Architectural Design Project- Environment and Technology Report

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROJECT [ARC3127] Environmental and Technology Report

Name ID Tutor Site

: : : :

Angeline Kon Kee Hooi 0302068 Ar. Fadzwin Hashim Jalan Alor

1.0 PROJECT DESIGN ANALYSIS 1.1 CONTENT 1.0 Outline 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Aim and Objectives 2.0 Contextual Study 2.1 Site Introduction 2.2 Site History 2.3 Site Issues 2.4 Urban Study 3.0 Design and Social Impact 3.1 Micro Site Analysis 3.2 Precedent Study 3.3 Design Intention 3.4 Project Proposal 3.5 Site Response 4.0 Building Science 4.1 Sustainable Features 4.1.1 Orientation 4.1.2 Solar Analysis 4.1.3 Wind Analysis 4.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting System 4.1.5 Greenery 4.1.6 Material and resources, Low emitting material selection

5.0 Design Schematics 5.1 Basement Floor Plan 5.2 Lower Ground Floor Plan 5.3 Upper Ground Floor Plan 5.4 First Floor Plan 5.5 Second Floor Plan 5.6 Roof Plan 5.7 Elevations 5.8 Sections 5.9 Perspectives 6.0 Project Management 6.1 SWOT Analysis 6.2 PESTLE Analysis 6.3 Programme Viability 6.4 Spaces for Programme 6.5 Stakeholders 6.6 Maintenance Strategy 6.7 Success Criteria 6.8 Risk Analysis and Mitigation 6.9 Gantt Chart 7.0 Conclusion

1.0 OUTLINE 1.1 Abstract COMMUNITY PARLIAMENT The design prposal challenges are to create a architectural position, progressing from the urban issues of urban street environment , development of architectural position, proposing strategy to resolving social issues pertinent within the conditions of the urban landscape (neglected communities, school, youth centre). the site and program was developed, addresses the social needs of a particular urban place and provide interaction and connection of people in the urban spaces.

The project aim is to exploring the topic of sustaining humanity. The ‘urban design’ side is about the building (or a family of smaller buildings) that sits well and quietly in the neighbourhood, architecture that fits in to the street, is made up of recycled or sustainable materials, lets in lots of light, some rain and is open. We are interested in movable stuff; pulleys, shades, screens, ‘floating’ design, shadow details, shade and rawness. Hence, a Social Centre for Giving Back.

The ideas of ‘Community’ and ‘Urban Design’, a socially-driven nexus where locals and visitors can be seen together; where a soup-kitchen exists for homeless people to get free food and eat it in a nice manner and context; where a permanent flea-market sells homemade products or recycled/upcycled goods, fresh produce and food; a place where visitors can pause for a while, have a shower, get refreshed and chill out; a place with an indoor/outdoor amphitheatre where films are shown or talks held; a place that houses a community workshop where independent things can be made (and later sold); a place that is safe as a refuge where some temporary accommodation can help a small family or individual get back on their feet; a place with some shops, pocket parks, big trees, some day beds and lots of chairs and tables. Building on design brief and pre-analysis of context, user and programme, spatial planning are required to design a building that delivers a strong relationship to place, people and time.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL STUDY 2.1 Site Introduction Jalan Alor is well known in KL for all sorts of reasons, has a ‘history’, is a peoples place, draws in the crowds and tourists, is strategically located, has a mix of really old, old and new buildings, has a great ‘urban design presence’, is well shaded by existing trees and the local people. We believe its an ideal location for a Social Centre.

Film theatre and film workshops was the catalyst design a film theatre that utilizes the textures, and patterns as landscape design while the park is approximately 250 metres long and extends from film theatre running parallel to Alor Street which directs and captures the diverse forces and flows within the site to create flexible conditions for future events and program. The design project seeks to transform a existing car park to a platform which can be used for a variety of public entertainment, recreation, and city celebration. using the alignment to with tourist and recreation facilities, creating activity nodes and spaces on both sides, generate visual interest. This will bring together community members and to learn, discuss and get involved in today’s critical social issues. presents the opportunity for living, working, and recreation to make a positive changes and give back to our society.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL STUDY 2.2 Site History

Jalan Alor located behind Jalan Bukit Bintang, formerly known as red light district of KL. The street was predominantly Chinese area but has transformed into a melting pot of cultures in the past years. Pre-war, colonial shophouses have been refurbished into trendy bars and restaurants.

