Blockerties Research on spatial transactions and architectural forms Junyi Bai Anna Galika Qiuru Pu
Research Cluster 17 B-Pro MArch Urban Design The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL London Tutors: Daniel Koehler, Rasa Navasaityte, BPro March UD Research Cluster 17
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Bartlett Prospective Urban Design program that gave us the chance to explore and research architecture in a new way. We also want to thank our tutors Daniel and Rasa who gave us inspiration and constant feedback with comments and guidance. Also Anqi and Christoph who provided us with technical support. Finally, we would like to thank those who were by our side and supported us these two terms.
CONTENTS Theoretical Background
Research on ground
Mereological Approach From whole to parts
ReAssembling The Parts
Aggregations based on different connections | Strategy A
Chain Systems
Connecting the Blockchain theory with property issues and design decisions
Chaining the Parts
Aggregations based on the concept of shareability | Strategy B
Chaining the Parts
Aggregations based on shifting and overlapping | Strategy C
Free Space
In search of voids | Strategy D
Evaluation
Based on the decentralization of the chain
Computational Evaluation
System costs and analysis
Centrality
Analysis of large arrangements
Visualization
Project in context
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
Theoretical Background
Research on Ground
The notion of the city’s expansion is set by the vertical extrusion of the ground , as the plot of each building. In this way, cities are strictly defined by their plans, which creates the foundation of the way of planning that the projects contradicts.
01
BLOCKERTIES
Research on Ground Rem Koolhaas Diagrams
Rem Koolhaas, Madelon Vriesendorp The City of the Captive Globe Project, New York, New York, Axonometric 1972
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
The cities are defined by their plans, which create a strict and isolated compilation of buildings that have zero interaction with each other. They are stand-alone buildings strictly related to the ground from where their value is derived from. So, buildings end up being the ground’s vertical multiplication. This additive method used promotes limited space.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
From this kind of city, we want to research a more interactive city, where its components relate with each other, generating the city’s value. Stand-alone entities for us become the parts of polyphonic assemblies with high interaction with each other. Changeability interaction and dependences, are the parameters that we evaluate in the value generation.
4 5
Rem Koolhaas: Delirious New York: A Retrospective Manifesto for Manhattan (1978)
BLOCKERTIES
Polyphony The Polycentric City
Paul Klee, Polyphony, 1932, Tempera on Linen
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The first step to read the urban fabric, as suggested by Collin Rowe and Fred Kotter in their book ‘Collage City’, is to see the city as a fragmental whole, composed by the remnants of the past. By examining a city in this way, we understand that it is a composition of additive and interlinked information. The same principle but with a different manifestation is followed in the Archipelago City, proposed by O. M. Ungers and Rem Koolhaas. “[…] the city as a whole is formed by the federation of the all these urban entities with different structures, developed in
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
a deliberately antithetic manner” (Ungers et al., 2013). According to this idea, the city needs to be re-edited to form a series of strategic islands –which are an independent whole with their own center and independent characteristics, and also part of the city. Finally, “a ‘loose fit’ is proposed between activity and enclosing envelope.” (Allen, 2009). Stan Allen regards the city as composed of many figures, comparable to the blocks of a chain, all of which are loose to each other. The traits of each part will appear in the whole city and interact with each other. In other words, we could discretize the city as a series of parts.
6 7
O. M. Ungers and Rem Koolhaas ,The Archiipelago City, 1977
Mereological Approach From Whole to Parts
Mereology (from the Greek μέρος, root: μερ-, “part” and the suffix -logy “study, discussion, science”) is the study of parts and the wholes they form. Anything can be described by its parts. This is the steadily down-shrink of a city as an object, as a fabric, as a project, as a composition of parts, to the organization of separated entities.
02
BLOCKERTIES
Narkomfin Building Moisei Ginzburg, Ignaty Milinis Moscow, 1928
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
Social Housing that incorporates the concept of the social condenser bridging private apartments with collective space. The element describes the connection of one private unit with the space dedicated for shared use with the use of a bridge.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Villa La Roche Le Corbusier Paris, 1923
Art collectors house with gallery. An encapsulated bridge connects the private parts of the apartments with the gallery and the shared spaces. The element describes the connection between the public gallery of the building with the private rooms.
10 11
BLOCKERTIES
Villa Safadasht Kamran Heirati Architects Iran, 2016
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
Residency divided in two parts connected by a walkway above the pool. This project also intends to be both a passage and a frame, to emphasize the presence of the site not only as the exterior but also a stream which flows around and inside the building.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Saltzman House
Richard Meier Architects East Hampton, 1969
Vacation house where a passage is en-framed by an elevated platform which connects the two bedrooms of the house. The element is the guest room unit with the connection to the main house.
12 13
BLOCKERTIES
The Interlace
OMA and Ole Scheeren Singapore, 2013
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
This 1000-unit apartment building creates uplifted bridges of the same block-unit leaving free space on the ground. The element is the interlocking core of the settlements. It is the handle that lets the buildings rotate by its center.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Parc de la Villette Bernard Tschumi Paris, 1982
Eisenman has a series a house design studying the configuration arrangement of the walls, columns and slabs. We extract the different levels of slab and columns attached.
