SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA CITY PLANNING REPORT
ANKITA PARIMANIK
B.ARCH 7TH SEM
THEORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
CONTENTS
Seoul, the capital and largest city of South Korea, is a beautiful and culturally rich city. Its natural beauty, architectural landmarks, and vibrant arts scene make it a popular destination. Seoul is surrounded by mountains and parks, offering stunning views and hiking opportunities. It is home to modern landmarks like the N Seoul Tower and the 63 Building, as well as traditional structures like Gyeonggung Palace and Bukchon Hanok Village.It also boasts numerous museums, galleries, and cultural institutions. Seoul is also a hub for modern infrastructure and technology, blendingnatural beauty and modernity.
Where is seoul?
There are 25 autonomous districts “gu” and 426 administrative “dong” units in Seoul. The city covers 0.28% of the entire peninsula (or 0.61% of South Korea), and spans an area of 30.30km north-to-south and 36.78 km west-to-east.
Seoul, capital city of south korea lies in the north western part of korean Peninsula in the center of Northeast Asia. The coordinates: 37.34° N and 126.59° E, puts it in closer proximity to the Yellow Sea.The Hangang (River) flows horizontally across Seoul, dividing the city into two sections lying north and south of the river.
• Geographically, Northern seoul consisting of Seongbuk-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Dobong-gu, Nowon-gu, & Eunpyeong-gu, Eastern Seoul consisting of Dongademun-gu, Jungnanggu, Seongdong-gu & Gwangjin-gu, Western Seoul consisting of Gangseo-gu, Yangcheongu, & Guro-gu, And Southern Seoul consisting of Dongjak-gu, Gwanak-gu, & Geumcheon-gu.
“gu”= districts, is a basic local government unit that takes care of it’s assigned affairs and autonomous duties. It provides administrative services that are closely related to the lives of citizens.
“gu” is divided into sub units called as “dong” = local neighborhoods. There are total 426 administrative dongs in seoul.
Provinces
About seoul
3 tier municipality
cities = “si” county = “gun” district = “gu”
neighborhood town “eup” township “myeon”
INTRODUCTION TO SEOUL
01 / Location & Introduction of seoul
• Seoul Special City, the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, is the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, comprising Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi Province. • Seoul was the capital of Korea from 1394 until the formal division of the country in 1948. • It is the country’s political, administrative, economic, business, industrial and cultural hub of the country. • Considered a global city and rated as an Alpha city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), it was the world’s fourth-largest metropolitan economy in 2014.
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National Museum of Korea
Seongbukdo
War Memorial of Korea
Gwangjang Market
Myeongdong neighborhood
Bukhansan National Park
ngd o
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il
Bukchon Hanok Village
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In
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Korea
Yeouldo Hangang Park
l -gi dan gni
Deoksugung Stonewall
Kkummaru Dream Park
eon
Yakhyeon Catholic Church
Myeongdong Cathedral
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Gyeongbokgung Palace
Seoul Cathedral Anglican Church of
Sam
ngj e
Insadong neighborhood
Ho
Bulgwangcheon-gil Gangseo Marsh Ecological Park
ng gu
Namsam seoul tower n eo ch ng na ng Ju
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Seosomun Historical Park
-ro Anyangcheon Dor
Tancheon
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All about the places in seoul
Lotte World
Namsam seoul tower
Bukchon Hanok Village
Known for its skyline, infrastructure, and efficient public transportation reflecting rapid development & urbanization, the city rooted in history and tradition. It features palaces, temples, and historic neighborhoods. The Street markets and local eateries offer authentic Korean cuisine, while Myeongdong, Insadong, Gangnam shopping districts and Changdeokgung Palace offer a contrast. The city is home to influential corporations like Samsung, LG, and Hyundai, and its pop culture phenomenon, “Hallyu” or the Korean Wave, has gained immense popularity.
INTRODUCTION TO SEOUL
02 / Knowing seoul
What seoul is famous for? Seoul is famous for its vibrant culture, which includes K-pop, K-dramas, Korean food, and traditional Korean hanok houses. The city is also home to several ancient palaces and temples, as well as modern skyscrapers and shopping malls. Seoul is a global city that is constantly evolving, and it is known for its innovative spirit and its friendly people.
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Neolithic Period: Circa 8000 BCE –
Hanyang as capital of Joseon: Circa 1394
Baekje: Circa 18 BCE – 475 CE Silla: Circa 551 CE
Prehistoric times, divided into Paleolithic and Neolithic, marked the beginning of human settlements in the Hangang River region before the invention of writing systems.
