PROJECT INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
To understand the day-lighting, lighting and acoustic characteristics. To understand the characteristics and function of day-lighting, artificial lighting, sound and acoustic within the intended space. To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting, artificial lighting, sound and acoustic within the intended space. To critically report and analyse the lighting and acoustic qualities within the space, also suggest appropriate solutions to improvise the space.
In this project, we are required to evaluate our selected case study's environment in terms of lighting and acoustic performances, which we chose a restaurant in this case. This project aims to provide a better understanding on the relationship between the type of materials that are employed in terms of building materials as well as internal furnishings and finishes, also the impact on acoustic and lighting conditions in the building based on the building's function. In addition, a complete analysis and documentation of the chosen site is to be presented in relation to the various factors which might affect the lighting and acoustics design of the space. We are to carry out an appraisal of day-lighting, artificial lighting, noise and sound condition in the selected case study. Their identification of adequacy of the quantity of light and sound for the case study are to be carried out objectively. Understanding the volume and area of each functional space also helps in determining the lighting requirements based on acoustical and lighting inadequacy that is reflected in the data collection. Acknowledging adjacent spaces is also important to address acoustic concerns. In terms of lighting, specifications of luminaries, height of each type of light as well as the existence of fenestrations will help to understand the lighting conditions within each space. Drawing comparison from the precedent studies with our site study, our precedent studies will provide sufficient guide in determining different types of lighting and acoustic.
SITE INTRODUCTION
(ref: http://kyspeaks.com/2014/01/31/hgw-ky-eats-tous-les-jours-bakery-at-bukit-bintang/
Case Study: Tous Les Jours @ WOLO Bukit Bintang Type of space: Bakery and restaurant Opening Hours: 9AM-11PM
In a group of six, we have chosen Tous Les Jours @ WOLO building, located at Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur as our site study for this project. We have conducted several visits to our site to ensure the success of our project outcome. Measured drawings, measurements of lighting and acoustic data, as well as photographs have been taken on site. We have also conducted calculations and analaysis in response to our observation on site and recording data.
MEASURE DRAWINGS
A
B
KITCHEN
MEZZANINE FLOOR
UP PASTRY
RECEPTION
PASTRY
UP
A Figure 1.1: Detailed plan of Tous Les Jous building
KITCHEN
MEZZANINE FLOOR
UP PASTRY
RECEPTION
PASTRY
UP
Figure 1.2: Inputing grids to accurately analyze lighting and acoustics
B
Figure 1.3: Front elevation of the main entrance
Figure 1.4: Side elevation of the main entrance
Figure 1.5: Cut through building to look at the seating area and staircase
Figure 1.6: Cut through building to look at double volume main area
LIGHTING
Table of contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1Introduction to Lighting 1.2 Research Methodology 1.2.1 Measuring Devices - Digital Lux Meter 1.3 Measurement Procedures 1.3.1 Operational Hours and Selected Time Frame 1.3.2 Gridlines on Plan View, Tabulated Data and Zone Allocation 1.3.3 Measuring Lighting Level
2.0 PRECEDENT STUDY 2.1 Introduction to Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, at Bilkent University 2.2 Result and Analysis 2.3 Conclusion
3. RESEARCH METHOLOGY 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Importance of Light in Architecture 3.1.2 Natural Daylighting & Artificial Electrical Lighting 3.1.3 Balance between science and arts 3.1.4 Daylight Factor 3.1.5 Lumen Method 3.2 Site Study
1.
3.2.1 Zoning of Spaces 3.2.1.1 Floor Plans 3.2.1.2 Sections 3.2.2 Tabulation of Data 3.2.3 Daylighting Factor Analysis 3.2.4 Ecotect Stimulated Analysis 3.2.5 Types and Specifications of Lighting Used 3.2.6 Existing Materials and Artificial Light 4.0 Calculation and Analysis 4.1 Daylight Factor 4.2 Illuminance level & Number of Fitting Required
5.0 Conclusion
Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1Introduction to Lighting
Lighting design is one of the major elements when it comes to architecture design, in both interior and exterior architecture. The solid volumes, enclosed spaces, texture and colours can only be enhanced and appreciated fully when every elements are lit imaginatively. This project allows us as students to be exposed and introduced to the day lighting and artificial lighting requirement in a suggested space.
1.2 Research Methodology 1.2.1 Measuring Devices -Digital Lux Meter
The Digital Lux Meter device is used to procure the data on light levels within the interior space. The device is made up of two main parts which is the control unit and the
sensor. The control unit allows the option to increase and decrease the ranges of luminance as well as the power switch wheareas the control system allows users to adjust the level of VR in order to record the precision measurement without any external influence.
Besides that, the Digital Lux Meter is the toll used by users to directly transmit luminance level from existing conditions onto the display panel. The sensor in the device uses an exclusive photo diode and color correction filter in order to meet the standard required for COS correction. The seperation of the light sensor from the control unit allows user to measure the light at an optimum position, due to more freedom in the ability to position the sensor unit.
1.3 Measurement Procedures 1.3.1 Operation Hours and Selected Time Frame
Tous Les Jours, WOLO Bukit Bintang's operational hours begins at 9AM in the morning till 11PM at night every weekdays and weekends. As a group, we've decided to take readings on a regular weekday as we would like to do our recordings data for the peak and non-peak sessions, also because it is convenient for everyone to conduct the site visit. We took the first reading for lighting and acoustics quality at 2PM in the afternoon after lunch hour whereas we did the second reading at 7PM at night where their dinner session begins. We are to record the readings for both light and acoustics quality of both levels respectively at 1.5meter and 1meter. These two levels of height are to be adhered to, so fair test can be conducted throughout the duration of the site visit.
1.3.2 Gridlines on Plan View, Tabulated Data and Zone Allocation
A scaled drawing of the restaurant floor plan is divided into grids of 1.8m x 1.8m to ensure the results recorded from the device are confined for precision. The floor plan is then divided into zones according to their specific functions such as dining area, outdoor,
mezzanine floor etc. Each reading recorded for both lighting and acoustics level are then tabulated according to grids. The total points are 50.
1.3.3 Measuring Light Level Before we start measuring the lighting level of the space, the LUX meter is adjusted to the appropriate range, which in our case is at 2000 LUX. The device is held one meter (1m) and one and a half meter (1.5m) above the floor level with readings taken at each respective heights. In order to obtain the most precise readings on LUX levels, the device has to be places on the same location in each grid so that we could minimalize the external factors that affects the data collection process..
2.0 PRECEDET STUDIES 2.1 Introduction
The study was carried out in the building science laboratory of the Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, at Bilkent University. The room has no windows and no heating units. The measures of the room are 4.10 X 4.18m, which makes 17.138m2 and ceiling height is 3.84m. All the walls and the ceiling are painted in matte white and the floor is covered with 30X30cm terrazzo tiles. The main reason for choosing this room for the experiment is that there are no windows in the room and no daylight can penetrate inside. So the changes in the atmosphere related with the used artificial lighting could be evaluated easily and reliably. The room has three lighting types previously installed, which are wall washing, cove lighting and spotlights. Cove lighting and wall washing are installed on the two walls facing each other that are 4.10m apart, 60 cm below the ceiling, with dimmable electronic ballasts required for dimming fluorescent lamps.
