Tameer-e-Fikr Mar Apr 2014

March-April 2014

The Miracle of Honey

Urdu/ English Bi-Monthly

Leave Corn in its Ears

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Group B ‫ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ‬+ ‫ﺕ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺮ‬+ ‫ﺙ ﺛﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫د دﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ذ ذﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‬ ‫ر رﺳﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ز زﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺱ ﺳﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺵ ﺷﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪوق‬ ‫ﺹ ﺻﻨﺪوق‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻼﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺽ ﺿﻼﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻁ ﻁﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻅ ﻅﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻝ ﻟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ ﻧﺒﻲ‬

Group A

Exercise no.5

‫ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ‬+ ‫إﺑﻞ‬ ‫ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬+ ‫ﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮد‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫وﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺱ‬

Translate the following into Arabic: 1. Sayeed is pious.

2. Islam is a religion.

3.Muhammed (PBUH) is a prophet.

4. The house is near.

5. The cot is big.

6. Khalid is brother.

7. Hamid is a scholar.

8. Najeeb is illiterate.

9. The man is standing.

10. The pant is new.

11. The shirt is old.

12. Allah is merciful.

NOTE: Let it be clear that the word “Allah" will always come with Alif-Laam, because here the common noun has not been changed to proper noun. But this Alif-Laam is a part of this word and is always used in this way. ***

‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬

Rule Note that the 'Laam' of Alif-Laam is pronounced in all words belonging to the group A, whereas the same Laam is silent in all the words of group B. Each group contains 14 letters. The characters in group A are known as "huroof-e-qamri". And the words in group B are known as "huroof-e-shamsi". Whenever the first letter of the word is huroof-e-qamri (i.e, ‫ ﺏ‬٬‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬٬ ‫ ح‬٬‫ ﺝ‬etc.) and Alif-Laam is prefixed with it, then Laam will be pronounced in this case. In contrast to this, if the first letter is huroof-e-shamsi then Laam will remain silent.

Note: Insha Allah you will be able to read all the words according to the rule without memorizing it in few days. I stated the rule here to help you get rid of the confusion.

Exercise No. 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

Remember to consider the type of words which are prefixed with and without Alif Laam according to lesson no. 2:

............... ‫ وﺍﻗﻒ‬-٧ ............... ‫ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح‬-٨ ............... ‫ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬-۹ .............. ‫ ﺿﻴﻖ‬-۱۰ ............. ‫ ﺟﺎﻟﺲ‬-۱۱ ................. ‫ ﺃخ‬-۱٢

Mar-Apr 2014

................ ‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬-۱ ................ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬-٢ ............... ‫ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ‬-۳ ................. ‫ ﷲ‬-٤ ............... ‫ ﺳﺎﺟﺪ‬-٥ ............ ‫ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‬-٦

<< Page 16 water will flow out to the place between the peritoneum and the outer layer of the intestines. This place contains a lot of nerve endings that transmit the feeling of pain to the brain and thus man will experience severe pain.

These facts show the miraculous scientific nature of the Ever-Glorious Qur'an which related these facts to mankind a long time before modern science was able to give any information about them.

(Courtsey: ICQSS) << Page 22 Papers presented on these topics by scholars and the resolutions of the conference can be obtained on the website of the academy: http://www.fiqhacademy.org.sa

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Let us learn Arabic Second Lesson

Proper Noun 1. Hamid is a boy.

2. Majeed is a man.

3. Najeeb is younger.

4. Sayeed is elder.

5. Hatim is generous.

6. Masood is intelligent.

7. Mohammed is prophet.

8. Ali is caliph.

9. Rasheed is scholar.

10. Sajid is illiterate.

.‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﺻﺒﻲ‬ .‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪ رﺟﻞ‬ .‫ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ .‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ .‫ﺣﺎﺗﻢ ﺳﺨﻲ‬ .‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ذﻛﻲ‬ .‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺳﻮﻝ‬ .‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ .‫رﺷﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ .‫ﺳﺎﺟﺪ ﺟﺎﻫﻞ‬

Today's lesson might surprise you and one might ask why Alif-Laam is not prefixed to the predicate here, as taught in lesson 1. This question is justified and I want to answer it provided you don't feel burdened.

Read the above sentences again and you will observe that the first word of each sentence is the name a person. In Arabic language, usually, Alif-Laam is not prefixed to names. In contrast to this, the sentences given in the previous lesson are devoid of proper nouns and start with common nouns. Hence Alif-Laam is prefixed there.

In Terms of Grammar Alif-Laam usually does not precede proper nouns. Alif-Laam is prefixed to common nouns to make them proper nouns. In English, the word 'The' is usually used in such situations.

Hence, remember that in Arabic language, Alif Laam is used in places where 'The' is used in English for which there is no precise word in Urdu language.

A proper noun is the name of a particular

Mar-Apr 2014

person, place or a thing, e.g., Hameed, Bangalore, or Ganga. A common noun is a name given to all elements of the same class or kind, e.g., tree, house, river, mountain, chair, table, road, motor etc.

These concepts can be understood much clearly if one reads the next lesson

Exercise - 3 Army Gun Heavy Cot Busy Railway station Path Window Brother Straight Tight Guide Maternal uncle father

Group A 1. ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺟﺎﻟﺲ‬ 3. ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ 5. ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ 7. ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺻﺎدق‬ 9. ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ 11. ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ 13. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ 15. ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎك ﺿﻴﻖ‬ 17. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‬ 19. ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ دﻟﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﻁ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺃخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﻖ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﺏ‬

Group B 2. ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﺎﻟﺲ‬ 4. ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ 6. ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ 8. ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎدق‬ 10. ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ 12. ‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ 14. ‫ﻋﻘﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ‬ 16. ‫زﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﻝ‬ 18. ‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪ ﺃخ‬ 20. ‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﺏ‬

A useful and common rule You will be surprised to know that the words ‫ ﺍﻟﺒــﻴﺖ‬٬‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳــﻲ‬٬‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬and ‫ ﺍﻟﺴــﺮوﺍﻝ‬٬‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪوق‬٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ etc., that why the Laam in Alif-Laam is silent in the last three words in contrast to the first three words. i.e., it is not pronounced? Read the given examples to know the answer of this question and try to understand the rule by yourself.

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Mar-Apr 2014

First direct evidence of the Big Bang found Almost 14 billion years ago, the universe we inhabit burst into existence in an extraordinary event that initiated the Big Bang. In the first fleeting fraction of a second, the universe expanded exponentially, stretching far beyond the view of our best telescopes. All this, of course, was just theory.

Researchers from the BICEP2 collaboration today announced the first direct evidence for this cosmic inflation. Their data also represent the first images of gravitational waves, or ripples

in space-time. These waves have been described as the "first tremors of the Big Bang."

Finally, the data confirm a deep connection between quantum mechanics and general relativity.

Harvard theorist Avi Loeb said, "This work offers new insights into some of our most basic questions: Why do we exist? How did the universe begin? These results are not only a smoking gun for inflation, they also tell us when inflation took place and how powerful the process was."

These groundbreaking

NASA announces discovery of 715 new worlds Washington: NASA on 26 Feb 2014, announced a torrent of new planet discoveries, hailing a "bonanza" of 715 worlds now known outside the solar system thanks to the Kepler space telescope's planet-hunting mission.

A new method for verifying potential planets led to the volume of new discoveries from Kepler, which aims to help humans search for other worlds that may be like Earth.

"We have almost doubled just today the number of planets k n o w n t o h u m a n i t y, " a planetary scientist at NASA told.

The 715 newly verified planets are orbiting 305 different stars.

Credit: PHL@UPR Arecibo(phl.upr.edu)

The latest announcement brings the number of known planets to nearly 1,700.

Not much is known about the composition of these distant planets and whether they would truly have the conditions that would support life, such as a rocky surface, water and a distance from their stars that leaves them neither too hot nor too cold.

Four of them are in the habitable zone of their stars and are about the size of Earth.

Image courtesy of CERN

results came from observations by the BICEP2 telescope of the cosmic microwave background -- a faint glow left over from the Big Bang. Tiny fluctuations in this afterglow provide clues to conditions in the early universe.

Mars may still have flowing water Mumbai: A Nepali student at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta in the US, Lujendra Ojha, has found possible clues that liquid water may possibly exist on the Red Planet even today using data transmitted from Nasa spacecraft orbiting Mars.

