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“
http://museum.gov.ns.ca/fossils/geol/globe.htm
SvalbardTreaty
Iceland
Finland Sweden
Canada
Russia
Estonia
Denmark Germany Netherlands Poland Belgium Austria Switzerland Hungary Romania France Bulgaria Monaca Italy Albania Portugal Greece Spain UK
USA
Japan Afghanistan
Egypt
China
SaudiArabia India
Dominican Republic
Venezuela
Australia
Chile Argentina
South Africa
NewZealand
SvalbardispartofNorway: SvalbardiscompletelycontrolledandpartoftheKingdomofNorway.However,Norway’spoweroverSvalbardisrestrictedtolimitationslistedbelow Taxation: Thisallowstaxestobecollected,butonlyenoughtosupportSvalbardandtheSvalbardgovernment.ThisresultsinlowertaxesthanmainlandNorwayandtheexclusionofanytaxesonSvalbardsupportingNorwaydirectly.Also,Svalbard’s revenuesandexpensesareseparatelybudgetedfrommainlandNorway.
Environmentalconservation: NorwaymustrespectandpreservetheSvalbardenvironment Non-discrimination: AllcitizensandallcompaniesofeverynationunderthetreatyareallowedtobecomeresidentsandtohaveaccesstoSvalbardincludingtherighttofish,huntorundertakeanykindofmaritime,industrial,miningortradeactivity. TheresidentsofSvalbardmustfollowNorwegianlawthoughNorwegianauthoritycannotdiscriminateorfavoranyresidentsofacertainnationality.
Militaryrestrictions:
Article9prohibitsnavalbasesandfortificationsandalsotheuseofSvalbardforwar-likepurposes.Itisnot,however,entirelydemilitarized.
400millionyearsago
65ma
400ma
65millionyearsago
tertiarystrata mesozoicstrata permiancarboniferousstrata devonianstrata pre-oldredbasementstrata fault
1600-1700
1700-1850
1850-1973
Whales,walrus,polarbear,s reindeersarethemost huntedduringthisperiode
GEOLOGYINSVALBARD
HUNTING
Svalbard archipealgo presents a great variety of geological formations structures. From the oldest , called pre-red basement strata, until the youngest, tertiary strata. All of it contains valuable resource and unique landscape which may attract human to explore more. Nowadays, Svalbard have been noticed with its coal. Those resource mostly found in tertiary strata land, especially in center of spitsbergen island. However, coal in tertiary strata doesn’t promising best quality of coal. Its only because they’re easily noticed regarding to the shallowness. from the previous explanation and diagram, we know that svalbard produced less coal depend on other coal mining. So, we assumed that coal mining in Svalbard carries other “hidden agenda” ofgeopoliticsthathasn’tbeen bursted dueto regulationofenvirontmentalissuesthatholdthisout.
Over four centuris ago, Svalbard wildlife provide economical resource for some countries like Netherland, British, and Russia. Moreover, at some po visibleteritorryinordertoexecutetheir actundisturbed. Along the time, those hunted animal decreasing and eventually became some time they found another source that would give them benefit. W We can only consume what nature has provided, without concerning resource withintheearthandmaintainitforthenextgenerations.
photo:SuryaDharma
source:wwf
source:norrona.com
source:norron
for some countries. Whaling had triggered quarrel among me point, they claimed sovereignty in term of this. They needs
ame rare. Thus, the battle to get sovereignty is vanished, until fit. We, as a human, already predeifned as a greedyindividual. ning the impact. Therefore, it’s not to late to sustain natural
ce:norrona.com
Late1890s
Brucebyen Pyramiden Ny-Ålesund
Gipsdalen
AdventCity Bohemanneset
Horthamn
Grumant
Longyearbyen
Sentralfeltet Sveagruva
Barentsburg CampMorton CampMillar Calypsobyen
MiningActivities Coal Ores
Fe,Cu,Zn,Pb,Auetc
Industryminerals PetroleumDrilling
RESOURCESSVALBARD ThefirstminecoalforcommercialpurposeswasopenedatBohemanflyainthelate1890’s.Afterthat,othernationsinvolved inthecoalrushforthesakeoftheirforeignpolicy,aswellastheeconomicvalue.SointheSpitsbergen,whereismoreaccessableforthoseEuropeancountries,espaciallyalongtheisfjorden,moreandmorecoalminingactiviesandmineralexplorations wastakingplace.
Late1890s
NY ALESUND
PYRAMIDE
LONGYEARBYEN BARENTSBURG
Port Road PollutedArea
Track Airport
POLLUTEDAREAS Oncethecoalminingstarts,theenvironmentalimpactcomes.Thecoalrockextractedfromtheminewasdumpednearby, theacidminedrainageandrunofffromtheheavymetalwasteproductsranintotherivers,contaminatedlandsandthewhole downstream.Also,thewasteproducedbytheresidentsdumpednextthethesettlementorports,waitingtotransportedto themainlandandreclyed.