Ancient Koreans founded Baekje kingdom in 18 BCE, constructing Wiryeseong as its government seat. Known as Hanseong or Daeseong, it was a large, fortified city.`
The Bronze Age saw agricultural development, dwelling sites, and Garakdong-type pottery. Dolmen, megalithic tombs, and a hierarchical society were established, possibly leading to Baekje’s foundation.
Bronze Age: Circa 1200 BCE –
King Taejo of Joseon founded the dynasty in 1392, establishing Hanyang as its capital. The 500-year history includes construction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, Jongmyo Shrine, Changdeokgung Palace, and a fortress wall.
The Silla Kingdom, originating from Saro, expanded to 12 Jinhan chiefdoms, adopted Buddhism, and annexed Dae Gaya in 562 CE, establishing unification.
The Goguryeo Kingdom, spanning 37 BCE-668 CE, emerged along the Amnokgang and expanded to encompass a vast area from the Liao River to the central Korean Peninsula.
The Goryeo dynasty (9181392) was characterized by intense religious fervor, with rulers and subjects devoted to Buddhism, originating from Wang Geon’s embrace of former rivals.
Goryeo: Circa 898 CE
Silla: Circa 551 CE
ANCIENT SEOUL
ANCIENT SEOUL
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX SEOUL: HISORY & EVOLUTION
03 / Historical timeline
03XX
Assassination of Empress Myeongseong on October 8, 1895
The Imjin War, a Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, devastated Joseon, destroying major royal palaces and 80% of homes. Following the war, Joseon rulers reformed defense systems and restored fortress walls, restoring palaces and relocating residences.
Late joseon era
In 1897, Emperor Gojong declared Joseon an empire to align with neighboring Qing China and Japan, aiming to restore balance in a turbulent period. Proclamation of the Korean Empire on October 12, 1897
MODERN SEOUL
Eulsa Treaty signed on November 17, 1905
Founding of the Republic of Korea in 1948
The 1905 Japan-Korea Treaty, also known as the Eulsa Treaty, granted Korea diplomatic sovereignty and made it a protectorate of Imperial Japan.
FIFA World Cup in 2002 Asian Games in 1986 Korea’s economic growth was recognized internationally through the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympic Games, hosted in Seoul, marking significant global cultural events.
On August 15, 1945, Korea was liberated from Imperial Japan, with Seoul becoming the Republic’s capital. However, the Korean Peninsula was divided into South and North by the 38th parallel.
National Liberation on August 15, 1945
21st century seoul that is the largest metropolitan city of south korea and birthplace of kpop and is the political, econimics, administrative, cultural, business centre of the country.
The Korean War, fought between North and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. Seoul Olympics in 1988 Korean War on June 25, 1950
2023 Seoul
CONTEMPORARY SEOUL
SEOUL: HISORY & EVOLUTION
03 / Historical timeline
DIGITAL AGE
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SEOUL: HISTORY & EVOLUTION
04 / Evolution of seoul
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SEOUL: HISTORY & EVOLUTION
04 / Evolution of seoul
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City’s lanform & elvation Diverse natural features, including the Han River, mountains like Namsan and Bukhansan, hills and valleys, streams and creeks, and islands.
Historical sites and landvmarks are located in the hills and valleys, using natural terrain for defense and aesthetics.
The Han River splits the city north and south, offering recreational spaces. Surrounding mountains like Namsan and Bukhansan provide hiking opportunities.
Topography maps
It is located immediately north of the Han River in the lowland of a topographic basin surrounded by low hills of about 1,000 feet (300 metres) in height.
INFERENCES
Hills, valleys, and waterways influence urban planning, while small islands like Yeouido dot the Han River.
The han river is further subdivided into major 5 streams, Hongjaecheon, Cheonggyecheon, Joongrangcheon, Thancheon & Yangjaecheon.
Major mountains like Namsan, Dobong, Bukhansan, Inwangsan, Surak, Mt. khan-ak, Mt. Maebong, Mt. Gulbong, Mt. A-cha, etc give seoul a hilly terrain landform.
• The geography influences its transportation infrastructure, urban palnning , cultural & historical preservation and conserving green spaces and improving QOL.
Hangang / Han river
cheonggyecheon stream
Yangjarcheon stream
Jungnangcheon river
Hongjaecheon stream
Thancheon stream
• The city’s proximity to the river, hilly terrain, and microclimates contribute to its flood proneness, traffic congestion, and temperature variations, affecting energy usage and comfort.
