Plantscaping in office buildings by Aniksha Sharma

PLANTSCAPING IN CORPORATE OFFICE BUILDINGS

B.Arch. Dissertation

ANIKSHA SHARMA (ROLL NO. 16626)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P) – 177005, HP (INDIA)

MAY, 2020

PLANTSCAPING IN CORPORATE OFFICE BUILDINGS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE By

ANIKSHA SHARMA (ROLL NO. 16626) Under the guidance Of Dr. ANIKET SHARMA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P) – 177005, HP (INDIA)

May, 2020

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P) DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this dissertation report entitles ‘PLANTSCAPING IN CORPORATE OFFICE BUILDINGS’ has been submitted by Ms. Aniksha Sharma (Roll No. 16626) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor’s degree in Architecture for the session 2016-2021.

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

DATE

DATE:

DISSERTATION REPORT (2019-20)

PLANTSCAPING IN CORPORATE OFFICE BUILDINGS

DISSERTATION GUIDE: Dr. ANIKET SHARMA

SUBMITTED BY: ANIKSHA SHARMA, 16626

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P)

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is presented in the project titled “PLANTSCAPING IN CORPORATE OFFICE BUILDINGS”, in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the DEGREE OF BACHELOR in ARCHITECTURE and submitted in Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, in an authentic record of my work carried out during a period from January 2020 to May 2020 under the guidance of Dr. ANIKET SHARMA, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur. The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me for the reward of any other degree of this or any other Institute/University.

ANIKSHA SHARMA

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Date:

Dr. ANIKET SHARMA Assistant Professor Department of Architecture NIT Hamirpur

The Project Viva Voce Examination of ANIKSHA SHARMA has been held on………………………

Signature of Supervisor(s)

Signature of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT On the very beginning of this report, I might want to broaden my earnest and sincere commitment towards all personages who have helped me in this undertaking. Without their dynamic direction, help, collaboration and support, I would not have made progress in the thesis. I am exceedingly obliged to my guide, Dr Aniket Sharma for his direction and steady supervision and besides for giving vital data concerning the undertaking and for their help in finishing the task. I am amazingly grateful and pay my appreciation to my Head Of Department, Dr I.P. Singh, Dissertation Coordinator Dr Aniket Sharma and DUGC Dr Rashmi Kumari for their significant direction and support in finishing of this exploration in its by and by. I stretch out my appreciation to NIT HAMIRPUR (H.P.) for giving me this opportunity. I likewise recognize with a profound feeling of respect, my appreciation towards my folks and individuals from my family, Mr Subhash Sharma and Mrs Mukesh Rani who have constantly bolstered me ethically and also financially. I likewise say thanks to Ms Esther Sawmbiakhoih and Ms Quini Boro, Architecture Dept. students for helping me out in making the report. I want to offer my thanks my friends and family who have constantly bolstered me ethically and also financially. Finally yet not slightest appreciation goes to the greater part of my companions who specifically or in a roundabout way helped me to finish this exploration report.

ABSTRACT In this era, a man spends most of its time indoors, yet man has an inbred wish to be close to nature. Office buildings are such cold hermetic spaces which are formal and creates a lot of psychological stress and pressure on minds. Also one of the most important spaces where people spent their times indoors. The need is to study the alternative eco-friendly methods in the existing structure which change the indoor environment without changing the existing structure and function of the space. The extent of this study is limited to interior landscape, ways to introduce plantscaping, changes required in structure for sustaining plantscaping and the services needed. Plantscaping varies according to climatic zones. Hence a specific area, i.e. Bengaluru, India has been taken as the point of reference while selecting the elements for plantscaping in cooperate office buildings.

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not found1 INTRODUCTION…………………………….…………………………1-8 1.1 Aim, Objective And Scope…………………………….………………..1-2 1.2 Need And Purpose.…………………………….…………………………2-3 1.3 History…………………….……………………………….……………...4 1.4 Advantages…………………………………………………………….…4-7 1.5 Disadvantages……………………………………………………………7-8 2

2.1 Principles and Elements…………………………………………………..9-11 2.3 Organizing Spaces………………………………………………………...11-20 2.4 Plantscaping Requirements ………………….………………..................20-26 2.5 Identified Plants………………………………………………………....26-45 3

3.1 Atech solution offices, Bengaluru, India…………………………..........46-59 3.2 Gandom Office Building, Tehran, Iran…………………………………..60-68 3.3 Case study conclusion……………………………………………………69-70 4 SURVEY………………………………………………………………….71-91 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………..………..72 4.2 Methodology………………………………………………..……………72 4.3 Sample size……………………………………………..………………..73-77 4.4 Analysis and observation…………………………..…………………….77-91 5

PPOSAL- Shipara, Bengaluru (Introducing Plantscaping)……....92-117

TABLE OF FIGURE Figure 1 problems caused by sick building syndrome (source-google images)…...6 Figure 2 window garden (source-google images)……………………………………..9 Figure 3 grouping of plants (source-google images)………………………………….12 Figure 4 table pot showing texture & colour to a small space ………………………12 Figure 5 Hibiscus plant placed in non-usable (source-google images)……………..13 Figure 6 Tall bamboo palm tree (source-google images)…………………………….13 Figure 7 pots placed over an elevated surface. (Source-google images)……………14 Figure 8 small plants near window (source-google images)…………………………14 Figure 9 moss and fern open terrarium (source-google images)…………………….15 Figure 10 dropping pink flower hanging basket (source-google images)………….16 Figure 11 dracaenas in the window garden (source-google images)………………..17 Figure 12 succulents in the table (source-google images)……………………………18 Figure 13 miniature succulents and cactus in bowl (source-google images)………18 Figure 14 fern vertical wall (source-google images)………………………………19 Figure 15 ceramic pots with planters on wooden stand (source-google images)….19 Figure16 basic layers to be laid for growing indoor plants…………………………..24 Figure 17 Weeping fig (source-google images)……………………………………….27 Figure 18 rubber plant in white ceramic pot (source-google images)………………28 Figure 19 bamboo palm tree in wild (source-google images)……………………….29 Figure 20 small pony tail palm tree in plastic pot (source-google images)………..30 Figure 21 Chinese evergreen indoor plant (source-google images)…………………31 Figure 22 aloe Vera plant (source-google images)…………………………………….32 Figure 23 peace lily plant (source-google images)……………………………………33 Figure 24 dracaenas placed in plastic white pot (source-google images)…………..34 Figure 25 snake plant (source-google images)…………………………………………35 Figure 26 Indian money plant in plastic black pot (source-google images)………..36 Figure 27 Pothos pant placed in earthen pot (source-google images)………………37

Figure 28 fish tail fern plant (source-google images)…………………………………38 Figure 29 hanging spider plant (source-google images)……………………………39 Figure 30 dracaena Dorado plant (source-google images)………………………….40 Figure 31 dracaena Dorado plant (source-google images)…………………………41 Figure 32 devil’s ivy plant (source-google images)…………………………………41 Figure 33 old man cactus on a rocky soil (source-google images)………………..42 Figure 34 star cactus in earthen pot (source-google images)………………………43 Figure 35 snow ball cactus (source-google images)…………………………………43 Figure 36 rainbow cactus (source-google images)…………………………………..43 Figure 37 Esther lily cactus at its full bloom (source-google images)…………….44 Figure 38 silver cluster cactus (source-google images)……………………………..44 Figure 39 front façade of Atech office building (source-arch daily)……………..46 Figure 40 Western facade of Atech office building (source-arch daily)………….47 Figure 41 front eastern top view of office from the mango tree ………………..47 Figure42 Facade concept (source-arch daily)………………………………………..48 Figure43 Floor plans (source-arch daily)…………………………………………….50 Figure44 Vertical section (source-arch daily)……………………………………….51 Figure45 Horizontal section (source-arch daily)……………………………………51 Figure 46 Reception area (source-arch daily)………………………………………..52 Figure 47 skylight cut-out section (source-arch daily)……………………………..52 Figure 48 identified plants in ground floor………………………………………53 Figure-49 identified plants in 2nd floor…………………………………………..54 Figure 50 2nd floor interiors (source-arch daily)……………………………………55 Figure-51 Section of 2nd floor showing the placement of plant………………….57 Figure 52 Section of ground floor plantation area ………………………………57 Figure 53 detail section of layers laid for plantation in ground floor……………58 Figure 54 detail section of drainage pipe installation……………………………59 Figure 55 Gandom office building view (source-arch daily)………………………60 Figure 56 preparation of plaster for the building (source-arch daily)……………61 Figure 57 ceramic printed glass façade (source-arch daily)……………………….61

Figure 58- floor plants (source-arch daily)…………………………………………..64 Figure 59 Section (source-arch daily)……………………………………………….65 Figure 60 identified Plants placed inside the window garden……………………66 Figure 61 detail section of window garden ……………………………………..68 Figure 62 south facing front façade (source-arch daily)……………………………71 Figure 63 front elevation (source-arch daily)……………………………………….72 Figure 64 Director’s office (source-arch daily)……………………………………..72 Figure 65 2nd floor working space (source-arch daily) …………………………73 Figure 66- 2nd floor working space (source-arch daily) ………………………...73 Figure 67 – double potting system………………………………………………74 Figure 68- Grouping of plants……………………………………………………76 Figure 69 hanging earthen pot with metal chains……………………………….77 Figure 70 Pothos ………………………………………………………………...78 Figure 71 Snake plant in metallic tub……………………………………………79 Figure 72 Dracaenas in earthen pot………………………………………………80 Figure 73 Aloe Vera……………………………………………………………..81 Figure 74 Esther lily cactus in ceramic pot………………………………………82 Figure75 rainbow cactus…………………………………………………………83 Figure 76 diameter and placement of plants in the planter………………………84 Figure 77 plan and dimensions of the planter……………………………………84 Figure 78 drainage hole positioning inside the planter………………………….85 Figure 79 section of the planter………………………………………………….86 Figure 80 detail of layers placed inside the planter………………………………87 Figure 81 detail of fixing drainage pipe with the slab…………………………..87 Figure 82 Ground floor plan……………………………………………………..88 Figure 83 1ST floor plan…………………………………………………………..89 Figure 84 2nd floor plan………………………………………………………….90 Figure 85 3rd floor plan…………………………………………………………..91 Figure 86 Section-Y1……………………………………………………………92 Figure 87 Section-Y2……………………………………………………………93

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 reasons to purchasing indoor plants……………………………………..3 Table 2 purpose of indoor plants (source- www.crupb.com)................................3 Table 3 Air Pollutant Removal by Plants (source- www.crupb.com)...................5 Table 4 sound Absorption (source- www.crupb.com)..........................................7 Table 5 requirement and placement details of the plants in building……………55 Table-6 requirement and placement for the plants………………………………67 Table-7 load calculation of the planters………………………………………….95 Table-8 cost estimation for introducing planters…………………………………96 Table 9 selected individual data………………………………………………...103 Table10 selected individuals’ responses to questions…………………………...136 Table 11 all responses for the survey……………………………………………155

1 INTRODUCTION “Interior landscaping is also called plantscaping.” Plantscaping is the selection and placement of flora within a closed environment to highlight and enhance the working and spatial design of the environment. In these times, the man spends most of its time indoors, yet man has an inbred inclination to be close to nature. “Sick building syndrome” is one phenomenon, man is experiencing in a strictly closed environment. Now a day’s offices, banks and commercial buildings are closed spaces, which need to be humanised to increase productivity and create a work environment. Hence, the introduction of plants in such premises has proven to be aiding. The idea of plantscaping in office buildings was introduced during the 1970s as a part of back to senses movement.

1.1 AIM, OBJECTIVE & SCOPE Aim To understand how to create a harmonious interior with indoor plants which will perform satisfactorily concerning the working environment of a corporate office.

Objective The objectives of the study are:1. To study the steps of designing the landscape in Hermetic area. 2. To study the architectural and service constraints involved in the process of introducing plantscaping. 3. To understand the changes created in the working environment by the introduction of plants. 4. To understand the suitable plants and maintenance requirements

Scope The scope of the study is restricted to understanding the significance, maintenance, identification, organising and structural changes required for the species of plants suitable for Bengaluru’s climate. During the study requirements for plant scaping will be identified and the necessary change in services’ design will be concluded. The case studies will be summarized to identify the practicality of plantscaping in office buildings.

The report will be concluded by introducing Plantscape in the existing office building

1.2NEED AND PURPOSE Need Landscape design is to fold in huge structures into the natural surrounding In August 1989, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) enlisted more than 900 VOCs (volatile organic chemicals) recognised in newly constructed buildings. It was evaluated that indoor air pollution costs billions of dollars/year in medical costs and lost worker productivity. “In my opinion, the space utilization drive created a lot of dissatisfied employees, so now they are trying to reclaim an environment that is more conducive to good employee health and productivity.” - David Liu (Executive Vice President/General Manager of Foliage Design Systems) In-office buildings, there was an increase in health concerns, such as headaches and respiratory problems, which is now called sick building syndrome. The main problem for such health issues was identified to be a lack of ventilation. Thus, natural ventilation was later introduced to clear out the dry indoor air and introduce fresh air. However, two problems were identified by an increase in ventilation rates.  

Energy efficiency was compromised. In urban areas, outside air is polluted.

NASA and ALCA (Associated Landscape Contractors of America) 2-year study on indoor plants indicated that plants absorb harmful gasses and clean the inside of modern buildings. Carpeting is the main sources of indoor air pollution. Placing a plant within 6 to 8 cubic ft. surrounding a person can have a positive impact on health. Relative humidity levels exceed 75 % in buildings with no indoor plants. The increase in humidity can cause health problems and mould growth. But more health problems are identified from low humidity levels. Dry air cause irritation in the nose, drying it out and weakens the body’s immune system. Low relative humidity in office air can cause cracks and damage in wooden furniture. Whereas high relative humidity causes the condensation of windows and exterior walls which result in expensive structural damage.

PURPOSE

Pe rc e nta ge

2.5

72.5

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I mproving indoor e nvironme nt

H obby

Ot her re a sons

Table 1 reasons to purchasing indoor plants- Ramzan et al., (2007) lead a study and deduced the reasons for plantscaping.