The room was used empty and only one chair and one lamp for task lighting were used in the room for the experiment. Fluorescent lamps were used for the experiment and the walls were washed with red, green and white lights. For white lighting, six PHILIPS, TLD36/54 fluorescent lamps were used that have a color temperature value of 6200K, and their color-rendering index was 72. For colored lighting, six OSRAM, L36W/60 (red) and six OSRAM, L36W/66 (green) colored fluorescents were used. In addition to these, OSRAM, DSTAR TW 24W/865 compact fluorescent lamp, which has a color temperature 44 value of 6500K, was installed to the existing torchere in the room in order to be used for task lighting.
2.2 Result and Analysis
2.3 Conclusion
The effects of coloured lighting on the perception of interior spaces and the differences between coloured lights and white light in space perception were explored in an experiment room of the Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department at Bilkent University in Ankara. The results of the statistical analysis of this study showed significant effects of coloured lighting on the perception of an interior space. The differences and similarities between different coloured lights and white light in the perception of interior spaces in terms of pleasantness, aesthetics, use, comfort, spaciousness and lighting quality were also analysed.
3. RESEARCH METHOLOGY
3.1 Importance of Light in Architecture
Light plays a significant role in the discussion of quality in architecture. The perception of space is directly influenced by the way light integrates with it. How light interacts with us and with the environment affects what we see, what we experience and how we interpret the elements of a space. In architecture, whatever dimension it can be analyzed, either as space, colour or material, it is essentially dependent on the lighting condition that involves both the object and the observer. The dynamic daylight and controlled artificial lighting are able to affect the distinct physical measurable conditions in a space, also to instigate and provoke various visual experiences and mood. With light, it is possible to perceive different atmospheres and ambience in the same physical environment. Hence, light constitutes an element of fundamental relevance for the design of spaces.
3.1.2 Natural Daylighting & Artificial Electrical Lighting
Even in most situations, despite architects should always strive towards achieving a building which can draw in as much natural daylighting as possible, it is almost impossible to go on without artificial electrical lighting taking into consideration that the building functions both day and night. Furthermore, there are certain type of building and functions are not suited for daylighting such as galleries and museums due to the exposure of natural lighting might possibly damage the artifacts. It is essential to understand the limitations and opportunities in using natural daylighting as well as artificial lighting, also being able to apply it architecturally to achieve the best performing building.
3.1.3 Daylight Factor
Daylight Factor is defined as a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relatively to the illumination presented outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. In architecture, Daylight Factor is used to assess the internal natural lighting lavels as perceived on the working plane or surface, in order to determine if there is sufficient natural lighting for the occupants of the space in order to carry out their normal duties. It can also be defined as the ratio of internal light level to external light level.
Daylight Factor is defined as follows:
Where,
Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane; Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.
Table: Daylight factors and distribution (Depeartment of standards Malaysia, 2007) Zone
Daylight Factor (%)
Distribution
Very Bright
>6
Very large with thermal and glare issue
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1-3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
3.1.4 Lumen Method
The Lumen Method is used to determine the amount of lamps that should be installed for a given area or space, which in this case, if the number of fixtures is provided, then we could calculate the total illuminance of the space based on it. This will allow us to determine whether if the particular given space has sufficient lighting fixture.
The number of lamps is given by the formula:
Where, N= Number of lamps required (lux) A = Area of working plan height (m2) F = Average Luminous Flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt.
Room Index, Rl, is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the working and luminaire planes. It can be defined as below:
Where, L = Length of room W = Width of room Hm= Mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.
3.2 Site Study 3.2.1 Zoning of Spaces
Legend ZONE A Dining Area ZONE B Mezzanine Floor ZONE CReception ZONE D Dining Area (Double Volume) ZONE E Dining Area (Outdoor)
3.2.1.1 Floor Plans
3.2.1.2 Sections
3.2.2 Tabulation of Data The colours used in the table correspond with their respective zone colour. The following readings were taken at a level of 1m and 1.5m from the ground.
Grid A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3
Height 1m 1.5m 314 433 44 46 27 33 34 46 25 38 564 612 33 41 22 26 13 18 13 12 12 14 526 616 87 38 24 26 15 27 10 16 12 16 10 14 447 730 380 780 389 332 681 887 853 798 352 282
Light Data (Lux) Day Height Grid 1m 1.5m D4 40 60 D5 14 17 D6 18 16 D7 9 8 D8 15 10 E4 149 183 E5 28 40 E6 26 32 E7 8 15 E8 8 13 F1 176 273 F2 672 761 F3 711 673 F4 230 420 F5 202 230 F6 185 148 F7 103 132 F8 138 103 F9 103 111 F10 91 53 F11 36 43 G2 1157 1035 G3 770 474 G4 370 213
Grid G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11
Height 1m 1.5m 248 109 330 242 246 164 194 83 253 181 238 161 121 66 444 502 157 186 650 545 537 589 202 157 1558 1683 1497 1632 1535 1641 1506 1527 1807 1887
Grid A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3
Height 1m 1.5m 33 49 32 42 18 21 24 33 10 12 45 59 29 30 19 20 16 20 9 9 19 14 31 42 24 31 26 32 16 20 11 17 12 15 8 10 25 37 38 44 28 44 27 31 34 36 33 47
Light Data (Lux) Night Height Grid 1m 1.5m D4 17 13 D5 12 13 D6 12 13 D7 10 9 D8 14 11 E4 17 30 E5 27 30 E6 26 27 E7 16 13 E8 15 21 F1 29 39 F2 24 39 F3 57 58 F4 160 160 F5 140 159 F6 26 27 F7 129 94 F8 151 46 F9 125 90 F10 93 103 F11 24 18 G2 35 30 G3 42 48 G4 52 61
Grid G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11
Height 1m 1.5m 115 96 98 67 86 61 52 50 47 39 36 37 27 18 35 50 25 32 4 5 11 13 16 22 24 27 26 31 23 35 8 6 17 19
3.2.3 Ecotect Stimulated Analysis
Overall Lighting Analysis Average Height between 1.0m and 1.5m
3.2.4 Daylighting Factor Analysis Observation 1: There is an evident difference between the light data collected during the daytime and night time. Light data collected during the night are relatively lower. Discussion 1: The building consist a large usage of curtain wall, the spaces among it are strongly affected by the exterior light source, especially the daylighting. And the artificial light source provided in the spaces are not as strong as the daylighting, thus it shown an evident difference among them.
Observation 2: Light data of Zone E are relatively higher than the other zone during the daytime, while it does not shown much different with the other zone during the night.
Discussion 2.1: Zone E is an outdoor area of the cafĂŠ, it received the daylighting directly. Comparing with those interior spaces, the curtain walls have helped to filter the daylighting before transmitting them into the spaces. While during the night, there do not consist much external light sources, thus it shown the reading are relatively the same. Discussion 2.2: The light reading during the night are relatively the same, shown that the interior spaces rely on the external daylighting, the artificial light could not provide lighting which are as same as the daylighting to brighten up the spaces. Besides the spot which provide artificial have a higher lux meter reading, the other spot experience the same lighting as the outdoor zone during the night.