According to a Nasa announcement, the clues are based on features which are dark, finger-like markings that advance down some Martian slopes when temperature rise.

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Mar-Apr 2014

Science News Project to circumcise 20 million men in Africa to combat spread of HIV A project has been started

by World Health Organization (WHO) to circumcise male population in 14 countries of African continent. This project aims at combating spread of HIV AIDS in this continent.

This project was started in the year 2007. Since then, about 30 lakh (3 million) men have been circumcised. This report was published by the Nature magazine in its 14 Nov, 2013 issue.

The targets are ambitious: 80% of men of reproductive age in these countries need to be circumcised by 2015. That

This move of the World Health Organization is admirable on the one hand, on the other, it clearly shows the importance of circumcision being legislated in the Islamic law as how it protects and guarantees the human health.

Thus it demonstrates that Islamic teachings and ethics are near to the nature.

means more than 20 million (2 crore) circumcisions.

According to the authorities, if these efforts succeed, the payoff could be considerable. Reaching the 80% goal could cut the number of new HIV infections in the target countries by as much as Figure: Number of males circumcised in Africa half. in recent years by WHO.

Doomsday clock set at 11:53 pm The iconic Doomsday Clock remains poised at five minutes until midnight, the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists announced today (Jan. 14).

The clock is no doomsday

Source: Nature Magazine 14 Nov. 2013

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device — rather, it's a visual metaphor for the danger of a "civilization-threatening technological catastrophe." Every year, the board analyzes international threats, particularly nuclear arsenals and climate change, and decides where the minute hand on the Doomsday Clock should rest. The closer it is to midnight, the closer the world is to doom.

Asteroid gives Earth a scare An asteroid - estimated to be the size of three soccer fields hurtled close to Earth on 17 Feb, roughly a year after one exploded over Russia and injured 1,200 people. The Slooh Space Camera tracked the approach of the asteroid as it raced past the planet at about

43,000kmph.

The 270m asteroid - named 2000 Em26 - was streaking past Earth at a distance of about 3.4 million km.

Tr a c k i n g ‘ n e a r- E a r t h ’ asteroids has been a significant endeavour for NASA and the broader astronomical

c o m m u n i t y, w h i c h h a s discovered 10,713 known nearEarth objects to date. Times of India

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acid rain, falling water table and overturning of oceans. Past occurrences of these signs in earth's geologic history and the extinction of species caused by these phenomena were also discussed in the light of Qur'an, Hadith and modern science.

The Moulana presented his paper in English through a PowerPoint presentation. At the end of his session, in his presidential speech, Moulana Nadvi, shed light on the Islamic concept of the blowing of trumpet â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the trumpet of panic

22

and the trumpet of death. He said that with the blowing of the trumpet of panic, 'nafakhatul fazy', a kind of panic will prevail among the people that the doomsday is nearing.

The current growing panic on the planet Earth due to the ongoing climate change reflects this prophecy of the Hadith. It, in itself, is one of the biggest marvels of the Qur'an and Hadith. Similarly, the estimations of the scientists that in case the global warming gets out of control then all the

Mar-Apr 2014

species of the Earth will have to face the extinction corroborates the trumpet of death. According to Qur'an and Hadith this is going to happen for sure.

This seminar was attended by scholars and researchers from India, Turkey, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Yemen and Iran.

They presented their papers in English, Urdu and Arabic. All the papers of the seminar were published in around 1000 pages book in a record time and made available for all participants free of cost.

King Faisal Awards 2014 announced Riyadh: King Faisal Foundation has announced the winners of King Faisal International Prize for the year 2014. The 36th annual King Faisal International Prize for Service to Islam has been awarded to Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Abou Bakr Lemu of Nigeria.

He is the Chairman of Council of Trustees at Islamic Relief

Commission Office. King Faisal Prize for Islamic Studies was awarded to Saudi Citizen Prof. Abdul Wahab Ibrahim Abou Sulaiman. Prof. Gerd Faltings of Germany won the King Faisal award for ScienceMathematics, Prof. Yuk Ming Dennis Lo of China won the award for Medicine -NonInvasive Diagnosis of Fetal

Diseases, and Dr. Abdullah Ibrahim Allawi Albussabah of Iraq, won the award for Arabic language and literature.

The award consists of a certificate, 200gr Gold medal and an amount of 200,000 US$ (1.25 crore INR). It is awarded annually for person with prominent services in these fields.

21st Conference of International Fiqh Academy Riyadh: International Fiqh Academy is a prestigious institution of Muslim world established in 1981 to solve problems relating to Islamic jurisprudence and legislation.

It has organized 20 conferences since then and solved thousands of problems.

Its 21st yearly international session was organized in the Saudi capital Riyadh on 18-23 November 2013. This year the following issues were

discussed by the Academy: 1- Need to dialogue between people of various schools of thoughts of Islam and Muslims.

2- Causes of bloodshed between Muslims and its solution.

3- Preparation of films and dramas on life of prophets and companions of prophets and its legality.

4- Mechanical slaughter of animals and its legality.

5- Responsibility of deaths and losses in traffic accidents.

6- Improvement of human and animal breeds through genetic engineering.

7- Ruling with regard to the impure stuff in medication and food.

8- Regulations for issuing Islamic bonds.

9- Legality of co-operative insurance institutions. >> Page 26

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Furqania Academy, Moulana Aneesur Rahman Nadvi presided over the fourth session of this seminar on the topic Report on the two day national seminar at AMU, Aligarh on "Environmental Peace in the Holy Qur'an" and also presented the key note speech on the same. Introducing the Moulana, the director of the center Prof. Ihtesham Ahmed Aligarh: A two day national human, presents solutions for Nizami said that his study on seminar was held on 8-9 March their problems and teaches environment and climate is very 2014 by K.A. Nizami Centre of them the purpose of life. The extensive and he is an authority Qur'anic Studies, Aligarh Moulana further said that Allah on the topic.

Muslim University on peaceful has made knowledge and In his keynote address, co-existence in multi cultural intellect superior and all of His Moulana Aneesur Rahman s o c i e t i e s : A Q u r â&#x20AC;&#x2122; a n i c works are full of wisdom. perspective. Presiding the The director of K. A. Nadvi, elaborating the concept inaugural session of this Nizami Centre for Qur'anic in the light of the Qur'an, Hadith seminar, the Vice Chancellor of studies, Prof. Ihtesham Ahmed and modern science, said that t h e U n i v e r s i t y , M r . Nizami welcomed the guests the ongoing climate change on Zameeruddin Shah said that the and said that the Centre was earth is a mega and multiQur'an preaches to establish inaugurated on September dimensional issue which has peace on Earth. He said that 2013 by the Vice-President of been described as the end of today violence is widespread India, His Excellency Dr. earth's life supporting system in across the globe because of the Hamid Ansari. Today, this t h e Q u r ' a n a n d H a d i t h .

Jews and Christians and will Centre hosts seven courses on Scientists themselves have continue to spread further Qur'an. He also said that five started confessing openly that if unless the issue of Palestine is books have been published by the earth's global warming and resolved. On this occasion, he this Centre and 3 special climate change get intensified, also announced that the doors lectures (Prof. Syed Salman it would result in the extinction of the University are open for Nadvi, South Africa, Moulana of all the living species present all graduates of the madrasas of Aneesur Rahman Nadvi, on Earth. The Islamic concept I n d i a . T h e y c a n t a k e B a n g a l o r e , P r o f . B r u c e of doomsday reflects the same admissions in a one year bridge L a w r e n c e , U S A ) w e r e reality that all life on earth, course and prepare themselves organized. Prof. Ihtesham along with all the humans, will for any desired subject.

Nizami said that 50 articles will be wiped out. be presented in this seminar.

Moulana Aneesur Rahman On this occasion, the The technical sessions Nadvi discussed some of the president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board, Moulana commenced after that. Four signs of doomsday; among Syed Mohammed Rabey Hasni people were invited to present them are the effects of climate Nadvi said that the Holy Qur'an the invitee lectures: Prof. change on water resources in drew special attention towards Akhtarul Wa'asay, New Delhi, the light of Qur'an, Hadith and t h e d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f Prof. Anees Chisti, Pune, Prof. m o d e r n s c i e n c e w h i c h , establishing peaceful life A.R Qadwai, Aligarh and astonishingly, corroborate each among people of different Moulana Aneesur Rahman other. It includes the increased intensity of rainfall, change in creeds. He said that, Qur'an is a Nadvi, Bangalore. rain pattern, the prophecy of The general secretary of the treasure which makes a man

Muslim World News

Peaceful Co-existence in Multicultural Societies

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Mar-Apr 2014

Biruni presented scientific explanation as to why the sun never sets at the northern or southern pole.

