create a ‘floating landscape’ appearance. •The components will be concrete column, concrete roof, concrete floor slab and concrete external cladding12(figure 2.6). The pursuit of being honesty to materiality will challenge the high moisture from the site location and explore a texture that can probably become a unique architectural feature. •Exploration of modular for repetitive concrete stilt(figure 2.7) that hammered into the riverbed. Design for community resilience and adaptability in the face of unpredictable changes •Rotherham as a post-industrial city is facing economical declining issue(figure 2.5). Therefore, the empowerment of local industries is essential. The project will further explore the integration between contemporary material, technology and local craftsmanship in Rotherham. •To this extent, local involvement during design idea and construction will create a sense of community pride, amplify the existing local resource then sustain the local identity in the future legacy.

6 Jacobs consultants, ‘Flood Risk Toolkit’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2010).

figure 2.5 Rotherham town centre developement local document

figure 2.6 concrete cladding

figure 2.7 modular of repetitve concrete piles components

7 ‘FLOOD RESISTANCE VS FLOOD RESILIENCE’ (Newground CIC) <http://newground.co.uk/blog/flood-resistance-vs-flood-resilience/>. 8 Koen Olthusis and David Keuning, Float! Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Frame, 2010). 9 Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’, 2014. 10 ‘The Framework for Rotherham’s Local Wildlife Site System Part 2’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2011). 11 Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environment Design Pocketbook, 2nd edn (London,UK: RIBA Publishing, 2015). 12 Thomas Heatherwick and Maisie Rowe, Thomas Heatherwick Making (UK: Thames & Hudson, 2015).

O3 site specific technology issues

EXISTING CHAPEL STUDIES AND SITE ANALYSIS

figure 3.1 site location at surroudning bridge chapel in Rotherham town centre

red sandstone

stained glass figure 3.2 exisitng material surveys of bridge chapel

figure 3.3 measure drawing of bridge chapel

figure 3.4 timeline of bridge chapel reveals dynamic function changes along the history

Although Rotherham is a post-industrial city, the city is rich in term of cultural resource. One of the four remaining bridge chapel in England is in Rotherham town centre.13 In past, the bridge chapel served residents to pray a safe journey before and after travelling. Todays, the bridge chapel is normally kept locked and not often open to public. The intention of cultural regeneration for post-industrial Rotherham city aims to reactivate the existing underused cultural heritage by transforming it into cultural and tourist information centre. The digitalization program14 allows local community to preserve digital history and present it to outsider which will lead to cultural heritage tourism. The proposed site therefore is selected at surroundings bridge chapels on the river Don. A series of existing building studies have been done to ensure a better understanding to integrate old historical building with new architecture such as material surveys (figure 3.2), measure drawing (figure 3.3) and timeline of the chapel (figure 3.4). The site is considered as flood risk zone 2 (figure 3.5) which has a possibility of encounter flooding that 1:100 year. In addition, the site (figure 3.6) that located at 20m away from traffic intersection as noise source need a closed- space landscape as noise buffer and soft threshold for the collision between vehicle and pedestrian circulations. The solar analysis then reveals the long facades exposed to east and west sun path.

13 ‘Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge’, National Churches Trust <https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/comment/9956>. 14 Fast Company, ‘Recollection: A Collaborative Tool For Sharing And Visualizing Cultural Data’, 2011 <https://www.fastcompany. com/1758244/recollection-collaborative-tool-sharing-and-visualizing-cultural-data>.

figure 3.5 Rotherham flood map and site location

figure 3.6 Desktop studies of site issues

spring/ autumn

O8OO

12OO

17OO

summer

O8OO

12OO

17OO

winter

O8OO

12OO

17OO

O4 climate change adaptation

ROOF AS FIFTH FAÇADE Walkable green roof as soft thresholds for the collision of site forces will consist of following strategy to achieve environmental friendly construction and better internal environment for program. figure 4.1 conceptual drawing for proposed tourist information centre on the river juxtaposed to existing chapel

•exploration of modular precast concrete of roof to achieve moisture balance from rainfall and riverside (figure 4.2) •on stilt for minimum destruction on existing wetland and riverbed (figure 4.3) •round skylight on green roof for natural sunlight to access the interior ( figure 4.4) •waffle ceiling for more floor-ceiling height and quick construction (figure 4.5) •deep balcony and rotatable vertical louvres for east and west façades (figure 4.6)

figure 4.2 1OOO-15OOmm thk walkable green roof

figure 4.3 modular of repetitive concrete pile on the riverbed

figure 4,4 round skylight on green roof

figure 4.5 waffle ceiling and piping conducts

figure 4.6 deep balcony and movable vertical louvres for west and east sides

bibliography Bjarke Ingels Group, Yes Is More. An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution (Copenhagen,Denmark: Taschen, 2010) ‘Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge’, National Churches Trust <https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/comment/9956> CJ Lim, Inhabitable Infrastructure: Science Fiction or Urban Future (New York: Routledge, 2017) Fast Company, ‘Recollection: A Collaborative Tool For Sharing And Visualizing Cultural Data’, 2011 <https://www.fastcompany. com/1758244/recollection-collaborative-tool-sharing-and-visualizing-cultural-data> ‘FLOOD RESISTANCE VS FLOOD RESILIENCE’ (Newground CIC) <http://newground.co.uk/blog/flood-resistance-vs-flood-resilience/> Jacods consultants, ‘Flood Risk Toolkit’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2010) Kevin Lymch, Good City Form (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1984) Koen Olthusis, and David Keuning, Float! Building On Water To Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Frame, 2010) Rotheram Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’, 2014 Satwinder Samra, ‘Intergenerational Architecture Studio Brief ’ (Department of Architecture in University of Sheffield, 2018) Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environment Design Pocketbook, 2nd edn (London,UK: RIBA Publishing, 2015) Steven Holl Architects, ‘HORIZONTAL SKYSCRAPER - VANKE CENTER’ <http://www.stevenholl.com/projects/vanke-center> ‘The Framework for Rotherham’s Local Wildlife Site System Part 2’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2011) Thomas Heatherwick, and Maisie Rowe, Thomas Heatherwick Making (UK: Thames & Hudson, 2015)

part 7

APPENDIX 2

MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE, AND LAW REPORT

CONTENTS ii

ACKNOWLEDGENENT

part 1

part 2

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Studio Theme 1.2 Site Overview 1.3 Resource Centre as Soft Infrastructure 1.4 Programmatic Enhancement 1.5 Report Objective RELATIONSHIP, NETWORK + FUNDING

2.1 Bridge Chapel as Primary Concern 2.2 Involving Members and Ownership 2.3 Engaging Stakeholders 2.4 Funding Mechanism

part 3

BUILDING + PROCUREMENT

part 4

PROJECT MANAGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT + COSTING

3.1 Evaluation Criteria 3.2 Plan of Work 3.3 Traditional Procurement 3.4 Enabling Work 3.5 Phase 1 - Flood Resilience 3.6 Phase 2 - Cultual Resilience 3.7 Phase 3 - Community Resilience

4.1 Construction Phasing Strategy 4.2 Health and Safety 4.3 Benchmark Costing 4.4 Building Estimate Costing 4.5 Whole Life Cost + Life Cycle Cost