14 15
BLOCKERTIES
House II
Peter Eisenman Vermont, USA 1969
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
Eisenman has a series a house design studying the configuration arrangement of the walls, columns and slabs. I extract the different levels of slab and columns attached.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Farnsworth House
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Chicago, 1951
Vacation house where a passage is en-framed by an elevated platform which connects the two bedrooms of the house.
16 17
BLOCKERTIES
House Na
Fujimoto Tokyo, Japan 2011
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
This project can be considered as a study of raumplan, slabs at different levels according to human dimension. Slab and column is a way to create and separate space.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Kait Kanagawa Institute of Technology Junya Ishigami Kanagawa, Japan 2010
The arrangement of the columns is the only means to separate and define space in the project. Density is an important factor to consider.
18 19
BLOCKERTIES
Tokyo Apartment Fujimoto Janpan, 2016
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
Each dwelling unit is made with two or three independent rooms of prototypical “house” shapes. And the two rooms exist, separated like combination of the room of the first floor, and the room of the third floor and they are connected by outside stairs. It can be said that each dwelling unit is realized by experience of two rooms and the city when passing along outside stairs.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Rental Space Tower Fujiomto, Japan, 2016
Comprising twelve projects and some other few small interventions, the second edition of “House Vision� offered a domestic exploration for a near-future scenario. Creating a model that visualizes as a interconnected system of pathways, common areas and plant-filled terraces.
20 21
BLOCKERTIES
Montessori School, Delft Herman Hertzberger Rotterdam, 2009
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
Montessori education requires as many places for individual activities as possible. It was high time a spatial solution was divised to this problem, in the form of a classroom with many corners and different zones- in other words, different from the traditional rectangle. The transtional space is one of the highlight in this project, it could be regard as a in-betwen space, neither belong to inside and outside. BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
Gap House
Archihood WXY Karea, 2015
The concept of the Gap house is to support new life style of the young, single demographic household by sharing common spaces such as the living room, kitchen, and dining area. The balance is coordinated by the outdoor space which is defined to ’The Gap’ – a design which helps bring in nature to the residents and encourage interaction and mingling amongst housemates. There is a small gap which arises between the house and the village. It fills ‘the gap’in between its people.
22 23
BLOCKERTIES
Vertical Village
Franรงois Chantier, Maria Fernandez Hongkong, 2016
From Whole to Part Parts Extraction
Using the vernacular gable, the scheme offers a varied sectional treatment to each module, providing a dynamic, rich spatial variety whilst helping to form an interconnected vertical village. A robust morphology, along with simplified post-and-beam construction results in a scheme which is both adaptable, economical, and flexible. The vertical navigation is one of the most important part.
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MEREOLOGICAL APPROACH
We examined architectural examples that in a small scale come close to the project’s approach of space, challenging the relations with the ground and the property that it creates. The first examples contributed to the research about connectivity of private and shared spaces through bridges, the second examples research the vertical relation of the slabs and the ground and the last ones articulate accessibility and possibilities between properties and in-between spaces.
24 25
ReAssembling the Parts
Aggregations based on different connections From dis-assembling the buildings to re-assembling them in search of the new possibilities arising.
03
Strategy
A
BLOCKERTIES
Enlarge
Level
Duplicate
Vertical
Linear
Lengthen
Lengthen
Detach
Duplicate
Densify
Extrude
Thicken
Walk through
Centralized
Level
Extrude
Lengthen
Standardization
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
28 29
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
30 31
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
Concourse Building Singapore, 1981 Paul Rudolph
Assemble by different scale gives us a sense of large share space as a square and many fragmental space serving different functions.
32 33
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
Concourse Building Singapore, 1981 Paul Rudolph
With arranging the spaces we can create some free spaces in the middle. The roof can be used for the upper floors.
34 35
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
Ten Bungalows Hong Kong, 1981 Paul Rudolph
These are the small multiples arranged according to needs. The roofs can be used by the upper levels and some units can have larger thresholds.
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
Concourse Building Singapore, 1981 Paul Rudolph
According to the Raum Plan theory, different heights of the space depends on the requirement of different function.
36 37
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
Concourse Building Singapore, 1981 Paul Rudolph
Some enframing space can be found in the section, they can be vertical courtyard providing opportunity to grow green facade.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
Ten Bungalows Hong Kong, 1980 Paul Rudolph
In the urban planning scale the arrangement of clusters can based on the negotiation of residents. The urban pattern is designed in the process of negotiation.
38 39
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
Density will change the spatial relations.
40 41
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Slabs and columns
Atrium space will be created by the vertical arrangement.
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
High density slabs potentially make private space shareable.