• Stream developmets projects of seoul helps in beautification of the city to create public gathering spaces.
SEOUL: GEOGRAPHY
05 / Geographical features
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Geological map Ecological landuse
Landuse map 1. Residential: 43.8% 2. Commercial: 11.5% 3. Industrial: 10.1% 4. Public facilities: 10.0% 5. Green space: 10.0% 6. Transportation: 9.9% 7. Other: 4.7%
• It is shaped by its geological environment, including Precambrian granite and gneiss formations. • The city’s geological landscape is influenced by the Han River, which has shaped its landforms and alluvial deposits. Seoul’s topography includes numerous valleys and hills, resulting from erosion and tectonic activity. • The city is seismically active, with earthquake preparedness measures in place. The city’s geological conditions also impact its groundwater resources, which are crucial for its sustainability. Engineering considerations are crucial in urban planning and construction.
• Seoul’s land use is predominantly residential, followed by commercial and industrial areas, public facilities, green space, and transportation facilities. With a population density of over 16,000 people per square kilometer, Seoul needs to efficiently use its land resources. • The Seoul Metropolitan Government is committed to sustainable development, aiming to create a more livable and equitable city. • They are investing in green space and public transportation, reducing their carbon footprint, and becoming more eco-friendly. The land use percentage of Seoul reflects their commitment to sustainable development and a livable and equitable city for its residents.
SEOUL: GEOGRAPHY
05 / Geology & land use
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Seasons of seoul
Snow analysis
Seoul experiences a snowy period from December 26 to February 9, with January being the most snowy month with an average of 1.1 inches, and a snowless period from February 9 to December 26.
Seoul experiences mild springs, hot summers, beautiful autumns, and cold winters. Spring is popular for outdoor activities, while summers are hot and humid. Fall is beautiful with clear skies and pleasant temperatures. Winters are cold and dry.
Climate analysis
In Seoul, the summers are long, warm, muggy, wet, and partly cloudy and the winters are short, freezing, snowy, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 21°F to 85°F and
Wind speed
• May 25 to September 24, with an average daily high temperature above 75°F. • December 1 to February 28, with an average daily high temperature below 44°F. • Wetter season lasts 2.8 months, from June 18 to September 11, with a greater than 31% chance of precipitation & drier season lasts 9.2 months, from September 11 to June 18
INFERENCES
Daylight analysis
6.7-month windy season : October 25 to May 17, with February being the windiest month. month is June, experiences an hourly wind speeds of 6.9 miles per hour.
• The four seaons plays a drastic effect with the scene of the city that attracts tourists in it’s different season.
Quality of air
In 2023, the shortest day is December 22, with 9 hours, 34 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 14 hours, 46 minutes of daylight.
SEOUL: CLIMATE
06 / Climatological aspects of the city
Humidity
Seoul experiences a muggy period from June 17 to September 14, with 23% of days being oppressive or miserable, with the most muggy days occurring in July.
• Overall climate analysis favours the city to promotes outdoor activities and healthy atmosphere but due to the terrain landform seoul have variantion in microclimate.
In late 2020, Seoul had “Good” air quality with a US AQI of 50, with PM2.5 being the main pollutant. Other pollutants included PM10, ozone, NO2, SO2, and carbon monoxide.
• Due to lockdown, seoul experienced reduction in micro air particle and have fresh air quality.
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Population density
Population pyramid
• In 2022, the population density in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, reached around 15,561 inhabitants per square kilometer. In 2015, the population density peaked at about 16,364 inhabitants per square kilometer and started to gradually decrease in the following years.
In 2022, the largest age group in Seoul, South Korea’s capital, was the age group between 25 and 29.
• In 2022, the female population in Seoul, is totaled about 4.87 million, surpassing the male population of about 4.55 million. It has been steadily declining in recent years, while the share of female residents increased.
INFERENCES
•
There are 25.68 million males and 25.63 million females in South Korea. With female population of 49.95% compare to 50.05% male population. But in recent years population of south korea has been declining .
• The pyramid has a broad base and narrowed top, suggesting a young adult population with a higher proportion of working age group, which correspond to economy.
Ethnicity
•
District like Gangseo-gu, Songpa-gu & Gangnam-gu have population density of more than 5,00,000, being the service headquarters, significnace to olympics, physical & social infrastructure and commercial & business centres.