Some other purposes of plantscaping in office buildings can be identified asUSE EMOTIONAL AND SYMBOLIC SENSUAL

FUNCTION • Maintain a sense of connectivity with nature. • Mentally and emotionally carry a person to a naturalistic environment. • Mood enlightener. • Sounds, odour and senses are stimulated, enhanced and gratified leading to freshness and creativity.

• Provide privacy and help to screen unpleasant views. • Provide new vistas and define space. ENGINEERING • Glare reduction. • Acoustical control. AESTHETIC • Aesthetic Table 2 purpose of indoor plants (source- www.crupb.com) ARCHITECTURAL

1.3HISTORY

Nature has always been a part of the architecture from way back. The 1 st evidence of indoor plants was found in Chinese culture (3,000 years ago). There are many historical pieces of evidence which shows the use of indoor plants such as      

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (605 B.C.)- Egypt. True pot gardening was found by Greeks. The 1st use of the plant in hermetic space (greenhouse) of glass for the cultivation of exotic plants was done by Romans. Horticultural practices were kept alive in monasteries even after the invasion of Rome during the dark ages. Pot-gardening, Orangeries & greenhouses were re-established for the wealthy estates during Renaissance development. In Padua, 1st botanical garden was built in 1545

In the present scenario, plantscaping is practised all over the world. The Japanese garden is copied in plantscaping all over the world for its composition of elements and principles.

1.4 ADVANTAGES Plantscaping have the following benefits 

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People recover from stress quicker in plantscaped offices. Productivity incline by 12% when workers performed tasks onia computers with plants around, compared to people who performed the same task in a room without plants. In plantscaped offices, workers showed development in better efficiency and attentiveness who used to work at least 4 hours/day on computers. Improvement in creativity, analytical skills and contrivance can also be significantly observed. NASA stated that the most cost-effective and efficient way to remove indoor toxic pollutants is by plantscaping. Air can be kept healthy by placing 2 plants per 100 sq. ft.

Table 3 Air Pollutant Removal by Plants over 24 hour’s (source- www.crupb.com)   

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Interior Plantscape helps to create a powerful business image showing the richness of place especially in retailing. Plantsaping help to enrol and engage the workers of the office giving them a positive environment. People feel unconfined in an environment with plants. On average it was estimated that workers were absent 3.6 more days in offices without plants because of health complaints. Plantscaping help to create space which enhances communication which indirectly helps the company’s sustainable development. It was reported that the majority of indoor plants supporters i.e. 75.9% confirm that indoor plants influence the visitors, enhance the charm and act as the status figure. The research lead by Dr Ulrich stipulates the impact of plants on blood pressure. The Visual vulnerability to plant has proven to show retrieval from stress within 5 minutes. This rare proficiency of increasing productivity while decreasing stress is very precious. Plantscaping has almost negligible maintenance and operational cost while it also contributes to sustainable green building design considerations. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plants undergo transpiration, which decreases air temperature in offices by 10℃ and creating a humidity range between 30%-60% which is suitable for human comfort. The correct selection and placement of plants reduce heating and cooling costs by 20%. According to the International Society of Arboriculture : The net cooling effect of 1 healthy tree = 10 room-size air conditioners working 20 hrs/day.

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The dynamic aesthetic value in plantscaping is the best investment. Brookes University reinforces that indoor plants cost less than most corporate décor elements, they offer insurance of positive picture and contributing to both physical and mental health. The same set of studies deduce that clients/employees discern a building with plantscaping as more extravagant and more relaxed. Plantscaping help with reducing sick expenses on the energy-efficient building providing space without ‘sick building syndrome’. Most energy-efficient buildings are sealed, hence, restricting the free flow of air. This cause 10 times higher concentrations of harmful gasses in indoor environments than that of outdoor air. Plants release the water vapours that create a pumping action to pull dirty air down around the roots, where it is converted into food for the plant. On average 15-20 plants are minimum required to clean the air in a 1,500 square ft. an area in 24 hrs.

Figure 1 problems caused by sick building syndrome (source-google images) 

Strategical placement of plants can reduce noise in the office by 5 decibels. Hence reducing the chance of distractions.

Table 4 sound Absorption Coefficients (Costa, 1992) (source- www.crupb.com) 1.5 DISADVANTAGES 

Plantscaping have the following drawbacksTime Investment- The more the number of plants the more time will be required for its maintenance. Every leave and stem need a basic regular check for healthy growth.

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Added cost- Vermicomposting or liquid fertilizer are required by plants for good foliage while, NPK and Bone meal is another requirement for Fruit and flowerbearing plants, which can add on the cost.

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Wear and Tear - Gravels, water, dirt, rust marks on tiles and floors can lower the spirit. On overwatering the plant excess water get clogged down and floor or table became dirty.

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Pests and insects- the number of ants and other pests increase with installation plants, but that can be taken care of with different measures.

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High Initial investment- installation of plantscape can be expensive at first. Most of the expense is mostly because of containers required. Although alternative low-cost containers are also available.

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Messy- Dirt from pots, dead leaves, water spilt while watering etc. things can create a mess around which need maintenance.

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The danger for Pets and Children- some indoor plants are poisonous and cause harm to pet and children (on physical contact). e.g. - Philodendrons, Pothos, Arrowheads, Lily, Dieffenbachia, Caladium, Ivy, Sansevieria etc.

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Allergens- the major disadvantage is they can cause allergies because of spores, pollen grains. The mould can be formed in moist soil under low light.

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Lack of maintenance:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Brown leaf tips may appear because of overuse of fertilizer, lack of water or excessive fluoride in irrigation water. Leaf yellowing and dropping are caused by air pollution, cold weather, lowintensity light, poor water drainage, overwatering, or lack of water. Slow growth or light green or yellow foliage is caused by too much light, poor root system, root rot or lack of fertilizer. Small leaves and spindly growth are caused by lack of sunlight. Small leaves and stunted growth may be caused by lack of water or lack of fertilizer. Small new leaves and leaves curled under may be caused by bright light.

2 LITERATURE STUDY 2.1PRINCIPLE AND ELEMENTS While designing the interior landscape, elements and principles play a major role in providing an aesthetically pleasing environment which blends in with the interior office space.

Figure 2 window garden showing elements principles of plantscaping (source-google images)

Elements Elements are never independent 

Colour Colour can be used to head on attention in the landscape. Three basic colour schemes are: 1. Monochromatic colours 2. Analogous colours 3. Complementary colours Warm colours reveal action while cool colours are tranquil.

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Line It is associated with eye movement/flow. Straight lines are forceful, stable and structural. It directs the observer's eye faster than curved lines. Curved/free-flowing lines are smooth, gentle, and graceful. It creates a relaxing dynamics movement.

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Form The form is the overall shape and structure of a plant.

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Texture It describes the surface finish of an object that can be seen or touched. The texture of plants differs as the relationships between the leaves and branches differ. Coarse, medium or fine or smooth, rough, glossy/dull are used to describe the texture.

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Scale It refers to the size of an object or objects concerning the surroundings. Adjusting scale can make a small space appear bigger or bigger space appear smaller.

Principles Principles work with the combination of different elements 

Unity It can be found by the consistency of character units in a landscape. Unity means that all parts of the landscape complement each other.

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Balance In design, it refers to the equilibrium in visual attraction. Symmetrical balance is when one side of the design is a mirror image of the other side, whereas Asymmetrical balance uses different forms, colours and textures to obtain balance.

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TransitionIt is a gradual change in plant form or form.

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Proportion It refers to the size of plants with each other and the landscape as a whole. E.g. - One large pine tree compliment an office building but it would probably make a singlestory residence appear short.

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Rhythm

When the elements of design create a sense of motion which attract the viewer's eye it is called rhythm. It reduces confusion in the design 

Focalization The leading of visual observation toward a feature by placement and this feature is the focal point between radial/approaching lines.

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Repetition The repeated use of elements like plants with identical shape, line, form, texture and/or colour. It is caused by not using much variety in the design which creates a busy appearance.

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Simplicity The reduction of elements to its simplest, functional form, which reduce unnecessary cost and maintenance.

2.2ORGANISING SPACES The different ways to use the plant to create desired spaces are as following:

Grouping of plants: Some foliage plants complement and grow better in groups. The rule for grouping of plants is to place the plants with similar needs together. A group can be created by closely related plants or contrasting coloured/ shaped/ textured plants. E.g.-different kinds of cactus or bromeliad, o Adding colour to groups: The arrangement of bright coloured foliage plant within any group of dark foliage plants can brighten the space. o Adding flower to groups: Flowers can be used to contrast or complement the leaves of plants. A few flowers can be used to transform small foliage arrangements into table’s centrepieces. o Contrasting shapes: The different types of foliage plants are placed together they become a focal point.

Figure 3grouping of plants showing contrast in colours, leaves and flowers (sourcegoogle images) 

Brightening small areas: In interior spaces, small space can be brightening up the dull spaces. Plants are not only ornamental but alive. Flowering pot plants can add life in dead spots and make them interesting.

Figure 4 table pot adding texture & colour to a small space (source- google images) 

Using medium-size plants: there are small areas in a room which are too small to put some furniture yet too large to be ignored. The best solution to this issue is to place medium size plants.

Figure 5 Hibiscus plant placed in non-usable (source-google images) 

Using large areas: Offices are the perfect area for large plants as large windows provide a proper medium of light to come inside the office and help in the growth of the large plant. It is important to understand that placing a large number of tall plants can make the space look small. One or two well-positioned plants provide be far more attractive aesthetic value than a group of tall plants put together.

Figure 6 Tall bamboo palm tree (source-google images) 

Climbing and trailing plants: The lack of ability to grow up without support makes the climbing plants appropriate for decorating the vertical plane. They can fall from wall hanging pots, niches, shelves and freely suspended baskets.

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Room dividers: Plant arrangements help to provide a partial enclosure. The type of plants and its arrangements such as small group arrangements, terrarium, bottle garden on a low

table and living screen of rapid climbers helps to achieve the kind of barrier or distraction which is a need in the space. The shape and size of the room is an important consideration while using room dividers. It is more effective to place 13 plants in strategic positions. The height of plant helps to decide the type of barrier which is required in the space. E.g. Short plants only provide physical barrier but not virtual barrier while tall shrubs provide both physical and virtual barrier.

Figure 7 pots placed over an elevated surface dividing the space. (Source-google images) 

Using window areas: The windows light is mostly the main source of natural light inside a building. Hence it is a suitable place to place the plants near the windows. The window space not only provides natural light but also ventilation for the plants, but the intensity of the light varies according to the time of year and the location. Plants in the southern window can filter the direct bright light and can be used to create a more soothing environment for summers.

Figure 8 small plants near window (source-google images) 

Plants in containers:

Mostly plants in containers create a self-supporting system. The phenomenon behind the self-supporting is once humidity has been established in a container i.e. moisture from the soil and transpiration from the leaves, the water vapours condense and runs back into the soil and the cycle goes on. Although still, the plants in containers need some care to grow. 

Miniature gardens: These are the small replica of an outdoor garden to a little group of small plants in a tray. These gardens make space look larger than they are.

Plantscaping can be introduced in many unique ways and containers in the offices such as: 

Terrarium

Figure 9 moss and fern open terrarium (source-google images) A garden in a hermetic glass or plastic container is called terrarium. A terrarium creates a humid atmosphere which helps tropical plants to flourish in the dry domain of offices. The plants which can be grown in the terrarium are as follows Tall Plants (6" to 1 2") Aluminium plant, American evergreen, gunpowder plant, Asparagus spp., Begonia spp., lucky bamboo, multiflora, Aspidistra elatior etc. Short, Rounded Plants (<6") Painted leaf, Common Bugleweed, Cryptanthus, Birds nest fern, Mexican violet, Mondo grass, dwarf purple monkeyflower, pepper elder, Polka dot plant etc.

Short, Prostrate Plants (1" to 3" tall, spreading) Climbing fig, flying goldfish plant, Hedera helix CVs, Plectranthus spp, Selaginella spp, Philodendron spp, Herniaria glabra, Callisia elegans etc. 

Hanging basket garden

Figure 10 dropping pink flower hanging basket (source-google images) Hanging baskets help create a beautiful atmosphere by adding colour and interest to open spaces that don’t hinder movement. Plants of drooping growth habit are preferable, because their droopy stems, falling over the sides of the container, display flowers and foliage to best advantage. Many beautiful and exotic plants are suitable in suspended baskets or planters such asFlowering plants: Browallia, Clianthus, Flame Violets, Fuschias, Impatiens sultanii, Lantana (dwarf, trailing) and Lipstick plant etc. Cacti and succulents: Burro tail, Carrion flower, Ice plant, Thanksgiving, Christmas and Easter cactus, Wax plant etc. Foliage plants: Asparagus fern, Coleus or English ivy, Ferns (native and exotic species), Kangaroo vine, vining Philodendron, Pothos, Smilax, Spider plant, Rhipsalis spp., Vinca major, common mint etc.

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Window gardens

Figure 11 dracaenas in the window garden (source-google images) It refers to gardening plants which are grown within the room close to the window. Plants should be selected depending on:i. One’s taste ii. Lighting conditions iii. Spread iv. Height of the plants Some window plants as follows: North window sills (shade-loving plants) - Anthurium, Begonia rex, Cordyline, Cyperus, Ficus tree, Hedera, Peperomia, Syngonium South window (light require plants) - Aechmea, Billbergia, Calathea, Coleus, Geranium, Hoya, Kalanchoe Hanging baskets- Asparagus, ivy, Scindapsis, Tradescantia, Zebrina and ferns like Adiantum, Nephrolepisetc. Window receiving a lot of sun-Cacti and succulents, Dwarf flowering shrubs like Beloperone, Pentas, Pachystachys, Bulbous plants like Hippeastrum, Haemanthus, etc. 

