Exploring the applications Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’_Design Dissertation_2021-22

EXPLORING THE APPLICATION OF PHENOMENOLOGY IN THERIANTHROPIC ‘SUBJECTS’ By Atharva Rotkar Guided By Ar. Prof. Mythili Kowshik-Shetty

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for Semester IX The Degree BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY Mumbai, Maharashtra.

5th Year, Semester IX, November 2021

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE Rachana Sansad, 278, Shankar Ghanekar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai- 400025.

Plagiarism Declaration I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’ ” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

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I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Atharva Rotkar Exam Roll No: 47 Date: Monday, 22nd November, 2021

Place: Rachana Sansad’s Academy of Architecture

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: • the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; • the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

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Approval Certificate The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite and partial fulfillment of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

This is to certify that this student Atharva Rotkar is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student: Atharva Rotkar Date: Monday, 22nd November, 2021.

Approved By

Principal Ar. Prof. Suresh Singh

College Seal

Certified By

Thesis Guide Ar. Prof. Mythili Kowshik-Shetty

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Examined By

Examiner-1

Examiner-2

Table of Contents a. b. c. d.

Plagiarism Declaration Approval Certificate Acknowledgements Abstract

01 INTRODUCTION.............................02-23 1.1 The Theory of Phenomenology 1.2 Scientific Standing 1.3 The Therianthropic ‘subject’ 1.4 The Human-Canine bond 1.5 Aims & Objectives of Research 1.6 Scope & Limitations

02 LITERATURE REVIEW................. 24-29 2.1 Atmospheres 2.2 Eyes of the Skin 2.3 Experiencing Architecture 2.4 ‘Hapticity: Architecture of the Senses’ 2.5 The Situationist City 2.6 Understanding dog-human compaionship

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...30-45

SITE ANALYSIS..................................70-81

3.1 Research Process 3.2 Global economic study 3.3 Design of Quantitative study 3.4 The Adopted 3.5 The Abandoned 3.6 Spatial Inferences

6.1 Phenomenological concerns 6.2 Site mapping 6.3 Context study

04 CASE STUDIES.................................. 46-57 4.1 Theory oriented 4.2 Programme oriented 4.3 Site oriented 4.4 Inferences

05 SITE SELECTION..............................58-69 5.1 Relation of site and ‘subject’ 5.2 Site selection criteria 5.3 Site Options 5.4 Comparative Analysis

07 ARCHITECTURAL INTENT......82-89 7.1 Architectural Inquiry 7.2 Aims & Objectives of Design 7.3 Hypothesis Statement 7.4 Design Proposal BIBLIOGRAPHY............................... 90-95 Research References Case Study References List of Figures List of Tables

Acknowledgements As I present this dissertation, I am extremely grateful to a number of people who have helped me at different stages of the completion of the project.

Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Ar. Prof. Mythili KowshikShetty for her constant motivation and critical guidance throughout the process of this dissertation. She helped me with a lot of her own insight on the topic and supporting this unconventional, theoretical inquiry. I am also sincerely grateful to Ar. Prof. Yagnik Bathija for his views and discussions on the topic which added a new perspective to the research.

I would like to thank Madhura Patil for the constant motivation and support she has given me through this period. I would also like to thank Yash Salian and Anushri Shetty for the fruitful discussions and their constant motivation for the process of my research. A special thanks to Ar. Prof. Shantanu Poredi and all my colleagues who gave their valuable inputs.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents Medini and Milind Rotkar for their constant love and support. In the unfortunate event of the pandemic, their never-ending encouragement and care was what made this research reach it’s completion.

Abstract

E

very architectural movement is preceded by an art and literary movement. These are born out of various difference of opinions in schools of thought and the yearning to learn and explore further. Out of seven endophenotypes (behavioural traits) in mammals, ‘seek’ and ‘play’ are the ones common among all. ‘Seeking’ refers to the curiosity and it is only through this quality that we learn to question and discover new concepts. It was the curiosity in questioning an existing theory; Modernism, that led to the theory of Phenomenology being proposed. The origin of interest in this topic stemmed out of a similar curiosity to understand how certain spaces are designed that impart impactful experiences.

Phenomenology in simple architectural terms translates to the quality of sensorially stimulating experience of space. In the last few decades, the approach has found its way into practice and has been extensively theorised.

The theory has also found a scientific grounding in recent years and provides answers to the reason why the theory works when applied in spatial design. In the pursuit of enriching spaces with stimulatory experiences, the theory seems to have found application in numerous architectural typologies. In addition, the scientific standing ensures a promising success rate. However, the theory seems to cater majorly to ‘the human subject’.