• Overpopulation and urbanization have led to housing, transportation and parking shortages, pollution, and resource overuse.
For foreigners, moslty settled in cities like yeongdeungo-gu (administrative & financial district), Guro-gu ( Industrical district), Gwanak-gu( administrative, industrial & educational district), Yongsan-gu ( commercial district e.g, itaewon) & Gwangjin-gu (edu).
DEMOGRAPHY OF SEOUL
07 / Population demography
South Korea’s major religions are Protestantism, Buddhism, and Catholicism. South Korea is a country where religions peacefully coexist.
• In recent years 25-35 age group & no. of female increased drastically, suggecting fewer birth rate and decline in fertility rate due to choice of living in seoul.
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The number of households in Seoul has steadily increased along with the increase in population, from 2.33 million households in 1985 to 3.09 million households in 2000, and 4.13 million households living in Seoul in 2020.
Seoul metropolis
Gyeonggi-do
Incheon metroppolis
Distribution of housing units Most dwellings in Korea were apartments, accounting for 63.5 percent of all housing types. Detached houses were the next most popular housing type. Living in detached houses has become a trendy option for a comfortable and environmentally friendly lifestyle.
INFERENCES
• The datas showcased the overcrowded population & housing in seoul and other metropolitan cities of south korea are high as compared to other cities.
Housing demography `of seoul
No. of houses in metropolis
DEMOGRAPHY OF SEOUL
08 / Housing demography
There were approximately 3.07 million housing units in Seoul, South Korea as in 2022, up by around 50 thousand from the previous year.
• Due to increase in housing, the demand for land value rose in seoul, property prices skyrocketed in the capital city betwwen 2020-22
• All thses generates a poor living condition for citizens falling under MIG & LIG groups and lesser livable area per person.
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Economic overview Seoul, is the economic, political, and cultural center of the country. It is also one of the most important global cities in the world, with a GDP of $1.72 trillion (PPP). Seoul’s economy is highly diversified, with a strong emphasis on services, manufacturing, and technology.
GDP (PPP)
US$384 billion
GDP growth rate
4.1% (2021), Increase 2.6% (2022), Increase 2.0% (2023)
GRDP
US$39,558
Unemployment rate
2.4%
Inflationm rate (CPI)
5.09%
Industries
Information Technology and Electronics, Finance and Banking, Automotive Manufacturing, Ship building, Entertainment and Media, Fashion and Retail, Education Healthcare,Tourism etc
Key economic indicators
• The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of South Korea’s capital Seoul amounted to about 472 trillion South Korean won, up from about 444.55 trillion South Korean won the previous year. Seoul’s gross regional product has risen steadily in recent decades.
Business environment Seoul is home to major employers like multinational corporations, financial and insurance companies, and professional firms, serving as the country’s finance center and hosting annual trade shows.
Trade: Export:
$683.59 billion (2022) - increased
Import:
$731.37 billion (2022) - Increased
Major exporter
Major importers
China 28.83%, Hong Kong 4.05%, ASEAN 18.27%, United States 16.06%, European Union 9.96%, Vietnam 6.37%, Japan 4.48%, Taiwan 3.83%, Singapore 3.23% China 21.14%, ASEAN 11.28%, United States 11.18%, European Union 9.32%, Japan 7.48%, Australia 6.14%, Saudi Arabia 5.69%, Taiwan 3.87%, Germany 3.14%
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION:
EMPLOYMENT RATE: 63.10 %
SEOUL BUDGET FOR 2023:
ECONOMY OF SEOUL
10 / Economy of seoul
Major industries of SEOUL The economic industries of Seoul are highly diversified, with a strong emphasis on services, manufacturing, and technology. Other important industries in Seoul include retail, transportation, and education. Seoul is a major shopping destination, with a wide variety of department stores, boutiques, and markets. The city also has a well-developed transportation network, including a metro system, buses, and taxis. Seoul is also a major center for education, with a number of universities and colleges located in the city.
SERVICES ENTERTAINMENT & CULTURE IT & ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURERS FINACE & BANKING
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Look into industries of SEOUL
Seoul: as CBD
Seoul, a global leader in TECHNOLOGY innovation, is home to numerous startups, venture capital firms, and major technology companies’ research and development centers. It hosts international events like the Seoul International Startup Expo and Mobile World Congress Korea.
Seoul’s MANUFACTURING sector, comprising over 20% of the city’s GDP, includes electronics, machinery, and chemicals, with major electronics companies like Samsung and LG Electronics based there.