He also discovered that the speed of light is far greater than the speed of sound. He also described Milky Way galaxy as: “A collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars.”

Between 1017 and 1020, AlBiruni carried out many astronomical observations from Ghazni, through which he determined the longitude and latitude of Ghazni. In 1014, AlBiruni invented an instrument to observe solar meridian transits. With the help of this instrument, he revealed various astronomical phenomena.

(To be cont.)

Astronomy The number of books authored by Abu Rayhan Al-

Biruni is said to be 417. Most of his books are lost. Of this 146 books are known and about 65% (95) of these books are on astronomy and mathematics.

Al-Biruni has many astronomical discoveries to his credit. He was the first scientist who demonstrated various experiments on astronomical phenomena. He was the first person (about 400 years before Johannes Kepler and 600 years before Galileo) to propose the theory that Earth rotates in its axis daily and it takes one day to complete one rotation around its axis which causes day and night on earth. He also stated that the earth revolves around the sun and it takes one complete year for the earth to revolve around the sun. For the first time in human history, Al

<< Page 18 The commentators of the Glorious Qur’an have explained that reference to ‘names’ of all things involves the nomenclature of all creatures and material objects, their characteristics and properties and their utility from the point of religious and worldly benefits. These are the very materials and their physical properties that constitute the subject matter of the modern sciences. The subject of the modern sciences pertains to a study of geological objects, heavenly bodies, animal kingdom and plants panorama. It means the scope of modern sciences is not beyond the creations of Allah.

A pertinent question arises as to why and for what purpose

did the Creator impart this their properties would dominate knowledge to the first man? A the earth as His vicegerents and simple and direct answer their supremacy over other asserts that since Prophet Adam people would be of the same was descended on the earth in order as was that of Prophet the capacity of His Vicegerent, Adam over the angels. It also it was very essential that such a means that whichever nation is creation should be posted with deficient in this knowledge will the knowledge of everything have to look for its existence to that would be present on and in those who are proficient in it.9 this earth. Otherwise he may This is evident from the present land in trouble or face danger. situation of the world. There is Hence the Omniscient God no need of citations. taught His first vicegerent the (To be cont.) names of all things along with their characteristics and functions right in the beginning alone, so that he can utilize these materials rightly. There is also an indication in this incident that the peoples who would keep track of this Marageh Observatory built in 1258 knowledge of the things and

by Nasiruddin Tusi

in Ghazni. It is said that a scholar came to visit Al-Biruni on his death bed and Al-Biruni enquired him regarding a problem. Hearing this, the scholar fell into tears and asked if he desires to learn knowledge even on the death bed? AlBiruni replied: “I'm afraid to meet my lord as ignorant".

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Ibn Shihab Trans.: Atya Tabassum

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Part: I

Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni Abu Rayhan Muhammad b.

Ahmad al-Biruni was born in September 973 in Khwarezm (present Uzbekistan). He is also known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English. He was one of the greatest scientists of not only Islamic era but also one of the greatest scientists, humanity has ever produced. His fields of contribution include physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural sciences, history, chronology, linguistics, earth sciences, geography and geodesy. Al-Biruni is regarded as the founder of many sciences, which include anthropology, Indology and geodesy.

Life Al-Biruni spent twenty five years of his life learning Islamic theology and natural sciences. During this period, he travelled to Koranj, Jorjan and Bukhara, where he worked in courts of various rulers as a counselor and adviser. In 390 AH/1000 AD when Al Biruni was in the court of Sultan Qabus, he wrote his first major work, al-Athar al-Bakiya an alQurun al-Khaliya, on the subject of calendars and eras and important problems of mathematics, astronomy, meteorology and other sciences. In the court of Sultan Qabus he met Ibn Sina, one of

the eminent scientists of his age and later they exchanged correspondence on various scientific issues.

In 1017 when Mahmood Ghaznavi conquered Rey, AlBiruni, along with other scholars and scientists, were taken captives and presented in his court. Al-Biruni was retained at the court of Ghaznavi and appointed as the o ff i c i a l a s t r o n o m e r a n d advisor. Al-Biruni accompanied Mahmood many times on his military expeditions to India. During this period, he excelled in Sanskrit and Indian sciences and got acquainted with Hindu customs, traditions and culture.

In 1030, he wrote one of his

greatest books, Kitab ta'rikh alHind [History of India], which is regarded as a prime source on the subject.

Al Biruni's third principal work is al Qanoonul Mas'oodi [Canon of Mas'oodi] which he dedicated to Sultan Mas'ood b.

Mahmood Ghaznavi.

According to Yakut, Mas'ood presented an elephant laden with silver coins on its back to Al-Biruni for this book, but he refused to accept it. In spite of this, he was provided with the means of carrying out his scientific and literary work for his entire life.

After the death of Sultan Mas'ood, Al-Biruni stayed in the court of his son Sultan Maudud and wrote many books, of which al Jamahar fi Ma'arifatil Jawahir on minerology and Kitabus Saidalah fi l Tibb on medicinal drugs are worth mentioning. AlBiruni died in 442 AH/1050 AD

An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.

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nation which suffers backwardness in material sciences, goes down culturally, politically and militarily. It is the proficiency in these sciences that guarantees the strength, supremacy and pomp and pride of a country today. As far as the religious and Shariah matters are concerned, there is need to harmonize nature with Shariah in the light of the modern sciences so that a balance is assured in the Muslim society. Such a move is all the more essential to keep in control the followers of Islam in general and younger generation in particular ideologically. Otherwise there is a possibility of creating ideological disruption in the society. The society is always hit by negative attitudes whenever the material world is kept separated from the religion. This may result in differentiated disliking of the religion. Islam which claims to be a natural religion looks beyond barriers and hence offers conclusive advice regarding both these aspects thereby ensuring comprehensive and definite instructions in both fields.

The all-round degradation that the Muslim countries underwent during the Middle Ages hit at the Muslim world badly to the extent that the Muslim society was reduced to backwardness and became a victim to pessimism and ideological chaos. The most tragic aspect of this episode is that even the religious scholars

18

lost their erudition and they could not lead the nation in the light of the Book of Allah. They confined themselves to a limited version comprising specific rules of the religion and Shariah and overlooked all cultural and comprehensive teachings as if they were not found at all in the Glorious Book of Allah.

Islam as presented today has been confined to include prayers and morals and certain aspects of life, although being a perfect religion, Islam has a comprehensive cultural system. It offers instructions in all social and cultural affairs of life as it leads the Muslims in Shariah and moral affairs. The Holy Book claims this fact and there cannot be a second opinion about it. That Islam is a perfect religion is a proven fact: This day I perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion. (Qur’an, 5:4) Imam Shafaii, the famous jurist, had claimed rightly that whenever any Muslim faces any difficulty or problem, he can certainly find its solution in the Book of Allah.

These matters need not be related to religion and Shariah only. In fact, they cover all theoretical, ideological, social, cultural and national problems as well. Thus the Book of Allah has commandments pertaining to every problem and affair.

This is so because a Muslim is bound by the divine

Mar-Apr 2014

commandments only: The Command rests with none but Allah: He declares the Truth, and He is the best of judges.

(Qur’an, 6:57) The Command is for none but God. He hath commanded that ye worship none but Him: that is the right religion.

(Qur’an, 12:40) Vicegerency of Earth and material sciences The most significant and basic cause for this backwardness of Muslim society is related to the fact that the followers of Islam have neglected completely the knowledge on which, from the Qur’anic point of view, the vicegerency of the earth rests. It is the “science of material objects” which is referred in the holy Book as “science of names”. Unless this science is sought, the religion and Shariah cannot be firmly established.

This science acts as a body guard for religion and Shariah.

It is for this reason that this knowledge was delegated immediately after the creation of the first man namely Prophet Adam (Pbuh). Its learning was suggested to precede even Shariah. It was further said that supremacy was awarded to Adam over angels because of this knowledge. And this knowledge was nothing but the ‘knowledge of the nature of all material things’.