Relatively quiet during the day, the entire street is transformed into a lively outdoor food court, selling a variety of mainly Chinese cuisine at night. As it has steadily evolved into a well-known food district and tourist landmark, Bukit Bintang LRT station started its construction in 2002 and Bukit Bintang Sentral MRT station in 2012 to serve as transit interchange for commuters.

Figure(from left to right, top to bottom) : Cathay Cinema, MRT launch shaft, Alor Street shophouses, Alor Street, Outdoor food court

residential area school Alor food street open space hospital site MRT launch shaft

2.0 CONTEXTUAL STUDY 2.3 Site Issues Issue 1: Connectivity The Typology varies across the area, but a clear denomination can be appreciated.

Generally, closer to our site and along the main street of Jalan Alor, the main type of buildings are shophouses with eateries on the ground floor and residential building housing on the floors above, which makes them a mixed-used development.

Moving further outwards from the site in a radial manner, the outskirts of covered area begin to converge to rather more commercial districts, Issue 2: Lack of Identity Common building typology across the surrounding which includes Jalan Pudu, Jalan Tong Shin and Changkat Bukit Bintang.

Issue 3: Privatization of Space

Issue 4: Lack of Public Open Space

2.0 CONTEXTUAL STUDY 2.4 Urban Study Landmarks Physically Separated and negatively district formed with the surrounding landmarks and paths

Districts

Edges

Paths

3.0 DESIGN AND SOCIAL IMPACT 3.1 Micro-site Analysis Strategic Location The selected site is located at the end of Jalan Alor, within walking distance from Bukit Bintang LRT station. There are upgrading and beautification plans to regularize events and market activities. MRT Development with the Mass Rapid Transit ready in 2017, it will enhance the transportation of locals and tourists.

Micro-climate 9.00 a.m.

12 noon

The selected site is shaded by neighbouring buildings

The site is exposed to the hot afternoon sun.

3.00 p.m.

Views

The site is exposed to direct sunlight.

5.00 a.m.

The site is shaded entirely by neighbouring buildings.

Strong winds during monsoon season and frequent prevailing winds from South East direction.

3.0 DESIGN AND SOCIAL IMPACT 3.2 Precedent Study Precedent Study

TIFF Bell Lightbox Architects: KPMB Architects Location: Toronto, ON, Canada Architect: Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg (KPMB) Architects The building features cineplex, two restaurants, major exhibitions, and learning and entertainment facilities. TIFF has remained committed to educating and broadening audiences, adding to the cultural richness of Canada’s community.

It was also designed to reflect the heterogeneity and openness that characterizes Toronto.

The King Street elevation is a composition of projecting volumes and surfaces contained within a continuous loop of movement that begins with the street level canopy and then rises to the upper levels to culminate at the stepped roof. The canopy, with its metal soffits and LED lights, enhances the arrival experience.

Extended sequences of horizontal montages of clear, fritted and translucent glass panels animate the upper surfaces and in project the silhouettes of people moving within to the street.

Inside the Lightbox, the design acts as a framework for human action and imagination in which the solidity of architecture and the ephemerality of the medium of film are fused.

The flexible plan is based on the tradition of industrial loft buildings. Within this framework, the volumes of the cinema theaters (ranging from 80 to 550 seats) and spaces for gathering, display and production are arranged to promote movement and visual connectivity.

A three-story central atrium features a red framed glass window into the master control booth. The architectural volumes of the five cinemas are expressed as black zinc clad buildings within the building, and the spaces between act as interior streets along which visitors are oriented. The cinema interiors are dark, unadorned and enclosed to focus the attention between viewers and film.

3.0 DESIGN AND SOCIAL IMPACT 3.3 Design Intention Live- Accommodation block to cater artists, individual or families in need of support.

Work- Job opportunities offered in film theatre, cafes, and restaurants for people in need of financial support.

Play- entertainment facilities which includes indoor theatre, integrated park ‘strip’ with outdoor theatre, outdoor exhibition and recreational activities.