3 4 6 7 8 13 19 20 23 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

43 45 47 49 51

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

An old building is not an obstacle but rather a foundation of confirmed actor.

part 1

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1 project location

1.1

STUDIO THEME Intergenerational Architecture (IA) Studio in 2018-19 is a mixed group of Year 5 and 6 passionate M.Arch students under Satwinder Samra as studio tutor’s guidance. Figure 1.2 perception versus reality of Rotherham

ecology

economy

The studio investigates how the architectural shift will respond to our present and future intergenerational demographic by exploring environments for play, learning, living, social interaction, healthcare and civic amenity.1 The studio aims to unearth the hidden ‘potential ‘in places of partial decline by looking at provision human, domestic and urban scales. IA Studio adopts an evidence-based methodology for investigating existing conditions with demographics, legislation, policy economics and typologies in Rotehrham.(Figure 1.3) At the same time, the studio takes an entrepreneurial and light-footed approach to investigate the economy, value and purpose as productive tools during brief project development.

social culture

Figure 1.3 Rotherham town centre planning documents

5 Satwinder Samra, ‘Intergenerational Architecture Studio Brief’, 2018.

Fo rge I s l a n d ( 3 . 4 h a )

Fo rge I s la n d w i l l b e a n e w mi xe d - u s e l e i s u re h u b . P ro p o s a l s s h o u l d s e e k to i n cor p o rate a m i x of re sident ial units and leisure deve lopments ( i n c l u d i n g A 3 /A 4 / D 2 u s e s ) , to h e l p c re ate a n e w a n d v i b ra nt L e i s u re Q u a r te r i n t h e c e nt re o f Ro t h e r h a m t h at co m p l e m e nt s t h e ex i st i n g Reta i l Q u a r te r. N e w l i n ka ge s s h o u l d b e c re ate d a c ro s s t h e r ive r, to p rov ide m ove m e nt ro u te s o n a n e a st- we st a n d n o r t h - s o u t h ax i s , i nte rs e c t i n g at a new public square . The site includes lan d withi n Flood Zo ne 2 and 3. Deve lopment will ne ed to satisf y re leva nt planning policy re ga rding flood r i s k a n d re ga rd m u st be ha d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k To o l k i t .

Tra n s p o r t I nterch a n ge (1.37ha)

T h e M a r ket s ( 1 h a )

I t i s e nv i s a ge d t h at h a l f t h e s i te w i l l b e reta i n e d a s a traditional indoor market, however support for a l te r n at i ve p ro p o s a l s for t h e a d d i t i o n a l s u r p l u s area will be supporte d where they : p rovid e o p p o r t u n i t i e s fo r s m a l l s ca l e m a n u fa c t u r i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e re t h ey s u p p o r t sta r t- u p e nte r p r i s e s ; ex p l o i t t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s p ro v i d e d by t h e p rox i m i t y to t h e A d va n c e d M a n u fa c t u r i n g I n n o vat i o n D i st r i c t ( ‘A M I D ’ ) ; c l o s e l y l i n k to t h e Ed u cat i o n Q u a r te r.

D r u m m o n d S t re et C a r Pa r k (0.6ha)

I t i s a nt i c i p ate d t h at D r u m m o n d S t re e t C a r Pa r k w i l l b e b ro u g ht fo r wa rd to co m p l e m e nt t h e re co nf i g u re d M a rket s b y p ro vi di n g s p a c e for reta i l a n d ‘ m a k i n g a n d t ra d i n g ’. P ro p os a l s should consider how best to inte grate with the M a r ket a n d Ed u cat i o n Q u a r te r, i n a d d i t i o n to t h e re st o f t h e Tow n C e nt re . P ro p o s a l s s h o u l d seek to overco me perc ei ve d seve ra nce i ssues ca u s e d by t h e A 6 0 2 1 .

50m 100m

To D o n ca ste r

250m Dr

nte

Eff i n g h a m Square

Ro t h e r h a m I nte rc h a n ge Bus Stat ion

To C ha pe ltow n/ Meadowhall

SITE OVERVIEW

Chapel of our Lady

r ic

tr kS

ha m Ef fi ng ge

Rot he r ha m C i v i c T h e at re D onca ste r G ate

C l i f to n Pa r k

ift on La ne

H o lm

H ig

e Str

Ro t h e r h a m Minste r

ay Li ne

lle

e S tr rc h Chu er M in sten s Ga rd

rd R a il w

All Saints Square

Rot he r ha m C o l l e ge o f A r t s a n d Te c h n o l o g y

g a te

eet Corpor ation Str

dge

es C ho

M a r ket Hall

B ri

1 Fo rge Island

The site is located on the Bridge Street along the river Don corridor in Rotherham Town Centre. The area of site is approximately 1100m2. Rotherham town centre planning document identified the barrier for attractive walking across the town and require wider connectivity between New York Stadium, Central leisure centre at St Ann’s and Clifton Park.2 (figure 1.4)

St re

Fre

Ro t h e r h a m C e nt ra l Train Stat ion

6 Main Stre et Ro t h e r h a m M et ro p o l i ta n Borough Council

River Don

We stg ate

Due to its strategic location wedged between Rotherham Railway Station, Interchange and Forge Island Development(figure 1.5), bridge chapel has great potential to link these ‘jewels’ to create sense of place. To this extent, the new proposal aims to explore the resource centre to boost the visitor economy in the town.

Ed u cat i o n Q u a r ter ( 5 h a )

To Pa r k gate

1.2

Tow n Hall

10 9

New York Stadium

LANDSCAPE

CON N EC T I V I T Y

E x i st i n g G re e n S p a c e P u b l i c Rea l m Ex ist ing To be Improved P ro p o s e d

C yc l e Ro u te s

P ro p o s e d G re e n Ro u te s

R a i l way L i n e

Tow n C e nt re G ateways

P ro p o s e d Tra m Ro u te

gate C h a m b e rs (Island 0 . 4 h a ) 7 L aw C o u r t s a n d Po l i c e 61We stForge S tat i o n ( 1 . 5 5 h a )

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1O

E x i st i n g Ped e st r i a n i s e d S t re et s

D evel o p m e nt O p p o r t u n i t i e s Mixe d use Re s i d e nt i a l Reta il I nte rc h a n ge w i t h a n c i l l a r y Reta il M a k i n g a n d Tra d i n g Educat ion Po i nt s o f I nterest

Tow n C e nt re M a ste r p l a n S t u d y A re a B o u n d a r y

To Sheff ie ld

Land South of Main St. (0.83ha)

Transport Interchange The Markets Drummond Street Car Park Education Quarter Westgate Chamber Law Courts and Police Station Land South of Man Street Former Guest and Chrismes Site Land to the west of Westgate

U R BA N L I F E

M o ve m e nt & C o n n e c t i v i t y P r i o r i t y Ro u te s

Should the Law Courts and Police Stat ion opt to re l o cate away f ro m t h e i r p re s e nt s i te s t h e n i t wo u l d b e ex p e c te d t h at t h e re wou l d b e a st ro n g re s i d e nt i a l co m p o n e nt a s p a r t o f a ny m i xe d - u s e scheme that would be deve loped he re . P roposal s s h o u l d b e a r i n m i n d t h e re q u i re m e nt s o f S i te s a n d Po l i c i e s L o ca l P l a n p o l i c y S P 6 4 to s afe g u a rd co m m u n i t y fa c i l i t i e s , a n d a l s o e m b ra c e t h e site ’s rive rs ide locat ion, opening up this m o ve m e nt ro u te fo r p e d e st r i a n s a n d c yc l i st s . T h e s i te i n c l u d e s l a n d w i t h i n F l o o d Zo n e 2 a n d 3. Deve lopment will need to satisf y re leva nt p l a n n i n g p o l i c y re ga rdi n g f l o o d r i s k a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k To o l k i t .