Table garden

Figure 12 succulents in the table (source-google images)

Table garden helps to express one’s artistic aesthetic sense in his/her personal space. Table pots should be removed occasionally outside and can be kept in sunlight. Placement of pots must be given a thoughtful consideration. 

Dish or bowl garden

Figure 13 miniature succulents and cactus in bowl (source-google images) Plants are commonly grown in glazed and earthenware dishes or bowls. The dishes must have holes at the bottom for drainage of water and should be min 10 cm deep. Suitable plants for dish garden- flowering cactus-like Heliocereus, Brozicactus, Rebutia, Lobivia, Notocactus, Mammillaria, Echinops etc. 

Vertical garden This technique not normally found in India. Hanging pots or baskets can also be called vertical gardening. •

Benefits of Vertical GardeningMore plants in a limited space can be grown. Vertical gardening helps provide proper air circulation and light to all the plants. iii. They can add to privacy by being used as a partition wall. i. ii.

Figure 14 fern vertical wall (source-google images) •



Preferable plants for a vertical gardeni. Annual: Morning glory, sweet pea and nasturtium. ii. Perennial: Clematis, Bougainvillea, Climbing roses, Wisteria, Trumpet vine, Climbing hydrangea, Ivy, Jasmine and Passionflower. iii. Sun-loving dwarf and hailing flowering plants: Alyssum, Pansy, Nasturtium etc. iv. Shade-loving foliage/ flowering plants: Semperflorens begonias, Rex, African violets, Fitonia peperomia, Oxalis Zebrina pendula etc.

Gardening in tubs or urns

Figure 15ceramic pots with planters on wooden stand (source-google images) They can be placed anywhere and moved according to requirements. They can be used for temporary decoration. • i.

Preferable PlantsLarge annual plants: African marigold, Chrysanthemum, Sunflower, Hollyhock etc.

ii.

Herbaceous perennials and bulbous plants: Canna, Bird of paradise, Datura, Vinca rosea, Impatiens sultanii, Fuchsia, Geranium etc. Shrubs, ferns, ornamental palms and trees.

iii.

• AdvantagesThese are movable and can be shifted from one place to another for display

2.3PLANTSCAPING REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 Lighting Lighting is the most important factor and the biggest financial investment for plantscaping. As long as proper light is provided, an indoor garden can provide flourish throughout the year. Intensity The min illumination for indoor plants - 1200 foot-candle hours per day. Min intensity of light - 100 foot-candles Duration The average light time required- 13hours. Plants don’t require dark period, it is only done to avoid the chance of growth irregularities. Therefore, Min. time for the dark period- 4hours. Max. The time required for the dark period- 6hours. Light quality A frequency spectrum of 400-700 nanometre (i.e. violet to red) is required to activate all plant’s functions. Lighting orientation Top light is necessary as direction giver while side light helps in balanced foliage. Basic indoor plants Growing Lights used are o High-Intensity Fluorescent Grow Lights•

Cool (i.e. blue end spectrum) and warm (i.e. red end spectrum) coloured bulbs are available.

• • • •

Replacement required after every 18 months. These are an excellent choice for initiating the growth from the seeds. These are inexpensive, and have low heat output which makes them eligible to place near plants and avoid any burn or harm to plants. Disadvantage - these bulbs have low light intensity. Thus, they can only grow a plant till 8-10" height. They are not efficient to grow tall plants as the light won’t reach the lower part of the plant.

o Metal Halide bulbs• • • •

The blue end; produces compact, leafy growth. Agro sun gold halide bulbs are colour-corrected to give off more red/orange light; Replacement required about once a year. Good choice for a light display in a living area.

o High-pressure sodium (HPS).• • • •

the red/orange end which promotes flowering replacement required after every 18 months not flattering in a living room Lack of blue spectrum light makes plants leggy during the vegetative growth stage.

o Metal halide helps to promote foliage, then switching to a conversion highpressure sodium bulb to encourage flowering. This helps in fast growth and increase flowering by 40 %. o For reducing the effort in light maintenance, enhanced/corrected bulbs can be used. These are high-pressure sodium son Argo bulbs. They provide 30% more blue spectrum light than standard HPS bulbs.

o Light movers- as the name suggest these are devices which is always in motion and don’t stop at a particular point helping all the plants to get light. These devices increase the area coverage without using much electricity. It directs light at all angles and helps in strong growth at lower levels.

2.3.2 Indoor air Indoor plants need constant ventilation. Good ventilation is required to maintain normal transpiration rate for better photosynthesis process. The speed of air flowing through plants should not exceed 1.5 m/sec.

HVAC grillers near plants can end up drying or even burning foliage. Indoor Air Pollution: VOC (volatile organic chemicals) can be removed with the help of foliage plants. Some VOC's found indoors which can be removed using plants are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Formaldehyde Xylene/ toluene Benzene Ammonia Alcohols Acetone

Hydrocarbons damage plants.

2.3.3 Temperature The suitable temperature ranges for indoor plants are:Day temperature range - 18℃ to 24℃ Night temperature range - 16℃ to 18℃ Plants should not be kept near heating or cooling vents. An immediate change in temperature can injure plants’ foliage. But, when air conditioning systems are closed inside a hermetic space, the temperature takes time to change, thus not affecting the plant. But, most of the indoor plants should be kept away from HVAC vents to avoid that sudden change in temperature.it is suitable to provide outdoor ventilation. Temperatures below 10℃ harm plants and lead to dropping of their leaves.

2.3.4 Humidity Suitable relative humidity ranges are:For foliage plants - 40% - 60% (not less than 25% R.H.). For Cactus and succulents - 5% - 15%. Humidity can be increased by placing plants in a tray with 2 or 3 inches of wet gravel or grouping plants together. Evaporation from the trays and pots increases the humidity around plants but the danger of water clogging and rotten the roots should be kept in mind before watering the plants.

2.3.5 Irrigation Potting Mixes: A good mix for tender and fertile soil are• Peat - decomposed organic matter harvested from acidic wetlands. • Perlite - volcanic mineral that expands on heating • Coarse sand. Soil needs peat and perlite to hold moisture and nutrients while coarse sand help drains extra water. Foliage plants need high levels of organic matter. Cacti and other succulents need coarse sand for proper drainage of water. Potting mixes should avoid normal outside garden soil. Bagged potting soil is sterile, but have a high level of salts and drainage problems which may cause fungus and moulds. For specific plants, the nutrient can be added using fertilizers. Containers The size of the container depends on the size of the plant. Plants can be grown on these types of containers: • Glazed clay (ceramic) pot • Plastic pot • Clay pot • Metal pot • Wood pot All pots should have a drainage hole in the bottom of the pot. The container must be large enough to provide enough space for root growth for at least one year.

2.3.6 Watering One of the major cause leading to plant’s death is improper watering. Source - the water should be delivered through the 1-inch pipeline and water temperature should be between 15℃ to 21℃. Water should always be tested and deionized if a high level of soluble salts is found i.e. above or equal to 200 ppm. Drainage –drainage is important for the healthy growth of roots. Improper drainage can cause roots to rot. The drainage slope should be greater than 3-degree and less than a 20-degree angle. Plants should be watered when the soil becomes dry. When plants are overwatered, the roots of plants don’t function properly due to lack of oxygen.

Plants in small pots need water more often than those in large pots because the water moisture is not retained for a longer time. Containers should have drainage holes should and a layer of coarse gravel placed in the bottom to allow space for excess water to seep out. To avoid water to flow on floors the "double potting" technique can be used. This technique consists of placing a plant pot inside another pot and adding stones in between the 2 pots to maintain gap and space for drainage, which can later be removed manually.

Figure16 basic layers to be laid for growing indoor plants (source-google images)

2.3.7 Maintenance The smooth and healthy maintenance of plants needs action during the design stage. Fertilizers: Indoor plants do not need a large number of fertilizers to grow as the rapid growth of plants is undesirable for indoor plants Interior plants should be fertilized every 2 or 3 months during summers whereas in winters the plants don’t need any fertilizers. Grooming: The leaves of most indoor plants collect dust and cause health issues for plants thus, the dirt should be cleaned monthly with a moist soft cloth. Clean foliage is required for

healthy growth, insect and mite control and it makes plants looking attractive. Dead leaves and flowers should be removed. Some plants require regular pruning to keep them in shape and size in proportion to space. Repotting plants: As the plant grows, the root system gets bigger causing roots to "pot-bound." This leads to restricted plant growth repotting in the bigger pot is done. Repotting of plants depend on their growth. Repotting for:Fast-growing plants- every year Slow growing plants -every 2 or 3 years. Putting Houseplants Outside for the summer: Indoor pot plants should be kept outside in summer sun once a year for healthy growth. But a sudden change in surrounding conditions can result in yellowed foliage and leaf drop. To avoid harm, plants should be brought indoors before temperatures drop below 10℃. It is important to remove pests and insects and rinse the leaves, while plants are still outside.

2.3.8 Structural changes in building If a garden in introduced in a building, there is a change in structure. Additional dead load is added to the building. The steps to calculate the dead load of the building as:1. 2. 3. 4.

Determine the root length of the plants which are being introduced in the area. A pit is introduced. The depth of the pit is according to root length of plants and additional layers. The volume of the soil which will fit in the pit is multiplied to the density of the soil of the area (varies acc. to location).

The volume of the soil in pit X density of the soil of the area = additional load which will be uniformly distributed over the length of the pit. This uniformly distributed load is added during the structural construction measurements.

2.4 IDENTIFIED PLANTS FOR PLANTSCAPING

The plants identified for plantscaping are selected keeping in mind the plant availability conditions of Bengaluru. The temperature doesn’t matter to indoor plants as much the amount of light does as the indoor temperature can be manipulated according to human comfort. The growth of plants indoor is much slower than that of the outside. Therefore the height of plants are restricted to certain levels and rarely go beyond required heights. The plants identified are: Trees: Some variety of trees can be grown in interiors which under indoor conditions don’t grow as tall as normal, but provide aesthetic and benefits as that of any other indoor plant. The trees are used to play with proportions in indoors. The plants identified are proven to flourish to its maximum potential in indoors. The 4 trees identified are:

Weeping Fig Tree

Figure 17 Weeping fig (source-google images) Scientific name- ficus Benjamina Foliage

Height- 1-1.8m (indoors) Spread- 0.2-0.5m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.3-0.4m (depend on size of plant) aerial roots Water required- once a week Light required- bright indirect min 6hr. sunlight Temp. Required- warm Direction of placement- east window Safe for pets and children- toxic to pets Soil type- rich well-drained (6-6.5ph) Blooming- rarely in indoor conditions Benefits- filter out furniture toxins like formaldehyde, benzene and trichloroethylene. Problems- High maintenance Other facts- sensitive to both over and under watering

Rubber Tree

Figure 18 rubber plant in white ceramic pot (source-google images) Scientific name- ficus elastia Foliage Height- 1.8-3 m (indoors) Spread- .6m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.65m (depend on the size of the plant) Water required- once a week (summers) & twice a month (winters) Light required- bright indirect light Temp. Required- warm Direction of placement- east window Safe for pets and children- safe Soil type- well-drained (4-6.5ph), moist soil Blooming- rarely in indoor conditions Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- regular re-potting required (after 6 months) Other facts- wiping out leaves with cloth is a must for healthy growth

Bamboo Palm Tree

Figure 19 bamboo palm tree in wild (source-google images) Scientific name- chamaedorea erumpens Foliage Height- 1-3.5m (indoors) Spread- 1-1.5m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 1-1.5m (depend on the size of the plant, non-invasive roots) Water required- 1-3 times a week Light required- low indirect light, shade loving plant Temp. Required- warm Direction of placement- north window Safe for pets and children- unknown Soil type- well-drained, consistently moist soil Blooming- no blooming

Benefits- low maintenance, air purifying Problems- regular repotting required (after 6 months) Other facts- wiping out leaves with cloth is a must for healthy growth

Ponytail Palm Tree

Figure 20 small pony tail palm tree in plastic pot (source-google images) Scientific name- beacarnea recurvata Foliage Height- 0.5-5 m (indoors) Spread- 0.3-0.4 (indoors) Pot size- 0.2-0.5m (perform best when root bound.) Water required- once in 7-10 days, dry soil required Light required- bright indirect light Temp. Required- warm Direction of placement- North window Safe for pets and children- safe Soil type- dry well-drained soil with added sand Blooming- after 10 years of growth every summer

Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purify, pet friendly Problems- attract small spiders to form nests Other facts- wiping out leaves with cloth is a must for reducing insects

Plants: The plants identified are proven to flourish to its maximum potential in indoors.

Chinese evergreen

Figure 21 Chinese evergreen indoor plant in yellow ceramic pot (source-google images) Scientific name-aglaonema modestum Foliage Height- 0.7-1m (indoors) Spread- 0.7-1m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.5m (for starters) Water required- wet soil, once in 2 weeks Light required- medium to low indirect light

Temp. Required- warm and humid conditions Direction of placement- north window Safe for pets and children- not safe Soil type- well-drained soil Blooming- attractive leathery leaves, not so showy Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- regular repotting required (after 6 months) Other facts- bloom in the form of shiny leaves

Aloe Vera

Figure 22 aloe Vera plant (source-google images) Scientific name- aloe Vera Foliage Height- 0.6-1m (indoors) Spread- depends since clumping plant Pot size (roots spread) - move wide not deep, Shallow roots. Water required- once in 3 weeks (Dry soil required)

Light required- bright indirect light Temp. Required- cool (10’C) Direction of placement- north window Safe for pets and children- not safe, allergic to both Soil type- sandy and gravely Blooming- after 4 years of age Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- regular repotting required (after 6 months) Other facts- Ayurvedic benefits, helps in sound sleep.