42 43
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Units Connectivity
Case Study A 6 Links [4 Shared 2 Private] Linear
Case Study B 4 Links [2 Shared 2 Private] Linear
Case Study D 2 Links [1 Shared 1 Private] Limited Results
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
44 45
Case Study C 4 Links [2 Shared 2 Private] Linear
Case Study E 2 Links [1 Shared 1 Private] Cubic
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Units Connectivity
Case Study A 6 Links [4 Shared 2 Private] Loop
Case Study B 4 Links [4 Shared] Cubic
Case Study D 2 Links [1 Shared 1 Private] Linear
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
46 47
Case Study E 2 Links [1 Shared 1 Private] Linear
Case Study C 2 Links [2 Private] Canonically
BLOCKERTIES
Configurational Flexibility Units Connectivity
Case Study A 8 Links [2 Shared 6 Private] Loop
Case Study C 2 Links [2 Shvared] Limited Results
Case Study D 4 Links [2 Shared 2 Private] Linear
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REASSEMBLING THE PARTS
48 49
Case Study B 4 Links [4 Private] Cubic
Case Study E 4 Links [4 Private] Linear
Chain Systems
Connecting the Blockchain theory with property issues and design decisions From the shareability of space to the ownership issues in a shared economy. Setting the question of who owns the shared space. While cities are presently based on a discrete central authority system, accompanied with a similar property ownership logic, it is time to rearrange or design the city’s composition anew, in order not only to gain sustainability and stability through the decentralization but also to embrace new forms and technologies. With no intent to focus on cryptography issues related to the blockchain, the project concentrates on the decentralized way of sharing information.
04
BLOCKERTIES
A
B
Blockchain Theory Decentralization C
D
E
Rapp Artists, Blockchain Illustration
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Today, in the realm of big data, the planning of a city follows logistic principles, and their abstract logic of arrangement, and organization. At the current stage, logistics simplifies architecture to a stack of entities (Marullo, 2015). This opens the opportunity to imagine architecture in an unprecedented manner, and break the already established chains to create new ones and alongside new forms on the scale of the room to even a territory. Seeing the city as such correlations and understandings of even what privacy, ownership, and shareability is, are entirely altered. The current stage, where every unit is considered as an independent block, parallels with considerations of the basic units in a blockchain-
CHAIN EVALUATION
concept. Moreover, what the blockchain introduces is the constant negotiation between parts. Every block extending a chain adds value to the whole aggregation. In addition, any unit altering the chain regarding shareability, or creating unprecedented connections and sequences, changes the value of the entire chain. One crucial aspect of the blockchain logic is the accessibility granted to every participant of the chain. At the scale of the city, the requirement of accessibility leads to new notions of shareability. Parallel to the courtyard of the 19th-century block and the void space between slabs, the new property relations of a blockchain will translate into new urban forms.
52 53
Centralized Decentralized Distributed A. Chain Model, B. Star Model, C. Star Model with central room, D. Circle Model, E. Grid Model
BLOCKERTIES
Blockchain Theory New Architectural Form
Ludwig Karl Hilberseimer, Highrise City
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Each economical system has created their own architectural forms. From the single house unit to the housing complexes and the residential buildings in forms of slabs and high-rises. In the realm of new economical evolution with the introduction of the blockchain, the question of how it is going to be represented is risen. As a purely decentralized economic system, where accessibility is granted in all of the system’s part, there is the need of a similar architectural representation.
CHAIN EVALUATION
Mereologies, as the architectural approach with the part to whole relation, answers best to the call for representation. With this notion, space detaches from the strains and the problems of the past, as it creates space relied on entities. In a mereological blockchain building forms, there is a tight connectivity between the parts and at the same time unprecedented sequencing of space, where uses mix together to synthesize the whole.
54 55
City of the Future (1913, Harvey Wiley Corbett)
BLOCKERTIES
Blockchain Theory Comparison to High-rise and Slab
Recreating the high-rise as an urban form.
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With the technology of the blockchain, a property does not follow the extrusion of a ground. Here, notions of property build and interpret other elements as ground. Such shared conditions are already part of our built environment; the simplest example is the compartment wall and ceiling between condominiums. One aspect of the research is, therefore, the documentation and extraction of existing property relations other than the plot and the ground. In a
CHAIN EVALUATION
Recreating the slab as an urban form further step, defined as states, these relations are tested for their scalability through an assembly model constructed by finite-statemachines. Here, the concept of the blockchain was translated into a reward-policy documented by a graph-data-structure. This allowed the classification of building assemblies and the comparison of blockchains and their value distribution.
56 57
Chaining the Parts
Aggregations based on the notion of shareability Recreating the settlements now is depended on the sequencing of space. Shared space and private units are changing and alternating to produce different qualities of assemblies.
