FOLLOW THE ORE Annisa Solihah Hao Liang Xin Su
Coal
Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of- car bon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas. Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits.
World Total Production (2009)
6,938,000,000 ton
RUSSIA POLAND GERMANY KAZAKHSTAN USA
CHINA INDIA
Top 10 producer of coal (2009) T 1 CHINA
3,050,000,000
2 USA
975,153,000
3 INDIA
566,157,000
4 AUSTRALIA
415,252,000
5 RUSSIA
198,000,000
6 SOUTH AFRICA
250,581,674
7 INDONESIA
245,000,000
8 GERMANY
184,828,142
9 POLAND
135,172,766
10 KAZAKHSTAN
INDONESIA
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
91,493,082
World total production of coal (1941-2009)
8000000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Fossil fuel -Industrial purposes
6000000000 4000000000 2000000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Fe
World Total Production (2009)
It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron’s very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic.
2,248,000,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA UKRAINE USA CHINA
IRAN
INDIA
Top 10 producer of iron (2009) T 1 CHINA
880,171,400
2 AUSTRALIA
394,069,000
3 BRAZIL
327,000,000
4 INDIA
213,370,900
5 RUSSIA
92,000,000
6 UKRAINE
66,452,000
7 SOUTH AFRICA
55,313,053
8 IRAN
38,200,000
9 CANADA
31,699,000
10 USA
26,000,000
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of iron (1941-2009)
1500000000 1200000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Transportation, -Packaging -Household -Electronic shell -Electrical transmission
30000000 600000000 300000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Al
World Total Production (2009)
Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
36,900,000 ton
RUSSIA
NORWAY CANADA
USA CHINA BAGRAIN UAE
INDIA
Top 10 producer of aluminium (2009) T 1 CHINA
12,846,000
2 RUSSIA
3,815,000
3 CANADA
3,030,269
4 AUSTRALIA
1,943,000
5 USA
1,727,200
6 BRAZIL
1,535,900
7 INDIA
1,302,100
8 NORWAY
1,090,000
9 UAE
1,009,800
10 BAHRAIN
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA
850,000
World total production of aluminium (1941-2009)
40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Transport manufacturing industry - Packaing - Water treatment - Construction - Cooking utensils - Electrical transmission lines _Electronics, CDs and transisSource: British Geological Survey
Fe
World Total Production (2009)
It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron’s very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic.
2,248,000,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA UKRAINE USA CHINA
IRAN
INDIA
Top 10 producer of iron (2009) T 1 CHINA
880,171,400
2 AUSTRALIA
394,069,000
3 BRAZIL
327,000,000
4 INDIA
213,370,900
5 RUSSIA
92,000,000
6 UKRAINE
66,452,000
7 SOUTH AFRICA
55,313,053
8 IRAN
38,200,000
9 CANADA
31,699,000
10 USA
26,000,000
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of iron (1941-2009)
1500000000 1200000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Transportation, -Packaging -Household -Electronic shell -Electrical transmission
30000000 600000000 300000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Al
World Total Production (2009)
Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
36,900,000 ton
RUSSIA
NORWAY CANADA
USA CHINA BAGRAIN UAE
INDIA
Top 10 producer of aluminium (2009) T 1 CHINA
12,846,000
2 RUSSIA
3,815,000
3 CANADA
3,030,269
4 AUSTRALIA
1,943,000
5 USA
1,727,200
6 BRAZIL
1,535,900
7 INDIA
1,302,100
8 NORWAY
1,090,000
9 UAE
1,009,800
10 BAHRAIN
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA
850,000
World total production of aluminium (1941-2009)
40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Transport manufacturing industry - Packaing - Water treatment - Construction - Cooking utensils - Electrical transmission lines _Electronics, CDs and transisSource: British Geological Survey
Ag
World Total Production (2009)
Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such asgentite ar and chlorargyrite. Most silver is
22,236,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
POLAND KAZAKHSTAN
USA CHINA MEXICO
Top 10 producer of silver (2009) T 1 PERU
3,854,019
2 MEXICO
3,553,841
3 CHINA
2,900,000
4 RUSSIA
1,400,000
5 BOLIVIA
1,325,730
6 CHILE
1,301,018
7 USA
1,238,800
8 POLAND
1,150,000
9 CANADA
630,897
10 KAZAKHSTAN
618,100
PERU BOLIVIA
CHILE
World total production of silver (1941-2009)
25000000 20000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Precious metal - Electrical contacts and conductors - Mirrors - Catalysis of chemical reactions
15000000 10000000 5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cr
World Total Production (2009)
Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in Earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm.[6] Chromium compounds are found in the environment, due to erosion of chromium-containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. Although rare, deposits of native chromium exist.
18,700,000 ton
RUSSIA
FINLAND
KAZAKHSTAN ALBANIA TURKEY CHINA INDIA
OMAN
Top 10 producer of chromium (2009) T 1 SOUTH AFRICA
6,864,938
2 INDIA
3,372,000
3 KAZAKHSTAN
3,333,197
4 TURKEY
1,770,029
BRAZIL
5 OMAN
730,000
6 BRAZIL
700,000
7 RUSSIA
416,194
8 CHINA
280,000
9 ALBANIA
274,140
10 FINLAND
247,000
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of chromium (1941-2009)
25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Form stainless steel - Chrome planting - Dye and pigment - Wood preservative - Tanning - Refractory material - Catalysts
5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cu
World Total Production (2009)
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. As with many natural resourc es, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.