And He taught Adam the nature of all things. (Qur’an, 2:31) >> Page 20

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Glorious Past: Allama Mohammed Shihabuddin Nadvi

Mar-Apr 2014

Trans.: Prof. Khalid Irfan Part: III

Rise and Fall of Muslims in Science It is essential to work for eradicating any absurdity or contradiction that may creep in between nature and Shariah or materialism and spiritualism.

This will help in retrieving the Muslim youth on the path of Faith and to instill confidence in them. The holy Book also refers to such a need.

Obviously these verses will imbibe fresh fervour and attachment to the religious tenets: Allah created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): Verily in that is a Sign for those who believe.

(Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an, 29:44) Say, the Holy Spirit has brought the revelation from thy Lord in Truth, in order to strengthen those who believe, and as a Guide and Glad Tidings to Muslims.

(Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an, 16:102) And We have sent down to thee the Book explaining all things, a Guide, a Mercy, and Glad Tidings to Muslims.

(Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an, 16:89) A Shortcoming of Muslim Scholars Islam has played a historic role in the history of the religions by presenting a successful concept of the comprehensive blend of the religion and the world. The

followers of Islam have equally performed a historic venture by adopting the above code in their practical life during the period of their rise. This paved the way for a wholesome coherence between nature and Shariah. During Muslim rule, religion and knowledge or religion and new discoveries never came into conflict. Such conflicts were unfortunately witnessed between the Church and science and they resulted in the growth of atheism and irreligiosity.

However during the present times the Muslim scholars are repeating a similar mistake giving rise to a situation akin to the one that had arisen because of the conflict between the Christian clergy and the new innovations. One of the chief causes for the present allergy of Muslim youth towards their own faith and close affinity to Western sciences is the negative attitude of our religious scholars. They are not only completely unconcerned but are sceptic too with the modern sciences.

Had the Muslim scholars continued to put in complete faith in the effectiveness of their everlasting religion and its comprehensiveness, had they acted with open mind and farsighted views, treading the

path of their predecessors, had they explained the limits of the religion and material advancements, it would have been of great help to the Muslim rulers in developing science and technology in their states.

Simultaneously this would have moulded the minds of the Muslim youth to adhere to their own faith, without turning away from it and they would not have wandered in the valleys of Western ideologies.

Fall of Muslim Rule and its Consequences Certain historic causes have contributed to the backwardness of the present Muslim society in the field of science and technology. The greatest factor in this respect is the fact that in the Middle Ages, due to the fall of Muslim rule, the Muslim society had ceased taking interest in scientific studies and developments. This was a great handicap for the whole of Muslim world. This casted a negative spell on the development of Muslim society as such.

It must be realised that the handicap suffered by the Muslims was not confined only to worldly matters. It had its impact on the religious, Shariah, ideological and philosophical aspects as well.

From the worldly point, any

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The Feelings of Pain Allah, the Almighty, says: [Surely! Those who disbelieved in Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.)

We shall burn them in Fire. As often as their skins are roasted through, We shall change them for other skins that they may taste the punishment. Truly, Allah is Ever Most Powerful, AllWise.]

(An-Nisa’: 56) Referring to the dwellers of the Fire, Almighty Allah also says: [… and be given, to drink, boiling water, so that it cuts up their intestines?]

(Muhammad: 15) The Scientific Fact: Before the age of scientific discovery, it was commonly believed that the whole human body could feel pain. It was not until the role of nerve endings in the skin were discovered, that people learned about the existence of certain nerve endings which transmit feelings of pain to the brain.

The skin is associated with sensitivity because it contains the majority of nerve endings.

According to Dr. Head’s classification of the skin’s sensitivity, there are two groups of feelings: 1) Epictritic which senses light things, like a light touch or a slight change in temperature; and 2) Protopathic which feels pain and considerable change in

temperature. Each of these categories uses certain nerve cells in addition to other receptors for sensing any environmental change. These receptors can be categorized into four kinds: 1) Exteroceptors which are concerned with the faculty of sense and touch and which contain meissners and merkels corpuscles, 2) Krause End Bulbes which are concerned with coldness, 3) Ruffini Cylinders which are concerned with heat and 4) Nerve Endings that can transmit any feeling of physical pain. The skin is considered the part of the body that is rich with such nerve endings that transmit heat and pain.

Anatomists have proved that people whose skin has been completely burnt cannot feel pain because their nerve endings are damaged. This is different from a person who has a second-degree burn, for he will experience severe pain as his nerve endings are not damaged, but are rather, uncovered.

Anatomists have also proved that the small intestines do not have any receptors.

However, receptors can be found between the peritoneum and the outer layer of the intestines. This area contains a lot of small bodies known as pacini. The size of the

Mar-Apr 2014

peritoneum is 20,400 cubic centimeters, which makes it equal to the size of the outer layer of the skin. Also, the receptors of the intestines are similar to those in the skin.

Facets of Scientific Inimitability: A) Almighty Allah explains to us in the first verse that the skin is the part of the body that will receive the punishment, i.e. there is a connection between the skin and the sensation of pain. The verse also tells us that when the skin is burnt (i.e. in the Fire), man can no longer feel the pain of the punishment and so his burnt skin is replaced with new fresh skin where the nerve endings are functioning properly and can transmit the feeling of pain. In this way, a disbeliever will suffer due to his denial of Allah’s signs. Modern science has shown us that the majority of nerve endings are found in the skin. Prior to the invention of microscopes and the progress made in the field of anatomy, no human being could have any knowledge about this scientific fact related by the Ever-Glorious Qur'an fourteen centuries ago. This is a miracle and a great sign of Allah.

B) The Qur'an threatens the disbelievers in the second verse that their intestines will be severed. The secret behind this threat has been solved only recently when scientists discovered that the intestines are not affected by heat.

However, if they are severed, the boiling >> Page 26

15

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Cholesterol

0

0

Chromium

0.005 mg

0.02 mg

Sodium

0.6 mg

2.85

Manganese

0.03 mg

0.15 mg

Total carbohydrate

17 gr

81 gr

ASH

0.04 mg

0.2 gr

Sugar

16 gr

76 gr

Diet fibres

0

0

Protein

0.15 mg 0.7 mg Vitamins

B1 (Thiamine)

<0.002 mg

<0.01 mg

B2 (Riboflavin)

< 0.06 mg

< 0.3 mg

Nicotinic acid

< 0.06 mg

< 0.3 mg

Pantothenic acid

< 0.05 mg

< 0.25 mg

Vitamin B6

< 0.005 mg

< 0.02 mg

Folic acid

< 0.002 mg

< 0.01 mg

Vitamin C

0.1 mg

< 0.5 mg

Minerals Calcium

1.0 mg

4.8 mg

Iron

0.05 mg 0.25 mg

Zinc

0.03 mg 0.15 mg

Potassium

11.0 mg 50.0 mg

Phosphorus

1.0 mg

5.0 mg

Magnesium

0.4 mg

2.0 mg

Selenium

0.002 mg 0.01 mg

Copper

0.01 mg 0.05 mg

The “First World Wound Healing Congress,” held in Melbourne on September 1013, 2000, discussed the use of honey in wound treatment. The comments made during the congress were along these lines: Many natural antibacterial substances are being evaluated to find a treatment for wounds infected with bacteria with multiple resistance to antibiotics, the "superbugs", as this becomes a major clinical problem. But most of these natural substances have no proven effectiveness on infected wounds, nor is it known if they have any adverse effects on wound tissues.

Honey is different, as it has an excellent "track record" over 4,000 years of usage as a wound dressing... Honey has a potent antibacterial activity and is very effective in clearing infection in wounds and protecting wounds from becoming infected.3 References: 1. “Honey A Source of Antioxidants,” Journal of Apicultural Research, 1998, 3 7 : 2 2 1 - 2 2 5 , w w w. n u t r i t i o n f a r m . c o m /health_news/1998/antioxidant s4.htm; Janet Raloff, “The Color of Honey,” www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc9

8/9_12_98/Bob1.htm.

2 . “ H o n e y A s Medicine—Australia Produces A World’s First!,” San Diego Earth Times, January 2000, www.sdearthtimes.com/et0100 /et0100s17.html.

3. bio.waikato.ac.nz/pdfs

<< Page 12 would follow and then one year (totaling 15 in all) will come when people will be able to produce wine and oil. Scientific researches have proven that wheat seeds can keep their ability to grow for a maximum of 15 years.