The SERVICE SECTOR comprising over 70% of the city’s workforce, includes finance, insurance, real estate, business services, and tourism. The city houses major corporations like Samsung, SK Holdings, Hyundai, and LG Group, and serves as a major financial center with the Korea Exchange and Bank of Korea.
Gangnam commercial sector
Samsung industry
The diversified COMMERCE sector, primarily focusing on retail, wholesale, and e-commerce, is bolstered by a growing population, high disposable income, and strong internet penetration, with government policies promoting retail development.
FINANCE: Seoul is home to a significant number of international companies and banks, including 15 Fortune 500 companies. Yeouido, known as “South Korea’s Wall Street,” houses most bank headquarters and the Korea Exchange. Hanhwa, one of the largest insurance companies, is also located in Seoul.
Yeouido main financial district
ECONOMY OF SEOUL
10 / Major industries & Businesses
Entertainment & culture
INFERENCES • The diversed section of economic starta provide a huge resilience and adaptability of the economic development even in times of seconomic challenges.
• The structre of rapid development is dependant on the 5year perspective planning the country that has helped in shaoing the country as a full fledge economic hub for southeastern asia.
• The service, manufacturing and entertainment sector helps in increasing the economic growth of seoul.
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• Seoul has a highly developed transportation system, with a wide range of options available to residents and visitors. The most popular mode of transportation is the metro, which has 22 lines and over 300 stations. The metro is fast, efficient, and affordable, and it connects all parts of the city.
• Other popular modes of transportation in Seoul include buses, taxis, and biking. The bus network is extensive and covers all parts of the city. Taxis are also plentiful and relatively inexpensive. Biking is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul, as the city has invested in a number of bike lanes and bike-sharing programs.
Road network & Bus system
TRANSPORTATION & LINKAGES
11 / Mode & Netwrok
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Seoul BRT system plan
Express way:
1) Gyeongbu Exp. (40.2km) 2) Bundang Urb. Exp. (9.8km) 3) Olympic Urb. Exp. (40.7km)
Bus sytem of seoul
4) North Kangbyun Urb. Exp. (65.4km) 5) Kyungin Exp. (13.8km) 6) Ansan Exp. (29.8km) 7) Chuncheun Exp. (14.8km) 8) Phochun Exp. (53.4km) 9) Munsan Exp. (22.1km) 10) Kanghwa Exp. (17.4km)
Arterial roads:
All buses are color coded: blue buses connect different districts of the city along main route, green buses connect subway stations and main blue bus routes with residential areas, smaller green maeul (local) buses travel shorter routes within a single district or neighborhood, yellow buses travel in a circulation route in the city center, and red buses connect the city with surrounding areas.
Bus median lane system • Median bus stops have reinforced passengers convience and safety with their comfortable shelter functions and cutting edge information systems. • Focuses on punctuality, faster service, and maximum convenience for the citizen.
INFERENCES
• Color coding buses according to usability and extent of road covered help genearte optimum passenger from each point of route and is convinient for boarders.
11) National Road No.1 (14.8km) 12) Suwon~Sadang Road (30.0km) 13) National Support Road No.23 (18.8km) 14) Sungnam Road (22.2km) 15) Chunho Road (13.4km) 16) Seoul~Chuncheun Road (20.2km) 17) National Road No.3 (7.6km)
• 329 median lane bus stops are in use since 2014
18) Tongil Road (29.5km) 19) Susak Road (19.5km) 20) National Road No.48 (25.5km)
TRANSPORTATION & L1INKAGES
12 / Bus transit system
21) Seoul~Incheon Road (19.2km) 22) Chungra~Hwagok Road (18.2km)
• Generation of median bus stops helps build safe and punctuality in bus movement. It’s also convinient in switching modes from stations to stations.
• Interconnecting expressways & subways, reduce congestion, improve air quality, promotes public transportation & induce tourism which boost local economic growth of the city.v v
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subway network
Improvement is transit system
• Since 2018, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has deployed its first electric buses to improve the air quality of the city. The 29 buses of the fleet replaced compressed natural gas-powered buses in the end of 2018.
Low floor buses for specially abled, childrens, and senior citizens. Seoul plans to increase the number of low-floor buses from the current 47% to 65% on running bus routes by 2021, and up to 100% by 2025.
• The city announced that it plans to expand its network of electric buses to 3,000 vehicles by 2025.