05
Strategy
B
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Open Semi-open Closed
Assembly 1 Open - 3 Semi-open - 3 Closed Linear with Overlapping
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 2 Closed - Semi-open -Open Linear
60 61
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Open Semi-open Closed
Assembly 3 2 Open - 3 Semi-open - 2 Closed Ring with Courtyard
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 4 Semi-open - Open - Closed Ring with Courtyard
62 63
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Open Semi-open Closed
Assembly 5 Semi-open - Open - Closed Overlapping
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 6 2 Closed - 2 Open - 3 Semi-open Overlapping
64 65
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Open Semi-open Closed
Assembly 7 3 Semi-open - 2 Open - 2 Closed Clustering
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 8 4 Semi-open - 2 Open - 4 Closed Clustering
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BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 9 Bridge - Private - Shared Ring with Courtyards
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 10 Shared - Private - Bridge Linear with Overlap
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BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 11 Private - Bridge - Shared Ring with Overlap and Courtyard
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 12 Shared - Private - Bridge Ball with Overlap
70 71
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 13 Private - Private - Shared (Bridge) Cluster
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 14 Private - Private - Shared (Bridge) Ring
72 73
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 15 Private - Shared - Bridge Linear with Courtyards
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 16 Private - Shared - Bridge Ball with Overlap
74 75
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 17 Private - Shared - Bridge Linear with Overlap
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 18 Private - Private - Shared (Bridge) Ring with Overlap
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BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 19 Private - Shared (Bridge) - Private Ring with Courtyards
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 20 Private - Shared (Bridge) -Private Curved Linear with Courtyard
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BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Private Shared Bridge
Assembly 21 Private - Shared - Private - Bridge Ring with Courtyard
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Assembly 22 Private - Shared (Bridge) - Private Cluster
80 81
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Roof Stair Entrance
To compare two extreme conditions when the completely enclosed space created. First, when the entrances are all outside, the vertical expansion with value increases is infinite, because of the complete accessibility of every new ground.
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Secondly, when the entrances are all facing inside, the value can not increase with vertical expansion, because the new ground is inaccessible with every two levels. So this situation is more difficult to increase value.
82 83
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Roof Stair Entrance
When it comes to horizontal expansion, the situation is reverse. When all entrances are facing outside the horizontal expansion is slower than all facing inside.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
The different ration of the flat roof to pitch roof creates different sequencing of roof landscaping.
84 85
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Roof Stair Entrance
Different geometrical forms lead to different assembling conditions, which in this case is translated to roofing landscaping / ground expansion.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
In this example it can be seen how the roof in most of the cases can be the front yard on the units and how for some of them this front yard can be the connection point.
86 87
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Roof Stair Entrance
The Linear All facing inside, connect the outside, ctreat the linear system. The longer the linear is, the higher value its middle is. The Central All facing inside, connect the outside, ctreat the central system. The value near the centre is even. BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
The Cluster All facing inside, connect the outside, ctreat the cluster system. The value is relatively independent.
88 89
BLOCKERTIES
Assemblies Roof Stair Entrance
The Axial All facing inside, connect the outside, ctreat the axial system. The part near the axis contian the higher value.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
The Grid All facing inside, connect the outside, ctreat the grid system. The marginalised problem can be seen.
90 91
Chaining the Parts
Aggregations based on shifting and overlapping From a grid city to the 3-dimentional city. Shifts are utilized to challenge the vertical extrusion of the ground. One aspect of the research is, therefore, the documentation and extraction of existing property relations other than the plot and the ground.
06
Strategy
C
BLOCKERTIES
Urban Patterns Escaping the Rule of the Grid
Urban Patterns
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Cities are defined by their patterns -some of them where formed, some of them where designed. Either way, cityscapes are the 2Dextrution of the urban fabric. Thus, designing it, or researching on the building form that with its repetition will be able to articulate a city begins with firstly the contrast with the old.
CHAINING THE PARTS
With computing interactive between parts the city can become linear or branch type which still remain the street characteristic.
94 95
BLOCKERTIES
Urban Patterns Loosening the Stiffness
Some interaction will make more separation between spaces, this might results in free space required by each block.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
The interaction on in this case instead of separating each part handles in as o connection, so the final result is linked linear systems.
96 97
BLOCKERTIES
stairs becomes private
private space becomes close
two private spaces merge
large new private space
a continuous stairs
new private space
bridge becomes private
bridge disapear
corridor becomes private
bridge with stairs going up
private space with stairs
private space with stairs and bridge
two private space with stairs and bridge
corridor with shared space
bridge with stairs going down
Research on Shift method Small Scale Shifting New Ground
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
a large new balcony
new bridge serving the private space
stairs serving the private space
stairs merge with bridge
new private space at the unused ground
bridge has a dead end
two new balconies
private space with view to the bridge
private space with new shreshold
bridge becomes private
new private space
bridge at the end
private space with bridge
private space with stairs and bridge
bridge and stairs
two private spaces
two bridges
private space with windows
98 99
BLOCKERTIES
DesignationCOST LIST Shared Across Stairs Across Stairs Bridge Across Bridge Private Across Private
1 2
distance= 47.2
distance= 32.8
distance= 29.7
cost= 14
cost= 6
cost= 9
3 4
distance= 58.8 distance= 43.3
cost= 11
cost= 14
distance= 58.4
distance= 79.0
cost= 11
cost= 19 distance= 10.6 cost= 6
distance= 40.1
Research on Shift method
distance= 52.1
Middle Scale Circulation Distance and Cost
distance= 56.1
distance= 27.8
cost= 14
cost= 15
cost= 6
cost= 13
distance= 93.0 distance= 24.5
cost= 19 cost=4
distance=20.4
distance= 83.6
cost= 10
cost= 9
distance= 53.4 cost= 10
distance= 51.0 distance= 23.5
cost= 4
cost= 6 distance
cost
distance
distance= 87.5 cost
dead end
cost= 13
repeat
repeat
distance
private space
cost= 11
cost
element
cost= 9 dead end
distance= 56.8 repeat
private space
cost= 7 element
With shifting strategy, the study focus on middle scale elements on how the circulation and ratio between private and shared space will be changed.