Peace Lily

Figure 23 peace lily plant (source-google images) Scientific name- spathiphyllum Foliage Height- 0.15-0.7 m (indoors) Spread- 0.15-0.45m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.5m (depend on size of plant)

Water required- once a few weeks, wet soil required Light required- low – medium indirect light, shady place Temp. Required- moderate (16’C-21’C) Direction of placement- north-east window Safe for pets and children- not safe, toxic to pets Soil type- well-drained with coarse sand Blooming- in full light Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- sensitive to tap water Other facts- more light will lead to blooming of a flower and less light will lead to growth in foliage

Dracaenes

Figure 24 dracaenas placed in plastic white pot (source-google images) Scientific name- dracaenes marginata Foliage Height- 0.3-0.9m/2.4-6m (large) (indoors) Spread- 0.3-6m (indoors)

Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.5m (depend on the size of the plant) dense roots can survive in a short pot Water required- once a week Light required- bright indirect light, semi-shady area Temp. Required- temperate (18’C-32’C) (Temperature<12’C can damage plant) Direction of placemen- south-east window Safe for pets and children- not safe for pets Soil type- well-drained (4-6.5ph), moist peat-based soil Blooming- rarely in indoor conditions, white flower Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- regular repotting required (after 6 months) Other facts- found in different foliage colours like green blue silver golden purple etc.

Snake Plant

Figure 25 snake plant (source-google images) Scientific name- sansevieria trifasciata Foliage Height- 10.6-1m (indoors) Spread- .6m or more (indoors)

Pot size (roots spread) - 0.15-0.3m (depend on size of plant) Water required- once a 2-8 week Light required- bright indirect light, need shady corners Temp. Required- cool (not less than 10’ c) Direction of placement- north window Safe for pets and children- not safe Soil type- dry well-draining soil add coarse sand in the pot for drainage Blooming- rarely in indoor conditions, white flowers. Benefits- absorb a large amount of carbon monoxide Problems- can lead to soil fungus during the winter season Other facts- believed if kept in the right spot it helps reduce negative chi. Also in winters, it needs to be protected by draftee windows

Money Plant

Figure 26 Indian money plant in plastic black pot (source-google images) Scientific name- scindapsus aureus Foliage Height- 2m (depends on the support provided) Spread- 0.4- 2 m (depend on height)

Pot size (roots spread) - 0.15 m (depend on the size of the plant) Water required- once or twice a month Light required- bright indirect light Temp. Required- 10℃-37℃ and moderate-high humidity level Direction of placement- south-east window (acc. to Vastu also) Safe for pets and children- not safe if swallowed Soil type- fertile loamy soil Blooming- early mid-summer, pink-purple flowers. Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- the risk of overwatering, Other facts- avoid placing under vents and dryers

Pothos

Figure 27 Pothos pant placed in earthen pot (source-google images) Scientific name- epipremnum aureum Foliage Height- 6m or more (indoors)

Spread- .6m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.5m (depend on size of plant) Water required- wet soil required, once in week water the plant Light required- low indirect light Temp. Required- warm and humid Direction of placemen- north window Safe for pets and children- not safe Soil type- well-drained (6.1-6.5ph), moist soil Blooming- white flowers Benefits- low maintenance, restore moisture in the air, air purifying Problems- mildly harmful Other facts- wiping out leaves with cloth is a must in summers

Fishtail Fern

Figure 28 fish tail fern plant (source-google images) Scientific name- Nephrolepis bisserrata Foliage Height- 1.2-.8m (indoors)

Spread- clumping plant (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.5m (for starters) Water required- moist soil, 1-2 inch of water filling in the pot per week Light required- filtered indirect light, shady area Temp. Required- temperate, high humid (15’C- 30’C) Direction of placement- North window Safe for pets and children- not safe Soil type- decomposed organic matter based Blooming- multiply by roots Benefits- low maintenance, restore moisture, air purifying Problems- not safe for pets

Spider Plant

Figure 29 hanging spider plant (source-google images) Scientific name- cheorophythum comosum Foliage Height- 0.15-0.3m (indoors)

Spread- .6m (indoors) Pot size (roots spread) - 0.2-0.5m (depend on size of plant) shallow roots Water required- wet (but don’t tolerate wet soil for a long time) Light required- low indirect light, shady area Temp. Required- warm (13’C-24’C) Direction of placement- east window Safe for pets and children- safe Soil type- peat-based well-drained soil. Blooming- white flowers Benefits- low maintenance, absorb airborne chemicals, air purifying Problems- regular repotting required (after 6 months) Other facts- good as a hanging plant

Some other plants which can be grown indoors are: Dragon Trees

Figure 30 dracaena Dorado plant (source-google images) Scientific name- dracaena 'dorado‘ Foliage- 0.5m Root depth- 0.1-0.4m

Plant height- 0.5m European Ivy

Figure 31 European ivy on a wall (source-google images) Scientific name- hedra helix Root depth- shallow climber Usually need support to grow such as walls etc. they need wet soil and low light to grow. Devil's Ivy

Figure 32 devil’s ivy plant (source-google images) Scientific name- scindapsus neon Foliage- 0.3- 0.61m Root depth- 0.15m

Plant height- 2m

Indoor Cactus The basic requirements for cactus areDirection of placement- south window Soil requirement- dry sandy well-drained soil Temp requirement- warm Root system- very shallow (indoor cactus) Not all cactus are suitable for indoor growth. Therefore following cactus are identified which are suitable for the indoor environment. 1. Old man cactus(Cephalocereus similes)

Figure 33 old man cactus on a rocky soil (source-google images) 2. Star cactus (Astrophytum spp.)

Figure 34 star cactus in earthen pot (source-google images) 3. Snow ball cactus (Mammillaria bocasana)

Figure 35 snow ball cactus (source-google images) 4. Rainbow cactus (Echinocereus dasyacanthus )

Figure 36 rainbow cactus (source-google images)

5. Esther lily cactus (Echinopisi spp.)

Figure 37 Esther lily cactus at its full bloom (source-google images) 6. Silver cluster cactus (Mammillaria proliferate)

Figure 38 silver cluster cactus (source-google images)

Benefits of growing cactus indoors •

They act as Air purifier.

•

They can brighten any area in any climate.

•

They also improve the indoor humidity level.

•

Cactus can improve common health complains like : •

Sore throat

•

Common cold

•

Dry cough

•

Dry itchy skin

•

It adds oxygen in the environment.

•

Psychological benefits of cactus are:

•

Improve focus

•

Increase pain tolerance

•

Enhance memory

These are low maintenance.

3 CASE STUDIES 3.1ATECH SOLUTIONS OFFICES / STUDIO 4A, BENGALURU, KARNATAKA

Figure 39 front façade of Atech office building (source-arch daily) Architects: Studio 4A Address: HAL 2nd Stage, Indiranagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560038, India Area: 931.82 m² Year: 2018 Lead Architects: Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Vijay Narayanan, Appachu Nanjappa Clients: Srinivas Shekar Engineering: Manohar Consultants Contractors: Guru Constructions, CM Interiors Occupant- less or equal to 70 people Floor height- 3.5m

The site consists of a huge mango tree which was conserved from an existing plot and is used to add a natural element in front of the building. The mango tree adds colour to the facade and helps to provide a calm environment inside the building by blocking the traffic noise. The workplace is enclosed I box with thick walls and indoor landscape to avoid outer disturbance and allow a blend of nature and architecture. The building is designed and detailed for marketing, design and engineering teams as a distraction-free creative environment.

Figure 40 Western facade of Atech office building (source-arch daily) A blank dominant brick wall is placed on the upper level of the main façade to cut off noise from the workspace. The existing tree is surrounded by a water body and steel grinders which create a notion of the external courtyard.

Figure 41 front eastern top view of office from the mango tree (source-arch daily)

The choice of material in façade give dominance to green big mango tree The huge rectangular brick blocks on the eastern façade protects the indoor working space from harsh southern sun and act as louvres to the internal windows. The brick blocks also help to create a distraction-free environment.

Figure42 Facade concept (source-arch daily) PlanningThe different areas at different levels can be identified as: Basement – parking space (4- four-wheeler, 7 two-wheeler, generator room, servant’s room, lift & staircase. Ground floor – Entrance, reception, 2-conference room, common workspace, lift, green space, 3-cabins, storeroom, washrooms. First floor - conference room, common workspace, lift, laboratory, private cabins, washrooms. Second floor – sit out, workstation, cabin, manager cabin, lounge, lift, washroom and staircase.

Basement (LVL-0.9)

Ground floor (LVL+1.8m)

First floor (LVL+5.15m)

Second floor (LVL+8.4m)

Terrace (LVL+11.6m) Figure 43 Floor plans (source-arch daily) The planning of the space is based on artistic and functional needs. The washrooms, lifts, staircase, janitor room, security room etc. are enclosed in a brick tower which is placed on the west to reduce heat gain and glare in main vertical circulation space. A bridge connects the vertical circulation space to the work area in the east, with skylight above the bridges. This allows visual connectivity and transparency between the floors while maintaining a distraction-free workspace. A blank brick wall with plants on the bottom is placed to reduce distraction.

Figure 44 Vertical section (source-arch daily)

Figure 45 Horizontal section (source-arch daily) Materials used for construction Exposed brick, wood and concrete are used in structure giving a natural rustic look to both interiors and interiors of the building. Emphasis is given to the spaces, lighting, landscape and materials using motif tiles, laminated glass etc. by use of minimal furniture and large open spaces. Services are exposed.

Figure 46 Reception area (source-arch daily)

Figure 47 skylight cut-out section (source-arch daily)

Nature has been integrated with design by the use of plantscaping in indoors, water elements, skylights Office working hours- 09:00am - 07:00pm Plantscaping The plants are placed in groups in a sequence of tall-growing plants near the wall and small plants near the working space to avoid any unnecessary growth of plants in working space. The plants are selected very precisely keeping in mind the needs of the plants. Almost all the plants in groups seem to have common requirements.

Plants identified

Figure 48 identified plants in ground floor

Figure-49 identified plants in 2nd floor

Plants

Height (M)

Water Requirement

Light Requirement

Placement

1-3 times a week

Low delicate light

0.2-0.5

Root Depth (M) 0.3-0.4 Noninvasive roots 0.2-0.3

Bamboo Palm

0.7-1

1-2 times a week

Low-medium light

Chinese Evergreen

0.2-0.3

0.1-0.2

Once a week

Low-medium light

Taro Plant

0.3-0.4

Once a week

Low light

Pothos

0.3-0.4

0.1-0.2 Shallow roots 0.1-0.2 Shallow roots

Near the brick wall façade above the drainage pipe. Large mature peace lily is placed just in front of bamboo palm whereas the small peace lily plants are placed near workspace Small plants are placed towards the working space Placed near bamboo palm.

Peace Lily

Once a week. Require dry soil. hence

Indirect sunlight

Small plants of Pothos are placed near

Money Plant

Climber . Can grow up to several meters

0.2-0.3

proper drainage is required 2-3 times a week. Proper drainage required.

workspace

Direct sunlight

Placed on 2 floor railing along with coleus in 1 pot. Double potting system is used for drainage Coleus 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 Twice a week Bright light Laced in pots along with money plant Table 5 requirement and placement details of the plants in building nd

Lighting for plants Day- The plants are placed in a group under 2 skylights allowing filtered light to the ground floor. Additionally, orange lights are added from top to fulfil the requirement of light. Night- plants need a min of 4hr of the dark period. Also, the additional metal halide spotlight bulbs added on each floor are sufficient enough for plants.

Figure 50 2nd floor interiors (source-arch daily) Temperature requirement

In Bengaluru, the average temperature is between 20℃-35℃ which is perfect for growing indoor plants. The air conditioning units turn the temperature inside the building around 25℃ which is favourable for plant growth. Hence the office has healthy plants.

Soil The plants used in the office have shallow non-invasive roots which can grow in shallow soil medium. The plants are grown all require peat-based loamy moist well-drained soil. Moreover, the skylight is high above the planted area which provides indirect light and provides a shady area which keeps the moisture in the soil. Therefore, reducing maintenance.

Ventilation The plantation is placed in ground floor near reception and consist of the skylight above. Therefore, ensuring proper ventilation for plants. The vent openings are also away from plants, therefore when the central air system is shut down the plantation is least affected as the temperature also changes gradually.

Structural changes Being on the ground floor the whole structure is not affected. The basement makes it easy to keep the drainage in check without occupying space in offices to create ducts. The ground floor slab has a pit 565mm deep, therefore not disturbing heights of functional floors. Section details of plantation area1. Plantation on 2nd floor The money plants and coleus plants have been placed along with the railing. The pots are placed over a water collecting plate which can be removed to drain water without creating any mess in the office space

Figure-51 Section of 2nd floor showing the placement of plant

2. Plantation on ground floor The plants are placed hierarchy vice. The tall plants which require wet soil are placed near the drain along with brick wall façade. Whereas the plants which are short and are not mature enough are placed along the work space to avoid interference of plants in movable area to reduce chaos

Figure 52 Section of ground floor plantation area

Figure 53 detail section of layers laid for plantation in ground floor

Figure 54 detail section of drainage pipe installation Effect on the movement of occupantsThe movement is not hindered. The planters are placed such that it avoids chaos near lifts or circulation space also beautifies the experience of movement. The red brick wall in the

back is in contrast to the planters and give a raw look to the space making it connected to nature.

Conclusion The grouping of plants is done very statically in ground floor avoiding the chaos on all floor. Although the plants are overcrowded and may die because to root boundless. The lighting requirements for plants are fulfilled by adding a skylight in the space. The green space is not only the heart of the building but also a very fresh space to reduce stress in a working environment. The bridges created is a very interesting bright space to bring out the enthusiasm in people. People can’t resist watching the fresh plants on the ground floor which open up and freshen up the minds.

3.2 GANDOM OFFICE BUILDING / OLGOOCO, TEHRAN, IRAN

Figure 55 Gandom office building view (source-arch daily) Architects: Olgooco Area: 8000.0 m² Year: 2019 Manufacturers: Venus glass, Tabriz Tile, Laminam Architect In Charge: Mehran Khoshroo Design Team: Niloofar Esmaeili, Reyhane Miraftab, Samin Mostafavi, Rojin Davoodian, Nastaran Namvar/ Client: Zar Macaron Civil Engineering: Andishe-khak-sazeh Supervisor: Olgoo Office The building serves as Headquarter to a pasta manufacturing company. The building consists of 7 office floors 1 commercial story and 5 basements.