TheinfrastructurewasbuiltupinthecentralareaofSpitsbergen,basedonthemi workers,roadsandtrackstolinktheminetothetown,portstoexportcoalandim isnoroadconnectedthosecities,themostconvinientwayisbyplane.Thisvastbu ful,butinthesametime,therewillbesomedisadvantagesoccur.Theexistingbio maychangeandit’snotpossibletoreducevarietyofecosystem.
1973/2003
EN
SVEAGRUVA
iningindustry.Airportsfortransportmine mportfood.Butduetothehillyterrain,there uiltupstructurelaysonthisareaisveryuseotopeswillbedisturbed.Migrationofanimals
NationalPark(1973) NationalPark(2003) NaturalReserve(1973)
POLLUTEDAREA In1973,Norwegianauthoritiesadoptedwide-rangingenvironmentalmeasuresandestablished3nationalparksand2nature reserves.Later,tostophumansharmingthisleastcontaminatedareasontheglobe,another4nationalparksfoundedinthe centralareaofSpitesbergen,limitingcoalminingactivities’expansion.
1990s
NyÅlesund
Longyearbyen
Kaffiøyra Barentsburg
researchcenter university
Hornsund
radar/sateliteservice/remotesensing otherfacilities
RESEARCHCENTER
Tourism
Longyerbyen , administrative center in Svalbard, is favourite point of departure for variety of research center and other use. This area already well recognize dsince there was coal below it ground. People tend to occupied area which already predefined. Ny Ålesund was a coal mining spot as well. While other area was a settlement long time ago.. Undoubtly, from what svalbard has, research has become increasingly important. Many countries established their research base in this circumpolar area. The goals of their research often complex. Though the nominal goal tended to be scientific, those countries often motivated by considerations such as national prestige.
wikipedia.com
livingmoon.com
ihsvalbard.blogspot.com
TouristRoute
ThemostpopularwayoftourisminSvalbardiscruisingand/orhikingaroundtheis whichisthelargestcityinSvalbardisusedasthecenterofactivityincludingtourism stores,hotels,museums,andairportwherepeopleareabletotravelfromoutsideS fjord,geologicaloutcrops,mininghistory,mountains,winterlandscapeareableto tourismalsointroducesinterestingarcitcanimalssuchasArcticTerns,CommonEid Svalbardisalsousedasaninterestingwintersportactivities,e.gskiinganddogsledg
north svalbard center svalbard south svalbard
slandvisitingseveralhighlights.Longyearbyen minSpitsbergenisland.Thereareinteresting Svalbard.Someinterestingplacesincuding beaccessedfromLongyearbyen.Svalbard ders,Whales,Polarbears,andReindeers. dges
ThedevelopmentoflandscapeinSvalbardareais basedontherateofactivitiesintheregion.History, research,conservation, tourism,andminingseem tobesomekeyfactors whichtriggerthelandscape development.Threeregionsareusedtoillustrate thedegreeofactivitiesin Svalbard;suchasNorth, Center,andSouthSvalbard. Centerregionshowsthe mostexhaustedregionin termsoflandscapeatthe moment.Therateoflandscapedevelopmentwithin thesethreeregionswillbe affectedbytherateof activitiesintheseregions. Toachievetheoptimistic goalswithintheenvironmentallyfriendlywaysisby controllingwelldistributed landscapeinthesethree regions.
Hunting Mining Pollution Infrastructure Protection Research Tourism
land being used
SNSK
Sveavest Sveanord Lunckefjell
Svea
SNSK
Longyearbyen Arktikugol
Pyramiden Barentsburg
Gruve1 Gruve2 Gruve3 Gruve4 Gruve5 Gruve6 Gruve7
Pyramiden
Longyearbyen
Barentsburg Lunckefjellet
Svea
2.94
Production(1billiontonnes)
2003
0
Exportrate
2.5
5
Coalprice (USD/tonne)
0
Turnover&Profitaftertax (NOKbillion)
39
2.9
WORLD 64
2004
0
2.5
5
2.5
5
1.47 2005
0
67
41% of electricity gen-
eration in the world is from
2.39 2006
0
COAL.
2.5
5
72
4.07 2007
0
2.5
5
83
3.43 2008
0
2.5
0.88
5
0
2.5
98% of electricity gen5
128
0
eration in Norway is from
hydroelectric power plants.
1.93 2010
3.45
175
2.64 2009
NORWAY
Norway 2.5
5
131
Population
Shippedcoal(1000tonnes) Russia
²
²
²
±
– –
–
Svea SNSG’sprincipaloperationsareintheSveaNordmine,whichisabout60kilometerssouthofLongyearbyen.Mostofthecompany’semployeesworkinSvea.SveaNordhasbeeninnormalcommercial operationsince2002andaccountsformostofthecompany’sproduction.
96%
ofthecoalsalesfromSvea,totalled 1,645,509tonnesin2010.
4%arefromGruve7,totalled65,202tonnes.