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dead end
distance= 37.1
distance= 54.0
private space
element
CHAINING THE PARTS
100 101
Building scale Deconstruction and Reconstruction
In this study, only shared space is shifted. The simple change in results about the circulation can act as a basic guidance on the machine learning. How to generate rules of assemble space with requirements.
BLOCKERTIES
Research on Shift method Decontructing the Building
This study researh on the distance change with the elements shifting. How to generate loose space from a condense arrangement.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
Interactive facade provides more value exchange oppotunities for the city. The linkage between the buildings is no longer single bridge, it can be through a vertical garden with views.
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BLOCKERTIES
Research on Shift method Deconstructing the Building
Residential building as a common building type is always a vertical extrusion with concentrated circulation. With the space shift the circulation space can be more personalized and the floor heights can be different. Vertical courtyard will appear too.
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CHAINING THE PARTS
Especially interactive the balcony which provides more communication between neighbours can be generated by shifting.
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BLOCKERTIES
Research on Shift method Deconstructing the Building
Space pattern goes from linear to semi-enclosure, loop and condense center. The relationship between the spaces change. By this, new circulation routes are created.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
With shifting the high-rise can be deconstructed and reconstructed. The Change of the blokerty chain can provide rich spatial experience and urban landscape.
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BLOCKERTIES
Research on Shift method Deconstructing the Urban
From linear system to a more random arrangement.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CHAINING THE PARTS
Building with atrium can be deconstruction and reconstruction with shift of building elements. People inside the building will no longer feel the non-human scale atrium, instead, small free spaces are distributed inside the building.
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BLOCKERTIES
Research on Shift method Deconstructing the Urban
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CHAINING THE PARTS
110 111
Free Space
In search of voids
The research focuses on the ratio between shared and private spaces. By changing it the aggregation can either become more dense and stif or more loose.
06
Strategy
D
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Accessibility Points
The Comparison of Free Space All entrances face outside, each cluster with a small negative space inside, while the free space created by them is the postive space, the margin of the whole system is postive.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
FREE SPACE
The Comparison of Free Space All entrance face inside, each cluster with a small postive space inside, while the free space created by them is the negative space, the margin of the whole system is negative.
114 115
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Different Ratio Between Shared and Private
The element consists of 3 private units with shared compartment walls and shared navigation system.
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FREE SPACE
When the ratio of shared and private space changes, with enlarging the shared platform and the bridge, the system becomes more loose and more voids are risen.
116 117
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Different Ratio Between Shared and Private
The element consists of 2 private units with shared navigation system.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
FREE SPACE
When the ratio of shared and private space changes, with extending the shared navigation system, the private units become complimentary to the main navigation.
118 119
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Different Ratio Between Shared and Private
The element consists of 2 private units with common shared spaces and navigation system.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
FREE SPACE
When the ratio of shared and private space changes, with extending the bridge and the distances of the walls, the system has more free space.
120 121
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Different Ratio Between Shared and Private
The element consists of 2 private units with shared compartment walls and shared navigation system.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
FREE SPACE
When the ratio of shared and private space changes, in this case with enlarging the private units, the system becomes more stiff and dense.
122 123
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Different Ratio Between Shared and Private
The element consists of 3 private units with shared navigation system.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
FREE SPACE
When the ratio of shared and private space changes, with enlarging the geometry of the private units, the system has some more regularity and stiffness.
124 125
BLOCKERTIES
Comparison Different Ratio Between Shared and Private
The element consists of 3 private units with shared common space and shared navigation system.
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FREE SPACE
When the ratio of shared and private space changes, with extending the walls of the private spaces, we see an overlap of privacy.