Materials used for constructionThe residue of wheat while manufacturing pasta was produced in large number by the factory. Therefore that wheat residue is used in the construction of The Headquarter which acts as a symbolic bond between pasta manufacturing industry and the headquarters. The wheat waste was added in the plaster of interior walls to give an organic texture.

Figure 56 preparation of plaster for the building (source-arch daily)

Figure 57 ceramic printed glass façade (source-arch daily) Planning The building consists of –

Basements (-3.70m LVL) -parking and other service rooms.

Ground floor (+0.05m LVL) - community hall, washrooms, stairs & lifts.

Ground Mezzanine floor/1st floor (+4.05m LVL) - dining area, washrooms, stairs & lifts.

2nd floor (+7.15m LVL) - pantry and working area, washrooms, stairs & lifts.

3rd floor (+14.35m LVL) - reception, waiting, working area, washrooms, stairs & lifts.

4th and 5th floor (+17.95m LVL &+21.55m LVL) - 4 private office areas, washrooms, stairs & lifts.

6th floor (+25.15m LVL) - meeting/ conference room, washrooms, stairs & lifts. Figure 58- floor plants (source-arch daily) Floor to floor height-3.6m The planning is done strategically placing the managements, offices of high-level managers, team halls etc. at the upper level and the lower level is dedicated to commercial areas for making the space more interactive with the city. The common lobby consists of skylight and green spaced along with the windows which act as a visual barrier to the inside office space. The green space is well lit with the skylight making the space more connected to nature. The design is very well planned to allow the airflow throughout the building. To unite different functions a public waiting and lobby are introduced in each level connecting different spaces. The private office and workspace are around the central lobby. A semi-transparent shell of ceramic printed glass as a metaphor to wheat stalks is used to control southern and western sunlight.

Figure- 59 Section (source-arch daily) Office working hours- 24/7Hrs Plantscaping The plants are placed in common public lobbies along with the windows below a common running skylight. The green areas act as a visual barrier to private office spaces and are at a perfect position where ample light and ventilation happens

Plants identified The plantscape is done near windows over indoor window shelves where ample light is provided through skylight.

Figure 60 identified Plants placed inside the window garden Plants

Height (m)

Split- leaf philodendro n

0.7-3 depends on the root space

Dracaenas

0.5-1

Root Depth (m) 0.5-0.7

0.3-0.5

Water Requirement

Light Requirement

Placement

once in 7-10 days

Medium to bright light

At the centre of the green space

Once a week

Filtered light

At the ends of window garden near the duct space

Golden Pothos

0.3-0.4

0.1-0.2 Shallow roots

Once a week. Require dry soil

Indirect sunlight

Small plants of Pothos are placed near the ends

Table-6 requirement and placement for the plants Lighting – The skylight above the lobby is the main source of light in addition to skylight no special light is provided for the green area. Temperature The inside temperature is usually manipulated according to human comfort and is also suitable for plants SoilThe soil is peat-based i.e. more organic component to support the plants VentilationThe green lobby is connected with each floor through a common cut out and skylight which allow ventilation in all floors. MovementThe green space is not obstructing any movement. The green area is mostly a window garden and just helping to make the workspace more private. Structural changesAll the indoor plantscaping drainage is carried by ceilings and ducts to the basement service level where the water from drainage is taken to tanks where that water is recycled again. 1. The window gardens

Figure 61 detail section of window garden

Conclusion Being the headquarters of a big pasta company the building is magnificent and very symbolic elements have been used. The building is a huge heavy building. Large trees and window gardens have been incorporated inside the building which are supported by huge pillars and beams. The strategic placement of plants is very fascinating.

3.3CASE STUDY CONCLUSIONS The following are the conclusions and observations deduced by the above case studies:Comparison between the 2 case studies

      

CRITERIA

ATECH SOLUTIONS OFFICES , BENGALURU

GANDOM OFFICE BUILDING, TEHRAN, IRAN

Number of floors

Number of fixed planters

Lighting for plants

Skylight + extra metal halide bulbs

Skylight + large windows , no additional artificial light is provided. Most of the plants are near windows and under skylight

Drainage water

Water is not recycled and drained out from basement level

Water is recycled at basement

Planter placement

Ground floor near reception. Guides the path towards circulation area Pit for plantation

Near windows of workspace Planters are added The planters are not used to guide the movement

The plants are placed in a sequence keeping in mind every plant get sunlight. The plants on the working area side are small and have less foliage while the plants near blank walls are large foliage plants. This arrangement helps in maintenance as the small plants don’t interfere by overgrowing toward the working space. The grouping of plants is mostly done under the skylight with cut-outs provided on each floor to penetrate the light and air on each floor. The furniture and working place are set at a particular distance to avoid any harm to furniture. Furniture near plants need special maintenance as termites, insects and humidity near plants can harm the furniture. The grouping of plants is mostly found in reception areas in India. The larger the number of plants the longer the time required to maintain them. It is suggested to have a gardener in corporate offices for better maintenance of plants. Lighting – Most of the plants are placed under the skylight in groups to meet the need of sunlight. In addition to the skylight, other light fixtures are provided to meet the light requirements. Individual plants in pots are located near artificial lights such as on tables or near windows and walking spaces. These plants need to be moved to the light area in time to time. Besides they can be kept under a good artificial source of light such as metal halide lamps.



VentilationThe air conditioning vents should never be placed near plants. Vents can be avoided in areas where a large area is designated for plant growth, but the individual plants in workspace can’t avoid vents. Hence the placement of plants plays an important role. The grouping of plants is mostly done under skylight and receptions in India ensure healthy growth by providing sufficient natural airflow.



SoilThe plant's soil requirement varies according to the requirements. While the grouping of plants most plants with similar soil requirement are placed together in a sequence. The soil should be well-drained for all plants for roots to breathe.



TemperatureThe temperature can be manipulated in the indoors by air conditioning system. Since the temperature requirement of humans and plants are almost the same. The temperature is the least to worry about in plantscaping.



StructureThe structural changes mostly occur when a group of plants are to be introduced in the design. The additional load of the soil need for the plants is added to the overall structural dead load. A pit with a drainage system in the bottom is introduced. If groups of plants are introduced on each floor, the special duct is introduced in multistorey buildings with separate drainage pipe for those plants.



MovementIndividual plants are mostly placed in small spaces which are too small to perform any activity and mostly on the corners. The plants in groups are placed in areas which are estimated to have the least movement. So that both plants and human activities don’t get affected by each other’s interference.

4 SURVEY 1.1 INTRODUCTION Indoor plants have become a trend in interior design. After a detailed research on the benefits of indoor plants by NASA. Plants are being incorporated in indoors all over the world. The survey is conducted to understand the current status of indoor plants in India and understand their perspective on indoor plants among various age groups. Every person have a different approach and perspective about indoor plants. All people experience different indoor environment despite the fact that person have indoor plants or not. The survey is to generalize and verify the impact of indoor plants on people of different age groups. The indoor plants not only consist of direct experiences by personal use but also aspects the personal appreciation and personal values. Therefore giving an insight of individuals’ lifestyle. Personal experience of people having plants indoors are not objective. People can experience the lack of comfort even in the assumed healthy environment. The survey questions provide a quick and effective way of obtaining a large amount of information from a large sample. In the study below the participants are people of different age groups from different professions and states of India. On detecting resemblance and differences within the set of different age groups useful characteristics and a collective meaning can be sited. Conclusive data can be created after analysing each answer which focus on aim and significance of the study.

1.2 Methodology The participants were asked to fill the survey form. They were asked for honest opinions. The answers were submitted by individuals within 2 days. A total of 215 responses were collected from different individuals. (See annexure) The following steps were followed post receiving the raw data from the subjects:    

14 individuals were selected from each age group to get an average and optimum result. The individuals are selected on the basis of the state in which they live to get an overall result of the current status of plantscaping in India. Creating a table of subjects and the choices they made in the survey (table 9) Noting the individual answers data has been derived

1.3 Sample size The participants are people of different age groups from different professions and states of India. The subjects were of different genders, states, and professions. Sample size =64 or more Population size (N) =1322700000 Constant value set based on confidence level (Z) =80% Standard of deviation (p) =0.5 Margin of error (e) = ±8%

Details of selected participants are as follows ( the responses of all questions are available on annexure: Full Name

Age

Occupation

State

Gender

Subhash Chand

Above 44

Engineer

Tamil Nadu

Male

Ravi Kumar

Above 44

Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Male

Subhash Chand

Above 44

Engineer

Tamil Nadu

Male

Saroj Kumar Jha

Above 44

Pvt Job

Karnataka

Male

Tollson

Above 44

Self Employed

Karnataka

Male

Reeta

Above 44

Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Kamlesh Kumari

Above 44

House Wife

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Jamuna

Above 44

Senior Manager

Tamil Nadu

Female

Muralidharan T

Above 44

Business

Tamil Nadu

Female

Dinesh Kumar Sharma

Above 44

College Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Male

Sindhla Chollangi

Above 44

House Wife

Himachal

Female

Vipin Soni

Above 44

Doctor

Delhi

Male

Amrita Rana

Above 44

Housewife

Karnataka

Female

Madhuvendra Shahi

Above 44

Civil Engineer

Tamil Nadu

Male

Kanchan

35-44

Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Manu Sharma

35-44

House Wife

Tamil Nadu

Female

Anish Madhav

35-44

Architect

Himachal Pradesh

Male

Anuj Sharma

35-44

Govt Job Tamilnadu

Tamilnadu

Male

Shalini

35-44

Teacher

Punjab

Female

Urvashi Vashistha

35-44

Yoga Instructor

Maharashtra

Female

Dr Reena

35-44

Doctor

Himachal Paradesh

Female

Anuradha Sood

35-44

Teacherhar

Haryana

Female

Ruchi Awasthi

35-44

House Wife

Delhi

Female

Shalini Dogra

35-44

Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Alka Sharma

35-44

Housewife

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Bindiya Mishra

35-44

Teacher

Madhya Pradesh

Female

Geeta Sharma

35-44

Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Swarn Lata

35-44

Teacher

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Sarthak Tyagi Aaryae

25-34

Student

Uttar Pradesh

Male

Renuka Negi

25-34

Housewife

New Delhi

Female

Sarthak Nag

25-34

Researcher

Himachal

Male

Arumugam

25-34

Buisness

Tamil Nadu

Male

S.Raji

25-34

Civil Engineer

Tamil Nadu

Male

Pratyush

25-34

Architect

Himachal Pradesh

Male

Bhaiya Adarsh Suman

25-34

Engineer

Tamil Nadu

Male

Sheenu Rani

25-34

Teacher

Tamil Nadu

Female

Savithri

25-34

Teacher

Tamil Nadu

Female

Shallu Sharma

25-34

N/A

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Sneh Lata Soreng

25-34

Architect

New Delhi

Female

Sheetal Bala

25-34

Lecture In History

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Pankaj Kapoor

25-34

Lecturer

Jammu And Kashmir

Male

Sidharth Kapoor

25-34

Engineer

Kerala

Male

Adarsh Negi

18-24

Student

New Delhi

Male

Ananya Sharma

18-24

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Ann Mary Mathews

18-24

Student

Kerala

Female

Nishita Kaushal

18-24

Engineer

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Atrayee Baruah

18-24

Student

Assam

Male

Kratika Mittal

18-24

Student

Uttar Pradesh

Female

Aastha

18-24

Student

Punjab

Female

Kruty

18-24

Student

Odisha

Female

Sur Shri

18-24

Student

Tamil Nadu

Female

Esther Sawmbiakhoih

18-24

Student

Mizoram

Female

Kriti Chauhan

18-24

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Anuroop Arya

18-24

Student

Uttarakhand

Male

Anusha Yandra

18-24

Student

Andhra Pradesh

Female

Aarya Pandya

18-24

Student

Madhya Pradesh

Male

Isha Kashyap

Below 18

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Vishaliny

Below 18

Student

Tamil Nadu

Female

Akshit Sharma

Under 18

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Male

Sakshi Dhiman

Under 18

B Tech

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Amisha Syal

Under 18

Studying

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Sanjana Meena

Under 18

Student

Rajasthan

Female

Aman

Under 18

Student

Punjab

Female

Nandini

Under 18

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Pooja Meena

Under 18

Student

Rajasthan

Female

Arushi Jain

Under 18

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Pranshu

Under 18

Student

Himachal Pradesh

Male

Bandaru.Abhigna

Under 18

Student

Telangana

Male

Kamakshi Pandit

Under 18

Student

Punjab

Female

Shifali

Under 18

Nothing

Himachal Pradesh

Female

Table 9- selected individual’s details

1.4 Analysis and observations The observations are done to find the answers of the following questions:        

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer hem inside? How many people like having plants inside and why? How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Which indoor plant type is preferred the most by particular age group? How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity? How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside? How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors?

The conclusions from each question will provide useful data about current situation of indoor plants in interiors. The following observations can be noted of the following age group (See annexure table 10): 1.4.1 

Age group- Above 44 Number of subjects-14

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer hem inside?

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people have plants indoors but don’t prefer them inside The number of people have plants indoors and prefer them inside The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who don’t have indoor plants and don’t prefer them inside The number of people who don’t have indoor plants

No. of people 10 2

Percentage

80%

4 2

28% 50%

50%

71.4% 20%

and prefer them inside 

How many people like having plants inside and why? Number of people who like having indoor plants = 10 reasons All of the above reasons Help to feel fresh and healthy inside a room

count 7 3

percentage 70% 30%

All the above reasons include   



Helpful to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby Aesthetic value Just feel more lively

How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Number of people who don’t like having indoor plants = 4 Reasons occupy space It cause suffocation at night

Count 1 1

Percentage 25% 25%

all of the above No answer

1 1

25% 25%

All the above reasons include    



attract some insects it is suffocating at night it occupy space it is expensive need a lot of maintenance

Which indoor plant type is preferred the most by particular age group? If you are forced to grow a plant near your workplace /inside your home, what kind of plant would you prefer? A flowering plant A large foliage plant A small cactus a tall indoor tree group of plants

Count

Percentage 2 2 2 1 7

14.28% 14.28% 14.28% 7.14% 50%



How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity?