Learning Lack of Connectivity

Educational Workshop

Experimental Theatre Lack of Identity

Film Theatre

Live Accomodation

Privatization of Space

Relax Urban Park Lack of Public Open Space

3.0 DESIGN AND SOCIAL IMPACT 3.4 Project Proposal The design project proposal will be a hybrid, live and work programme that aims to bridge the gap between the diversed community of Jalan Alor through social-cultural activities. The urban park and the art and cultural related programme will act as a catalyst to bridge the generation gap and sustain a vibrant environment. The spaces would be workshop orientated that encourage and foster interactions, create new opportunities and generate a sense of place.

Site Proposal Building Lot Area 1413.6 m2 Open Space (Kawasan Lapang) Area 1732.9 m2 Building Type Film Theatre Education Target User Group Residents Tourists Neighbours Public (Artists, Organizations)

Client Malaysia Film Club (Kelab Seni Filem Malaysia) Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia

3.0 DESIGN AND SOCIAL IMPACT 3.5 Site Response A row of shophouses block the view to the site

Drop-off

Entrance Entrance

Climatic

Climatic

Visual Axis

4.0 BUILDING SCIENCE 4.1 Design Strategy ROOF LEVEL

ROOF GARDEN

RESIDENCE

2ND FLOOR

WORKSHOPS

1ST FLOOR

EVENT CAFE SPACE TICKETING GALLERY

RETAILS

4.2 SPATIAL PLANNING The massing of the building is divided in two modules with interlocking series of volumes. Surrounding of the film theatre is a strip of urban park. adjustable to the slope topography. The space in between forms a pedestrian network of stepped streets.

Urban Park

UPPER GROUND LOWER GROUND

PUBLIC GATHERING SPACE Activated by retails and kiosks at upper ground and restaurant, café at lower ground to continuity the street activity and create opportunities for community activities and social gathering. Outdoor cinema and exhibition park for recreational and communal activities.

Ground Floor Plan NTS

Solid and Void

Permeability

SEMI-PUBLIC Theatre café, studio theatre and workshop studios located at the first floor and second floor to overlook the central space of the building.

First Floor Plan NTS

Greenary

PRIVATE ACCOMODATION BLOCK - Located at eastside and second floor to provide more privacy.

View Second Floor Plan NTS

4.0 BUILDING SCIENCE 4.1 Sustainable Features 4.1.1 Orientation

L o c a t i o n : 3.14479째, 101.707317째 HAS: -78.0째 VSA: 83.9 째

Site Plan NTS

Due to high altitude of sun during most of the year in Malaysia, the longer side of the building facade is designed to face Northeast orientation and Southeast in order to minimalize direct sun light to enter the building.

Reflection pool at west side of the building also acts as buffer to reduce the surrounding temperature.

Moreover, the orientation of the building within the plot allows visual connection with the green strip.

Service Area

Circulation Area

The service area which includes toilet, control room and storage are located at outer portion of the building to shade the building from direct solar heat gain.

4.0 BUILDING SCIENCE 4.1 Sustainable Features 4.1.2 Solar Analysis Passive thermal comfort by providing shade during the day to reduce solar heat gains.

The shadow casted by buildings in front of the Alor Street has blocked most of the morning sun. The roof garden provides shades for the building.

Vegetation and the surrounding landscape planted around the building gives shade. The decorative connection at the first floor provides light and shadow effect as well as shading to the roof terrace.

Northeast Elevation NTS

Louvers functioning as a filter to the outside, minimizing direct sunlight entering building and serve as a mediation zone between private and public space that will reflect in time the diversity of the inhabitants.

Vertical structures serve as an overhead shelter for outdoor terrace

Louvres shade trees can reduce solar heat gain

Roof garden Roof terrace

Urban Park

Reflection pool

Southeast Elevation NTS

4.0 BUILDING SCIENCE 4.1 Sustainable Features 4.1.3 Wind Analysis

SitePlan NTS

Prevailing wind

The wind rose diagram shows that the prevailing wind come from northeast and west Although there are lesser openings at the south-west, larger openings at the northwest of the workshop block.

Void at the centre of the building to allow stack ventilation. Cross ventilation the film theatre block and workshop/acomodation block.