Electric car charging platforms
Seoul has been actively narrowing roads to create sidewalks and cycling paths for pedestrians & cyclists since early 2000. To facilitate more direct pedestrian connections, Seoul has also progressively removed footbridges and intoduced pedestrian cfrosswalks throughout the city. Key projects like the yonsei-ro transit mall accessible only to buses, emergency vehicles and pedestrians- were established by SMG to encourage public transport use.
Skygarden, seoul pedestrian pathway
Electric & CNG buses
In 2010, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced 100% CNG buses to operate in Seoul. The governmental mandate is intended to reduce pollution through 100% CNG buses .
Walkable & Bikeable city
• The Seoul Metropolitan Government also introduced the plan to provide subsidies for drivers who purchase a new electric taxi vehicle. The electric taxies are colored as blue, differing from yellow ones. The city’s plan is to increase the number of the vehicles to 40,000 by 2025.
The Seoul Metropolitan Subway consists of 23 rapid transit, light metro, commuter rail and people mover lines. The system serves most of the Seoul Metropolitan Area including the Incheon metropolis and satellite cities in Gyeonggi province. Some regional lines in the network stretch out beyond the Seoul Metropolitan Area to rural areas in northern Chungnam province and western Gangwon province, that lie over 100 km away from the capital.
TRANSPORTATION & LINKAGES
13 / Electric BRT &Subway/Metro system
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What is TOPIS system?
SEOUL TRANSPORT POLICY FOR 2030
Transportation + Disaster + Emergency: SMG has integrated its TOPIS functions with the emergency response functions performed by seoul safety control center Smart Urban Management SUM. • Integrated round the clock monitoring of transportation + disaster + emergency drills • Supply of real time transportation + emergency information on 1141 ditiagal signage boards. • The county’s first transportation stimulation prpgram that anticipats emergencies based on the speed of vehicles.
and integration • Scientific traffic • Real-time management of • Management of public • Sharing of Purpose: • Connection of traffic information and administration support communication and public transit operations advanced traffic transport systems
INFERENCES
• Affordability, availability, frequency of service, comfort, switching modes & ease of use makes the subway more efficient over any other means in seoul.
traffic information service
• Integration of mechanical, IT and manufacturing industries of seoul to improve the mode of transport and promoting SMART practices and influx the spped of developement & urbanization.
TRANSPORTATION & LINKAGES
Seoul TOPIS refers to the general transport control center responsible for operating and managing Seoul’s overall traffic. TOPIS does this by collecting traffic information from the Bus Management System (BMS), the Transport Card System, the unmanned surveillance system and traffic-related authorities and institutions such as Seoul Traffic Broadcasting, Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and the Korea Expressway Corporation.
SMART management
14 / SMART transport system
systems
• Monitoring transportation create survelliance, safety in public transport travel promotes public means to induce local economy
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Physical infrastructure refers to the basic
physical systems and facilities that enable a society to function. It includes things like roads, bridges, tunnels, airports, ports, railways, power grids, water supply and sanitation systems, and telecommunications networks. Physical infrastructure is essential for economic growth and development, as it provides the foundation for businesses to operate and people to live and work.
Water supply Water supply system of seoul: water reservoir
water purification Seoul’s water system – Arisu – provides water center that is higher in quality than that recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). As the world’s first water system to be accredited by the WHO’s National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), it supplies safe-to-drink water to its citizens 24 hours a day, all year round.
Sewage system
Seoul operates 4 Sewage Treatment Centers to treat 5 million tons of sewage, excreta and food waste water in a clean and safe manner. The center contributes to water quality improvement in rivers and a healthy aquatic ecosystem.
• Typhoons hit the Korean peninsula annually, causing flooding when precipitation exceeds the city’s drainage capacity. • Seoul’s urban drainage infrastructure is underdeveloped and incapable of preventing flood disasters, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change. • The city’s poor drainage system is attributed to rapid urban expansion after the Korean War, where the government reclaimed lowland riverside areas and believed building large dams upstream of the Han River would save the city from flood risks. This misconceived faith allowed city planners to develop the area without a well-designed drainage system. INITIATIVE TO REDUCE FLOODING: Seoul has initiated the building of underground rainwater tunnels that can hold up to 110 millimeters of rainfall per hour
Gangnam flooding in 2022
Drainage problem!
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SEOUL
15 / Physical infrastructure
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Solid waste management
Electricity supply
Waste to Energy facility Food waste treatment facility
Korea’s electricity generation is heavily reliant on coal, with natural gas and nuclear energy being the main sources. Renewables are expected to reach 21.6% by 2030, as the country’s power grid is isolated.