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who feel change in their working experience The number of people who don’t feel change in their working experience The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who feel change in their working experience The number of people who don’t feel change in their working experience 

20%

4 2

28% 50%

50%

71.4% 80%

Count 4 10

Percentage 28.5% 71.42%

How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside?

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who can stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who can stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours 

Percentage

How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? Do you know the benefits of indoor plants? No Yes



No. of people 10 8

No. of people 10 4

Percentage

60%

4 1

28% 25%

75%

71.4% 40%

How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors? Do your workspace have abundant natural light and ventilation No Yes

1.4.2

Age group- 35-44 years old

Count

Percentage 3 11

78.5% 21.4%

Number of subjects-14 

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer hem inside?

No. of people 11 1

Percentage

90.9%

3 2

21.4% 66.6%

33.3%

78.5% 9.09%

How many people like having plants inside and why? Number of people who like having indoor plants = 11 reasons All of the above reasons Help to feel fresh and healthy inside a room

count 6 6

percentage 50% 50%

All the above reasons include   



Helpful to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby Aesthetic value Just feel more lively

How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Number of people who don’t like having indoor plants = 3 Reasons Difficult to maintain Attract insects



Count 1 1

Percentage 50% 50%

Which indoor plant type is preferred the most by particular age group? If you are forced to grow a plant near your workplace /inside your home, what kind of plant would you prefer? A flowering plant

Count

Percentage 5

35.7%

A large foliage plant a tall indoor tree group of plants( because you are plant lover) 

Percentage

9.09%

3 2

21.4% 66.6%

33.3%

78.5% 90.0%

Count 5 9

Percentage 35.7% 64.2%

How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside?

No. of people 11 10

How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? Do you know the benefits of indoor plants? No Yes



7.1% 7.1% 50%

How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity?

1 1 7

No. of people 11 2

Percentage

81.8%

3 0

21.4% 0%

100%

78.5% 18.1%

How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors? Do your workspace have abundant natural light and ventilation?

Count

Percentage

No Yes

2 12

1.4.3 

Age group- 24-34 years old Number of subjects-14

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer hem inside? No. of people 12 9

Percentage

25%

2 0

14.2% 0%

100%

It's a hobby

count 3 4 1

percentage 25% 33.3% 8.3%

Aesthetic value

16.6%

No answer

16.6%

71.4% 28.6%

85.7% 75%

How many people like having plants inside and why? Number of people who like having indoor plants = 12 Reasons All of the above reasons Help to feel fresh and healthy inside a room

All the above reasons include   



Helpful to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby Aesthetic value Just feel more lively

How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Number of people who don’t like having indoor plants = 2 Reasons Difficult to maintain

Count 1

Percentage 50%

Attract insects 



Percentage 5 1 3 3

35.7% 7.1% 21.4% 21.4%

No. of people 12 8

Percentage

33.3%

2 2

14.2% 100%

85.7% 66.6%

How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? Do you know the benefits of indoor plants? No Yes



Count

How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity?

50%

Count 7 7

Percentage 50% 50%

How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside?

No. of people 12 1

Percentage

91.6%

2 2

14.2% 100%

85.7% 8.3%

more than 6 hours The number of people who stay inside for more than 6 0 hours 

How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors? Do your workspace have abundant natural light and ventilation? Yes No 1.4.4

Count

Percentage 10 4

71.4% 28.6%

Age group- 18-24 years old

Number of subjects-14 

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer hem inside?

No. of people 12 0

Percentage

100%

2 1

14.2% 50%

50%

85.7% 0%

How many people like having plants inside and why? Number of people who like having indoor plants = 12 reasons All of the above reasons Help to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby

count 8 1 1

percentage 66.6% 8.3% 8.3%

Aesthetic value

16.6%

All the above reasons include  

Helpful to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby Aesthetic value



Just feel more lively

How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Number of people who don’t like having indoor plants = 2 Reasons Difficult to maintain No answer



Count 1 1



Percentage 4 3 5 2

28.5% 21.4% 35.7% 14.2%

No. of people 12 9

Percentage

25%

2 1

14.2% 50%

50%

85.7% 75%

How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? Do you know the benefits of indoor plants? No Yes



Count

How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity?

Percentage 50% 50%

Count 6 8

Percentage 42.8% 57.1%

How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside? No. of people

Percentage

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who can stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who can cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who stay inside for more than 6 hours 

1.4.5

83.3%

2 1

14.2% 50%

50%

Count

Percentage 10 4

71.4% 28.6%

Age group- Under 18 years old Number of subjects-14

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer hem inside? No. of people 13 1

Percentage

92.3%

1 1

7.1% 100%

No answer

count 7 3 1

percentage 53.8% 23% 7.6%

Aesthetic value

15.3%

85.7% 16.6%

How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors? Do your workspace have abundant natural light and ventilation? Yes No



12 2

92.8% 7.6%

How many people like having plants inside and why? Number of people who like having indoor plants = 13 Reasons All of the above reasons Help to feel fresh and healthy inside a room

All the above reasons include    

Helpful to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby Aesthetic value Just feel more lively

How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Number of people who don’t like having indoor plants = 1 Reasons No answer



Count 1



Percentage 100%

Count

Percentage 9 5

How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity? No. of people 13 7



Percentage

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who feel change in their working experience The number of people who don’t feel change in 6 their working experience The number of people who don’t have indoor 1 plants The number of people who feel change in their 0 working experience The number of people who don’t feel change in 1 their working experience How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? Do you know the benefits of indoor plants? No Yes



64.2% 35.7%

92.8% 53.8% 46.1% 7.1% 00% 100%

Count 4 10

Percentage 28.5% 71.4%

How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside?

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who can stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who can cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who stay inside for more than 6 hours 

No. of people 13 3

Percentage

76.9%

1 0

7.1% 0%

100%

92.8% 23.0%

How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors? Do your workspace have abundant natural light and ventilation? Yes No 1.4.6

Count

Percentage 8 6

57.1% 42.8%

All Age group

Number of subjects-70 

How many people have plants indoors but don’t prefer them inside?

No. of people 58 4

Percentage

93.1%

12 5

17.1% 41.6%

58.3%

82.8% 6.8%

How many people like having plants inside and why? Number of people who like having indoor plants = 58 reasons All of the above reasons Help to feel fresh and healthy inside a room No answer

count 31 16 3

Percentage 53.4% 27.5% 5.1%

Aesthetic value

10.3%

it's a hobby

3.4%

All the above reasons include    

Helpful to feel fresh and healthy inside a room It's a hobby Aesthetic value Just feel more lively

How many people don’t like having plants inside and why? Number of people who don’t like having indoor plants = 12



Reasons No answer

Count 4

Percentage 33.3%

occupy space

8.3%

attract some insects

16.6%

difficult to maintain

33.3%

It cause suffocation at night

8.3%

Count

a tall indoor tree A small cactus A large foliage plant



Percentage

27 24

38.5% 34.2%

2 10 7

2.8% 14.2% 10%

How many people have indoor plant and feel the enhancement in their work productivity?

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who feel change in their working experience The number of people who don’t feel change in their

No. of people 58 42

Percentage

27.5%

82.8% 72.4%

working experience The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who feel change in their working experience The number of people who don’t feel change in their working experience 

50%

Count 26 44

Percentage 37.1% 62.8%

How many people can stay inside for longer duration and have plants inside?

The number of people who have indoor plants The number of people who can stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who don’t have indoor plants The number of people who can cannot stay inside for more than 6 hours The number of people who stay inside for more than 6 hours 

17.1% 50%

How many people are aware of benefits of indoor plants? Do you know the benefits of indoor plants? No Yes



12 6

No. of people 58 12

Percentage

79.3%

12 10

17.1% 83.3%

16.6%

82.8% 20.6%

How many people experience lack of sunlight and ventilation in interiors? Do your workspace have abundant natural light and ventilation? Yes No

Count

Percentage 52 18

74.2% 25.7%

Following points were observed in general from the analysis: 1)

Most of the subjects have indoor plants and are aware of the benefits of indoor plants. 2) Most of the people like grouping of indoor plants and are aware of indoor plant requirements. 3) Most of the people who have proper indoor lighting and ventilation have planted indoor plants while the people who don’t have proper indoor sunlight have ot planted lands inside.

4) Maximum people can’t stay inside a room for more than 6 hours despite the presence of planters or not. But it is observed that the people having planters inside have more tendency to stay inside upto 4-6 hours. 5) People having indoor plants feel the change I their work experience and productivity. 6) Most of the people don’t plant indoor plants because plants need maintenance. These people are not interested and aware of benefits of indoor plants. 7) Maximum number of people are aware of indoor plants. 8) Most of the younger people are fonder of succulents and are aware of the need of indoor plants. 9) The elder people are aware of benefits of indoor plants but are lazy to maintain the plants. 10) Plant preferences by different age groups –Elderly people of more than 35years old preferred planting large group of plants together –Under 18 children preferred flowering plants the most. –While the younger generation prefers small succulents and cactus in their workspace followed by some flowering plants 11) Plant preferences by different genders –female participants(i.e. 54) preferred flowering plants. –Male participants(i.e. 25) preferred having group of plants. 12) The study don’t show any major effect of plants to influence people to stay inside without stress for longer duration. Though most of the people having indoor plants feel increase in their productivity.

5 PROPOSAL SHIPARA, BENGALURU, INDIA

100

Figure 62 south facing front façade (source-arch daily)

Address: 8 & 9, G.B. Palya, Off Hosur Road, Bengaluru- 560068 Architects: SDeG Ownership: Shipara technologies limited. Company category: Company limited by shares, computer-related activities (e.g. maintenance of websites of diff. firms etc.) Area: 340 m² Year of completion: 2012 Occupants: 13- 20 people The building is located in an urban site and is surrounded by buildings on the 3 sides. The front of the building has a lush green garden space which is in contrast with the plain facade.

Figure 63- front elevation (source-arch daily)

The roof and facade are strategically designed to allow natural light to pass in desired areas.

101

Figure 64 Director’s office (source-arch daily)

The muted matte colour palate can be seen in the interiors. The office space looks dull and monotonous. Thus, adding green plants in the interiors will make the space more colourful. The interior is whitewashed which makes a small office look larger. The lack of colours and dull wood in the space doesn’t allow creativity. Adding more colours to space and plants over the large windows will bring life to the large formal space and also filter the harsh south light in the interiors.

102

Figure 65, figure 66- 2nd floor working space (source-arch daily)

A skylight is present in the lobby area providing natural light and ventilation. The office has separate air-conditioning systems for each space to avoid energy loss. Plantation introduced: The plants are introduced in pots to provide more flexibility in the space. The plants are placed in groups to add more texture to the plain interiors. The following are the different ways in which plants are introduced in different spaces of office: 1. Double potting system: Plants: Weeping fig and fishtail ferns Max additional Cost: ₹1650 (₹100 (weeping fig), ₹50 (fishtail ferns) & ₹1500 (ceramic pot)) Water requirement: Once a week, require moist soil. Light requirement: Weeping fig require filtered bright light whereas the fishtail ferns require shade for moist soil. Load of the planter on structure: 13.664 kg Overall height: 1m -1.5 m

103

Figure 67 – double potting system The addition of container inside a large container is called double potting system. It allow the repotting of plant without disturbing the roots and proper drainage without the fear of water spillage on floor. The excess drainage water is stored in the large pot which can be removed by hand. Here ferns are placed over the weeping fig pot. The drained water from the fish tail fern’s pot will go directly to the weeping fig pot. The attractive ceramic pot is placed outside to hide the plastic pots to provide aesthetic value in the space. The ferns placed above the weeping fig pot removes the ugly sight of soil in the pot and provide a green base for the plants complementing each other. The ferns add required humidity in the interiors removing the dry indoor air

104

2. Grouping of plants: Plants: weeping fig, rubber plant and peace lily Max additional Cost: ₹2500 (₹100 (weeping fig), ₹100 (rubber plant), ₹300 (peace lily) & ₹2000 (ceramic pots)) Water requirement: Once a week, require moist soil. Light requirement: Filtered light for weeping fig and rubber plant whereas the peace lily hides in the shade Load of the planter on structure: 48.32kg + 19.07kg + 11.92kg = 80.032kg Overall height: 1m -1.5 m The group is arranged with plants which complement each other and add a large green space. The group covers a large area. The arrangement of plants can’t be placed in a small area. The plants having large leaves and big in height can be used as visual barrier in a personal cabin. The height difference in the heights of plants can add new dimension in the space. Peace lily flowers add colour. The glossy leaves of plants add new texture in the mat finished raw space. This group can be placed in a non-useable lobby space. Placing this huge group of plants inside a personal space would be a wastage of space and will make the space look a lot smaller than it actually is. Unique benefits of the plants –  Peace lily help in removal of mold spores and absorb acetone vapours.  Rubber plant’s large leaves can absorb airborne chemicals and break them down making them harmless.  Weeping fig is effective in clearing out formaldehyde, xylene and toluene form indoor air. Besides the benefits of these plant, these plants need a lot more maintenance and regular check. Hence placing them inside in large number will increase labour and cost.

105

Figure 68- Grouping of plants

3. Hanging place: Plants: spider plant Max additional Cost: ₹700 (₹300 (spider plant) & ₹500 (hanging pots)) Water requirement: Once a week, require moist soil. Light requirement: Require shade for growth. Load of the planter on structure: 1.873kg Overall height: the plant will be hanged at a height of 2.5m from the ground. The downfall of the plant in the pot can go up to 0.5 m maximum leaving 2 meter of space below.