2- The method of storage by leaving seeds in their ears has also been tested in the research. This shows that the best way to store seeds is the way practiced by Prophet Yusuf who was taught by Allah. It is historically proven that this way was unknown before, especially to ancient Egyptians who used to store wheat seeds outside their ears. Obviously, this is a scientific miracle that shows the greatness and accuracy of the Ever-Glorious Qur'an and that it is a revelation from Allah (Exalted and Glorified be He).

(Courtesy: ICQSS)

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Honey is used in healing wounds: - When u s e d i n treatment of wounds, thanks to its ability to a b s o r b honey prevents bacterial growth.

Antioxidant: Everyone who wants to live a healthier life should consume antioxidants.

Those are the components in cells that get rid of harmful byproducts of normal metabolic functions. These elements inhibit destructive chemical reactions that cause spoilage of food and many chronic illnesses. Researchers believe food products rich in antioxidants may prevent heart problems and cancer. Strong antioxidants are present in honey content: Pinocembrin, pinobaxin, chrisin and galagin.

Pinocembrin is an antioxidant that merely exists in the honey.1 Vitamin and mineral depot: Honey is composed of sugars like glucose and fructose and minerals like magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium chlorine, sulphur, iron and phosphate. It contains vitamins B1, B2, C, B6, B5 and B3 all of which change according to the qualities of the nectar and pollen. Besides the above, copper, iodine, and zinc are also present, albeit in small quantities.

moisture from the air, honey facilitates healing process and prevents scarring. This is because honey stimulates the growth of epithelial cells that form the new skin cover over a healed wound. In this way, even in case of large wounds, honey may eliminate the need for tissue transplantation.

- Honey stimulates the regrowth of tissue involved in the healing process. It stimulates the formation of new blood capillaries and the growth of fibroblasts that replace the connective tissue of the deeper layer of the skin and produce the collagen fibres that give strength to the repair.

- Honey has an antiinflammatory action, which reduces the swelling around a wound. This improves circulation and thus hastens the healing process. It also reduces pain.

- Honey does not stick to the underlying wound tissues, so there is no tearing away of newly formed tissue, and no pain, when dressings are changed.

- Thanks to its

aforementioned antimicrobial property, honey provides a protective barrier to prevent wounds becoming infected. It also rapidly clears any existing infection from wounds. It is fully effective, even with antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Unlike antiseptics and antibiotics, there is no impairment of the healing process through adverse effects on wound tissues.2 It can easily be seen from this information that honey has great "healing" properties. This is undoubtedly one of the miracles of the Qur'an which Allah, Who is Exalted in Power, has revealed. An analysis of the nutritional value of honey can be seen in the table to the side: Average amount in a portion

Average amount in 100 g

Water

3.6 gr

17.1 gr

Total

17.3 gr

82.4 gr

Fructose

8.1 gr

38.5 gr

Glucose

6.5 gr

31.0 gr

Maltose

1.5 gr

7.2 gr

Sucrose

0.3 gr

1.5 gr

Nutritional Values

carbohydrates

Nutritional Contents Total calories

64

304

(kcal) Total calories 0 (kcal) (as fat)

0

Total fat

0

0

Saturated fat 0

0

13

Tameer-e-Fikr Harun Yahya

The Miracle of Honey Your Lord revealed to the bees: "Build dwellings in the mountains and the trees, and also in the structures which men erect. Then eat from every kind of fruit and travel the paths of your Lord, which have been made easy for you to follow." From inside them comes a drink of varying colours, containing healing for mankind. There is certainly a Sign in that for people who reflect. (Qur'an, 16:69) Honey is a "healing for men" as stated in the verses above. Nowadays, apiculture and bee products have opened a new branch of research in scientifically advanced parts of the world. Other benefits of honey may be described as below: Easily digested: Because sugar molecules in honey can convert into other sugars (e.g. fructose to glucose), honey is easily digested by the most sensitive stomachs, despite its high acid content. It helps kidneys and intestines to function better.

Rapidly diffuses through the blood; is a quick energy source: When accompanied by mild water, honey diffuses into the bloodstream in seven minutes. Its free sugar molecules make the brain function better, since the brain

is the largest consumer of sugar. Honey is a natural composition of sugars like glucose and fructose.

According to recent research, this unique mixture of sugars is the most effective means to remove fatigue and increase athletic performance.

The antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties of honey were revealed as a result of clinical observations and research. Honey is exceedingly effective in painlessly cleaning up infection and dead cells in these regions and in the development of new tissues.

The use of honey as a medicine is mentioned in the most ancient writings. In the present day, doctors and scientists are rediscovering the effectiveness of honey in the treatment of wounds.

Dr. Peter Molan, a leading researcher into honey for the last 20 years and a professor of biochemistry at New Zealand’s University of Waikato, says this about t h e antimicrobi al properties of honey: Random ized trials have shown that honey is more

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e ff e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g infection in burn wounds than silver sulphadiazine, the antibacterial ointment most widely used on burns in hospitals. (“Honey Against Infected Skin Lesions,” www.apitherapy.com/honeysk. htm.)

Supports blood formation: Honey provides an important part of the energy needed by the body for blood formation. In addition, it helps in cleansing the blood. It has some positive effects in regulating and facilitating blood circulation. It also functions as a protection against capillary problems and arteriosclerosis.

Does not accommodate bacteria: This bactericide (bacteria-killing) property of honey is named "the inhibition effect." There are various reasons of this anti-microbial property of the honey. Some examples are: the high sugar content that limit the amount of water microorganisms need for growth, its high acidity (low pH) and composition which deprive bacteria from nitrogen necessary for reproduction. The existence of hydrogen peroxide as well as antioxidants in the

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LEAVE CORN IN ITS EARS Allah, the Almighty, says: (He said): O Yusuf (Joseph), the man of truth! Explain to us (the dream) of seven fat cows whom seven lean ones were devouring, and of seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry, that I may return to the people, and that they may know. Yusuf said: For seven consecutive years, you shall sow as usual and that (the harvest) which you reap you shall leave in ears, (all) - except a little of it which you may eat.

Then will come after that, seven hard (years), which will devour what you have laid by in advance for them, (all) except a little of that which you have guarded (stored). Then thereafter will come a year in which people will have abundant rain and in which they will press (wine and oil).”

(Yusuf: 45-49) The Scientific Fact Storing corn in its ears is considered one of the basic methods of preserving such seeds during hard environmental conditions. This combination of growing crops and preserving and storing them is called preserving products.

Dr. `Abd al-Majid Bil`abid and his colleagues from Rabat University in Morocco conducted research on some wheat seeds that were left in their ears for two years and

some other seeds that were left outside their ears. Primary results showed that the ears experienced no change and stayed 100% viable despite the fact that the storehouse was normal and no special conditions were provided.

Scientists also found that seeds left in their ears lost a considerable amount of water and became drier than those left outside their ears. This means that 20.3 % of the weight of the seeds left outside their ears is water which will affect the seeds ability to grow once cultivated, simply because water makes it more vulnerable to decay.

Thereafter, researches compared the rates of growth between seeds left in their ears and others left outside their ears for 2 years. They found that

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seeds left in their sheaths have a better growth rate - of 20 % root length and 32 % trunk length.

Afterwards, researchers tried to estimate the proteins and sugar that remained unchanged. They found that such substances had fallen by 32 % after 2 years of storage in the seeds left outside their ears while after one year of storage such seeds lost 20 % of these substances. The seeds stored in their ears lost nothing.

Facets of Scientific Inimitability: Almighty Allah says: “…which you reap you shall leave in ears” which means that storing seeds in their ears is the best way to preserve them.

There are two other scientific observations in this verse: 1Defining the period over which seeds are expected to be viable: 15 years. People were commanded to grow wheat for 7 years and then 7 hard years >> Page 15

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and discussions with such heretics.

Q u r ’ a n — T h e Comprehensive Book of Shariah and Physical World The holy Qur’an does not enlist merely Shariah problems but it guides mankind in explaining and understanding many physical aspects of the universe as well. In fact it is a comprehensive programme of Shariah and material world that has to be utilised in its proper perspective so that the mankind is guided properly and in the right direction.

With this purpose in view alone, the Muslims have been referred as “The Best of Peoples”. Since the nations of the world are all intoxicated with superior knowledge of modern sciences, they cannot be made to accept the guidance unless we are also equipped with the knowledge of these very sciences, and offer them the best criteria to discriminate between the right and the wrong. There is, thus, a clarion call for the Muslims to become proficient in all the modern sciences so that they can fulfil their fundamental task of guidance in the light of the Qur'anic instructions.