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Evaluation
Based on the decentralization of a chain Defining value and connecting it with the property system it creates
08
BLOCKERTIES
Research on Ground Rem Koolhaas Diagrams
Giambattista Nolli, La Nuova Topografia di Roma, 1748
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
The city as a spatial product is design by spatial software which calculate the transaction costs and profits. The evolution of urban spatial morphology is affected by multiple factors, and it lacks a complete analysis platform. can be defined as a set of spatial property relations. Its evolution is composed of a series of spatial trading behaviors, which are influenced by transaction costs and
EVALUATION
initial property rights allocation. From the capital perspective, the construction of the public space is an important node to enhance spatial association, for economic activities to reduce transaction costs and improve transaction efficiency is an important public space is an important factor in city built environment is unique, authenticity, promote the city attract mobile capital in the competition
130 131
MVRDV, (W)ego City, 2017
BLOCKERTIES
Designation Shared Stairs Bridge Private
distance= 32.8 cost= 6
distance= 58.8 cost= 11
distance= 58.4 cost= 11
distance= 52.1 cost= 15
Cost Efficiency Circulation and Distance
distance= 56.1 cost= 13
distance
cost
dead end
distance= 53.4 repeat
private space
cost= 10
element
distance
cost
dead end
distance= 54.0 repeat
private space
cost= 11 element
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
EVALUATION
132 133
distance= 40.1 cost= 14
distance= 47.2
1 2
cost= 14
3 4
distance= 93.0 cost= 19
distance= 79.0
distance= 83.6 cost= 19
cost= 9
distance= 40.1 cost= 14
distance= 51.0 cost= 4
distance= 93.0
distance= 87.5 cost= 19
cost= 13 distance
distance= 83.6
cost
dead end
cost= 9
distance= 56.8 repeat
private space
cost= 7 element
distance= 51.0 cost= 4
distance= 87.5 cost= 13 distance
dead end
cost
distance= 56.8 repeat
private space
cost= 7 element
BLOCKERTIES
distance= 29.7 cost= 9
distance= 43.3 cost= 14
distance= 10.6 cost= 6
distance= 27.8 cost= 6
Cost Efficiency Circulation and Distance
distance= 24.5 cost=4 distance
cost
dead end
distance=20.4 cost= 10
repeat
private space
element
distance= 23.5 cost= 6 distance
cost
dead end
distance= 37.1 repeat
cost= 9
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
private space
element
distance= 55.6
EVALUATION
134 135
cost= 18
distance= 55.9 distance= 40.1
cost= 10
cost= 23
distance= 55.6
distance= 52.1
cost= 12
cost= 18
distance= 40.1 cost= 10
distance= 53.1
distance= 52.1
cost= 13 cost= 12
distance= 53.1 cost= 13
distance
cost
dead end
distance= 62.2 repeat
cost= 17
private space
element
distance
cost
dead end
distance= 62.2 cost= 17
repeat
private space
element
BLOCKERTIES
separated two blocks
a linkage route in the middle of the courtyard
Cost Efficiency Circulation and Distance
a linkage route close one side of the building
both sides of the corridor and balcony is linked
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
EVALUATION
the route requires going to the shared courtyard and pass through the corridor
even the building shifted, the route can be the same
different distance can change the form of the space
two building blocks connected
136 137
BLOCKERTIES
Cost Efficiency Elements Cost
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 19 Shortest Cost = 21
FROM A TO C Cheapest Cost = 19 Shortest Cost = 21
COST LIST Corridor Stairs Bridge Roof Door Wall
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
1 1 1 2 4 6 The cost system is calculated by the cost from one point to another target in a certain space. The cost is when you cross a certain area, is how much you should ‘pay’ for it. We sort 6 parts you can cross -corridor, stairs, bridge, roof, door, wall. Then, according to the different degree of the privacy we give the them different cost. The more private the part is, the higher cost you should pay. Generally, there are two paths we can choose from one point to another. One is the shortest path, which cross more the private parts and use the least steps from one point to another. Another is the cheapest path, which cross the more the shared parts and use more steps than the shortest path. According to this logic, we calculate the different costs of the elements. It is obvious that the cheapest path is almost at the outside of the shortest path.
EVALUATION
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 14 Shortest Cost = 20
FROM A TO C Cheapest Cost = 5 Shortest Cost = 9
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 13 Shortest Cost = 14
FROM A TO C Cheapest Cost = 6 Shortest Cost = 16
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 6 Shortest Cost = 10
FROM A TO C Cheapest Cost = 7 Shortest Cost = 11
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 14 Shortest Cost = 15
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 7 Shortest Cost = 8
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 6 Shortest Cost = 10
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Computational Evaluation
System Cost and Analysis
This part of the research explores the connectivity of the parts inside the whole. Each part creates a unique representation of inner and outer connections.