106

Figure 69 hanging earthen pot with metal chains Hanging the spider plant helps achieve shade requirement for its growth. Hanging plants helps a hindrance free space and attract eyes towards the top. Whereas the main problem with hanging pot is drainage. They should be watered by taking them down and let them drain fo 1 hr and they are good to go for a week. Other way to water them is providing a very minimum amount of water twice a week. 4. Table pots: Plants: Pothos Max additional Cost: ₹1000- ₹2000 (₹500 (Pothos) & ₹500 (ceramic pots)) Water requirement: Once a 3-4 week, dry soil. Light requirement: Filtered indirect light. Load of the planter on structure: 4.897 Kg Overall height: 0.5m -0.9m

107

Figure 70 Pothos The Pothos are large foliage plants which can be placed on shelves without harming the base because of its low water requirement. But to avoid spillage plastic water collecting trays can be placed at the bottom of pot to collect water which can be removed and water can be removed. 5. Tubs and urns: Plants: snake plant Max additional Cost: ₹1100 (₹100 (snake plants) & ₹1000 (pots)) Water requirement: Once in 2 weeks. Light requirement: Shade-loving plants Load of the planter on structure: 10.793kg Overall height: 0.7m - 0.9m

108

Figure 71 Snake plant in metallic tub The brass finish shade adds metallic colour to matte plain interiors and pops out the green snake plant. This is placed in dark places. The snake plant is the most selfsufficient and low maintenance plant. These plants just need water once in 2 weeks and they flourish on their own in their own space. The water spillage during watering can be avoided by placing a plastic water holding cap. 6. Tall plants: Plants: Dracaenas Max additional Cost: ₹1500 (₹500 (Dracaenas) & ₹1000 (ceramic pots)) Water requirement: Once a week, require moist soil. Light requirement: Shade-loving plants Load of the planter on structure: 15.990 Kg Overall height: 1m -1.2 m

109

Figure 72 Dracaenas in earthen pot A single tall dracaenas plant placed in single white wall add-light colour and help the wall look more interesting. Since the walls in the interior are whitewashed dracaenas are the best to make space look more inviting. Dracaena are perfect to place inside a personal cabin. These are beneficial to solve many health problems like headaches, respiratory problems, anaemia, marrow disease etc. It absorb formaldehyde, benzene, trichloroethylene and carbon dioxide. 7. Table pots: Plants: Aloe Vera Max additional Cost: ₹300 (₹100 (Aloe Vera) & ₹200 (earthen pots)) Water requirement: Twice a month, require dry sandy soil. Light requirement: Filtered bright light Load of the planter on structure: 1.008 kg

110

Overall height: 0.2m -0.4m

Figure 73 Aloe Vera Aloe Vera adds required humidity in the space and acts as succulent. It grows best on neglect. They can be placed on a shelf and it will grow on its own.

8. Table pots: Plants: Esther lily cactus Max additional Cost: ₹500 (₹300 (plant) & ₹200 (pots)) Water requirement: Twice a month, require dry sandy soil. Light requirement: Filtered bright light Load of the planter on structure: 1.008 kg Overall height: 0.2m -0.4m

111

Figure 74 Esther lily cactus in ceramic pot. These are best for placing in toilets and table tops and require the least maintenance. They grow slow and occupy less space. 9. Table pots: Plants: Rainbow cactus Max additional Cost: ₹700 (₹500 (plant) & ₹200 (pots)) Water requirement: Twice a month, require dry sandy soil. Light requirement: Filtered bright light Load of the planter on structure: 1.4 kg Overall height: 0.2m The cactus are colourful in nature and occupy very less space. These are perfect to be placed on a table. They require almost no maintenance. These are like miniature cactus which can be easily neglected. Though they add colour and life to the table.

112

Figure75 rainbow cactus 10. Grouping of plants: Plants: Bamboo palm, Pothos, aloe Vera, peace lily & Chinese evergreen plant Max additional Cost: ₹3500 (₹500 (Chinese evergreen plant), ₹300 (bamboo palm) (₹300 (Peace Lily), ₹200 (Pothos), ₹100 (Aloe Vera), ₹2000 (wooden finish) & ₹5000 (construction cost)) Water requirement: Once a week, require moist soil. Light requirement: Medium to low light Load of the planter on structure: 45.52 kg Overall height: 0.7m-1.5m Plantation: The plants are placed hierarchy wise. The taller plants such as bamboo palm is placed at the end near the wall while small plants like Pothos, aloe Vera Chinese evergreen are placed towered the entrance point. According to the needs of plants the plants which need moist soil are placed near the drain whereas the plans which need dry soil are placed at the other end of the drain.

113

Figure 76 diameter and placement of plants in the planter

Figure 77 plan and dimensions of the planter Structure:

114

Since the planter is an add on to the original structure. The 4 sided concrete 350 mm high walls are placed on the top of the existing structure. The steps for placing the planter area as follows:1. The area where planter is to be made is marked. 2. At appropriate position ta small area is drilled 3. Reinforcement bars are put inside the drilled area and is locked using the chemical. 4. The reinforcement bars are once fixed, a frame is made around the reinforced bars and concrete is poured inside it. 5. It is allowed to set. 6. The wooden finished panels are attached to the concrete by drilling and the granite pieced are placed on the top. The inside of the planter is water proofed by bitumen. 7. Additional roof gardening layers are added. 8. A hole is dug inside the planter through the slab to allow drainage pipe to pass through. 9. Then alongside the drainage grid, creed is laid to form a 5° slope towards the drain 10. And other layers like root barriers etc. are laid above it.

Figure 78 drainage hole positioning inside the planter

115

The main precaution to be taken is water drainage control. The drain water is taken down to the guest room which is taken out by passing the drain through service room and then outside. Since the quantity of water drained from the planter is very less. There is no point of recycling the water. Moreover, there are very less risks of water pipe to break and cause mess in the structure.

Figure 79 section of the planter To avoid the sight of drainage pipe in the guest room. A false ceiling can be introduced as per client’s requirements. The basic layers introduced in planter for proper functioning include 2. Growing medium : i.e. soil

116

3. Stabilization mat and filter fabric mat: to prevent the soil particles to go beneath this layer. It helps to prevent clogging and mixing of soil with other layers. 4. Drainage layer / root barrier. This layer prevent invasive roots to go beneath the growing medium and harm the structure. 5. Gravels and Drainage grid: these layers control water flow. The gravels are used to provide a flat surface for other layers.

Figure 80 detail of layers placed inside the planter

Figure 81 detail of fixing drainage pipe with the slab Planning:

117

The planning of the building is done around a central lift surrounded by circulation space, around which different functional spaces are arranged.The functional spaces are placed beautifully on different levels. The spiral circulation movement connects various zones. The plantation in the space is introduced keeping in mind the aesthetics of the interiors. The plants can meet the living environment by artificial means in some spaces, whereas most of the plants are strategically placed keeping in mind the lighting requirements of the plants The placement of plants in the plan are as follows:Ground floor plan:

Figure 82 Ground floor plan Guest room consist of Pothos pot and a small aloe Vera pot. The lift lobby consist of weeping fig and fern. The drainage pipe for the planter is running rom guest room to northern back through service room. To avoid the sight of drainage pipe. False ceiling has

118

been introduced. Aloe Vera is a plant that gives sound sleep hence is placed near the bed. Pothos is added in the dark end to make the corner more cheerful. The large group of plants including Peace lily, rubber plant and weeping fig are placed along the stair. The snake plant is also introduced with the entry. The plants are kept in the corner which will not hinder any movement in particular. First-floor plan:

Figure83 1ST floor plan

The first floor consists of a common lobby, reception, waiting, meeting rooms, cabins, common work areas, and washroom and circulation space. The lobby reception and

119

waiting consist of the skylight which allows natural light inside. A planter has been introduced below the skylight to entertain the visitor. Hanging spider plants are placed near the windows along with weeping fig and fishtail fern at one corner of the window. The tall weeping fig is placed in the window to filter the southern light glare. Small cactus are placed on shelves and table tops. Dracaena is placed near the lift whereas the photos is added alongside the waiting area. The fixed planter in the waiting is the main source of attraction in the ground floor. The contrasting leaves of plants grouped together to complement each other add beauty in the waiting area. Second-floor plan

Figure 84 2nd floor plan

120

The spaces in the second floor plan are similar to that of a 1st floor plan except for the reception. The window in the conference room allows a lot of harsh on eyes south light to come inside, placing a group of planters near the window helps not only to allow the diffuse light but also provide enough sun for the healthy growth of the plants. A large group of rubber plant, weeping fig and peace lily is added in the lobby. These plants are placed to provide visual hindrance in a personal cabin. The cabins and spaces don’t have opaque walls facing lobby. Small table tops plants are added on tables and selves. 3rd-floor plan

Figure 85 3rd floor plan

121

The third floor consists of director office and serves as a private floor for the director with personal terrace washroom etc. The terrace can act as a place to provide plants with the winter sun twice a year. Since all the plants are portable. Since the floor is visually very open and private space not many plants are added. Maintenance: The section of the office explains the ventilation, lighting and play of levels in the central lobby space.

Figure 86 Section-Y1 (source-arch daily)

122

Figure 87 Section-Y2(source-arch daily) Lighting: Most of the plants are near windows and the plants which are kept inside are mostly succulents and cactus which thrive in low maintenance. The planters near waiting area have skylight above and extra lighting can be provided along the edges of 2nd floor cut out. The plants used in that planter need a medium to low light, hence metal halide bulb would be enough for them to survive. The plants are kept in all portable containers hence they need to be kept outside in terrace twice a year for good growth. The interiors are flushed with natural light because of the large window panels. And the interior light provided normal is sufficient enough for them to grow. Most indoor plants thrive in low light. Watering: The plants need to be watered once a week and the table plants need to be watered once a month. The pots when over-watered can create the untidy slippery floor. Hence

123

overwatering should be avoided. All the portable plants have plastic caps in the bottom to collect drainage water. A lot of water seeping out of the pots is the indication of overwatering which should be avoided. The planter in waiting area have drainage grid provide for drainage of water. Temperature check: The plants selected for the plantation can thrive in Bengaluru’s temperate climate. The advantage of the location is the almost every houseplant can easily adapt itself because of the absence of harsh climatic conditions. Soil check: Most of the plants use peat-based well-drained soil for its growth. Whereas the succulents need loamy well-drained sandy soil for its growth. Ventilation: The planters are well ventilated because of the presence of the central skylight which allows air inside in the lobby area. Individual rooms have separate air conditioning systems for ventilation. Structural changes: Additional load calculation: Load of plantation = density of soil X volume of soil each pot holds Taking, 1kg=1N Density of soil =2650 Kg/m3 (constant) NOTE- Not adding the plants on the ground floor as the load is taken by earth itself.

Types of planters

Volume of soil in pot (cubic m)

Load of one pot (N)

Number of pots

Total load of one type of plantation (N)

0.0515

13.66

54.64

0.3085

80.032

160.06

0.0070

1.873

14.98

0.1848

4.809

14.42

0.04073

10.793

43.17

0.06039

1.599

3.19

124

0.00380

1.008

2.01

0.00380

1.008

6.04

0.000539

0.142

0.56

0.168

44.52

total

343.59

Table 7 load calculation of planters proposed Considering the overall load of plantscaping on the structure (i.e. 343.59N) and assuming the safety factor takin while construction. The building can carry this much load without providing any extra structural changes or retrofitting to the building. Movement: All the plants are kept on the corners near windows. None of the plants is kept to direct the movement. The plants although reduce the walkable floor area. Maintenance:  The plants leaves should be cleaned by a soft water-soaked towel once in two weeks to avoid the insects to breed and destroy the foliage.  The dead leaves should be torn off and proper pruning should be done once in 2-3 month for proper growth.  If the plant requires growth they can be kept near the window for one or 2 days. Additional Cost Estimation: The cost of each plantation type is estimated according to current rates of plants and containers in Bengaluru. The following is the table of overall cost estimation for an introduction on following designed Plantscape in the interiors.

No of planters

Max individual planter cost (₹)

The overall cost of all planters (₹)

1,650

8,250

2,500

7,500

700

5,600

1,000

4,000

1,100

5,500

1,500

3,000

Types of planters

125

300

900

700

4,200

9 10

4 1

500 8,500

2,000 8,500

Table 8 cost estimation of planters

The total cost of introduction of plantscape = ₹ 49,450 Additional general gardening service price in Bengaluru= ₹1200 - ₹2500 The additional maximum cost of the plantation proposed is affordable for such a company.

126

6 REFERENCES 

http://www.crpub.com/Book_Category/Plant_Science/INTERIOR/INTERIOR.pdf s, • Interior Plantscaping – Richard L. Gaines, AIA • The Indoor Garden – Margaret K. Hunter, Edgar H. Hunter, AIA • Nelson Hammer, ASLA - Interior Landscapes: An American Design Portfolio of Green Environments (1999). • Paul Cooper landscape architect -Interiorscapes • Aasha, K.1986. Effect of varying light intensities on the growth and development of indoor foliage and flowering plants. M.Sc. Thesis. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala.130p. • Bergs, J. 2002. The Effect of Healthy Workplaces on the Wellbeing and Productivity of Office Workers. Proceedings of Plants for People International Symposium Floriade, Netherlands. • Conklin, E. 1978. Interior plantscaping. J. Arbopricult. 4: 73-79 • Desai, B.L. 1961. Planning and planting designs of home gardens. ICAR. New Delhi. • Field and Xenia, 1965. Window Box Gardening. Pan Books Ltd., London. • Fjeld, T., B. Veiersted, L. 1998. The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers. Indoor Built Environ.7: 204209. • Gaines, R. L. 1977. Interior Plantscaping, Architectural Record Books, New York. • Harris and Cyril, C. 1973. House plants and Indoor Gardening. Octopus books Ltd., London. • Hartley, D. E. 1981. Light Requirement for Foliage Plants. Foliage Digest 4(11): 1213, 16. • Lohr, V. I. and Pearson- Minns, C. H. 2000. Physical discomfort may be =reduced in the presence of interior plants. Hort. Technol. 10: 53 - 58p. • Lohr, V. I. and Pearson- Minns, C. H. and Goodwin, G. K. 1996. Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment. J. Environ. Hort.14: 97-100. • Manakar, G. H.1997. Interior plantscapes: installation, maintenance and management. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 342p. • Nambisan, K. M. P.1992. Design Elements of Landscape Gardening, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. 124-136. • NASA, 1994. Foliage plants for removing indoor air pollutants from energyefficient homes. Econ. Bot. 38: 224-228 • Pearson, H.E. 1949. Effects of Waters of Different Qualities on Some Ornamental Plants, Proceeding of American Society for Hort Science 53: 532542.