T h i s s i te o ffe rs o p p o r t u n i t y for m i xe d u s e d eve l o p m e nt at a key gateway l o cat i o n to t h e Tow n C e nt re . T h e s i te i s c u r re nt l y s e g re gate d f ro m t h e Tow n C e nt re b y t h e H o l m e s C h o rd Railway Line, and therefore proposals will be ex p e c te d to co nt r i b u te towa rd s t h e i m p ro ve m e nt o f t h e M a i n S t re et gateway, t h e re b y re d u c i n g t h i s p e rc e p t u a l s e p a rat i o n w i t h t h e re st o f t h e Tow n C e nt re . T h e s i te i n c l u d e s l a n d w i t h i n F l o o d Zone 2 and 3. Deve lopment will need to satisf y re leva nt planning policy re ga rding flood risk a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k To o l k i t .

Fo r m e r G u e st & C h r i m e s S i te ( 0 . 3 7 h a )

L a n d to t h e west o f West gate ( 3 . 5 h a )

T h e l a n d to t h e we st o f We st gate w i l l b e co m e a d i st i n c t n e w re s i d e nt i a l c h a ra c te r a re a t h at e m b ra c e s i t s r i ve rs i d e s e tt i n g a n d ex te n d s n o r t hwa rd s i nto t h e Tow n C e nt re . P ro p o s a l s should also consider how they inte grate wit h o t h e r re s i d e nt i a l p ro p o s a l s b eyo n d t h e Tow n C e nt re M a ste r p l a n b o u n d a r y, n o ta b l y t h o s e to t h e e a st o f We st gate . T h e s i te i n c l u d e s land within Flood Zone 2 and 3. Deve lopment will need to satisf y re leva nt planning policy re ga rdi n g f l o o d r i s k a n d re ga rd m u st b e h a d to t h e C o u n c i l ’s F l o o d R i s k To o l k i t .

Ro t h e r h a m Tow n C e nt re M a ste r p l a n 1 : 2 5 0 0 at A 1

Figure 1.4 Rotherham town centre masterplan

Figure 1.5 site location of bridge chapel in Rotherham town centre

2 Rotherham Town Centre Supplementary Planning Document’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2016).

Figure 1.6 aerial view of site

1 2 3 4 5

flood wall along the river Don corridor opposite shophouses beneath the bridge existing wetland below the bridge 6 meter a void between street level sidewalk and bridge chapel

Figure 1.7 identifying site features

Figure 1.8 site forces

O1 geometry of existing bridge chapel on site

O4 nucleus link for the old and new configurations Figure 1.9 site tactic

O2 an orthogonal grid deriving from bridge chapel

O3 landscape as noise buffer and soft threshold

O5 reactivation of street level vibrancy

O6 public and private zone + transitional massing

1.3

RESOURCE CENTRE AS SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE How can a resource centre as soft infrastructure integrate the flood and cultural resilience approach to sustain the historical legacy in the contemporary lifestyle of Rotherham? Rotherham Regeneration Resource Centre(RRRC) is a cultural regeneration project as a meeting point between contemporary society and cultural heritage in Rotherham Town Centre, United Kingdom. The scheme reveals the digital preservation program3(figure 1) as alternative conservation of cultural heritages beyond material preservation, while the disconnection and incomplete information of existing cultural infrastructure requires a core platform for information exchange and high accessibility of all contents. The investigation is built upon the richness of existing cultural resources in Rotherham, so the old building can then receive a second life through ‘re-functionalizing’4 instead of being brought to its original state. 3 Fast Company, ‘Recollection: A Collaborative Tool For Sharing And Visualizing Cultural Data’, 2011 <https://www.fastcompany. com/1758244/recollection-collaborative-tool-sharing-and-visualizing-cultural-data>. Figure 1.2O Framework of Digital Preservation Program

Figure 1.21 brief development as project objective

4 Machado Silvetti, Jeffry Burchard, and Patrick Ruggiero, The Architecture of Cultural Heritage, 2015 <http://www.machado-silvetti.com/PERSPECTIVES/151221_QAM-CulturalHeritage/feature. php>.

1.4

PROGRAMMATIC ENHANCEMENT

Figure 1.22 a new proposal to promote intangible cultural value as programmatic enhancement

Figure 1.23 management, law and practice framework

REPORT OBJECTIVE The management, law and practice report aims to explore: RIBA Work Stage 0-1 • Preparation and design brief • The relationship between client and consultants • The relationship between different stakeholders in phase 1, 2 and 3 • Conservation management plan of listed building RIBA Work Stage 2-4 • Cost information accordance with deisgn programme • Final brief development • Project strategies

RIBA Work Stage 5-7 • Selection and impact of effective procurement • Differing role of architect in construction management • The sequence of building production and life cost cycle • Health and safety • Mitigation for potential risk

Before we build anything, we build relationship first.

part 2

RELATIONSHIP, NETWORK + FUNDING

Figure 2.1 Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge built in 1483

2.1 Conservation Principles P1: The historic environment is a shared resource P2: Everyone should be able to participate in sustaining the hitoric environment P3: Understanding the significance of places is vital P4: Significant places should be managed to sustain their values P5: Decisions about change must be reasonable, transparent and consistent P6: Documenting and learning from decisions is essential Figure 2.2 comprehensive framwork of conservation principles

identifying the need for proposal

BRIDGE CHAPEL AS PRIMARY CONCERN A historic building cannot be protected through management without a thorough understanding of its existence.5 According to Historic England conservation policy document6, the report will apply the conservation principle(figure 2.2) that provides a sustainable framework to reinforce the historical value of bridge chapel for future generation. Therefore, the report aims to explore the specialism by working on conservation of heritage building. The conservation management planning should be carefully considered through a common process(figure 2.3) that includes following process: • Understanding the site • Assessing its significance • Identifying management issue and vulnerability • Setting policies for new proposal

understanding the significance impact accessment of proposal mitigation of impact decision-making Figure 2.3 heritage impact assessment and mitigation strategies

5 Michael Forsyth, Understanding Historic Building Conservation (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013). 6 Francoise Bollack, Old Buildings, New Forms (Monacelli Press, 2013). 7 Edward Green, ‘Bridge Chapels’, Cathedral Communication Limited, 2002 <http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/bridgechapels/bridgechapels.htm>. 8 ‘Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge’, National Churches Trust <https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/comment/9956>. 9 ‘Chapel of Our Lady’ (Historic England, 2019) <https:// historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1132738>.