15,800,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
POLAND
USA CHINA
Top 10 producer of copper (2009) T 1 CHILE
5,389,600
2 PERU
1,274,725
3 USA
1,204,000
4 CHINA
1,029,000
INDONESIA
5 INDONESIA
988,530
6 AUSTRALIA
854,000
7 RUSSIA
675,700
8 ZAMBIA
601,200
9 CANDA
494,524
10 POLAND
439,000
PERU ZAMBIA
AUSTRALIA
CHILE
World total production of copper (1941-2009)
15000000 12000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Electronics and related devices - Archetecture and industry - Alloys - Antibiofouling application
9000000 6000000 3000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Zn
World Total Production (2009)
Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of the Earth’s crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. The element is normally found in association with other
11,400,000 ton
s atmosphere.
CANADA
KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA INDIA
MEXICO
Top 10 producer of zinc (2009) T 1 CHINA
3,091,600
2 PERU
1,509,129
3 AUSTRALIA
1,290,000
4 USA
735,700
5 CANADA
698,901
6 INDIA
677,069
7 MEXICO
489,766
8 BOLIVIA
430,879
9 KAZAKHSTAN
418,600
10 NAMBIA
244,400
PERU BOLIVIA NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of zinc (1941-2009)
12000000 9000000 6000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Galvanizing - Brass and bronze - Alloys - Chemicals - Semi-manufactures - Miscellaneous
3000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Pb
World Total Production (2009)
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6 % lead by weight. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4).
3,900,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
USA CHINA MEXICO INDIA
Top 10 producer of lead (2009) T 1 CHINA
1,610,000
2 AUSTRALIA
506,000
3 USA
405,800
4 PERU
302,142
5 MEXICO
143,838
6 BOLIVIA
84,538
7 INDIA
84,025
8 RUSSIA
78,000
9 SWEDEN
69,293
10 CANADA
68,763
PERU BOLIVIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of lead (1941-2009)
40000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Building construction - Batteries - Alloys - Bullets and shots - Weights
30000000 20000000 10000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Au
World Total Production (2009)
Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. It is one of the least reactive solid chemical elements. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium.
2,460,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
UZBEKISTAN USA CHINA
GHANA Top 10 producer of gold (2009) T 1 CHINA
320,000
2 USA
223,323
3 AUSTRALIA
222,000
4 RUSSIA
205,236
5 SOUTH AFRICA
197,628
6 PERU
182,390
7 INDONESIA
127,716
INDONESIA
8 CANADA
97,367
9 GHANA
97,197
10 UZBEKISTAN
73,000
PERU
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of gold (1941-2009)
30000000 24000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Jewellery - Investment - Industrial uses - Dentistry and medicine - Catalyst and nanotechnology
18000000 12000000 600000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Sn
World Total Production (2009)
Tin is the 49th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, representing 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead. Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores.
279,000 ton
CHINA
VIETNAM Top 10 producer of tin (2009) T 1 CHINA
MALAYSIA
128,000
2 INDONESIA
CONGO
RWANDA INDONESIA
46,078
3 PERU
37,530
4 BOLIVIA
19,581
5 AUSTRALIA
13,269
6 BRAZIL
10,000
7 CONGO
9,400
8 VIETNAM
5,400
9 RWANDA
3,154
10 MALAYSIA
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIAVIA AUSTRALIA
2,412 120000
150000
World total production of tin (1941-2009)
25000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Solder - Specialized alloys - Tin plating
20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
REE
World Total Production (2009)
Despite their name, rare earth elements are relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are- typi cally dispersed and not often found in concentrated and economically exploitable forms. The few economically exploitable deposits are known as rare earth -miner als. It was the very scarcity of these minerals that led to the term “rare earth”.
123,190 ton
RUSSIA
CHINA INDIA
MALAYSIA
BRAZIL
Top 10 producer of rare earth element (2009) T 1 CHINA
120,000
2 RUSSIA
2,500
3 BRAZIL
650
4 MALAYSIA
20
5 INDIA
20
World total production of rare earth element (1941-2009)
150000
1941
1950
1960
Applications: 1970
1980
1990
2000
- Consumer electronics - Environmental technologies - Military applications
120000 90000 60000 30000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
U
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water quantities on earth and is always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium in the Earth’s mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
World Total Production (2009)
50,700 ton
RUSSIA CANADA UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN
USA CHINA
NIGERIA Top 10 producer of uranium (2009) T 1 KAZAKHSTAN
14,020
2 CANADA
10,173
3 AUSTRALIA
7,982
4 NAMIBIA
4,626
5 RUSSIA
3,564
6 NIGERIA
3,243
7 UZBEKISTAN
2,429
8 USA
1,453
9 UKRAINE
840
10 CHINA
750
NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of uranium (1941-2009)
60000 45000 30000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Production of electricity in nuclear power stations - Propulusion of ships - Research - Desalination - Military ordnance
15000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Distribution of 14 Minerals
Coal
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
10,000,000,000
World total production of 14 minerals (1941-2009)
80,000,000
6,000,000,000 Coal
60,000,000 40,000,000
2,000,000,000 0
World total production of the “others” minerals (1941-2009)
100,000,000
8,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
120,000,000
20,000,000 Iron Others
0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
Coal
Growth Rate of Minerals (1990-2009)
Indian Ocean Earthquake Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Iraq War
The Gulf War
1991 1990
The formation of World Trade OrganThe Euroization pean Union was formally established
1993 1992
1994
September 11, 2001 attacks
1999
1997
1995 1996
1998
2001 2000
cial crisis
2003 2002
2005 2004
2007 2006
2009 2008