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 



   

Randhawa, G. S. and Mukhopadhyay, 1986 Floriculture in India, Allied publishers. New Delhi. 287-304 • Ramzan, M. Qasin, A. and Muktar, R. 2007. A study on uses and management of indoor plants in Pakistan. Int. J. Agri. 9(3): 517-518. • Relf, P. D. 1990. Psychological and sociological response to plants: Implications for Horticulture. HortScience 25:11-13 • Scrivens, S. 1980. Interior Planting in Large Buildings. The Architectural Press, London. • Shoemaker, C.A. Randall, K. Relf, P.D. 1992. Relationship between plants, behaviour, and attitudes in an office environment. Hort. Technol 2: 205-206. • Swarup, V. 1996. Indoor gardening. ICAR, New Delhi. 81p. • Trivadi, P.P. 1989. Home Gardening. ICAR, New Delhi. 287p. • Ulrich, R. S. 2002. Health benefits of gardens in hospitals. In: Proceedings of plants for people. International symposium, Florida, Netherlands. • Wolverton, B.C. Johnson, A. and Bounds, K. 1989. Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement. Final report, NASA, John C. Stennis Space Centre. 21p. • Wyon, D. P.1996. Indoor environment effects on productivity. In: Proceeding of IAQ 96- Path to Better Building Environment. • Wyon, D. 1998. Individual control at each workplace for health, comfort and productivity. J. Environ. 4: 235-237 Manaker, G. H. 1997. Interior Plantscapes: Installation, Maintenance, and Management. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Services www.bscai.org April 2002 Volume XXII • Number IV • $3 The Magazine for the Building Services Contracting Industry -MJ Gilhooley of Plants at Work and Dr B.C. Wolverton, president of Wolverton Environmental Services, contributed to this article McConnell, D. B. 1978. The Indoor Gardener’s Companion: A Definitive, ColourIllustrated Guide to the Selection and Care of Houseplants. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York, NY. Arch daily- case studies 2010 Lohr’s Benefits of Plantscaping article Images- google PROJECT- arch daily 

Photographs: Clare Arn

128

Annexure Full Na me

Ag e

Occu patio n

In whi ch stat e do you wor k?

Ge nd er

Do yo u ha ve pla nts ins ide yo ur wo rks pa ce/ ho me ?

Do you pref er plan ts insid ea roo m?

if yes . wh y?

if no. why?

Are you inte rest ed to kno w abo ut ind oor pla nts ?

Do you kno w the beni fits of indo or plan ts ?

Do you feel unea sy in your work spac e?

do you think plant s impr ove your work prod uctiv ity

Sub has h Ch an d

Ab ove 44

Engi neer

Ta mil Na du

M ale

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

129

do yo ur w or ks pa ce ha ve ab un da nt na tu ral lig ht an d ve nti la tio n.

Ye s

For ho w mu ch tim e can you stay in 1 roo m wit hou t feel ing any stre ss?

24 hrs max

If you are forc ed to gro wa pla nt nea r you r wor kpl ace /ins ide you r ho me, wh at kin d of pla nt wo uld you pref er? gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

Rav i Ku ma r

Ab ove 44

Teac her

Hi ma cha l Pra des h Ta mil nad u

M ale

No ans we r

occup y space

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

A sma ll cact us

Sub has h Ch an d

Ab ove 44

Engi neer

M ale

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

24 hrs max

Pvt job

Kar nat aka

M ale

Yes

all of the abo ve

Not applic able

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Self empl oyed

Kar nat aka

M ale

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

1/2 hr

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt

Sar oj Ku ma r jha

Ab ove 44

Toll son

Ab ove 44

130

Ree ta

Ab ove 44

Teac her

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

a tall ind oor tree

Ka ml esh ku ma ri

Ab ove 44

Hous e wife

Fe ma le

No Ans we r

It cause suffoc ation at night

Neve r

Ye s

24 hrs max

Ja mu na

Ab ove 44

Seni or man ager

Hi ma cha l Pra des h Ta mil Na du

Fe ma le

Yes

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

N o

24 hrs max

Mu rali dh ara nT

Ab ove 44

Busi ness

Ta mil Na du

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

A larg e foli age pla nt A sma ll cact us

Nil

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

DIN ES H KU MA R SH AR MA

Ab ove 44

Colle ge teac her

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

M ale

Yes

Som etim es

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

131

A larg e foli age pla nt gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

Sin dhl a cho llan gi

Ab ove 44

Hous e wife

Hi ma cha l

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

I have plants inside a room

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

VIP IN SO NI

Ab ove 44

Doct or

Del hi

M ale

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

N o

24 hrs max

Am rita Ra na

Ab ove 44

Hous ewif e

Kar nat aka

Fe ma le

Yes

Som etim es

all of the above

Yes

Som etim es

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Ma dh uve ndr a Sha hi

Ab ove 44

Civil Engi neer

Che nna i

M ale

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

132

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt

love r)

Kan cha n

3544

Teac her

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

Ma nu Sha rm a

3544

Hous e wife

Ta mil nad u

Fe ma le

Yes

Ani sh Ma dha v

3544

Archi tect

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

M ale

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt

No Answ er

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

eter nity

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

133

An uj sha rm a

3544

Govt job tamil nadu

Ta mil nad u

M ale

Yes

Sha lini

3544

Teac her

Pun jab

Fe ma le

Yes

Urv ash i Vas hist ha Dr Ree na

3544

Yoga instr ucto r

Ma har ash tra

Fe ma le

3544

Doct or

Hi ma cha l Par ade sh

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m No Ans we r

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

24 hrs max

difficu lt to maint ain

Nev er

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

134

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt

A flo wer ing pla nt gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

An ura dh a soo d

3544

Teac herh ar

Har yan a

Fe ma le

Yes

Som etim es

Ruc hi Aw ast hi

3544

Hous e wife

Del hi

Fe ma le

Yes

Sha lini Do gra

3544

Teac her

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

Alk a sha rm a

3544

Hous ewif e

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Ye s

1hr2hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt

No Answ er

Yes

Neve r

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

a tall ind oor tree

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

attrac t some insect s

N o

1hr2hr s

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A larg e foli age pla nt

135

Bin diy a Mis hra

3544

Teac her

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Ge eta sha rm a

3544

Teac her

Hi ma cha l pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

SW AR N lata

3544

Teac her

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Sar tha k Tya gi Aar yae

2534

Stud ent

Hi ma cha l Par ade sh Utt ar Pra des h

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

M ale

Yes

The y are inc orp ora ted in the Int eri or Des ign of my ho me .

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

136

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

Re nuk a Ne gi

2534

Hous ewif e

Ne w Del hi

Fe ma le

Yes

it's a ho bby

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Sar tha k Na g

2534

Rese arch er

Hi ma cha l

M ale

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Aru mu ga m

2534

Buis ness

Ta mil Na du

M ale

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

1/2 hr

S.R aji

2534

Civil engi neer

Ta mil Na du

M ale

Yes

all of the abo ve

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Ye s

1/2 hr

Pra tyu sh

2534

Archi tect

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

M ale

Yes

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

N o

1hr2hr s

BH AIY A AD AR SH SU

2534

ENGI NEE R

Che nna i

M ale

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m hel pfu l to feel fres h and

No Answ er

Yes

N o

24 hrs max

137

A flo wer ing pla nt A sma ll cact us

A flo wer ing pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt A sma ll cact us

A sma ll cact us

MA N

hea lthy insi de a roo m

She en u ran i

2534

Teac her

Ta mil nad u

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt

Sav ithr i

2534

Teac her

Ta mil nad u

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

No Ans we r

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Som etim es

N o

4hr s6hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt

Sha llu Sha rm a

2534

N/A

Fe ma le

Yes

Sne h Lat a Sor eng

2534

Archi tect

Hi ma cha l Par ade sh Ne w Del hi

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Som etim es

N o

4hr s6hr s

138

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

She etal Bal a

2534

Lect ure in Histo ry

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

not safe for childr en or pets

Yes

Ye s

1/2 hr

Pan kaj Kap oor

2534

Lect urer

M ale

Yes

No Ans we r

all of the above

Yes

Som etim es

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Sid har th kap oor

2534

Engi neer

Jam mu and Kas hmi r Ker ala

M ale

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Ad ars h Ne gi

1824

Stud ent

Ne w Del hi

M ale

Yes

Som etim es

pla nts bea utif y the int eri ors all of the abo ve

attrac t some insect s

So me tim es

Yes

Ye s

eter nity

A sma ll cact us

An any a Sha rm a

1824

Stud ent

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

Som etim es

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Ye s

24 hrs max

A flo wer ing pla nt

An n Ma ry Ma the ws

1824

Stud ent

Ker ala

Fe ma le

Yes

pla nts bea utif y the int eri ors all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

A sma ll cact us

139

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt A larg e foli age pla nt

Nis hit a Kau sha l

1824

Engi neer

Hi ma cha l Pra des h Ass am

Fe ma le

Yes

Som etim es

all of the abo ve

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Atr aye e Bar ua h Kra tika Mi ttal

1824

Stud ent

1824

Aas tha

M ale

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Stud ent

Utt ar Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Ye s

eter nity

A larg e foli age pla nt

1824

Stud ent

Pun jab

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt

Kru ty

1824

Stud ent

Odi sha

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m pla nts bea utif y the int eri ors all of the abo ve

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

A sma ll cact us

Sur Shr i

1824

Stud ent

Ta mil Na du

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla

140

A larg e foli age pla nt A sma ll cact us

nt love r)

Est her Sa wm bia kho ih Kri ti cha uh an

1824

Stud ent

Miz ora m

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

1824

Stud ent

Fe ma le

Yes

it's a ho bby

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

An uro op Ary a

1824

Hi ma cha l Pra des h Utt ara kha nd

M ale

Yes

all of the above

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

N o

1hr2hr s

A sma ll cact us

An ush a Yan dra

1824

Stud ent

And hra Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

pla nts bea utif y the int eri ors all of the abo ve

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

Aar ya Pan dya

1824

Stud ent

Ma dhy a Pra des h

M ale

No Ans we r

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt

stud ent

141

A larg e foli age pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt

Ish a Kas hya p

Un der 18

Stud ent

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Ye s

24 hrs max

Vis hali ny

Un der 18

Stud ent

Ta mil nad u

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

N o

1hr2hr s

Aks hit Sha rm a

Un der 18

Stud ent

M ale

Yes

Som etim es

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m pla nts bea utif y the int eri ors

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Som etim es

N o

1hr2hr s

Sak shi Dhi ma n

Un der 18

B tech

Fe ma le

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

N o

24 hrs max

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

142

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt

Am ish a Sya l

Un der 18

Stud ying

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

Som etim es

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Ye s

24 hrs max

A flo wer ing pla nt

San jan a me ena

Un der 18

Stud ent

Raj ast han

Fe ma le

Yes

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Yes

all of the abo ve

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

Yes

all of the abo ve

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

Fe ma le

Yes

Som etim es

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m

No Answ er

Yes

Som etim es

Yes

N o

4hr s6hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt A flo wer ing pla nt

San jan a me ena

Un der 18

B.tec h

Raj ast han

Fe ma le

Yes

San jan a me ena

Un der 18

B.tec h

Raj ast han

Fe ma le

Po oja Me ena

Un der 18

Raj ast han

Aru shi Jai n

Un der 18

Mec hani cal engi neeri ng Stud ent

Hi ma cjal Pra des h

143

PR AN SH U

Un der 18

STU DEN T

UN A

M ale

Yes

all of the abo ve

No Answ er

So me tim es

Yes

Neve r

Ye s

4hr s6hr s

Ba nd aru .Ab hig na

Un der 18

Stud ent

Tela nga na

M ale

Yes

Som etim es

attrac t some insect s

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

Ka ma ksh i pa ndi t

Un der 18

Stud ent

Pun jab

Fe ma le

Yes

No Answ er

Yes

Ye s

1hr2hr s

A flo wer ing pla nt

Shif ali

Un der 18

Noth ing

Hi ma cha l Pra des h

Fe ma le

Yes

hel pfu l to feel fres h and hea lthy insi de a roo m pla nts bea utif y the int eri ors No Ans we r

difficu lt to maint ain

Yes

Ye s

1/2 hr

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r)

Table 10

144

gro up of pla nts( bec aus e you are pla nt love r) A flo wer ing pla nt

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

Plantscaping in office buildings

Articles inside

Figure 48 identified plants in ground floor………………………………………53 Figure-49 identified plants in 2nd floor

Figure 59 Section (source-arch daily

Figure44 Vertical section (source-arch daily

Figure 58- floor plants (source-arch daily

Figure42 Facade concept (source-arch daily

Figure43 Floor plans (source-arch daily

Figure 39 front façade of Atech office building (source-arch daily

Figure 36 rainbow cactus (source-google images

Figure 33 old man cactus on a rocky soil (source-google images

Figure 26 Indian money plant in plastic black pot (source-google images

Figure 24 dracaenas placed in plastic white pot (source-google images

Figure 30 dracaena Dorado plant (source-google images

Figure 20 small pony tail palm tree in plastic pot (source-google images

Figure 22 aloe Vera plant (source-google images

Figure 17 Weeping fig (source-google images

Figure 19 bamboo palm tree in wild (source-google images

Figure 1 problems caused by sick building syndrome (source-google images

Figure 11 dracaenas in the window garden (source-google images

Figure16 basic layers to be laid for growing indoor plants

Figure 3 grouping of plants (source-google images

Figure 9 moss and fern open terrarium (source-google images

Figure 10 dropping pink flower hanging basket (source-google images

Figure 2 window garden (source-google images

Figure 15 ceramic pots with planters on wooden stand (source-google images