2.1.1 IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR PROPOSAL The first moves to restore the chapel came in 1901, when almost 1,000 Rotherham residents wanted to bring the chapel to its original state. The timeline of chapel has revealed the changing context and nothing could become the same again. The history never repeats itself again. To reinforce and sustain the identity of place in Rotherham, an actual ruin of a historical cultural heritage must be conserved, maintained and recreated in inclusive perspective. Todays, the bridge chapel is normally kept locked and not often open to public. Beyond the material restoration of chapel to the original version, the idea of re-functionalizing and alteration of existing tangible heritage as programmatic enhancement aims to prompt the dialogues between contemporary society and cultural heritage. 2.1.2 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE Although Rotherham is a post-industrial city, the city is rich in term of cultural resource. One of the four remaining bridge chapel in England is in Rotherham town centre7. (figure 2.9) In the past, the Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge were built for the spiritual needs of travellers, who would give thanks for safe journey.8

Figure 2.4 exterior of bridge chapel

Figure 2.5 entrance and south sidewalls

It existed as a Chantry Chapel for little over 60 years. After its closure under the 1547 Act of Dissolution, the building had a particularly dynamic evolvement through the history, serving as almshouse, town gaol, tobacconist, newsagent shop and then back to chapel in 1924 (figure 2.10).9

Figure 2.6 north wall with stained glass

Figure 2.7 measure drawing of bridge chapel

Figure 2.8 identifying site features 1 flood wall along the river Don corridor 2 opposite shophouses 3 beneath the bridge

4 existing wetland below the bridge 6 meter 5 a void between street level sidewalk and bridge chapel

Figure 2.9 the best of surviving medieval bridge chapels in

England

Figure 2.1O timeline of bridge chapel reveals dynamic function changes along the history

2.2.3 HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE ACCESSMENT TABLE Identifying the attributes upon the value of heritage Architectural, Aesthetic or Natural Beauty

Archaeological Value

Description • Deeply-coursed, ashlar sandstone • Roof not visible. • Opposite gable: slit window to undercroft flanked by offset buttresses • Plinth band continues from entrance front beneath 4-light window with hoodmould, parapet as front has apex pinnacle. • Bridge chapel since 1483 • Exterior restored in 1924 • Interior restored in 198O • Grade 1 listed building with list entry number 113238 since 19 October 1951

Historical Importance

The coat of arms and letter ‘M’ for Mary Queen of Scots who spent two days in Rotherham on her way to Tetbury in 1569

Current function

Service of Holy Communion every Tuesday at 11am

Spiritual Value

A light was lit in the chapel every night to guide travellers into the town. It was richly decorated and included a statue of the Virgin and Child ‘of gold, welwrought’

Commemorative Value

Heraldic devices for the royalist and parliamentary forces that fought on the bridge during the Civil War in 1643.

Educational Value

The chapel’s crypt provides a chilling reminder of the 47 years during which it was used as the town’s gaol.

2.1.4 HERITAGE IMPACT AND MITIGATION ASSESSMENT TABLE The use of heritage impact and mitigation assessment table aims to record the factor as a reference for decision-making and communicate the justification for articulation to the site. The table also reveals the outstanding information and detailed document which will become part of the considerations for selection of construction contracts. Proposed Work

Phase 1 cafe and elevated public plaza on water

Phase 2 tourist information centre, public walkway and viewing platform

Function

a new public space with landscape as soft threshold and noise buffer for the traffic intersection

visitor attraction, observation deck for sightseeing,

Fabric Affected

existing balustrade of the bridge, east facade of chapel and existing wetland at -6m street level

the junction between north, east walls and proposed new building, existing wetland at -6m street level

Impact / Risk

• Loss of fabric • Lack of traditional local material • Loss of craft skill

• Instability of existing fabric • The ornament of roof maybe fragile

Policy

Planning Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Planning Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act Act 1990 1990

Mitigation strategy

• To avoid unnecessary damage and destruction, • To consider the potential reversibility of changes, the removal of existing balustrade should be the public walkway and building are designed on stilt done by using hand operated tool if possible. with minimum footprint • Reuse the debris of removed balustrade in new proposal

• Avoidance of power tools to minimize the harm to existing building

• The ongoing maintenance and repair to the structure, façade and balustrade should be undertaken in matching materials such as ashlar sandstone and lime mortar and by using traditional method.

• Replacement or additional structural support might be required for the junction between old and new building • Mixing old and new material in exposed situation is not be recommended.

Phase 2

tourist information centre, public walkway and viewing platform

Phase 1

cafe and elevated public plaza on water Figure 2.11 floor plan for assessment table reference

2.2

INVOVLING MEMBERS AND OWNERSHIP

Main Client

Landowner

Leaseholder of Resource Centre

Leaseholder of Art Market

Funders

Figure 2.12 Structure of Ownership

2.3

ENGAGING STAKEHOLDER To ensure the success of conservation plan, identifying and engaging with the involved organisation and authorities that are interested in the bridge chapel as historical site is one of the most critical action in first stage of planning.

Figure 2.13 stakeholder diagram

The Don Network that in partnership with environmental agency are working on Don Plan to deliver positive outcome to water environment in England.

The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body working closely between people and wildlife for sustainable future development.

10 ‘National Heritage Fund’ <https://www.heritagefund.org. uk>. 11 ‘NATIONAL CHURCHES TRUST’ <https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org>. 12 ‘Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council’ <https://www. rotherham.gov.uk>. 13 ‘Rotherham Advertiser’ <https://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk>. 14 ‘Rotherham Federation’ <https://www.rotherhamfederation.org>.

Figure 2.14 sharing economy as funding mechanism

Figure 2.15 business model of Rotherham Regeneration Resource Centre

2.4

FUNDING MECHANISM Sharing economy15(figure 2.14) is an architectural intervention for responding to the declining industrial issue and high unemployment rate in Rotherham. Rotherham Regeneration Resource Centre serves as intermediary and acts as container of digital preservation program as well as cultural heritage tourism. Through sharing economy, the business model offers accessibility instead of ownership of asset and create a linkage between owners and seekers. Shared Spaces • The rational of having art market as one big shared spaces instead of multiple units of retails, the small business owner can optimize the usage of spaces and bear low risk on investment in fixed assets. The sustainable tourism can strengthen economic vitality by supporting the local small businesses for creative and independent entrepreneurs. • Due to low entry threshold, the independent entrepreneurs do not have to own a property but rent an adequate size of space. The relationship between owner and seekers is built upon the culture of trust as the business model is based on transparency and openness to application. Shared Interests and Knowledge • The digitalization program allows local community to preserve digital history and present it to outsider which will lead to cultural heritage tourism. The visitors can encounter the first-hand experience to the history in the Lady’s chapel. • The recollection of digital history will open different roles that fit into “digital natives” and “digit immigrants” then further allow intergenerational learning to happen. This scenario will offer equality of access to information and reinforce the resource liberation to all people.