Stack Ventilation

4.0 BUILDING SCIENCE 4.1 Sustainable Features 4.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting System

Potential Rainwater From Roof Water tank

Roof Yield

= Roof Area x Average Annual Rainfall = (32.3+26.7) X 2400mm = 141,600 litres per year

Rainwater Collection Method Rainwater is collected from roof of the and filtered before entering below ground rainwater harvesting tank.

Potential Uses Green Roofs are being installed, helping reduce the heat island effect of the urban environment as well as enhance user’s experience while they use the roof garden terrace.

SitePlan NTS

Roof garden Roof terrace

The water can then either be pumped either directly to WCs and vehicle jet washes, or to a high level break tank within the building which will then service the non-potable appliances as per normal.

Besides, rainwater harvesting from the roof deck will be used for the landscaping irrigation.

Installation Cost

Urban Park

Reflection pool Southeast Elevation NTS

Components Conveyance system Plumbing Rainwater harvesting tank (basement) Water tank (roof) uPVC gutter Water pump (2 no.)

Total Payback Period System Cost Water Saving per month Payback Period

Amount (RM) 200 400 12,000 300 300 1,500 14,700

Amount (RM) 14,700 100,500 litre x RM0.58/sqm = RM 229.14 RM 14,700 / (RM 229.14 X 12) = 5.3 years

Note: Assuming water tariff at >35m3 which cost RM 2.28/m3 under commercial building

6.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 6.1 SWOT Analysis

6.2 PESTLE ANALYSIS

STRENGTH

WEAKNESS

• Strategically located in city center (commercial district, tourist landmark) • Interesting slope landscape and long strip of open area • Easily accessible by public transport (MRT, bus)

• Lack of proper sidewalk • Poor connectivity fo neighbouring buildings • Smell from backlane

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS

• Activate the quiet backlane lane by extension of activity to the green open area • Establish urban identify to the site (urban park) • Collaborate with existing art council for outdoor exhibition

• Inactive backlanes • Lack of public surveillance might cause safety issues • Lack of car park contribute to traffic congestion

Political Urban Park The urban park will be provided in areas where there is a deficiency and which are likely to be developed as urban parks are important in providing identity, structure and landscape amenity to the City as stated in government policy.

Economical 1. Tourism benefits The film theatre annual events can generate in economic impact generate tourism wages, salaries and produced 7 million in state and local tax revenue.

2. Supporting Side Incomes The rental of auditorium, restaurant and retails are supporting income to sustain the building operations.

Sociological 1. Landmarks The film theatre programme can provide entertainment, learning and job opportunities for school children and community nearby the area as well as tourist.

2. Need of Urban Park: Open space can be used as urban park for recreational activities and communal space.

Technological 1. Green technology Bio-filtrate system for water pond, rainwater harvesting system and green roof 2. Acoustic features Options for sound absorptive materials for acoustic features should be taken into attention as the performance programme’s function are crucial to ensure optimal acoustic insulation performance of 0.9-1.2s for sound to decay to 60dB.

Legal 1. Authority Building Regulations Building setback lines and road reserve is taken into consideration at the preliminary stage of design.

2. Land use The outdoor open-air cinema at the green open space must comply with DBKL ‘s guidelines to facilitate pedestrian and car traffic movement.

Environmental 1. Environmental Quality Natural lighting and ventilation and low embodied energy building materials helps to reduce electrical energy consumption. The rainwater harvesting system help to reduce water wastage used in flushing toilet.

2. Urban Park Strip The open space (proposed park) shall be well maintained to ensure cleanliness and encourage public surveillance and ensure safety.

6.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 6.3 Programme Viability- Proposed Programme The proposed programme is a film theatre, tailored with hearts and minds intact: entertainment, dialogue, and education go hand in hand, showing Malaysia, independent, foreign-language, art house and classic cinema. community cinemas, a range of participatory filmmaking programmes,.

Live- Accommodation block to cater artists, individual or families in need of support.

Work- Job opportunities offered in film theatre, cafes, and restaurants for people in need of financial support.

Play- entertainment facilities which includes indoor theatre, integrated park ‘strip’ with outdoor theatre, outdoor exhibition and recreational activities.