Observation 3: The light data collected at 1.5m height are higher than the reading measure at 1m, except the reading measure at point F10 to G11.
Discussion 3.1: Point F10 to point G11 are located at the zone D, as mention the spaces are mostly rely on natural lighting, thus the structure of the building had cause some influence to the reading as shadow are created at a higher level. As a result the reading at 1.5m at that area are relatively higher. Discussion 3.2: For the other area, the lux meter measured in 1.5 meter are much more closer to the light source, thus more light are received.
3.2.5 Types and Specification of Lights Used
LED SUPERSTAR CLASSIC A , by OSRAM LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX
470
(lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP
2700
(K) COLOUR RENDERING
80
INDEX BEAM ANGLE
-
VOLTAGE (v)
220-240
BULB FINISH
Warm Light
PLACEMENT
Ceiling
LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT L, by OSRAM
LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX
840
(lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP
3000
(K) COLOUR RENDERING
>80
INDEX BEAM ANGLE
-
VOLTAGE (v)
220-240
BULB FINISH
Warm Light
PLACEMENT
Ceiling
PARATHOM advanced CLASSIC B, by OSRAM LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX
250
(lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP
2700
(K) COLOUR RENDERING
>80
INDEX BEAM ANGLE
-
VOLTAGE (v)
220-240
BULB FINISH
Warm Light
PLACEMENT
Ceiling
LEDVANCE TRACK L, by OSRAM LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX
1200
(lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP
3000
(K) COLOUR RENDERING
>90
INDEX BEAM ANGLE
10
VOLTAGE (v)
230
BULB FINISH
Warm Light
PLACEMENT
Ceiling
LED STAR CLASSIC B, by OSRAM LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX
250
(lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP
2700
(K) COLOUR RENDERING
80
INDEX BEAM ANGLE
-
VOLTAGE (v)
220-240
BULB FINISH
Warm Light
PLACEMENT
Floor
TRESOL Bloc, by OSRAM LAMP LUMIOUS FLUX
330
(lm) RATED COLOUR TEMP
3000
(K) COLOUR RENDERING
>80
INDEX BEAM ANGLE
30
VOLTAGE (v)
220-240
BULB FINISH
Warm Light
PLACEMENT
Wall
3.2.6 Existing Materials and Artificial Light ZONE A : Dining Area Components
Material
Colour
Surface Finish
Reflectance Value (%)
Wall
Curtain Wall
Bricks
Red
Rough
30
Glass
Transparent
Reflective
8
Grey Marble
Grey
Matte
30
Metal
White
Glossy
75
Timber
Brown
Matte
10
Leather
Brown
Smooth
15
Timber
Walnut
Matte
10
Cast Iron
Dark Brown
Smooth
10
Glass
Transparent
Reflective
8
Floor
Furniture
Ceiling
Glass Panel
Indication
Picture
Light Type
Unit
LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT L
14
LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT L
16
LED SUPERSTAR CLASSIC A
18
Light Distribution
Light Distribution Description Downward light with cosine distribution. Poor to moderate glare control
ZONE B : Mezzanine Floor Components Curtain Wall
Material
Colour
Surface Finish
Reflectance Value (%)
Glass
Transparent
Reflective
8
Timber
Walnut
Matte
10
Fabric
Light Brown
Rough
75
Metal
Black
Matte
5
Plaster Finishes
Grey
Matte
30
Floor
Furniture
Ceiling
Indication
Picture
Light Type
TRESOL Bloc
Unit
Light Distribution
Light Distribution Description Narrow Beam Downward accent
2
x
ZONE C : Reception Components
Material
Colour
Surface Finish
Reflectance Value (%)
Wall Bricks
Red
Rough
30
Grey Marble
Grey
Matte
30
Metal
White
Glossy
75
Timber
Brown
Matte
10
Marble
White
Glossy
75
Cast Iron
Dark Brown
Smooth
10
Floor
Furniture
Ceiling
Indication
Picture
Light Type
Unit
LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT L
5
LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT L
18
LEDVANCE TRACK L (Tracking Light)
5
TRESOL Bloc
4
TRESOL Bloc
3
Light Distribution
Light Distribution Description Downward light with cosine distribution. Poor to moderate glare control.
Narrow Beam Downward accent
Widespread uplight LED STAR CLASSIC B (Chandelier)
1
4.0 CALCULATION AND EVALUATION 4.1 Daylight Factor Calculation Daylight Factor Calculations based on zones at 1.0m Time/ Date/ Weather
Zone
Daylight level in Malaysia Eo (lux)
Average Daylight Reading Factor, DF based on DF= collected (El/Eo)/ data, El (lux) 100%
A: Dining Area
98.44
0.31%
401.29
1.25%
31.5
0.0984%
B: Mezzanine Floor
2-3pm 27 April 2016 Sunny
C: Reception 32000
D: Dining Area (Double Volume)
337.08 1.05%
E: Dining Area (Outdoor) 1580.6
Daylight Factor Calculations based on zones at 1.5m
4.94%
Time/ Date/ Weather
Zone
Daylight level in Malaysia Eo (lux)
Average Daylight Reading Factor, DF based on DF= collected (El/Eo)/ data, El (lux) 100%
A: Dining Area
115.11
0.36%
511.17
1.60%
39.4
0.12%
294.38
0.92%
1674
5.23%
B: Mezzanine Floor
2-3pm 27 April 2016 Sunny
C: Reception 32000
D: Dining Area (Double Volume)
E: Dining Area (Outdoor)
5.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the data , calculations and analysis we made, we can conclude that natural daylighting plays an important role in Tous Les Jous, as the faรงade of the building used largely curtain wall. During daytime, the illuminance level are strong and it meet the MS1525 requirement. However during the night, the artificial light source provided in the spaces
are not as strong as the daylight, thus an evident difference among them. On the other hand, the difference of lighting provided in different period of time creates different experience to the customers.
References
Light is OSRAM | OSRAM. (2016). Osram.com. From http://www.osram.com/osram_com/ Philips - Malaysia. (2016). Philips. From http://www.philips.com.my/ Stein, Benjamin & Reynolds, John S. 2000. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. New York. John Wiley.