Figure 2.16 equality for all people to access all resource espeacially the growing population of minority group in Rotherham

15 Sharing Economy’ (Business Model Toolbbox) <https:// bmtoolbox.net/patterns/sharing-economy/>.

Before we build anything , we build relationship first.

part 3

BUILDING + PROCUREMENT

Figure 3.1 cultural loop between tangible and intangible heritages

3.1

EVALUATION CRITERIA Phasing

Enabling work

Evaluation criteria of each stage Enabling work for adaptive reuse of chapel • Restoration of bridge chapel as ‘host’ • Removal of balustrade • Temporary structure for health and safety purpose

Flood Resilience

To ensure the safety of bridge chapel and Rotherham city from flooding risk with climate change adaptive infrastructure • Structure support for interface between old and new buildings • Construction of new access for public space on water and bridge chapel • Landscape as a secondary defence to divert water way

Cultural Resilience

To sustain the historic legacy in contemporary lifestyle and offer a second life for bridge chapel which lead to cultural heritage tourism • Construction of Tourist information centre as ‘parasite’ to integrate with the existing cultural fabric • Construction of new elevated public walkway

Community Resilience

To create a core platform for knowledge exchange and small business support • Construction of resource centre for digital preservation program and digital learning purpose • Construction of art market for independent entrepreneur

Client

Role of Architect

Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council

Architect as facilitator Form of for involvement in conservation Pre-Construction management planning and on slit Agreement construction for flood resillience PPC 2000 Contract

2019-2020

Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council

Architect as strategic advisor

Traditional contract

2020-2024

Architect as consultant

JCT PCC11

National Church Trust

Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council National Church Trust

Contract Type

Architect as strategic advisor Traditional contract for involvement in conservation management planning and on slit JCT PCC11 construction for flood resillience

Project Time

2024-2026

Architect as consultant

Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council Rotherham College Rotherham Federation Rotherham Advertiser

Architect as consultant

Traditional contract JCT SBC11

2026-2029

3.2

PLAN OF WORK

Earlier contractor involvement

task

in operation

milestone

3.3

PROCUREMENT STRATEGY The resource centre phrase itself as ‘heritage-led regeneration’ project scheme where the bridge chapel as historic environment is the design generator and plays significant part in the construction management. It explained why the effective procurement is essential to deliver a sustainable proposal.

Figure 3.2 stakeholder diagram as reference

COST

TIM

ITY

T3 Criteria Cost

Q1 Priority (0 lowest-5 highest scale)

C1 Lowest possible capital expenditure C2 Certainty over contract price, no fluctuation C3 Best value for money overall

Time

T1 Earliest possible start on site T2 Certainty over contract duration T3 Shortest possible contract period

Quality

Q1 Top quality, minimum maintenance Q2 Sensitive design, control by employer Q3 Detailed design not critical, leave to contractor

Figure 3.3 table and radar chart 16 Sarah Lupton, Which Contract? Choosing The Appropriate Building Contract, 6th edn (RIBA Publishing, 2019).

Working relationship between stakeholders The relationship between stakeholder management and procurement routes can acts as a strategy for achieving the success of project. Scope of work To decide the most appropriate procurement method applied to the situation, the nature and category of work defines the specific requirement and clarifies the consideration of the project. The scale and scheme of project will then affect the tendering arrangement and amount of necessary information. Selection of Contract The ‘radar chart’ can be a useful reminder to focus on the balance of priorities between time, cost and quality for procurement route choices. The architects play a role to understand the pro and con of implication between traditional, design and build management contracts. At the appropriate contract, the parties can then complete the project outcome with the expected level of quality and appropriate cost within the required time. Dealing with risk The client will receive the counterbalancing advantage of cost when the contractor carry less risk in the project, and vice versa. From speculative risk diagram, the apportionment risk accepted by the parties is determined by types of contract. To avoid unpredictable and poorly defined risk, architects have the responsibility to identify, analyse and respond to the risk which linked to who should be prioritised for a project.

3.3.1 OVERVIEW OF TRADITIONAL PROCUREMENT ROUTE

3.4

ENABLING WORK

There are three key enabling works as the pre-phase to understand the site issue thoroughly and realise the potential risk. 1. Conservation management planning 2. Flood risk management hierarchy (refer to Health and Safety) 3. Partnering agreement PPC200018 3.4.1 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLANNING During the conservation, it is necessary to identify the management issues and vulnerability17 including: • Physical condition or deterioration • Lack of matching materials or loss of traditional craft skills •Poor or inappropriate previous repair • Environmental protection • Development proposals both on the site and surrounding issues • Legislative and regulatory requirements (the provision of access for the disabled)

17 Michael Forsyth, Understanding Historic Building Conservation (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013). 18 ‘Benefits of PPC2000’ (the PPC suite) <http://ppc2000.co.uk/benefits-of-ppc2000/>.

Therefore, the conservation plans should be used to inform the development of new proposal and to review the existing documentation for assisting the management of the site. • Maintenance and management plans • Further specialist research • Development and repair proposals • Condition and quinquennial surveys • Access audits and plans • Implementation of authority to work procedure (flood risk toolkit) • Humidly control and temporary weathering structures and measure 3.4.2 PPC2OOO PPC2000 crosses the boundaries between design, supply and construction and offers as single contractual hub to all team member to work together. Under a single multi-party contract, the client, constructor, consultants and specialists will work as a Core Team to review the progress and decision making through cross-referencing. The partnering arrangement will be signed in the pre-construction phase to construct an effective management structure. Although the partnering contract will probably take more time for decision-making and require high degree of commitment for team members, it has the advantages of: • reduced capital and whole life costs • more comprehensive solutions • lead production • fewer defects and better quality • consistency of work • trust and cooperation • more predictable outcomes

3.5

PHASE 1 FLOOD RESILIENCE

Scope of work • Removal of existing balustrade of bridge • Construction of perforated mesh as semi-permanent shelter for chapel • Continued onservation management planning

Figure 3.3 stakeholder diagram as reference for flood resilience

3.6

PHASE 2 CULTURAL RESILIENCE

Scope of work • Tourist information centre as catalyst for cultural heritage tourism • Public walkway with observation deck on stilt for visitor to encounter first-hand experience • Construction of lift core for resource centre in phase 3

Figure 3.4 stakeholder diagram as reference for cultural resilience

Selection of Contract

COST

TIM

ITY

T3 Criteria Cost

Priority (0 lowest-5 highest scale)

C1 Lowest possible capital expenditure

C3 Best value for money overall

T1 Earliest possible start on site T2 Certainty over contract duration T3 Shortest possible contract period

Quality

Time

C2 Certainty over contract price, no fluctuation

Time

JCT PC11 • PCC11 is a cost-reimbursable contract19 where allows alternation and repair works of chapel can initiate on site without a complete design information. • Due to the complexity of site issue and sensitivity of existing building, it is difficult to prepare a full detailed information.

Q1 Top quality, minimum maintenance Q2 Sensitive design, control by employer Q3 Detailed design not critical, leave to contractor

3 4 4 5 3 3 5 5 3

In phase 1, alternation and repair work of chapel and site assessment will be carried out to realise the additional scope of work ad to collect the relevant information for construction. PC11 allows contractor to kick start warly work on site to identify the challenges of site due to the presence of cultural heritage and river. Cost By using the cost reimbursement structure, the contractor will write application for adequate use of labour and materials. The interim evaluation can be made by appointing a quantity surveyor to minimize the expenditure of the prime cost. A café will be constructed to generate income and allows public visitor exposed in the safe and indoor working territory. The conservation planning can be continuously carried out even after the café is constructed. In this case, the café and public plaza will then become the source of additional funding. Quality In PCC11, the selection of contractor will be referred to their expertise and experience in the conservation to avoid taking advantage of lower construction fee in traditional procurement. The architect as behalf of client will have full control of design but the contractor needs to provide a further detail or drawings and justify the proposed work on site with specification. Architects play an important role to determine of coast to enure quality that delivered by contractor.