6.4 Spaces for Programme The proposed offers recreation, fitness and social opportunities for all ages. Theatre, restaurants, cafés and bars can be found throughout the building, most with al-fresco concept overlooking the vibrant street.

1. THEATRE The 90 seats film theatre and 80 studio theatre are is the main source of income to sustain the building.

2. WORKSHOPS The workshops provides facilities which can be rented to run groups that arrange to manage film events and workshops, featuring props and scenery. groundbreaking public education and civic engagement initiative and organizations to learn, discuss and get involved in today’s critical social issues. Underpinning these productions, workshops are a dependable source of creative activity in lives where everything else can be changing.

3. COMMUNITY CAFE The café is a social enterprise which can generates incomes and provides vocational training to the urban poor, helping homeless and socially excluded people reconnect with society.

4. ACCOMODATION The semi-public urban spaces with residential building blocks complement the public space offering, The accommodation is designed for artists or individuals accommodate roof terrace and meeting points.

5. URBAN PARK The outdoor park featuring weekly outdoor film screenings and incorporate sidewalks. Through weekly film programmes in the film park and exhibition venues by staging critically-acclaimed film productions starring performer, it brings together community members.

6.5 Stakeholders A) Client i) Malaysia Film Club (Kelab Seni Filem Malaysia) The proposed film theatre will provide strong support to local filmmakers, especially the independent filmmakers, through showcasing their work and promoting it at international film festivals which in line with Malaysia Film Club which is involved in screening a year-round programme of international cinema.

ii) Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia The proposed building has potential to contribute to the tourism industry and benefited from the financial assistance for Kuala Lumpur city planners, this is to be a cultural magnet and a focal point for the mixeduse development ever in Kuala Lumpur’s inner city, the massive rejuvenation plan for Jalan Alor, KL.

B) Targeted User i) Residents, Tourists and Neighbours The proposed film theatre offers movie screenings and film educational learning including film appreciation workshops and seminars. Besides, the proposed building with outdoor cinema is extended to provide urban park strip for outdoor exhibition which is parallel to Alor food street. ii) Public (Artists, Organizations) The proposed building has potential to host film festivals and special retrospective programmes. It acts as a referral point for local and foreign organizations seeking information and contacts on films and cinema generally and in relation to Malaysia.

6.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 6.6 Maintenance Strategy

6.6.1 INTERNAL MAINTENANCE ITEM

MAINTENANCE METHOD

The Film Theatre is providing an extensive range of public open space, performing space, supporting programmes and accommodation. To deliver a quality services and ensure smooth operational flow of the building and building sustainability, a comprehensive maintenance strategy is essential.

OBJECTIVE

RISK

FREQUENCY

Electrical Services i) Power outlets ii) Switches

Check/ repair

Daily-weekly

Smooth building operation

Electrical leakage or failure may lead to electric shock

Water Services i) Water fixtures ii) Sanitary fittings iii) Plumbing & piping

Check/ clean/ repair

Weekly

Ensure clean water supply and no water leakage

Water leakage may lead to wastage and damage of equipment

Vertical Transportation i) Fire staircase ii) Lift

Check/ repair

Daily & When necessary

There are two types of maintenance strategy which are as follows:-

Facilities i) Audio-visual equipment ii) Furniture

Check/ repair/ replace

Daily & When necessary

i) Preventive Maintenance Routine check and professional service by personnel for the purpose of maintaining equipment and facilities in a good operation condition by providing systematic inspection, detection and correction to prevent problem from occurring and mitigate the consequences of the failure of the equipment.

Fenestration i) Doors & Windows

Check/ repair

Monthly

Ensure doors and windows are functioning for safety and accessibility

Can cause privacy issues or life-threatening during fire escape

Programme i) Theatre ii) Workshop Studio iii) Resource Library

Advertise

Monthly

Sustain the film theatre and ensure great experience for visitors

Lack of the lack of availability of the film’s , workshop or events will discourage visitors

Ensure sufficient amount are provided

Obstruction of escape route may lead to safety issues Discomfort and give bad impression to users

6.6.2 EXTERNAL MAINTENANCE ITEM

i) Corrective Maintenance Maintenance task has to be carried out to identify, isolate and rectify the fault so that the failed equipment or system can be restored to operable condition within the tolerance established for in-service operation.