09
BLOCKERTIES
Chain Diagrams Outer and Inner Connectivity of the Parts <?xml version=”1.0”?> -<Graph> -<Edges> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (2)” v2=”1” v1=”0”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (11)” v2=”0” v1=”2”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (11)” v2=”1” v1=”3”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (6)” v2=”3” v1=”4”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (3)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”1” v1=”5”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”4” v1=”6”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (1)” v2=”4” v1=”7”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (2)” v2=”2” v1=”8”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (6)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”6” v1=”9”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (6)” p1=”Cube (6)” v2=”3” v1=”10”/> <Edge p2=”Cube” p1=”Cube (3)” v2=”8” v1=”11”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (1)” p1=”Cube (6)” v2=”3” v1=”12”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (3)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”0” v1=”13”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”8” v1=”14”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”14” v1=”15”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (1)” p1=”Cube (6)” v2=”12” v1=”16”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (11)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”13” v1=”17”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (11)” v2=”16” v1=”18”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube” v2=”10” v1=”19”/> <Edge p2=”Cube” p1=”Cube (2)” v2=”11” v1=”20”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (1)” v2=”2” v1=”21”/> <Edge p2=”Cube” p1=”Cube” v2=”6” v1=”22”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (1)” p1=”Cube (6)” v2=”6” v1=”23”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (11)” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”10” v1=”24”/> <Edge p2=”Cube” p1=”Cube (9)” v2=”14” v1=”25”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (2)” v2=”17” v1=”26”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (2)” v2=”13” v1=”27”/> <Edge p2=”Cube” p1=”Cube (6)” v2=”15” v1=”28”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (9)” p1=”Cube (11)” v2=”27” v1=”29”/>
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION
142 143
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BLOCKERTIES
Chain Diagrams Outer and Inner Connectivity of the Parts <?xml version=”1.0”?> -<Graph> -<Edges> <Edge p2=”prof (3)” p1=”prof (11)” v2=”1” v1=”0”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (4)” v2=”0” v1=”2”/> <Edge p2=”prof (7)” p1=”prof (15)” v2=”2” v1=”3”/> <Edge p2=”prof (4)” p1=”prof (1)” v2=”1” v1=”4”/> <Edge p2=”prof (15)” p1=”prof (11)” v2=”0” v1=”5”/> <Edge p2=”prof (13)” p1=”prof (3)” v2=”5” v1=”6”/> <Edge p2=”prof (11)” p1=”prof (3)” v2=”4” v1=”7”/> <Edge p2=”prof (2)” p1=”prof (2)” v2=”5” v1=”8”/> <Edge p2=”prof (2)” p1=”prof (2)” v2=”2” v1=”9”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (2)” v2=”5” v1=”10”/> <Edge p2=”prof (11)” p1=”prof (15)” v2=”10” v1=”11”/> <Edge p2=”prof (12)” p1=”prof (13)” v2=”8” v1=”12”/> <Edge p2=”prof (2)” p1=”prof (13)” v2=”3” v1=”13”/> <Edge p2=”prof (16)” p1=”prof (9)” v2=”5” v1=”14”/> <Edge p2=”prof (4)” p1=”prof” v2=”5” v1=”15”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (3)” v2=”11” v1=”16”/> <Edge p2=”prof (15)” p1=”prof (2)” v2=”8” v1=”17”/> <Edge p2=”prof (12)” p1=”prof (11)” v2=”12” v1=”18”/> <Edge p2=”prof (13)” p1=”prof (6)” v2=”4” v1=”19”/> <Edge p2=”prof (13)” p1=”prof (5)” v2=”10” v1=”20”/> <Edge p2=”prof (13)” p1=”prof (15)” v2=”7” v1=”21”/> <Edge p2=”prof (15)” p1=”prof (1)” v2=”19” v1=”22”/> <Edge p2=”prof (16)” p1=”prof (2)” v2=”12” v1=”23”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (13)” v2=”8” v1=”24”/> <Edge p2=”prof (6)” p1=”prof (1)” v2=”7” v1=”25”/> <Edge p2=”prof (12)” p1=”prof (14)” v2=”4” v1=”26”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (1)” v2=”2” v1=”27”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (2)” v2=”21” v1=”28”/> <Edge p2=”prof (1)” p1=”prof (7)” v2=”18” v1=”29”/>
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION
144 145
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BLOCKERTIES
Chain Diagrams Outer and Inner Connectivity of the Parts <?xml version=”1.0”?> -<Graph> -<Edges> <Edge p2=”Cube (18)” p1=”Cube (10)” v2=”1” v1=”0”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (7)” p1=”Cube (7)” v2=”0” v1=”2”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (12)” p1=”Cube (13)” v2=”1” v1=”3”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (16)” p1=”Cube (18)” v2=”2” v1=”4”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (1)” p1=”Cube (12)” v2=”1” v1=”5”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (15)” p1=”Cube (13)” v2=”0” v1=”6”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (1)” p1=”Cube (3)” v2=”6” v1=”7”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (7)” p1=”Cube (17)” v2=”1” v1=”8”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (14)” p1=”Cube (3)” v2=”4” v1=”9”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (4)” p1=”Cube (13)” v2=”6” v1=”10”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (1)” p1=”Cube (10)” v2=”7” v1=”11”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (12)” p1=”Cube (4)” v2=”11” v1=”12”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (3)” p1=”Cube (1)” v2=”2” v1=”13”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (12)” p1=”Cube (3)” v2=”6” v1=”14”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (18)” p1=”Cube (12)” v2=”5” v1=”15”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (18)” p1=”Cube (16)” v2=”15” v1=”16”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (2)” p1=”Cube (10)” v2=”5” v1=”17”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (4)” p1=”Cube (17)” v2=”0” v1=”18”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (17)” p1=”Cube (2)” v2=”9” v1=”19”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (7)” p1=”Cube (11)” v2=”3” v1=”20”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (13)” p1=”Cube (13)” v2=”11” v1=”21”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (18)” p1=”Cube (7)” v2=”16” v1=”22”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (4)” p1=”Cube (18)” v2=”17” v1=”23”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (14)” p1=”Cube (13)” v2=”2” v1=”24”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (12)” p1=”Cube (1)” v2=”2” v1=”25”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (4)” p1=”Cube (1)” v2=”20” v1=”26”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (14)” p1=”Cube (7)” v2=”8” v1=”27”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (18)” p1=”Cube (11)” v2=”11” v1=”28”/> <Edge p2=”Cube (10)” p1=”Cube (1)” v2=”8” v1=”29”/>
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION
146 147
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BLOCKERTIES
FROM A TO B Cheapest Cost = 7 Shortest Cost = 8
Chain Diagrams Precise Cost of Small Arrangements
When the private parts be connected, the private spaces can not be merged, so form one step to another need to cross more walls. the new cost = the previous cost * 2 + wall cost When the private parts be connected, the shared spaces can be merged, so form one step to another need cross one step less. the new cost = the previous cost * 2 - corridor
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION
Connect A - B - A - B
Connect B - A - A - B
According the previous setting, we try to assemble theses elements at a small scale. We connect the star point and the target point of each element. The ratio of private space to shared space will be changed after connecting the points. And the path cost of the new element will be changed as well. When the private space be connected, the ratio of the system goes up, the path cost goes up rapidly. When the shared space be connected, the ratio of the system goes down, and the path cost goes up slowly.