Dealing with risk The client will receive the counterbalancing advantage of cost when the contractor carry less risk in the project, and vice versa. From speculative risk diagram, the apportionment risk accepted by the parties is determined by types of contract. To avoid unpredictable and poorly defined risk, architects have the responsibility to identify, analyse and respond to the risk which linked to who should be prioritised for a project.

19 Sarah Lupton, Which Contract? Choosing The Appropriate Building Contract, 6th edn (RIBA Publishing, 2019).

3.6

PHASE 3 COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

Scope of work • Construction of resource centre to provide a platform for knowledge and skill exchange • Construction of art market at ground floor level for small business support • Construction of the junction between public walkway in phase 2 and new building Selection of Contract JCT SBC11 with quantities

Figure 3.4 stakeholder diagram as reference for community resilience

Time The ‘With Quantities’20 version is selected as the time has been invested in phase 1 and 2 to collect the site information and design consideration. In this case, the architect potentially has adequate time to provide a full set of drawings and details for tendering.

20 Sarah Lupton, Which Contract? Choosing The Appropriate Building Contract, 6th edn (RIBA Publishing, 2019).

No extension of time is empowered as the user and independent entrepreneur can move into resource centre and art market as quick as possible to generate income. Cost The preparation of bill of quantities allows client to evaluate the cost of tendering in the fair and accurate system. To ensure the quality of work without additional costs, the standard forms of contract provide the variation clauses are enable the client’s design team to vary the design and specification.19

COST

Quality T1

Pre-Construction Services Agreement (Specialist) (PCSA/SP) will be used with this contract as the future proofing for technology of resource centre require the collaboration between architect and specialist accordance to British Standards 5454 - “Recommendations for the storage and exhibition of archival documents”21.

21 ‘Recommendations for the Storage and Exhibition of Archival Documents’ (BSI, 2000).

ITY AL QU

Dealing with risk Although the resource centre in phase 3 is not a largescale project, there are few core spaces has complex requirement for performance includes multimedia and internet resource, digital learning room and flood resilience on stilt structure.

TIM

The contractor liability for design is limited due to the category type of project as a resource centre. Therefore, the Defective Premises Act 1972 is not applied in this case and client takes control of design and variation of resource centre. The quality standard of work in relation to the SBC11 with quantities type is closely bound up because the material and workmanship should be referred to bill of quantities by carefully appointing a reliable contractor.

Criteria Cost

Q1 Priority (0 lowest-5 highest scale)

C1 Lowest possible capital expenditure C2 Certainty over contract price, no fluctuation C3 Best value for money overall

Time

T1 Earliest possible start on site T2 Certainty over contract duration T3 Shortest possible contract period

Quality

Q1 Top quality, minimum maintenance Q2 Sensitive design, control by employer Q3 Detailed design not critical, leave to contractor

1 3 4 1 3 3 4 5 3

A building has at least two lives the one imagined by its maker and the life it lives afterward and they are never the same. Rem Koolhaas (extracted from studio brief 2O18-19)

part 3

PROJECT MANAGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT + COSTING

4.1

CONSTRUCTION PHASING STRATEGY

Pre-phase The location of site office and parking for consultants is at the existing car park opposite to the chapel. The conservation management and flood risk assessment can be undertaken while the fencing is placed along the pedestrian route of Bridge Street.

Phase 1 The elevated platform and precast concrete pile will be delivered and lifted by crane to reduce the amounts of material on site. A designated area for waste collection is placed next to the side road for ease of waste of removal while the location of site offices remains unchanged.

Phase 2 The operation of cafĂŠ and public plaza will allow public visitor to access and generate income for additional funding. The crane and rigging will then be relocated further away from chapel to start on phase 2 work. The elevated public way with observation deck and lift core for phase 3 will be constructed on stilt.

Phase 3 day time The access to public walkway (Phase 2) will be disabled to allow construction of proposed resource centre to integrate with it. The site boundaries expand and take over one lane of the side road to speed up the construction. A signage is planned to place at the road side and junction to remind the driver of lane changes. The site access is altered to avoid disruption to the operation of phase 1.

Phase 3 night time During night time, the area that has loudest noise source required noise barrier whilst lighting control at the requited work zone can provide visibility to the labours at safe working environment and avoid light hitting surrounding property and drivers. Legends pedestrian access site access construction crane site office waste collection site boundaries fencing

4.2

HEALTH AND SAFETY According to HSE fatal injuries report22, UK construction industry is four time higher injury rate than other industries. Therefore it is a shared responsibility for every parties to understand the importance of health and safety.To avoid exposure to hazard, the following regulation derived from HSE23 will be highighted in this project. Regulation 29 Prevention of risk from flooding Refer to Flood and Water Management Act 2010(FWM Act)24, the collaboration between the Environmental Agency and consultant team helps manage the project in the aspect of new and replacement culverting, drainage and structure on the river. The flood risk toolkit25 (figure 4.1)will also assist the consultant teams to take account of predictable risk and implementation on site. Regulation 26 Prevention of drowning The signage is necessary to warn the worker to aware of level change between building floor level and river level under -6m below street level. Fencing is required to place along the perimeter of site boundary and the area after the removal of balustrade of bridge. To avoid injury or death from falling and minimize waste pollution to the river, the safety net (figure 4.2)is recommended to work as a collective fall arrest system on site. Regulation 34 Temperature and weather protection Temporary museum at Charles Rennie Mackintoshâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hill house26 has been used as a reference to study the perforated mesh with scaffolding to provide weather protection to existing building and allow ongoing conservation will take up to 12 years. The temperature and weather protection(figure 4.3) will then become a public visitor centre in the safe working environment.

Figure 4.1 framework of flood risk toolkit

Regulation 2O Dismantling The dismantling is undertaken with use of hand tool to prevent the destruction or damage of chapel. The site needs a regular housekeeping helps to make clear of walkway and a storage for debris of balustrade.

Figure 4.2 construction safety net

Figure 4.3 case study of weather protection 22 ‘Fatal Injuries in Great Britain’ (Health and Safety Executive) <http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/fatals.htm>. 23 ‘Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015’ (Health and Safety Executive, 2015) <http://www. hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l153.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1hd57hWu5aQv_XFGStz_aUjwuYB6GlPMzsznlzSgbjyoXp8Ba11SQ3XKY>. 24 Rotheram Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’, 2014. 25 Jacods consultants, ‘Flood Risk Toolkit’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2010). 26 ‘Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015’ (Health and Safety Executive, 2015) <http://www. hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l153.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1hd57hWu5aQv_XFGStz_aUjwuYB6GlPMzsznlzSgbjyoXp8Ba11SQ3XKY>.