Ensure smooth flow of circulation Ensure clearance of escape route

MAINTENANCE METHOD

OBJECTIVE

RISK

FREQUENCY

Greenery & Landscape i) Plantation ii) Outdoor facilities

Watering/ trimming

Daily-weekly

Ensure plantations grow well Ensure clean outdoor space

Bad impression for users

Rainwater Harvesting System i) Water collection tank ii) Ducts and piping

Check/ clean/ repair

Monthly

Collect rainwater for toilet flushing and plant irrigation

Contamination of rainwater Clogging of ducts and pipes due to dust accumulation.

Shading Devices i) Louvers ii) Façade shading

Clean

Monthly When necessary

To minimize direct sun exposure from exterior

Accumulation of dirt and bad impression for visitors

Exterior wall i) Glass curtain wall ii) Concrete wall

Clean

Annually

Allowing sunlight penetration and prevent the growth of fungus

Hygiene problem and give bad impression to users

Service Area i) M&E Room ii) Telecommunication Room iii) Refuse Chamber

Check/ repair

Ensure services are in good condition in case of emergency

Faulty services and disruption of activities

6.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 6.7 SUCCESS CRITERIA

Quality/ Scope

6.8 RISK ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION STRATEGY

Risk

Likelihood

Severity

Impact

Mitigation Strategy

Contingency Plan

PRECONSTRUCTION PHASE Disapproval of Design by Client

Medium

High

Disapproval of project

Clarify client’s requirement

Comply with design

Miscommunic ation between consultants and architects

Low

Low

Delay of work

Documentation of project, internal meeting and refer meeting minutes

Clear and complete drawing convention

1. Time Estimated completion time for the project is 1 year. The date of completion will be on November 15 2016. Each task are to ensure following the Gantt Chart to prevent delay of completion time. Certificate of Completion and Compliance will be issued and received not later than February 2017.

Disapproval from authority

Medium

Medium

Delay of project

Follow Authority guidelines

Fulfill Authority guidelines and submit requirements to get approval

Site accident and climate change

Low

High

Delay of construction

Apply permit for extension of time

Reschedule project completion date and provide insurance for workers

2. Cost Estimated budget is to be RM 7 Million. The proposed programmed is supported by Malaysian Film Club and Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia which encourage the collaboration with foreign filmmakers to exchange ideas and promote cultural interest.

Increase of Cost due to transportation fees

Medium

Medium

Affect the estimated budget

Fix contract agreement with dealers for constant price rate

Increase the budget to comply with the increasing cost

Time

Project Management Goal

Cost

3. Quality The project quality relies on Green Building Index assessment criteria to be categorized in the range of at least 66 points to achieve Silver rated GBI. Low embodied energy materials are used including certified wood, recycled and regional materials.

Sustainable features such as rainwater harvesting system.

Workmanship to be monitored during construction to achieve good quality performance in indoor air quality, acoustics, visual and thermal comfort, provide good service and customer satisfaction.

CONTRUCTION PHASE

BUILDING OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASE Insufficient investment from stakeholders

Low

High

Insufficient to sustain operation fees

Proper planning of programmes and prepare marketing proposal to convince stakeholders

Financial funding and bank loan application

Lack of tenants for programme spaces

Medium

High

Insufficient to sustain the programme

Advertise and marketing proposal to attract tenants

Introduce free programmes and events for the public

Lack of Public Surveillance in open spaces

Medium

Medium

Emergence of safety issues and security issues

Install safety doors and CCTV

Hire security guard services to ensure the safety and security of the premise

7.0 CONCLUSION

Through this design proposal, many factors must be taken into consideration to achieve the project’s aim and objectives. It is a challenge to and shows the importance of scientific studies and research studies that are required to be environmentally sustainable and be knowledgeable of the materials, services and construction systems employed in the building, while adhering in principle to regulatory by-laws (UBBL) and fire regulation.

In conclusion, the design report involves the documentation of my Studio 6 Architectural Design Project which allows exploration of architectural position and ideas into architecture. Demonstrated ability to perform design analysis, risk analysis for my project based on the theme of architecture with a social impact and the resolution and integration of technology, environment and cultural context in architectural design.