Need for a Fresh Ideological Revolution The first duty of the believers in Islam these days is to take up the study of modern sciences with special stress on research and eliminate the germs of atheism and materialism polluting the society and prove the

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providence of Allah through godly discussions and explanation of these sciences.

Failing which this world would not come out of the oblivion. It must not be forgotten that even many scientists are baffled by the phenomenal functioning of certain systems and they are not at all satisfied by the materialistic explanation and exposition of these phenomena. No alternative based on these godly guidance has reached them. This great task can only be taken up by none other than the Muslims who alone have the lofty divine manual of the holy Qur’an to guide them. They have to fully realize their true status and strive practically. Then only can they take up reformatory tasks. And this achievement of creating a revolutionary outlook among the nations of the world is possible when they are intrinsically revolutionized themselves. Hence there is need for co-ordinating together and preparing such a team that can take up this lofty aim. This is an obligation which must be fulfilled. Otherwise they will be held responsible for neglecting their duty. The need of the hour is a scientific crusade for which the Muslims must prepare themselves without losing any time or effort. They have to prepare themselves for making supreme effort in the lines as per the directions given in the following Qur’anic verses: You are the best of peoples ever raised up for mankind.

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You enjoin what is right, and forbid what is wrong.

(Ale-Imran: 110) There is also a message for the mankind in this direction in this great and unique divine Book: This (Qur’an) is a Message for mankind, in order that they may be warned, thereby and that they may know that He is only One God (Allah) and that men of understanding may take heed. (Ibrahim: 52) And indeed We have put forth for men, in this Qur’an every kind of parable in order that they may remember.

(Zumar: 27) ***** References: 1. Dehlavi, Shah Waliullah, Al-Fauzul Kabir, Makataba Salafiah, Lahore, 1371 AH. 2. Summary from Jawahirul Qur’an by Imam Ghazzali, Dar Ahya Al-Uloom, Beirut, 1985.

3.Ibid., P.26.

4. Maturidi, Imam Abu Mansoor, Sharh-e-Fiq-e-Akbar, Qatar, P.331.

5. Jawahirul Qur’an, P.46.

6. Ibid.

7. Tirmizi, Imam Abu Isa, Jame Al-Tirmizi, Dar Ahya AlTiras Al-Arabi, Beirut.

8. Suyuthi, Allama Jalaluddin, Al-Itqan Fi Uloomil Qur'an,Cairo, 3rd Edition, 1985, Vol. 4, P. 24.

9. Ibid., P. 33.

10. Summary from Jawahirul Qur’an, Pp.44-45.

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Qur’an is one book where do we find a mention of all such sciences. It is an endless sea whose shore is not at all visible.

It is a vast ocean of knowledge about God and His activities.10 Providential Manifestations The holy Qur’an exhorts men to reflect on the creation of the earth and heavens, the alternation of day and night, systems of winds and rains, mysteries of animal and plant lives, and the movements of the sun and the moon. He advocates deep study of everything of this world and every manifestation of nature very keenly. All this will lead you to infer that there is highest order of discipline, planning, unity, beauty, craftsmanship and technical expertise in all these manifestations. You will be forced to arrive at the existence of the best creator, great administrator, farsighted planner and qualified statesman. Without this it is not possible to explain this whole phenomena of planning.

The Material World is the Arena for Divine Activities Conclusively it can be said that this whole universe as well as all its manifestations are indicative of “divine activities”, whose study will take you to an observation of divine characteristics. This review of the characteristics of Allah will lead you to His existence. It is He Who is ruling over this universe. Not a leaf or an atom can move without His order. This whole universe is

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the sum total of the Divine Activities, which is inviting men to reflect and study the functioning of the universe and arrive at a fuller understanding of its Creator and Guardian.

Even if the heart of an atom is cut open, it will disclose such facts and make such revelations that prove beyond doubt the existence of God and His nourishing and cherishing capacities. An Arabic poet points out, "The dynamic and static states of everything bear witness to the presence of Allah. Every material object of the world is pointing to the Unity of Allah."

New Form of Polytheism History repeats itself. It means whatever progress do times make, the past incidents repeat themselves in different garbs. Matter will be the same but it takes up new forms.

Polytheism is appearing before us in an entirely new form. It has now adorned the garments of materialism.

The polytheists of yore and the modern non-believers or materialists have one trait in common.

The polytheists assign the divine characteristics to other bodies while the atheists and materialists of modern times assert that ‘matter’ itself is the cause of its existence. It is this womb from which all other materials are appearing themselves. It can perform itself without any interference of God. So both of them stand in the same line. The only difference is that the

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polytheists believe in one supreme God in spite of their belief in multiple gods, while the materialists consider that matter is the only unit which is the greatest `God'.

From this angle the conflict between monotheism and polytheism still exists. To crush the onslaught of this polytheism, we have to equip ourselves with the knowledge of science and its appliances.

To face this assault the holy Qur’an has time and again exhorted the believers to reflect on the manifestations of Allah, extend their sphere of the studies and thus perform their role of offering true guidance to the whole mankind.

Status of the Jurist and the Philosopher To inquire into and clear up the Commandments is the job of the jurist (Faqih).

Explanation is the duty of the scholar-philosopher.

Imam Ghazzali asserts that both the jurist and the scholar enjoy almost the same status. The difference is that while the requirements of the jurist are general, those of the scholarphilosopher gain gravity at times. From the theological needs, of course, both of them are indispensable. The jurist has to settle special issues relating to partaking of food, performing marriage etc., while the scholar has to save the believers from the harm caused by the misguided and heretical persons as well as to contradict their beliefs through discourses

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facts of sciences that have either been enunciated or in the process of defining.

This clearly points to the fact that this divine Book consists of such secrets and facts about the universe and its contents that need sustained research efforts of the man. One obvious feature of this work is that the principles and facts as defined by the holy Qur’an are so defined that they are not at all affected even if the theories were to be proved erroneous or amended at a later stage. In fact every new revelation enhances the validity of the divine statements already defined.

Not even a single Qur’anic statement has been either questioned or proved wrong by any of the most advanced and recently developed scientific theories or techniques. This, in itself, is a great proof of the holy Qur’an being from Allknowing Allah.

Two Types of Facts Two types of scientific facts have been stated in the holy Qur’an which concern these material manifestations. The first of these are the brief statements, the nature of which has already been referred above. The second of them are such secrets or providential mysteries which are figuratively spoken and which can be deciphered correctly only after advanced techniques are evolved in the field. For example, consider the fact of the presence of male and female parts in the plants.

‘Pairs’ is the conventional word

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that refers to them. Zauj is the word that has been used in the holy Qur’an. Right in the beginning although zauj really means husband and wife or male and female, it was figuratively taken to indicate a species or kind. Anyhow the holy Qur’an is quite explicit in declaring: Glory to Him Who has created all the pairs of that what the earth produces as well as of their own (human) kind (male and female) and of that which they know not. (Yasin: 36) That male and female parts are present in the plants is a recent discovery. But the holy Qur’an had declared it 1,400 years ago alone. Sagaciously a great principle and fact has been defined in this verse which is a challenge for the whole world of science and invitation to make a thorough study. It says that in this material world there are, besides the animals and plants, innumerable units which are in the form of pairs and about which man has no knowledge.

In spite of determining a number of such units, man will still be short of completing such discovery. This will be a truth which stands like a carved line on the stone. No one can refute the truth of this divine statement.

Holy Qur’an — The Treasurechest of Knowledge The revealed divine book is such a comprehensive scripture that there is no comparison in the whole world of literature.

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It is the custodian of all sciences, arts and mysteries of the universe right from the beginning to the end. Thus the Lord says: We have neglected nothing in the Book ... (An’am: 38) And We have sent down to you the Book (Qur’an) as an exposition of everything.

(Nahl: 89) Even a Hadith confirms it thus: Allah’s Book contains information of what has happened before you, news of what will happen after you, and a decision regarding matters which occur among you.7 Hazrath Ibne Masood narrates: “Whosoever is in search of learning, let him pursue positively the holy Qur ’an, for it contains information of people of the past and latter periods.8 Allama Jalaluddin Suyuti (911 A.H.) writes that the Book of Allah contains information about everything. It does not lack information about any aspect or problem of any particular branch of knowledge.