A C O U S T I C
Table of contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Acoustic 1.2 Research Methodology 1.2.1 Measuring Devices - Sound Level Meter 1.3 Measurement Procedures 1.3.1 Operational Hours and Selected Time Frame 1.3.2 Gridlines on Plan View, Tabulated Data and Zone Allocation 1.3.3 Measuring Acoustics Level
2.0 PERCEDENT STUDY 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Result and Analysis 2.3 Conclusion
3.0 RESEARCH METHOLOGY 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Architectural Acoustics 3.1.2 Sound Pressure Level 3.1.3 Reverberation Time 3.1.4 Sound Reduction Index 3.2 Site Study 3.2.1 Outdoor Noise Sources A. Adjecent Shops/ Activity B. Traffic and Pedestrians 3.2.2 Indoor Noise Sources 3.2.3 Zoning of Spaces 3.2.4 Types and Specification of Acoustic Used 3.2.5 Tabulation of Data 3.2.5.1 Acoustic Factor Analysis 3.2.6 Space Acoustic Analysis
3.2.6.1 Calculation of Sound Pressure Levels 3.2.6.2 Calculation of Reverberation Time 3.2.6.3 Calculation of Sound Reduction Index
4.0 Evaluation and Conclusion Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Acoustics Acoustic design in architecture is an element where sound control in spaces is concerned especially when it comes to enclosed spaces. It is important to preserve and enhance the desired sound, also to eliminate unwanted noise and undesired sound. This project enable us as students to understand the acoustic design and acoustical requirement in a suggested space.
1.2 Research Methodology 1.2.1 Measuring Devices – Sound Level Meter
The Sound Level Meter device is used to record the acoustic level of the interior space. This device is equipped with an in-built microphone which records the
ambience and tabulates the data into the device's on-board storage compartment and then filtered into categories such as maximum and minimum decibel.
The device is designed to meet the IEC 61672 class 2 whilst the A/C weighting networks comply with the pre-existing general standards. The versatility of the device enables it to produce a general tabulation of data that can be transferred into computer with ease for further analysis and charting.
Furthermore, the attached condenser microphone on the sound level meter is designed for high accuracy and long term stability. This allows the device to withstand long period of recording session.
Not only that, the Sound Level Meter allows users to adjust the range of decibel according to the scope of the project, at the same time providing users with options to record the existing acoustic conditions either at a fast or slow rate. Users are able to record data at precise measurement without much interference from external factors.
1.3 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES 1.3.1 Operation Hours and Selected Time Frame Tous Les Jours, WOLO Bukit Bintang's operational hours begins at 9AM in the morning till 11PM at night every weekdays and weekends. As a group, we've decided to take readings on a regular weekday as we would like to do our recordings data for the peak and non-peak sessions, also because it is convenient for everyone to conduct the site visit.
We took the first reading for lighting and acoustics quality at 2PM in the afternoon after lunch hour whereas we did the second reading at 7PM at night where their dinner session begins.
We are to record the readings for both light and acoustics quality of both levels respectively at 1.5meter and 1meter. These two levels of height are to be adhered to, so fair test can be conducted throughout the duration of the site visit.
1.3.2 Gridlines on Plan View, Tabulated Data and Zone Allocation A scaled drawing of the restaurant floor plan is divided into grids of 1.8m x 1.8m to ensure the results recorded from the device are confined for precision. The floor plan is then divided into zones according to their specific functions such as dining area, outdoor, mezzanine floor etc. Each reading recorded for both lighting and acoustics level are then tabulated according to grids. The total points are 50.
1.3.3 Measuring Acoustics Level Before we start measuring the acoustics quality of the space, the sound level is adjusted to the appropriate range, which is held at one meter (1m) and one and a half meter (1.5m) from ground with the direction of microphone pointed away from the user. The device is used to measure at that specific heights due to that one meter (1m) off the ground is the height with optimum human hearing.
If the display panel on the device shows error, that would have meant that the sound level in the space has exceeded the range at which it can be interpret by the device. Hence, an adjustment to the range has to be done in order for the data to be collected. Occasionally error can appear when sound emission is present from users themselves. It is imperative that influences from external factors are minimalized so that each recording are precise and fair throughout the site visit.
2.0 PRECEDENT STUDY 2.1 Introduction This precedent study analyzes the acoustic conditions in a student restaurant at Faculty of Civil Engineering STU Bratislava. The main aim of the study is to evaluate and analyze the influence of several relevant factors such as architectural design of the interior, overall sound absorption and its position in the space and the number of customers in the room on the acoustic conditions.
The basic volume of the canteen is 1775m3, with a floor area of 467m2; height of the ceiling is 3.8m. The total area of walls together with the ceiling and floor is 1443m2.
Figure 2.1: Position of microphones during the measurements of sound pressure level.
Figure 2.2: View of the camera.
The floor is built out of marble tiles on concrete slab and the walls are partially plastered ( in the customer area ) and partially covered by ceramic tiles ( in the part of food expenditure and carrying dishes ).
On the ceiling, there are suspended gypsum boards without perforation.
The surface of windows is around 60m2; the total number of tables in the canteen is 36 with a seating capacity of about 280. The total surface area of tables and seats is around 190m2.
MATERIAL CONCRETE MARBLE TILES CERAMIC TILES GYPSUM BOARD PLASTER ON SOLID WALL
ABSOPRTION COEEFICIENT 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03
2.2 Results and Analysis The typical background noise level in the empty canteen fluctuates between 45-75dB and it is caused by mechanical noise coming from equipment in the room such as refrigerators etc.
The Figure below shows the global results of all measurements, with the general dependence of noise levels on the number of people present in the given room.
Figure 2.3: A weighed sound pressure level as a function of number of people in the restaurant.
Figure 2.4 : Average measured reverberation time T30, T 10, and EDT (s)
The lowered ceiling together with the sound scattering thanks to chairs and tables in the room, together with a membrane effect of large windows help to attenuate low frequencies.
Hard wall and floor are responsible for reverberation time longer than 2s between 500-2000Hz ( important for speech ). Average sound absorption coeeficient of interior surfaces is between 0.08-0.12, which is too little for comfortable perception of the reverberation in this type of the room.
2.3 Conclusion The noise level in the students’ restaurant is not unbearably high, thanks to relatively high ceiling. The levels in the room are most of the time less than 70dB, which is a value typically acceptable in a restaurant during lunchtime. Unclearly specified acoustic discomfort in the canteen (mentioned by personnel working in the space) can be therefore explained by long reverberation of sound and can be solved only by additional sound absorption in the room.
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Architectural Acoustics Architeture acoustics is about how to control sound in a space when designing to achieve pleasing and satisfactory sound quality. Noise sources from exterior such as traffic and pedestrians, and interior like sound speaker and human voices needed to be considered when designing a space. A proper acoustic design response is important as it affects the acoustic comfort when users are within the space. There are three fundamental elements in all acoustics situations which are sound source, sound transmission and sound receiver.