4.3

BENCHMARK COSTING

Figure 4.5 Temporary Museum

Figure 4.4 Pier 55

Proposed Program

Benchmark Building

Designer

Year

Cost (mil. £)

Elevated Public Plaza Pier 55 27 on Water in New York, US (figure 4.4)

Heatherwick Studio

2013 27.3 (initial cost)

Tourist Information Centre and Viewing Deck

Temporary Museum at Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s Hill House 28

Carmody Groarke

2018 1.5

Art Market

Wakefield Market Hall 29

Adjaye Associates

2008 6.2

Atelier d’architecture King Kong

2013 6.8

in Helensburgh, Scotland (figure 4.5)

in West Yorkshire, UK (figure 4.6) Multimedia and Internet Resource Centre

La Source 30 in Le Bouscat, France (figure 4.7)

27 Thomas Heatherwick and Maisie Rowe, Thomas Heatherwick Making (UK: Thames & Hudson, 2015). 28 Carmody Groarke, ‘Temporary Museum at Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s Hill House’ <https://www.carmodygroarke. com/Mackintosh_Hill_House_Conservation/index.html>. 29 Archdaily, ‘Wakefield Market Hall / Adjaye Associates’, 2012 <https://www.archdaily.com/214081/wakefield-market-hall-adjaye-assocates>. 30 Archdaily, ‘La Source / Atelier d’architecture King Kong’, 2016 <https://www.archdaily.com/785541/la-sourceatelier-darchitecture-king-kong>.

Figure 4.6 Open Market

Figure 4.7 Resource Centre

Inflated Cost (mil. £) Area (sqm)

Rate (£ / sqm)

Similar Area (sqm) Cost (mil. £)

30.7

11,000

2790.1

225(public plaza) + 600(ground floor area)

2.30

1.5

250

6000

200

1.20

8.1

6,390

1267.6

200

0.25

7.7

3,720

2069.9

930

1.92

Subtotal(mil. £)

5.670

Ground work & External work (10%) Contigency(10%)

0.567

Total (mil. £)

6.804

0.567

4.4

BUILDING ESTIMATE COSTING Enabling Works Site clearance of vegetation not exceeding 600mm girth £ 0.26 per m2 Exavating below ground waterlevel by machine £4.69 per m3 Support to excavations £ 1.35 per m3

Calculation £ 0.26 x 1180m2

Cost (£)

Pile caps and ground beams between piles £ 10.03 per m3 Precast concrete piers £ 408.76 per m2

£10.03 x1180m2 x 2m depth=

Removal of balustrade of bridge £ 5.29 per m

£ 5.29 x 30m=

158.7

Planting with saplings height not exceeding 3m £ 15.96 per m2

£ 15.96 x 225=

3591.0

306.8

£ 4.69x 1180m2 x 2m depth

11,068.4

19.44m3 x £ 1.35=

26.2 23,670.8

£ 408.76 x1180m2=

482,161.5

Subtotal

520,983.4

Building costs Learning resource centre Reading area as library Eduacational room Art market as open factory outlet centre mall Visitor centre High technology workshop

Calculation £ 1500 per m2 x 314m2 £ 1145 per m2 x 192m2 £ 710 per m2 x 130m2 £ 750 per m2 x 120m2

Cost (£)

£ 1015 per m2 x 280m2 £ 2170 per m2 x 128m2

284,200 277,760

Offices for owner occupation low rise, air conditioned

£ 1070 per m2 x 100m2

107,000

471,000 219,840 136,320 90,000

Subtotal

Subtotal Summary Enabling Work Building Costs

1,586,120

Cost (£) 520,983 1,586,120 Total

2,107,103

Professional Fees(20%) Architectural Service

SPON’S Fee Benchmarking 5%

105,355.15

2.9% 2.6%

61,105.99 54,784.68

(20-10.5)=9.5%

200,174.79

£ 385 per 0.1 hectare 1180m2 =0.118 hectare

430.43

0.1%

21,071.03

Subtotal

442922.07

Structural Engineering Services Service Engineering Conservationist, Porject Manager Survey and other Professional Fees Town and Country Planning Application Fees Building (Local Authority Charges) Regulations

Subtotals Summary Subtotal Adjust for location

Cost (£)

Cost (£) 2,107,103 + 442,922.07=

2,530,025.07

-3% (Yorkshire) of subtotal

-75,900.75

Subtotal +15% subtotal +1.5% Total Porject Costs Rate per m2

2,454,124.32 +370,118.65 2,822,242.97 423,336.45 3,245,579.42 1,654.22

Allow for contingencies Allow for inflation TP increases (Q1 2019)

The standard of building cost refers to SPON’S.31

31 AECOM, Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book 2018 (Spon’s Price Books) (CRC Press, 2017).

4.5

WHOLE LIFE COST + LIFE CYCLE COST optimum time frame within design prcess for cost reduction

Outline Design

Detail Design

Construction

Operation Potential environment impact/cost reduction Design alternation cost

A benchmarking study of government construction project in 1998 reveals three out of four projects went beyond their budgets by up to 50%.32 It is common that clients tend to emphasize on lowest tender cost instead of value and being unrealistic optimize on project budget and time. To this extent, architects play the role of educating client to manage the costs throughout the life of a facility. Whole life cost (WLC) is an economic assessment that consider relevant cost on the aspect of performance, including reliability, safety and availability33 while lifecycle cost (LLC) only refers to the cost of design, construction, long-term operation, maintenance and disposal.

whole life cycle(WLC)

non construction cost

life cycle cost (LCC)

income

plan dispose

acquire Core Process of Life Cycle operate

renew

maintain

externalities

Whole Life Cost (WLC) WLC Common Ratio • 1: 5 : 200 (Construction Costs : Maintenance : Operation ) • £ 3,245,579.42 : £ 16,227,897.1 : £ 649,115,884 • Total whole life cost : £ 668,589,360.52 WLC Revised Ratio • 1 : 0.4 : 12 (initial building costs : maintenance : operation) • £ 3,245,579.42 : £ 1,298,231.77 : £ 38,946,953.04 • Total whole life cost : £ 43,490,764.23

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Construction Costs: • Including Construction, Fees, Contingencies and Site Expenditures • £ 3,245,579.42 Maintenance Cost: Building Fabric and Service assumed at an average of £ 25/m2/year • 1962m2 x £ 25 x 60 years • £ 2,943,000 Operation Cost: • Cleaning/Catering etc. + Admin assumed at £ 85/m2/year • 1962m2 x £85 x 60 years • £ 100,062,000 Total Life Cycle Cost : £ 106,250,579.42

32 ‘Whole-Life Costing and Cost Management’ (Office of Government Commerce, 2007) <https://webarchive.nationalarchives. gov.uk/20100505185433/http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documents/CP0067AEGuide7.pdf>. 33 ‘What Is Whole Life Costing, Life Cycle Analysis and Life Cycle Costing?’ (Wllmott Dixon) <https://www.willmottdixon. co.uk/asset/9449/download>.