SveaNord Gruve7 Gruve6 Gruve5 Gruve3 Gruve2 Gruve4 Gruve1 1%
Landfill Contaminatedsoil Municipallandfill
Bad Acceptable Small
99%
Morethan99%ofthepollutioninSveaisacceptablewith thecurrentlanduse,mostofthemareputtogetherinside thevillageareaorneartheportandwaitforshippingtothe mainland.
Longyearbyen LongyearbyenisthelargestsettlementandtheadministrativecentreofSvalbard,Norway. Miningactiviesstartedin1917andstillplaysamajorroleinthecommunitynowadays.Totallythereis7minesintheareaand22388948milliontonnesofcoalhavebeenextracted sofar.
Landfill Contaminatedsoil
Bad Acceptable Small
Municipallandfill
SveaNord
Gruve7
Gruve6
Gruve5
Gruve3
8%
Gruve4
Gruve2
Gruve1
Becauseofthedifferentdistance,mostofthehistoricalminesin Longyearbyendumptheirwasteinthecitywhilethenewones,just dropthemnearthemine.
15%
77%
Bad Acceptable Small
Landfill Contaminatedsoil
Landfill Contaminatedsoil
Bad Acceptable Small
Municipallandfill
Municipallandfill
Barentsburg 17%
29%
54%
BarentsburgstartedasaDutchminingtowninthe1920s. In1932theDutchsoldtheirconcessiontotheSovietUnion. Since1932theRussianstateownedArktikugolTrusthasbeen operatingonSvalbard.Itisthesecondlargestsettlementon Svalbard,withabout500inhabitants(2007),almostentirely RussiansandUkrainians.CoalisstillminedinBarentsburgbutIts outwardimageisdepressinglyrun-downincomparisontoits livelyandprosperousneighbourLongyearbyen,anditspopulation continuestodecline.
Theghosttown--Pyramiden 22%
78%
PyramidenwasfoundedbySwedenin1910andsoldtothe SovietUnionin1927.Rapiddevelopmentduringthe1960sand 1970shadtransformeditintoamoderntownhosting1100 inhabitantsandequippedwithmosturbanfacilities.Butin1998 whentheRussianarcticminingcompanydecidedtoendits activitythere,itbecamearemarkablyabruptabandonmentleft behindasitedevoidofhumansbutstillfilledwithallstuffconstitutingamoderncity.
7
70employeesworka7/7shift/rotation
system.
TheGruve7mineisworkedfivedaysaweek ondaytimeshifts.
175employeesworka14/14shift/rotaUnderground
Abroad
Vestfold
Østfold
Oslo
Austagder
Vestagder
Rogaland
Telemark
Buskerud
Hordaland
Oppland
SognogFjordane
Hedmark
70% ofshiftworkersatSveaheadtomainlandNorwayontheweeksthey arenotinthemine.
1189miles fromSvalbardto Tromsø
tionsystem.
230
MøreogRomsal
GRUVE7
12
ground
107
SVEA
Sør-Trømdelag
Nord-Trømdelag
Nordland
Troms Finnmark
Svalbard
TOTAL 336
0.23tonnesof
CO2 bothways/ person
2.76tonnes/
capita,byplane
5.83tonnes/
capita,inChina
20administrativeandmanagementstaffworkfive daysaweekandcommuteweeklybetweenSveaand Longyearbyen. 2.76tonnes/capita 5.83tonnes/capita
Combustingthecoalemitstotalto5.5million tonnesofCO2-equivalentsannually.
7,710.50MillionTonnes Theminingoperationsgiverisetolocal emissionsofapproximately50000 tonnesofCO2-equivalents.
39.58MillionTonnes
Transportingthecoalbyseafrom SvalbardtocustomersinEurope producesannualemissionsofabout 40000tonnesofCO2-equivalents.
PAST
TODAY
FUTURE?
REFERENCE Svalbard in International Politics 1871-1925, The Solution of a Unique International Problem, by: Trygve Mathisen http://www.snsk.no http://arcticugol.ru/ http://www.lecerclepolaire.com/articles_archives/Pratt_maritime_Arctic.html#suite_article http://cruise-handbook.npolar.no/en/svalbard/travel-regulations.html http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal_mining.htm http://www.nhm.uio.no/forskning/grupper/paleontologi/studier/svalex/ressurs_CD/Geo_2000/Intro_Svalbard/Introduction_to_svalbard_V1mai.swf http://www.ssb.no/histstat/svalbard/tab3.html http://www.ssb.no/befsvalbard/ http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/00/20/nos_svalbard/nos_d330/tab/093.html http://www.lokalstyre.no/Modules/Default.aspx http://toposvalbard.npolar.no/ http://www.norskeutslipp.no/Templates/NorskeUtslipp/Pages/sektor.aspx?id=1106&epslanguage=en http://eivind.npolar.no/Geocortex/Essentials/Web/viewer.aspx?Site=svbk_v01_no&ReloadKey=True http://earthsci.org/mineral/energy/coal/coal.htm#under_types http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry http://www.npolar.no/en/the-arctic/svalbard/index.html http://www.planete-energies.com/en/energy-sources-/coal/the-formation-of-coal-56.html http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/coal-mining/