Connect A - B - B - A
148 149
BLOCKERTIES
Chain Diagrams Precise Cost of Small Arrangements
Longest Path =
Door
Shortest & Cheapest =
Door
Corridor
Stairs
Stairs
Roof
Corridor
When the shortest path is the cheapest path, the shared space more on the path, and the private space around it,
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
Corridor
Corridor
COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION
Assemble the elements
Shift a shared platform to connect with another shared part.
Extract the connected part as the new element.
How to get a system can have a path, which the shortest path is the cheapest path.
150 151
Centrality
Analysis of Large arrangements
Centrality indices are answers to the question “What characterizes an important -space-?”. The word “importance” has a wide number of meanings, leading to many different definitions of centrality.
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BLOCKERTIES
Centrality Recognizing Low/ High Connectivity
In these assemblies, the evaluation according to value generation described previously, produces shared space which is disconnected with the surroundings, mostly because is it interrupted by private units.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
In these ring figures we can see some value generated in some shared spaces. This means that these spaces have a better connectivity with other shared spaces inside the assembly.
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BLOCKERTIES
Centrality Recognizing Low/ High Connectivity in Part to Whole Relations
These assemblies depicted a more distributed system value. As we can see, the color becomes high in the whole system, which means a more connected shared space.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
Finally, in these assemblies we see that he system becomes a network as all the shared spaces become one and are not interrupted my the private units which become complimentary to the shared system.
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Centrality Recognizing Low/ High Connectivity in Landscape Arrangements
In these cases, where roof is seen as a landscape condition, we recognize the potential of creating stronger connections and thus, new points of interest in a situation where there was no interest before.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
The same relation can be recognized also with seeing space under the condition of openness. Open space can be interlinked with not only other open spaces, overlapping, but also with the closed, more private space surrounding it.
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Centrality Cost Path and Accessibility
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
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BLOCKERTIES
Centrality Cost Path and Accessibility
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
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Centrality Compound Center
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CENTRALITY
The importance of space in these cases is linked with the connectivity and thus the centrality of the space. The indication of the color in this assembly shows a compound centrality in the middle of the mass. On the contrary, the outer parts are not well linked with the inner core.
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Centrality Compound Center
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
In a similar way with the previous centrality, in this mass model, the center is concentrated in th middle, while it is also witnessed a high value in all the system.
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Centrality Layered Center
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
The center in this case in concentrated in three different layers inside the whole.
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Centrality Clustered Center
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CENTRALITY
The division of centers is more obvious in this massing as it there are two clear centers. The whole, appears to be symmetrical and the centers follow a similar way.
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BLOCKERTIES
Centrality Scattered Center
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
From compound centrality to division of centers, we observe two cluster of spaces to be more prevailing. In this case there is a high contrast between the center and the surroundings, that seem to have lower connectivity value.
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Centrality Clustered Center
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
This large arrangement shows centers that are more dispersed inside the system. This distributed centrality indicates the rise of well connected shared spaces in different places inside the system.
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Centrality Dispersed Center
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
CENTRALITY
In this case the centrality starts to detach from the center and divert from the classical meaning of the center.
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Centrality Marginalized Center
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CENTRALITY
Finally, the last kind of centrality appears to be the most extreme situation, where is appears in the margins of the system. In these kind of cases a center with the notion of centrality, appers in unprecedented way in the limits.
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Visualization
Project in Context This parts is a visual representation of the blockchain building in an urban form.
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BLOCKERTIES
Small Aggregation Physical Model
Experimenting with physical models, where parts are connected one by one to create the aggregations.
BPRO URBAN DESIGN RC17
VISUALIZATION
Descrete parts are assemblied together by hand to create courtyards, overlapping space and enframing inside the whole.
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Scale of a Harbor
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VISUALIZATION
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Scale of a Harbor
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VISUALIZATION
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Scale of a Building
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VISUALIZATION
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BLOCKERTIES
Scale of a Building
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VISUALIZATION
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