It contains information about peculiarities of sciences and all the mysteries of the universe.9 Imam Ghazzali had given a thought- provoking idea in the fifth century itself, that there might be many more sciences that have not been found out now but which are not beyond the efforts of human beings.

There might be even such sciences that human wisdom might not dream of. However

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Mar-Apr 2014 Part: II

Introduction to Holy Qur’an From Scientific Perspective Material World is Divine Manifestation Imam Ghazzali comments that the true interpretation of these lines can be done only by such a person who is proficient in the knowledge of anatomy and who has fuller knowledge of the external and internal organs, of their number, their functioning and their utility.5 These are such functions as ordained by Allah that are related to the mysterious working of the human body.

The study of the human body is done these days through sciences like biology, anatomy, physiology, medicine etc. Still what the learned Imam had interpreted a few centuries ago proves to be a reliable prediction.

In spite of compilation through all these sciences, still the working of human body has not been completely and precisely understood. Although it is a masterpiece of the Providence, from purely scientific point, it is still a mystery. In fact so shallow is our knowledge that Dr. Alexis Carol thought it fit to write the book entitled Man The Unknown. The whole thing appears to be true to the last word as described in the following verse: ...(And) of knowledge you (mankind) have been given

only a little. (Bani Israel: 85) Among the ‘functions’ of Allah are the revolutions of the Sun and the Moon and the recognition of their movements in fixed constellations. This movement is the predetermined one. The holy Qur’an says: The Sun and the Moon follow courses (exactly) calculated. (Rahman: 5) It is He who made the Sun as a shining thing and the moon as light, and measured out its stages, that you might know the number of years and the reckoning. (Yunus: 5) He merges the night into the day (i.e. the decrease in the hours of the night are added in the hours of the day), and He merges the day into the night (i.e. the decrease in the hours of the day are added in the hours of the night). (Fatir: 13) Quoting these verses, Imam Ghazzali opines that the revolutionary motion of the sun and the moon, the movement in different constellations, the solar and the lunar eclipses and the turnover of the day and the night can be understood by the person who has a fuller knowledge of the heavenly bodies. This in itself is an important science.6

The holy Qur’an is an abstract and a brief Book. Its explanation and commentary is a formidable job for the man.

Consider the following verses which have their own majesty and marvel: And on the earth are Signs for those who have Faith with certainty. As also in your own selves, Will you not then see?

(Dhariyat: 20-21) These two verses can be explained giving full description of the planet earth and human bodies with special reference to geological and geographical features, botanical characteristics, zoological, biological and psychological aspects of man.

In this connection the work of Allama Ibne Qayyim (751 A.H.) is exemplary.

His collection is entitled as AtTibyan Fi Aqsamil Qur’an.

Truly speaking even if the entire scientific literature is cited as explanation of these verses, the exegesis will not be completed.

This is also confirmed by the following verse: Say (O Muhammed Sallam!) to mankind: ‘If the ocean were ink (with which to write) the Words of my Lord, surely the ocean would be exhausted before the Words of my Lord exhausted, even if we brought (another ocean) like it for its aid.

(Kahf: 109) Holy Qur’an — A Boundless Ocean A number of references from the holy Qur’an can be quoted to indicate direct relevance to

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huge destruction befalling the earth. These countries are responsible for 3/4th of the increase and the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The list includes the countries like United States of America, the European Union countries, Russia and China. Therefore in an attempt to surpass other nations, their mad rush in the field of trade, commerce and industrial development has brought the humans along with entire earth to the brink of destruction.

Though man is sensing the complete destruction that is going to strike the planet earth in near future, nevertheless, these developed countries are not agreeing to take stringent steps to control the CO 2 emissions, with the pretext that this would affect their life style.

Hence the earth and its inhabitants are made to pay such a huge price for the industrial development of these few countries. Can we imagine terrorism worse than this on planet earth?

Scientists are Unaware of Real Devastations of Climate Change This is just a brief summary of the effects of global warming. Its details are so diversified and multifarious that they cannot be described completely here. What is more important to note here is that, these effects of climate change are a result of mere 0.8°C rise in average global temperature. If temperature rises to 4°C, 5°C, 6°C or more as predicted by

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IPCC, one can visualize the scale of devastation and destruction that the earth is likely to witness. No scientist is capable to draw its true picture.

Climate Change Statistics are Controversial Due to the severity of effects of global warming and climate change on the earth, governments try to make statistics related to climate change controversial. Hence the scientists investigating this issue frequently complain that the governments and its agencies either try to hinder their findings and statistics from becoming public or make them controversial,(9) because the governments fear chaos and political instabilities.

An evidence for this is that the climate change predictions are falling short of the actual happenings. The effects of climate change on earth are occurring at a rapid rate that is surpassing all the scientific predictions. The other evidence in this regard is that the

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scientists themselves seem to change their predictions from time to time, i.e., the predictions made by scientists today will be altered later by themselves, which implies that the actual devastation of climate change far exceed the predictions of scientists in this regard.(10) (to be cont.)

***** References: 1- Climate Change - Impact at 2°C and 3°C: Why We Need to take Action Now, WWF. 2- Oceanography: Inagmanson & Wallace, p. 86.

3- www.wikipedia.org 4- IPCC, TAR 5- Global Catastrophes, Bill McGuire, p. 30 & 37.

6- WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletin # 7/2004, http://www.wmo.ch 7- US EPA: Effects of Acid Rain - Forests.

8- IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report, p. 2.

9- Times of India 10- Global Catastrophes, p. 23.

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Figure 5: The process of formation of acid rain

water droplets in the clouds after a chemical reaction. These acid droplets are brought to the earth later in the form of rain, ice, snowfall, hails etc., causing the acidification of soil and disturbing the chemical balance of rivers, lakes and oceans.

Hence, there is an emerging threat to availability of fresh water reserves as the rivers and lakes are getting acidified on one hand and the marine life itself is endangered on the other hand. Therefore many species of fishes have become extinct at many places due to acid rain.

Acid rain has also become a threat to the fertility of the earth. This would cause a reduction in the growth of forest area and may lead to permanent disappearance of large forest cover. Some scientists consider acid rain as a direct threat to human health.(7)

Factors Responsible for Global Warming Traditionally, many factors were considered responsible for rise in global temperature by the scientists, which include the movement of tectonic plates, fluctuations in the heat of the sun, variation in earth's rotation and the volcanic activity of the earth. UN's IPCC in its meeting in February 2007

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for the first time accepted the fact that the ongoing global warming is more than 90% due to the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by human activities whose concentration rose since the industrial revolution in 1750.(8) Greenhouse gases are the gases which retain the reflected solar radiations within the earth's atmosphere preventing its escape into the outer space.

Hence, their presence in the atmosphere causes the rise in temperature of earth. These gases are carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and CFCs etc.

These gases are mainly emitted into the atmosphere by cultural and industrial activities of humans.

Who is Responsible for Earth's Destruction?

In brief, industrial activities of humans are the main cause for the global warming and climate change. The few developed countries of the world top the list of the countries responsible for the

Figure 6: Impact of acid rain on historical buildings.

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Figure 3: Thermohaline Circulation of the oceans which is responsible for the normalisation of salinity, heat and oxygen of the oceans

events like floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts till the end of last century was around 200 annually which has now risen to 600 annually in the beginning of this century.

Scientists predict an increase in the occurrence of such events both in intensity and frequency.(5) Destruction of Local Climate and Environment The melting of glaciers in North and South Pole is endangering animals in the Polar Regions. If it melts c o m p l e t e l y, t h e f a u n a dependent on ice will become extinct. Similarly, an increase in temperature will also increase the forest fires. Till 1970, the forest cover destroyed by forest fires in North America was estimated to be 10,000 sq kms which has now risen to 28,000 sq kms per decade. The CO2 emitted by these forest fires accounts for 15% of the total CO2 emissions in the atmosphere which is

causing a further rise in temperature of the earth. More details on forest fires have been discussed later.

Effects of Climate Change on Ozone Layer The effects of global warming discussed above describe just one aspect of the climatic changes on earth due to unnatural human activities.

The other aspect of these unnatural human activities is the depletion of ozone layer.

The ozone layer protects humans and other living organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the sun. The CFCs emitted by human activities poses a threat to the ozone layer. These gases pose a dual threat to the ozone layer. Firstly, since 1980, a depletion of 4% in the ozone layer has been recorded.