3.1.2 Sound Pressure Level Sound level is typically characterized regarding something many refer to as Sound Pressure Level (SPL). SPL is really a proportion of without a doubt the, Sound Pressure and a reference level (typically the Threshold of Hearing, or the least force sound that can be heard by a great many people). SPL is measured in decibels (dB), as a result of the inconceivably expansive scope of intensities we can listen. Typical Description of Sound Pressure Level: •
0 - 40 dB : quiet to very quiet
•
60 - 80 dB : noisy
•
100 dB : very noisy
•
> 120 db : intolerable
Souund Pressure formula:
Sound Level Measurement:
(Ref: Mr. Siva’s Building Science 2 Lecture - Aoustic Calculation)
3.1.3 Reverberation Time The reverberation time is seen as the ideal opportunity for the sound to fade away after the sound source stops, however that obviously relies on the power of the sound. For example, reverberation sound in a theater fades away with time as the sound vitality is consumed by numerous cooperations with the surfaces of the room. In a more intelligent room, it will take more time for the sound to fade away and the room is said to be 'live'. In an exceptionally spongy room, the sound will diminish rapidly and the room will be portrayed as acoustically 'dead'. However, the ideal opportunity for resonation to totally fade away will rely on how boisterous the sound was in the first place, and will likewise rely on the sharpness of the becoming aware of the spectator. Reverberation Time Formula:
Reverberation time is affected by the size of spae and number of absorptive or reflective surfaces within the space. A space with higher reflective surface will
have longer reverberation time. Reflective surfaces will reflect sound and increase the reverberation time. However, absorptive surfaces will absorb the sound and stop it from reflecting back into the space, causing low reverberation time. In comparison, smaller space will have shorter reverberation time compare to a large volume of space.
Figure 3.1: Time interval within which the sound level in a room has faded away by 60 dB.
3.1.4 Sound Reduction Index Sound is transmitted through most dividers and floors by setting the whole structure into vibration. This vibration produces new solid influxes of diminished power on the other side. The section of sound into one room of a working from a source situated in another room or outside the building is termed ''sound transmission". Sound Reduction Index, R dB, (or transmission loss), is a measure of the adequacy of a divider, floor, entryway or other barrier in limiting the section of sound. The transmission loss shifts with recurrence and the misfortune is typically more prominent at higher frequencies. The unit of measure of sound transmission loss is the decibel (dB). The higher the transmission loss of a divider, the better it capacities as an obstruction to unwanted noise source.
There are two sorts of sound protection in structures: airborne and impact. Airborne sound protection is utilized when sound created specifically into the air is protected and it is dictated by utilizing the sound reduction index. Impact sound insulation is utilized for gliding floors and it is dictated by the sound pressure level in the nearby room beneath.
Figure 3.2: How sound is transmitted and loss in a space
Sound Reduction Index Formula:
3.2 Site Study 3.2.1 Outdoor Noise Sources
Figure 3.3: Map view of traffic and pedestrian noise sources on site
A. Adjecent Shops/ Activity
Figure 3.4: Hoarding construction on-going in front of site
Figure 3.5: Bulding construction on-going on the side of Tous Les Jours building
Tous Les Jours is located in the city center of Kuala Lumpur thus the high intensity of activities going on. During the time of our site data analysis, recording and measurement, we have observed that surrounding the site there are two constructions going on. One is directly in front and the other is on the side. The construction in front is having some road maintenance fixing and is surrounded with hoardings. The building construction on the left contribute to the noise affected the inside of Tous Les Jours either.
B. Traffic and Pedestrians
Figure 3.6: Looking from interior towards the busy traffic
Figure 3.7: High intensity of congested vehicles and human flow
As our site is at the junction of Kuala Lumpur busiest street, Jln Bukit Bintang, the traffic congestion is higher than average. The flow of the cars are never stopping and it contributes to the outdoor noise sources. Nonetheless, the honking and screeching tired noise also causes the high sound level. Pedestrian walking on the inside with talking and laughing noises also affects the sound level. Due to the high amount of coomercial blocks and office buildings, the human flow is always at its peak
3.2.2 Indoor Noise Sources
Figure 3.8: Human flow inside the building, either dining or browsing
Interior sound sources mainly come from two elements, one is human noises and the another is sound speaker. Human noises are mainly found as they are dining and talking as this is a restaurant.
Figure 3.9: Sound speaker to play song or notification
KITCHEN
UP
UP
Figure 3.10: Reflected ceiling plan for acoustic
From the reflected ceiling plan above, we could see that there are several sound speakers located in Tous Les Jours. These sound speakers are placed in
various place with a certain distance between one another to ensure the users within the building could hear the sound transmitted from the sound speaker.
3.2.3 Zoning of Spaces
Legend ZONE A Dining Area ZONE B Mezzanine Floor ZONE C Reception ZONE D Dining Area (Double Volume) ZONE E Dining Area (Outdoor)
3.2.4 Types and Specification of Acoustic Used
PRODUCT BRAND WEIGHT FREQUENCY RESPONSE AMPLIFICATION POWER
BOSE 24 lb
10-100 watts
PRODUCT BRAND WEIGHT
SONAB 42 pounds
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AMPLIFICATION POWER
30-100 Hz
PRODUCT BRAND WEIGHT
ACSON 12kg
Power Consumption Placement
570-710W Floor
200 watts
3.2.5 Tabulation of Data
3.2.5.1 Acoustic Factor Analysis
Observation 1: The average sound level at Zone E is higher than the average sound level of the other zoning. Discussion 1: Zone E is an outdoor dining area which allocated at the side of the main road. The level was affected by the noise which create by the vehicles and passengers pass by.
Observation 2: The average sound level at Zone B the lowest. Discussion 2: Zone D is where the staircase use to reach the first floor located, and it is normally block if there isn’t any function being held in first floor. Thus, the sound level are lower than the other zoning.
Observation 3: The two highest readings happen in point A5 and F1. Discussion 3: This two point are where the portable air conditional located. The noise which made by those portable air-conditions have strongly affect the noise level of the environment.
3.2.6 Space Acoustic Analysis 3.2.6.1 Calculation for Sound Pressure Level ZONE A : DINING AREA
PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 95.1dB 95.1 = 10log(I1 / I0) 95.1 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 9.51 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 9.51 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 9.51) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 3.23 x 10 -3 W LOWEST READING : 61.4dB 61.4 = 10log(I1 / I0) 61.4 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.14 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.14 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.14) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =1.38 x 10-6 W
Total Intensity , I = (3.23 x 10 -3 ) + (1.38 x 10-6 ) = 3.24 x 10-3 Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (3.24 x 10-3 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 95.1dB
NON- PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 88.6dB 88.6 = 10log(I1 / I0) 88.6 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 8.86 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 8.86= I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 8.86) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 7.24 x 10 -4 W LOWEST READING : 58.4dB 58.4 = 10log(I1 / I0) 58.4 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 5.84 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 5.84 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 5.84) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =6.92 x 10-7 W Total Intensity , I = (7.24 x 10 -4) + (6.92 x 10-7) = 7.25 x 10 -4 W Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (7.25 x 10 -4 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 88.6dB
CONCLUSION : In Zone A (Dining Area), the average sound pressure level during peak and non-peak hour are 88.6 dB and 77.4 dB respectively.
ZONE B : DOUBLE VOLUME STAIRS AREA
PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 72.7 dB 72.7 = 10log(I1 / I0) 72.7 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 7.27 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 7.27 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 7.27) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 1.862 x 10 -5 W LOWEST READING : 64.7dB 64.7 = 10log(I1 / I0) 64.7 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.47 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.47 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.47) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =2.951 x 10-6 W
Total Intensity , I = (1.862 x 10 -5 ) + (2.951 x 10-6 ) = 2.1571 x 10-5
Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (2.1571 x 10-5 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 73.3dB
NON- PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 69.9dB 69.9 = 10log(I1 / I0) 69.9 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.99 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.99= I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.99) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 9.772 x 10 -6 W LOWEST READING : 61.3dB 61.3 = 10log(I1 / I0) 61.3 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.13 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.13 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.13) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =1.35 x 10-6 W Total Intensity , I = (9.772 x 10 -6) + (1.35 x 10-6) = 1.1122 x 10 -5 W Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (1.1122 x 10 -5 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 70.5dB
CONCLUSION : In Zone B (Staircase Area), the average sound pressure level during peak and non-peak hour are 73.3 dB and 70.5 dB respectively.