Material recovery facility Seoul urban mining center Seoul produces 9,440 tons of solid waste daily, with a 20-year reduction due to a volume-based fee system and the IMF crisis. Major waste treatment methods include recycling, incineration, and landfill, with facilities serving various sectors.
Metro/Rail
Seoullo 7017 Seoul express bus transit
INFERENCES
• High quality of life is due to its efficient transportation system, reliable utilities, and telecommunications services, which ensure residents have access to essential services.
business by 2030 to improve electricity distribution efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Communication network • Seoul has a high penetration rate of wired and mobile broadband, with over 90% of households having access to speeds of at least 100 Mbps. • The city’s public Wi-Fi hotspots provide free internet access, managed by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. • Additionally, Seoul has a well-developed fixed-line telephone network provided by KT Corporation and mobile telephony network by KT Corporation, LG U+ Corporation, and SK Telecom Co., Ltd.
Incheon Airport
Heunginjimun road Hangang Bridges
Transportation network
SMART GRID: KEPCO plans to invest over $7 billion in its smart grid
•
Seoul’s physical infrastructure is not equally distributed throughout the city, for which the government took initiatives. for example, transportation and mono dependancy on fossil fuels.
• The physical infrastructure supports the city’s economy by making it easier for businesses to operate and people to live and work.
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SEOUL
15 / Physical infrastructure
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Social infrastructure refers to the systems and services that support the social and economic wellbeing of a society. It includes things like education, healthcare, housing, community serivces, and social welfare programs. Social infrastructure is essential for creating a healthy and productive society, and it plays a key role in promoting social cohesion and equality.
University education system • Seoul is home to the majority of South Korea’s most prestigious universities, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University.
Schooling system
• It uses a 6-3-3-4 single ladder system - six years in elementary school, three years each in middle school and high school, and four years in university. All citizens have equal access to education based on their ability regardless of their social status or position.
Korean school of arts
Healthcare • Seoul Metropolitan Government Health and Environment Research Institute: A research institute that provides support to the city’s public health programs
• Seoul Metropolitan Government Social Welfare Foundation: A foundation that provides support to vulnerable groups in society, including the elderly, the disabled, and the poor
• Seoul ranked 2nd on the QS Best Student Cities 2023.
Seoul national university hospital Seoul national university
Yonsei university
• Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education: The city government agency responsible for managing the city’s public schools • Seoul Education Center: A research and development center that provides support to teachers and schools • Seoul Global Center: A center that provides support to international students and scholars
Asan medical center
Samsung medical center
The OECD Reviews of Public health examine the core public health architecture in countries, focusing on preventing disease, detecting diseases early, preventing secondary complications, and promoting good population health. This includes public, private, and voluntary entities, workforce, knowledge development, epidemiological surveillance, partnerships, financial resources, and leadership.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SEOUL
16 / Social infrastructures
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Housing
• Seoul Metropolitan Government Housing & Community Development Corporation: A government corporation that provides affordable housing and other housing-related services
• Seoul Metropolitan Government Public Housing Office: An office that manages the city’s public housing programs
• Seoul Metropolitan Government Urban Regeneration Corporation: A corporation that redevelops old and decaying neighborhoods
single houses
multi household house
farmhouse
pastoral house
apartments
row houses
multiplex houses
hanok traditional houses
Social welfare
• Seoul Metropolitan Government Basic Livelihood Security Allowance Program: A program that provides financial assistance to low-income households.
• Seoul Metropolitan Government Medical Aid Program: A program that provides medical assistance to low-income households. • Seoul Metropolitan Government Disability Assistance Program: A program that provides assistance to people with disabilities.
INFERENCES
eastern seoul welfare society
seongdong cultural welfare centre
provisions for specially abled citizens
• Seoul’s social infrastructure enhances residents’ • Seoul’s social infrastructure reduces inequality by • Seoul’s social infrastructure boosts supporting vulnerable groups like the poor, elderly, economic productivity by fostering a skilled quality of life by offering essential services and disabled through welfare programs. However, workforce and supporting innovation, with and opportunities, such as a top-tier public disparities persist in access to high-quality services, top-tier universities and research centers at education system and universal healthcare. with wealthier neighborhoods having better access. the forefront of technological advancement.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SEOUL
16 / Social infrastructures
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Community services & city-scape Community centers are being used to provide educational and vocational training programs to residents, to support the elderly and people with disabilities, and to promote social and cultural activities.