Secondly, due to intense depletion in some parts, a number of large holes have been formed in the ozone layer, although their existence is

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seasonal i.e., it occurs between September to December, like the ozone hole in South Pole of Antarctica.

Hence, depletion of this layer which has the capacity to absorb harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the sun will pose threat and danger to plant and animal life. These radiations will lead to the spread of dangerous diseases like cancer in humans on the one hand, and its presence in the atmosphere will have adverse effects on crops on the other. In some regions of Chile in South America which come under the influence of ozone hole of Antarctica, an increase of more than 50% cases of cancer and other skin disorders among people has been recorded for the past 7 years.(6) Acid Rain The third most fatal effect of climate change is the occurrence of acid rain. Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide SO2 and nitrogen dioxide NO2 gases emitted into the atmosphere are absorbed by the

Figure 4: Ozone hole of South Pole which is encircling whole of Antarctica

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Figure 1: Predictions of global warming in 21st century.

considered to be essential and vital for world economies will be flooded and submerged. It is estimated that about 40% of total continental area will come under water.(2) Besides Antarctica and Greenland, other mountain glaciers have witnessed 50% reduction in their size since 1950. As a consequence, many regions on the earth have become deprived of fresh water. Estimations suggest the melting of Hindukush and Himalayan glaciers in a few decades will destroy the agricultural system in South Asia. Initially the rivers in these areas will be flooded due to the melting of glaciers. Later these rivers will dry out due to the disappearance of the glaciers. According to estimates, only 2% of water will remain in these rivers from its present level.

Change in Oceans Global warming is also causing a rise in the temperature of oceans. This is

reducing the carbon absorption ability of the oceans, which in turn causes an increase in the concentration of CO 2 in atmosphere resulting in further rise in global temperature as a feedback reaction. The other effect of heating of the oceans is that it will result in cessation of thermohaline circulation of the oceans. Thermohaline circulation is responsible for balancing the surface temperature and salinity of sea water. The cessation of thermohaline circulation will have adverse and irreversible

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effects on ocean systems and climate of the planet earth which will be discussed later in detail.

Devastations of Extreme Climate The increase in temperature will result in increase of evaporation process too. This causes increase in the rainfall.

According to an estimate, a mere 1 % increase in rainfall causes an increase in destructive cyclones by 2.6%.

Similarly, it results in drastic changes in rainfall pattern.

Untimely occurrence of rainfall will have adverse effects on agriculture and environment.(3) According to United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), between 1970-1990 a 20-35% increase in the intensity of hurricanes has been recorded.(4) It is estimated that a further rise in temperature will result in increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes in future.

According to a report by 'Red cross' and 'Red crescent', the total number of extreme

Figure 2: Sea level rise vs temperature

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2°C Climate Impacts

3°C Climate Impacts

Human Health

- About 9- 20 crore people at risk of malaria and other vector- and waterborne diseases.

- 30 crore more people at risk of malaria globally.

- 500 – 600 crore more people at risk of dengue; human health is threatened due to water stress.

Agriculture

- Increased hunger in places such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia - Increased disparities and increased conflicts

- About 5 -12 crore more people at risk of hunger; agriculture will decline and food prices will increase globally.

Water

- 66 crore to 300 crore people at risk - 300 -350 crore additional persons of water shortage, with potential at risk of water shortage with potential migration. migration.

Ice and Glaciers

- 60% loss of summer sea ice in the Arctic - Complete and irreversible melting of ice sheets in Greenland and 25% melting of Antarctic ice sheets.

- Near complete loss of summer sea ice in the Arctic - Complete loss of the Greenland ice sheets and the Antarctic ice shelves.

Ecosystems

- Extreme environmental changes.

More than 25% of species loss from current range.

- 88% risk of change in global forest and non-forest systems.

- 50% loss of wetlands - Massive loss and potential extinction of ice-dependent species.

-33% of species loss from current range.

Sea Level Rise

- 2 -5 crore people at risk due to sea- - 18 crore people at risk of coastal level rise and coastal flooding, flooding costing 100's of billions of dollars.

Extreme Weather - Increase in the frequency and intensity of floods, hurricanes, droughts, storms, heat waves, tropical cyclones and other extreme events

- Massive increase in the frequency and intensity of fire, drought, storms and heat waves

Table 1: Impacts of temperature rise between 2°C and 3°C.

causing a rise in sea level upto 20 feet. Similarly melting of ice sheets of Western Antarctica would cause the sea level rise of about 34 feet. This would submerge large parts of continental area and major

cities of the world.

Rise in the global temperature by 3 degree will result in complete melting of glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica causing sea level rise of 130 meters instigating

the submergence of entire coastal areas of the world. For example, only a part of the large sky scrapers of New York can be seen above the water.

Likewise, the world's important coastal cities which are

Tameer-e-Fikr Aneesur Rahman Nadvi

2

Mar-Apr 2014 Part I

Climate Change and Doomsday In the Light of Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an & Hadith (In this series of articles we are going to publish the concept of doomsday of Islam in the light of modern scientific discoveries. These groundbreaking studies have been presented in national and international conferences and seminars and have received wide acclaimation. TF)

The issue of climate change has become the most important problem and the burning topic of the planet earth today. This is a phenomenon that is being discussed and investigated extensively, more than any other phenomenon on planet earth. The effects and consequences of climate change, which is induced by the ongoing global warming of the planet, are going to be fatal and destructive to the entire planet.

According to experts, unless the issue of climate change is put under control, it will disrupt and destroy all the natural systems of the planet leading to the complete extinction of all forms of life. Hence, the scientists have started to accept that human civilization on earth is passing through a fragile and delicate period of its history.

What is Climate Change?

The earth's atmosphere witnesses periodic climate changes, including the changes that occur daily, yearly and on the scale of several thousand years. We are well aware of the causes of daily (as day and night) and yearly climatic changes (as summer, winter, autumn, and spring). On the

other hand, earth experiences long term climatic changes i.e., the climate of the earth remains hot for thousands of years, cold for several thousand years.

Similarly it witnesses spring and autumn for several thousand years. Today the earth is passing through one such transitional phase of long term climate change.

According to scientists, the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by human activities are going to change the earth's climate on a long term basis. This would alter the average temperature and climate of the earth to a large extent. Experts believe that the ongoing climate change is affecting the entire natural system. This includes the local and global rise in temperature, changes in rainfall pattern, changes in air circulation system, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, rise in sea level, ozone depletion, acid rain and increase in tectonic activity of the planet earth etc.

The effects of rise in temperature on the environment and human life are diversified and immense which cannot be explained

completely in this article. Still, we will attempt to describe it in brief.

Rise in Global Temperature and its Effects The change in average temperature of the earth started to take place with the commencement of industrial revolution in 1860. Prior to this, the temperature of the earth remained almost unaffected and unchanged for thousands of years. During the 20th century, the temperature of earth rose by 0.8 degree Celsius. According to experts, if the temperature of the earth continues to rise at the present rate, the average temperature of planet earth would rise by 8 to 10 degrees by the end of this century. One can v i s u a l i z e t h e e ff e c t s o f temperature rise from the report

by WWF (table 1), which shows the impacts of temperature rise between 2°C and 3°C(1).

The destruction predicted above is due to the average rise in temperature of the earth by 2 3 degree Celsius. Thus, one can visualize what would happen if the temperature increases by 4, 5, 6 degrees or more as predicted by the experts, which would happen by the end of this century. In the following pages, these environmental changes have been explained in further detail.

Melting of Glaciers and Sea Level Rise As discussed above, rise in average temperature of earth by 2 degrees will cause complete melting of Greenland's glaciers

Bi-Monthly

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Contents Scientific Researches & Islam:

Scientific & Religious Organ of Furqania Academy In the Memory of Late Allama Mohammed Shihabuddin Nadvi

Vol. 2, Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2014 Editor-in-Chief: Aneesur Rahman Nadvi Sub-Editors: Atya Tabassum, Shahid M. Zubair Editorial Board Dr. Mubeen Saleem Nadvi, Aligarh Abu Fariah Sahimuddin, New Delhi Circulation Manager: Mufti Attaulla Qasmi Asst. Manager: Shoaib Ahmed Type Setting: OLS, Bangalore

Climate Change and Doomsday Introduction to Holy Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an from Scientific Perspective

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