ZONE C : RECEPTION AREA
PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING :70.2dB 70.2 = 10log(I1 / I0) 70.2 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 7.02 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 7.02 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 7.02) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 1.047 x 10 -5 W LOWEST READING : 61.4dB 61.4 = 10log(I1 / I0) 61.4 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.14 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.14 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.14) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =1.38 x 10-6 W
Total Intensity , I = (1.047 x 10 -5) +( 1.38 x 10-6) = 1.185 x 10-5 Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (1.185 x 10-5 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 70.7dB
NON- PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 68.5dB 68.5 = 10log(I1 / I0) 68.5 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.85 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.85= I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.85) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 7.07 x 10 -6 W LOWEST READING : 58.4dB 58.4 = 10log(I1 / I0) 58.4 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 5.84 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 5.84 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 5.84) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =6.91 x 10-7 W Total Intensity , I = (7.07 x 10 -6) + (6.91 x 10-7) = 7.761 x 10 -6W Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (7.761 x 10 -6 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 68.9dB
CONCLUSION : In Zone C (Counter Area), the average sound pressure level during peak and non-peak hour are 70.7dB and 68.9 dB respectively.
ZONE D : DOUBLE VOLUME DINING AREA
PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 99 dB 99 = 10log(I1 / I0) 99 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 9.9 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 9.9 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = (7.94 x 109) x (1.0 x 10-12) I1 = 7.94 x 10 -3 W LOWEST READING : 64.4dB 64.4 = 10log(I1 / I0) 64.4 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.44 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.44 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( 2.75 x 106) x (1.0 x 10-12) I1 = 2.75 x 10-6 W
Total Intensity , I = (7.94 x 10 -3 ) + (2.75 x 10-6 ) = 7.94 x 10-3 Thus, Combined SPL = 10log (7.94 x 10-3 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 98.9dB
NON- PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 92.7dB 92.7 = 10log(I1 / I0) 92.7 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 9.27 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 9.27= I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( 1.86 x 109) x (1.0 x 10-12) I1 = 1.86 x 10 -3 W LOWEST READING : 60.1dB 60.1= 10log(I1 / I0) 60.1 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.01 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.01 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( 1.02 x 106) x (1.0 x 10-12) I1 = 1.02 x 10-6 W Total Intensity , I = (1.86 x 10 -3) + (1.02 x 10-6) = 1.86 x 10 -3W Thus, Combined SPL = 10log (1.86 x 10 -3 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 92.7dB
CONCLUSION: In Zone D (Main Dining Area), the average sound pressure level during peak and non-peak hour are 98.9dB and 92.7dB.
ZONE E : DINING AREA ( OUTDOOR )
PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING :74.3dB 74.3 = 10log(I1 / I0) 74.3 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 7.43 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 7.43 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 7.43) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 2.69 x 10 -5 W LOWEST READING : 69.7dB 69.7 = 10log(I1 / I0) 69.7 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.97 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.97 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.97) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =8.71 x 10-6 W Total Intensity , I = (2.69 x 10 -5) +( 8.71 x 10-6) = 3.56 x 10-5
Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (3.56 x 10-5 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 75.5dB
NON- PEAK HOUR HIGHEST READING : 72.2dB 72.2 = 10log(I1 / I0) 72.2 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 7.72 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 7.72= I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 7.72) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = 5.25 x 10 -5 W LOWEST READING : 64.7dB 64.7 = 10log(I1 / I0) 64.7 = 10log(I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) 6.47 = log ( I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 ) log-1 6.47 = I1 / 1.0 x 10-12 I1 = ( log-1 6.47) x 1.0 x 10-12 I1 =2.95 x 10-6 W Total Intensity , I = (5.25 x 10 -5) + (2.95 x 10-6) = 5.55 x 10 -5W Hence, Combined SPL = 10log (5.55 x 10 -5 / 1.0 x 10-12) = 77.4dB
CONCLUSION : In Zone E (Outdoor), the average sound pressure level during peak and non-peak hour are 75.5 dB and 77.4 dB respectively.
3.2.6.1 Calculation for Reverberation Time ZONE A : DINING AREA
Figure 3.11: Interior of Zone A
Volume = ½ ( 8.53 + 10.34)( 3.26)(2.8) + (3.95)(3.22)(2.8) + (2.18)(8.53)(2.8) = 173.80m2
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
2.89
0.02
0.06
Floor
Timber Finishing
60.9
0.10
6.09
Window
Large Panel Glass
21.29
0.06
1.27
Aluminium frame with glass panel Metal panel Plaster ceiling Leather Cushion Sofa
2.1
0.25
0.53
48.3 15.9 2.7
0.82 0.02 0.58
39.61 0.32 1.57
Steel chair with timber finishing Marble table
7.78
0.26
2.02
1.9
0.01
0.02
Timber divider
2.35 3
0.10 0.42
0.24 1.26
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 173.8 ) / 52.99 = 0.52s
52.99
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
2.89
0.05
0.14
Floor
Timber Finishing
60.9
0.10
6.09
Window
Large Panel Glass
21.29
0.02
0.43
Aluminium frame with glass panel Metal panel Plaster ceiling Leather Cushion Sofa
2.1
0.54
1.13
48.3 15.9 2.7
1.00 0.07 0.58
48.62 1.11 1.57
Steel chair with timber finishing Marble table
7.78
0.46
3.58
1.9
0.03
0.06
Timber divider
2.35 21
0.30 0.42
0.71 1.26
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 173.8 ) / 64.7 = 0.43s
64.7
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
2.89
0.02
0.06
Floor
Timber Finishing
60.9
0.10
6.09