Neighborhood associations are being used to organize community events and activities, to advocate for the needs of their residents, and to promote social cohesion.
Traditional markets are being used to promote local businesses and culture, to provide affordable goods and services to residents, and to create a sense of community.
Religious institutions are being used to provide social and educational programs to their members, to support vulnerable groups, and to promote peace and understanding.
Public spaces are being used to promote social interaction and civic engagement, to provide opportunities for physical activity and recreation, and to create a more livable and sustainable city.
Hongje Community Center
Myeongdong Cathedral
Jogyesa Temple
Yeouido Hangang Park
lottee world
Gwangjang market
Seoul Central Mosque
Tapsa pagoda temple
Cheonggyecheon Stream
Starfield Library, coex mall
Seoul forest
N Seoul Tower & park
Gyeongbokgung Palace
Coex Aquarium
Seoul Children’s Grand Park
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SEOUL
16 / Social infrastructure
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War Memorial of Korea
National Museum of Korea
Myeong-dong
N Seoul Tower
Heunginjimun gate
Bukhansan National Park
Jogyesa Temple
Bonguensa temple
National Folk Museum
Namsan Park
Namsan Park
Lotte World: Bigger than Life
Gangnam neighborhood
Dongdaemun Design Plaza
Deoksugung Palace
Bukchon Hanok Village
Jongmyo Shrine
Jongmyo Shrine
Gyeongbokgung Palace
INFERENCES
• Tourism is a major contributor to the • Seoul is a densely populated city, and tourism can • Tourism is a positive force for Seoul economy of Seoul. In 2019, tourism add to the problem of overcrowding. This can be and its residents. It helps to boost the generated over 40 trillion won in revenue especially problematic in popular tourist areas, such as city’s economy, create jobs, and promote and supported over 1 million jobs in Seoul. Gyeongbokgung Palace and Myeongdong. cultural understanding and exchange.
TOURISM IN SEOUL
17 / Tourism
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K-Culture
Cuisine
Seoul cuisine is a diverse and delicious mix of traditional and modern dishes. It is known for its bold flavors and fresh ingredients. Some of the most popular dishes include bibimbap, kimchi, bulgogi, tteokbokki, japchae, and haejangguk.
Seoul is the birthplace of K-pop and K-dramas, which have become global phenomena in recent years. Visitors to Seoul can experience K-culture firsthand by attending K-pop concerts, visiting K-drama filming locations, and shopping for K-fashion.
Seoul is a global hub for technology and innovation. The city is home to some of the world’s leading technology companies, such as Samsung and LG. Visitors to Seoul can experience the latest technology at the Samsung D’light Experience Center and the LG Science Park.
Technology
SEOUL
Seoul offers a diverse shopping experience with popular districts like Myeongdong, Dongdaemun, Namdaemun, and Namdaemun. The vibrant nightlife scene includes trendy Hongdae, multicultural Itaewon, and upscale Gangnam, offering a variety of bars, clubs, and karaoke rooms.
Shopping & Night life
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE CITY
18 / Special aspects of the city
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19 / A conclusion on the city It is a very livable city with a welldeveloped public transportation system, a variety of green spaces, and a low crime rate.
Diverse city with people from all over the world living and working together. This diversity is reflected in the city’s food, culture, and nightlife.
A sustainable city that is committed to reducing its carbon footprint and becoming a more eco-friendly city.
• Seoul’s compact and mixed-use development reduces traffic congestion and air pollution by combining residential, commercial, and industrial uses. This makes it easier for people to walk, bike, and use public transportation. The city also promotes green spaces, including parks and gardens, which improve air quality and reduce stress levels. • The city evolved a lot after south korea became republic of korea. It has evolved in all aspect of a fully functioning city. • The basic settlement typology of the city corresponds to the climate and geography of the city which is seen in the physical and social infrastructure of the city. • A city’s landform and functionability are reflected in its road networks, skywalks, tunnels, bridges, housing patterns, and human life movement. • The history and culture and technology runs in the same lane, not over shadowing each sector and together adds to the economy of the nation. • The city is committed to sustainability and has set ambitious goals to reduce its carbon footprint and become a more eco-friendly city. For example, the city has planted millions of trees and is investing in renewable energy.
THE ENDING OF OUR JOURNEY
Seoul is a global city that is constantly evolving. It is a major center for business, finance, technology, and culture.
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REFERENCES FOR THE REPORT
20/ References (Bibliography)
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