CONCLUSION Rotherham Regeneration Resource Centre(RRRC) is a heritage-led project that emphasise on the adaptive reuse of existing bridge chapel as cultural resource. The combination of focus between flood, cultural and community resilience is not only an architectural response to current issue in Rotherham Town Centre, but it manifests that architects should not be selective to determine which problem should be solve. The report has explored the changing roles of architect from RIBA stage 0 to 8 which reveals the significance of architect in different scenario and decision making process. In term of specialism, a thorough process to understand the significance of heritage as existing building is also undertaken through conservation management planning. The report also adopts a light foot entrepreneurship approach to speculate ‘sharing economy’ for business model of the project and funding mechanism. To ensure the efficiency and economically of project, the selection of effective procurement take working relationship in building team and priorities of client into consideration. By taking a holistic approach, the report expands the investigation into construction design management, health and safety, weather protection and life cycle cost which potentially can integrate with design. To this extent, the exploration of this report will become a design generator to transform the underused heritage into a ‘bridge’ for Rotherham Town Centre.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AECOM, Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book 2018 (Spon’s Price Books) (CRC Press, 2017) Archdaily, ‘La Source / Atelier d’architecture King Kong’, 2016 <https://www.archdaily.com/785541/la-sourceatelier-darchitecture-king-kong> ———, ‘Wakefield Market Hall / Adjaye Associates’, 2012 <https://www.archdaily.com/214081/wakefield-market-hall-adjaye-assocates> ‘Benefits of PPC2000’ (the PPC suite) <http://ppc2000.co.uk/benefits-of-ppc2000/> Carmody Groarke, ‘Temporary Museum at Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s Hill House’ <https://www.carmodygroarke.com/Mackintosh_Hill_House_Conservation/index.html> ‘Chapel of Our Lady’ (Historic England, 2019) <https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1132738> ‘Chapel of Our Lady on Rotherham Bridge’, National Churches Trust <https://www.nationalchurchestrust. org/comment/9956> ‘Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015’ (Health and Safety Executive, 2015) <http:// www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l153.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1hd57hWu5aQv_XFGStz_aUjwuYB6GlPMzsznlzSgbjyoXp8Ba11SQ3XKY> Edward Green, ‘Bridge Chapels’, Cathedral Communication Limited, 2002 <http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/bridgechapels/bridgechapels.htm> Fast Company, ‘Recollection: A Collaborative Tool For Sharing And Visualizing Cultural Data’, 2011 <https:// www.fastcompany.com/1758244/recollection-collaborative-tool-sharing-and-visualizing-cultural-data> ‘Fatal Injuries in Great Britain’ (Health and Safety Executive) <http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/fatals.htm> Francoise Bollack, Old Buildings, New Forms (Monacelli Press, 2013) Jacods consultants, ‘Flood Risk Toolkit’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2010) LawTeacher, ‘Benefits and Disadvantages of Variation Orders’, 2018 <https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/benefits-and-disadvantages-of-variation-orders-contract-law-essay.php> Machado Silvetti, Jeffry Burchard, and Patrick Ruggiero, The Architecture of Cultural Heritage, 2015 <http:// www.machado-silvetti.com/PERSPECTIVES/151221_QAM-CulturalHeritage/feature.php> Michael Forsyth, Understanding Historic Building Conservation (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) ‘NATIONAL CHURCHES TRUST’ <https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org> ‘National Heritage Fund’ <https://www.heritagefund.org.uk> ‘Recommendations for the Storage and Exhibition of Archival Documents’ (BSI, 2000) Rotheram Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’, 2014

‘Recommendations for the Storage and Exhibition of Archival Documents’ (BSI, 2000) Rotheram Metropolitan Borough Council, ‘Rotherham Local Flood Risk Management Strategy’, 2014 ‘Rotherham Advertiser’ <https://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk> ‘Rotherham Federation’ <https://www.rotherhamfederation.org> ‘Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council’ <https://www.rotherham.gov.uk>‘Rotherham Town Centre Supplementary Planning Document’ (Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, 2016) Sarah Lupton, Which Contract?: Choosing The Appropriate Building Contract, 6th edn (RIBA Publishing, 2019) Satwinder Samra, ‘Intergenerational Architecture Studio Brief ’ (Department of Architecture in University of Sheffield, 2018) ‘Sharing Economy’ (Business Model Toolbbox) <https://bmtoolbox.net/patterns/sharing-economy/> Thomas Heatherwick, and Maisie Rowe, Thomas Heatherwick Making (UK: Thames & Hudson, 2015) ‘What Is Whole Life Costing, Life Cycle Analysis and Life Cycle Costing?’ (Wllmott Dixon) <https://www. willmottdixon.co.uk/asset/9449/download> ‘Whole-Life Costing and Cost Management’ (Office of Government Commerce, 2007) <https://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100505185433/http://www.ogc.gov.uk/documents/CP0067AEGuide7.pdf>

CONCLUSION SUMMARY This research considers resilience as a sustainable framework for problem-solving, as a strategy for harmonising the relationship between manmade and nature. The transformative concept of resilience creates the possibility and reconstruct an alternative solution to overcome the environmental and economic crisis. It is clear that the characteristics of resilience are opposite to segregation, inflexibility and permanence. In fact, resilience embraces the diversity of collective needs, promotes reversibility and absorb contradictions. In the early stage of the project, the combination of personal interest and studio agenda reveals the theme of climate change adaptive architecture. The research then expands the investigation to identify the intensity of flooding risk caused by climate change in regional and global contexts. To overcome our old-aged fear of unknown risks, human tends to build a higher and greater wall for division between safe and potential risk zones. The nature of wall begins to deteriorate, form protection to segregation. Then the research moved forward and focused on the potential of inhabitable infrastructure. This intervention incorporates 1483s bridge chapel into a larger ensemble to create a resource centre for National Church Trust and Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. A series of core public spaces, such as art market, retails, cafĂŠ, tourist information centre and event spaces at ground floor level will activate the street level vibrancy and interaction with existing bridge chapel. While existing chapel acts as a design generator, the intention of transforming the old building becomes part of the whole establishes a programmatic enhancement for existing structure and linkage to the urban fabric. Through â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;re-functionalizingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and cross-programming, the site is speculated to transform from an all-time locked listed building in a post-industrial city to a centre with large cultural ambitions in England.

However, the work of research was structured in sequence to focus on the logical progression. It explains why the scope was underestimated as the design is messy and open-ended. By taking a holistic approach, further design work should consider the architectural expression of the respective dimension of resilience through relentless drawing and model making. For flood resilience, the following design process should demonstrate the engagement between riverside and new building, space below street-level prefabrication of concrete pile for on stilt construction. In term of community resilience, the spatial arrangement can take account of privacy, mode of usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behaviour and specific requirement based on the functions of educational spaces. Derived from cultural resilience, the junction between new and existing buildings such as access, structural support and weather protection for bridge chapel. The old building is not in good condition in term of waterproofing. A thorough study of weather protection will be helpful to develop the architectural intervention that will encapsulate the existing structure, and the spatial sequence becomes expandable. The articulation between new and old architecture also creates new spaces, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;in-between spacesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that emphasise the coexistence and shape dramatic human experience. Together, in the central access of Rotherham town centre, they will form a compelling assemblage. The interplay of the old and the new will not only become a cultural attraction by sharing the identity of place but also energises the city. The centre will act as a catalyst to cultural heritage tourism and will contribute to sustainable town centre development. The old chapel is then not lost memories but a new form of legacy.