Window
Large Panel Glass
21.29
0.06
1.27
Aluminium frame Metal panel Plaster ceiling Leather Cushion Sofa
2.1
0.25
0.53
48.3 15.9
0.82 0.02
39.61 0.32
2.7
0.58
1.57
Steel chair with timber finishing Marble table
7.78
0.26
2.02
1.9
0.01
0.02
Timber divider
2.35
0.10
0.24
21
0.42
8.82
Ceiling
Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 173.8 ) / 60.55 = 0.46s
60.55
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
2.89
0.05
0.14
Floor
Timber Finishing
60.9
0.10
6.09
Window
Large Panel Glass
21.29
0.02
0.43
Aluminium frame with glass panel Metal panel Plaster ceiling Leather Cushion Sofa
2.1
0.54
1.13
48.3 15.9 2.7
1.00 0.07 0.58
48.62 1.11 1.57
Steel chair with timber finishing Marble table
7.78
0.46
3.58
1.9
0.03
0.06
Timber divider
2.35 21
0.30 0.42
0.71 8.82
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 173.8 ) / 72.26 = 0.38s
72.26
ZONE B : DOUBLE VOLUME STAIRS AREA
Volume = 5m x 4.9m x 5.6m = 137.2 m3
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
13.72
0.02
0.27
Floor
Mezzanine Floor
24.5
0.10
2.45
Window
Large Panel Glass
28
0.06
1.68
Aluminium
2.1
0.25
0.53
Ceiling Furniture
frame with glass panel Plaster ceiling Steel chair with timber finishing Timber countertop with marble finishing
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
28.5 7.78
0.02 0.26
0.57 2.02
3
0.01
0.03
3
0.42
1.26 8.81
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 137.2 ) / 8.81 = 2.49s
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
13.72
0.05
0.686
Floor
Mezzanine Floor
24.5
0.10
2.45
Window
Large Panel Glass
28
0.02
0.56
Aluminium frame with glass panel Plaster ceiling Steel chair with timber finishing
2.1
0.54
1.13
28.5 7.78
0.07 0.46
2.0 3.58
Ceiling Furniture
Marble table People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
3
0.03
0.09
3
0.42
1.26 11.76
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 137.2 ) / 11.76 = 1.87s
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space. BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
13.72
0.02
0.27
Floor
Mezzanine Floor
24.5
0.10
2.45
Window
Large Panel Glass
28
0.06
1.68
Aluminium frame with glass panel Plaster ceiling Steel chair with timber finishing Timber countertop with marble finishing
2.1
0.25
0.53
28.5 7.78
0.02 0.26
0.57 2.02
3
0.01
0.03
21
0.42
8.82
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
16.37
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 137.2 ) / 16.37 = 1.34s
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
13.72
0.05
0.686
Floor
Mezzanine Floor
24.5
0.10
2.45
Window
Large Panel Glass
28
0.02
0.56
Aluminium frame with glass panel Plaster ceiling Steel chair with timber finishing Marble table
2.1
0.54
1.13
28.5 7.78
0.07 0.46
2.0 3.58
3
0.03
0.09
21
0.42
8.82
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 137.2 ) / 19.32 = 1.14s
19.32
ZONE C: RECEPTION AREA
Total Volume: (3.2m x 3.4m x 2.8m) + (6.6m x 3.2m x 2.8m) = 120.06 m3
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
8.96
0.02
0.18
Floor
Grey Marble
32
0.01
0.32
Ceiling
Metal panel Cast Iron Marble table
10.88 21.12 5.12
0.82 0.87 0.01
8.92 18.37 0.05
Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
3
0.42
1.26 29.1
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 120.06) / 29.1 = 0.66s
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
8.96
0.05
0.49
Floor
Grey Marble
32
0.01
0.32
Ceiling
Metal panel Cast Iron Marble table
10.88 21.12 1.9
1.00 0.98 0.03
10.88 20.7 0.06
3
0.42
1.26
Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 120.06 ) / 33.7 = 0.57s
33.7
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
8.96
0.02
0.18
Floor
Grey Marble
32
0.01
0.32
Ceiling
Metal panel Cast Iron Marble table
10.88 21.12 5.12
0.82 0.87 0.01
8.92 18.37 0.05
21
0.42
8.82
Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
36.7
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 120.06) / 36.7 = 0.52s
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
8.96
0.05
0.49
Floor
Grey Marble
32
0.01
0.32
Ceiling
Metal panel Cast Iron Marble table
10.88 21.12 1.9
1.00 0.98 0.03
10.88 20.7 0.06
21
0.42
8.82
Furniture People ( Non – Peak )
Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 120.06 ) / 41.27 = 0.47s
ZONE D : DOUBLE VOLUME DINING AREA
I = 5 x 1.3 x 5.6 = 36.4m3 II = ½ x (2.9+2.9) x 5.6 = 16.24m3 III = 2.9 x 2 x 5.6 = 32.48m3 IV = 3.4 x 3.2 x 5.6 = 60.93m3 V = 3.2 x 10.9 x 5.6 = 195.33m3
:: Total Volume = I+ II + III + IV + V = 341.38m3
41.27
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
111.4
0.02
2.23
Floor
Timber Finishing
341.38
0.10
34.14
Window
Large Glass Panel
117.74
0.06
7.06
Aluminium Frame Large Glass Panel Aluminium Frame Plaster ceiling
11.04
0.25
2.8
11.2
0.06
0.67
1.52
0.25
0.38
230
0.02
4.6
Leather Cushion Sofa
1.7
0.58
0.99
Steel chair with timber finishing Fabric Upholestered Cushion Sofa Marble Table with Timber Finishing Timber Countertop with Marble finishing
5.75
0.26
1.5
1.2
0.80
0.96
4.83
0.05
0.24
4.8
0.01
0.05
3
0.42
1.26
Door
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 341.38 ) / 56.88 = 0.96
56.88
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 3 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
111.4
0.05
5.57
Floor
Timber Finishing
341.38
0.10
34.14
Window
Large Glass Panel
117.74
0.02
2.35
Aluminium Frame Large Glass Panel Aluminium Frame Plaster ceiling
11.04
0.54
5.96
11.2
0.02
0.22
1.52
0.54
0.82
230
0.07
16.1
Leather Cushion Sofa
1.7
0.58
0.99
Steel chair with timber finishing Fabric Upholestered Cushion Sofa Marble Table with Timber Finishing Timber Countertop with Marble finishing
5.75
0.46
2.65
1.2
0.82
0.98
4.83
0.05
0.24
4.8
0.02
0.10
3
0.42
1.26
Door
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 341.38 ) / 71.38 = 0.77s
71.38
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
111.4
0.02
2.23
Floor
Timber Finishing
341.38
0.10
34.14
Window
Large Glass Panel
117.74
0.06
7.06
Aluminium Frame Large Glass Panel Aluminium Frame Plaster ceiling
11.04
0.25
2.8
11.2
0.06
0.67
1.52
0.25
0.38
230
0.02
4.6
Leather Cushion Sofa
1.7
0.58
0.99
Steel chair with timber finishing Fabric Upholestered Cushion Sofa Marble Table with Timber Finishing Timber Countertop with Marble finishing
5.75
0.26
1.5
1.2
0.80
0.96
4.83
0.05
0.24
4.8
0.01
0.05
21
0.42
8.82
Door
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 341.38 ) / 64.44 = 0.85s
64.44
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, non-peak hour with 21 people contained within the space.
BUILDING COMPONENT
MATERIAL
AREA, S (m2)
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT, a
SOUND ABSORPTION, Sa
Wall
Concrete Brick wall
111.4
0.05
5.57
Floor
Timber Finishing
341.38
0.10
34.14
Window
Large Glass Panel
117.74
0.02
2.35
Aluminium Frame Large Glass Panel Aluminium Frame Plaster ceiling
11.04
0.54
5.96
11.2
0.02
0.22
1.52
0.54
0.82
230
0.07
16.1
Leather Cushion Sofa
1.7
0.58
0.99
Steel chair with timber finishing Fabric Upholestered Cushion Sofa Marble Table with Timber Finishing Timber Countertop with Marble finishing
5.75
0.46
2.65
1.2
0.82
0.98
4.83
0.05
0.24
4.8
0.02
0.10
21
0.42
8.82
Door
Ceiling Furniture
People ( Non – Peak ) Total Absorption , A
Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 x V ) / A = ( 0.16 x 341.38 ) / 78.94 = 0.69s
78.94
3.2.6.3 Calculation for Sound Reduction Index ZONE A : DINING AREA 1. Transmission coefficient of glass TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 26 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 2.6 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 398.11 TAV = 2.51 x 10-3 2. Transmission coefficient of brick TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 44 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 4.4 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 2.51 x 103 TAV = 3.98 x 10-5 3. Transmission coefficient of aluminium TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 42 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 4.2 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 1.58 x 104 TAV = 6.31x 10-5
MATERIAL
Brick wall Glass wall Glass Window Panel Window Aluminium Frame Total Surface Area
SURFACE AREA (m2) 8.73 21.29 8.57
SRI ( dB )
44 26 26
Transmission Coefficient of Material 3.98x10-5 2.51 x 10-3 2.51 x 10-3
2.1
3.47x10-4 5.34x10-2 2.15 x10-2
42
6.31x 10-5
1.33 x 10-4
38.59
Average transmission coefficient of materials TAV average =( 3.47x10-4 + 5.34x10-2 + 2.15 x10-2 + 1.33 x 10-4) / 38.59 = 1.95 x 10-3 SRI = 10log(1/ TAV average) = 10log(1 / 1.95x10-3) = 27.09 dB
Sn x TCN
ZONE B : DOUBLE VOLUME STAIRS AREA 1. Transmission coefficient of glass TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 26 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 2.6 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 398.11 TAV = 2.51 x 10-3 2. Transmission coefficient of timber TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 30 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 3.0 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 1000 TAV = 1 x 10-3 3. Transmission coefficient of aluminium TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 42 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 4.2 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 1.58 x 104 TAV = 6.31x 10-5
MATERIAL
Timber Flooring Glass Window Panel Window Aluminium Frame Total Surface Area
SURFACE AREA (m2) 8.96 28
SRI ( dB )
30 26
Transmission Coefficient of Material 1x10-3 2.51 x 10-3
2.1
2.45x10-4 7.0 x10-5
42
6.31x 10-5
1.33 x 10-4
54.6
Average transmission coefficient of materials TAV average =( 2.45x10-4 + 7.0 x10-5 + 1.33 x 10-4) / 54.6 = 8.21 x 10-6 SRI = 10log(1/ TAV average) = 10log(1 / 8.21x10-6) = 50.9 dB
Sn x TCN
ZONE C: RECEPTION AREA 1. Transmission coefficient of brick TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 44 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 4.4 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 2.51 x 10-3 TAV = 3.98 x 10-5 2. Transmission coefficient of timber TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 30 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 3.0 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 1000 TAV = 1 x 10-3 MATERIAL Brick Wall Total Surface Area
SURFACE AREA (m2) 8.96 8.96
SRI ( dB ) 26
Average transmission coefficient of materials TAV average = ( 2.25x10-7 ) / 8.96 = 2.51 x 10-3 SRI = 10log(1/ TAV average) = 10log(1 / 2.51 x 10-3) = 26.0 dB
ZONE D : DOUBLE VOLUME DINING AREA 1. Transmission coefficient of timber TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 30 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 3.0 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 1000 TAV = 1 x 10-3 2. Transmission coefficient of brick TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 44 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 4.4 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 2.51 x 103
Transmission Coefficient of Material 2.51 x 10-3
Sn x TCN 2.25x10-7
TAV = 3.98 x 10-5 3. Transmission coefficient of glass TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 26 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 2.6 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 3.988 x 102 TAV = 2.51 x 10-3
MATERIAL
Timber Flooring Brick Wall Glass Wall Glass Door Total Surface Area
SURFACE AREA (m2) 341.38 100.2 117.74 11.2 570.52
SRI ( dB )
30 44 26 26
Transmission Coefficient of Material 1 x 10-3 3.98 x 10-5 2.51 x 10-3 2.51 x 10-3
Sn x TCN
3.41x105 3.98x10-3 2.9 x10-1 2.8 x 10-2
Average transmission coefficient of materials TAV average =(3.41x105 + 3.98x10-3 + 2.9 x10-1 + 2.8 x 10-2 ) / 570.52 = 5.97 x 102 SRI = 10log(1/ TAV average) = 10log(1 / 5.97 x 102) = 27.8dB
ZONE E : DINING AREA ( OUTDOOR ) 1. Transmission coefficient of glass TL = 10log( 1 / TAV ) 26 = 10log (1/ TAV ) 2.6 = log (1/ TAV ) 1 / TAV = 398.11 TAV = 2.51 x 10-3
MATERIAL
Glass wall Glass door Total Surface Area
SURFACE AREA (m2) 22.4 2.52 24.92
SRI ( dB )
26 26
Transmission Coefficient of Material 2.51 x 10-3 2.51 x 10-3
Sn x TCN
5.62x10-2 6.33x10-3
Average transmission coefficient of materials TAV average = ( 5.62x10-2 + 6.33x10-3 ) / 24.92 = 2.51 x 10-3 SRI = 10log(1/ TAV average) = 10log(1 / 2.51 x 10-3) = 26.0 dB
4.0 Evaluation and Conclusion
From the data analysis and collection, we have concluded that zone D, which is the main dining area has the highest noise level due to the large amount of visitors dining and accessing in the main area. The noise level during peak and non-peak hours are 98.9dB and 92.7dB. The decibels are relatively high than average as the standard is 80db.
In zone B, the reverberation time is the longest as the area has little or no materials that absorb but reflect sound. This is due to zone B is a circulation area where human goes up and down the levels. In this area, very little or no absorptive materials are found to absorb the sound. However, reflective surfaces such as external classing glass panel is found on the faรงade and it reflects the sound causing the reverberation time to be the longest.
The difference of SRI is affected by number of sound decibels stopped by a wall or other structure at a given frequency highest in zone B as there are no solid walls or partition thus internal noise directly transfer throughout to the other areas. The zone B is an open area where it leads to a double volume level on top of it. With these factors, the SRI is the highest in zone B.
Reference 7 Design Tips for Best Architectural Acoustics - Sensing Architecture ÂŽ | Maria Lorena Lehman. (2009). Retrieved May 30, 2016, from http://sensingarchitecture.com/649/7-design-tips-for-best-architectural-acoustics/ BS 3638: 1987 Measurement of absorption in a reverberation room, equivalent to ISO 354-1985. Cavanaugh, W. J., Tocci, G. C., & Wilkes, J. A. (2010). Architectural acoustics: Principles and practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. E. J. Evans and E. N. Bazley (revised 1978) Sound Absorbing Materials, NPL ISBN 0 9504496 3 6. F. Fahy (1985) Sound and structural vibration, Academic Press. http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf
http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-RT60Coeff.htm