In other words, the theory is anthropocentric and seems to give consideration only to the human perception of space. Here laid the opportunity to inquire the application of the theory and whether it can be further extended to all perceptive beings. Hence, the therianthropic (a mix of human and animal) subject of inquiry.

Humans alone are not the only beings capable of space perception. However, most spaces are designed to cater to the human user despite there being a wide array of animals exposed to our architecture. In several cases, humans have employed the sensorial capabilities of other animals for their own occupation. An increasing amount of human population has also allowed animals to live with them inside their homes as a part of their family. In such a case, it is almost selfish to assume that architectural space production is limited to the human usage and perception. The thesis explores the possibility of expansion of the ‘subject’ of phenomenology and the validity of the proposal while trying to remain true to the postulates of the theory. By taking an example of the Canine-Human relationship, the research makes an attempt to act as a case in point for the theoretical enquiry of the application of phenomenology in therianthropic ‘subjects’.

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INTRODUCTION 1.1 The theory of Phenomenology A. The Emergence B. The Theory C. The Critique D. The Practice 1.2 Scientific Standing A. Psychogeography B. The Neuroscientific Perspective 1.3 The Therianthropic ‘subject’ A. Current applications of the theory B. Questioning the theory C. Further application of the theory 1.4 The Human-Canine bond A. Why the Human-Canine ‘subject’?

B. History and evolution C. The Indian pariah D. A dog’s perception E. Current state of the relationship 1.5 Aims & Objectives of Research 1.6 Scope & Limitations

1.1 The theory of Phenomenology

A. The Emergence

Humans are highly perceptive beings. We know the world around us as we perceive it. Everything that we know about is the outcome of some form of perception or sensory `input. Contrary to popular belief, humans have seven senses; visual, tactile, olfactory, auditory, gustatory and the two lesser-known vestibular and proprioceptive. The former five are the basic senses we all knowingly use and quantify throughout our existence; however, the latter is equally important in terms of perception. There is one out of these senses which is often considered superior of them all, the visual sense.

Most of us depend on vision to perceive everything around us.

One might argue that it is all we need to perceive space as well. We may not even realise but a large number of us would favour the visual sense to get an understanding of everything that surrounds us; to a certain extent, it is true. When a child who cannot speak is taught a language, it is often done with visual aid. ‘A for Apple’, a common starting point to the English alphabet. Numerous may not comprehend other languages but we all know what an apple looks like, no matter what language we say it in. We might talk and think in different languages but the language of visuals is universal. It is the reason why signages are necessary, why graphics are so important in design school and why various functions on our electronic devices are only represented through graphical icons.

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Figure 1.1a : The Ocular Bias: The modern human beholds the Greek proportion system while standing in the Radiant City, an outcome of the same Ocularcentric bias that was passed down through ages.

(Source: Author)

Metaphorically, vision is regarded as the truth, as in “we believe what we see”. Even in modern judiciary systems, a witness may not be taken as seriously based on what they feel or heard as compared to what they see, hence literally the terminology “eye witness” hinting an ocularcentric1 bias. During an elective course on Universal design, our faculty asked the students whether any of us were disabled or partially disabled. Nobody raised their hands and that was the first indication of ignorance. In a classroom with at least half students bespectacled, nobody responded. Vision impairment is a partial disability on a spectrum of blindness however it isn’t considered as one. The solution has been marketed into a fashion or style statement lately. Spectacles were born out of a necessity to save us from vision impairment and now that everyone gets it, we found ways to design them differently so that everyone gets a unique ‘look’. We have gone to such a great extent of solving this disability that contact lens is a common choice among people to hide their disability in a world where vision is regarded as the most important. How many other disabilities have been solved in a way to create a fashion statement out of it?

Epistemologically, ‘vision’ has always enjoyed the privilege and is considered the ‘noblest of all senses’2.

It is ingrained and has been historically preached similarly. The hints are available from Greek philosophers writing about vision being ‘humanity’s greatest gift’3 to influencing Classical architecture where proportions were defined to achieve visual balance and perspective correction of the pillars to remove visual distortion in its appearance. This has been passed on to architectural movements as significant as Modernism where city planning was done from the bird’s point of ‘view’. Plans were designed to a level only where they ‘looked’ resolved and reflects as ‘hygiene for the optical’4 to the point where revolutionary urban design theories were born out of the writings and activism of Jane Jacobs who observed the discrepancy of the system. It is somewhere around the Modernist era that philosophers started to question this ocular bias and the theory of Phenomenology was introduced.

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Ocularcentrism refers to the hegemony of vision Luis Bunnuel and Salvador Dali Plato László Moholy-Nagy

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B. The Theory

Phenomenology is defined as an approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience. The theory was first proposed as a philosophical question which later found its way into influencing architects to apply its methods to design. In its essence phenomenology is an individualistic approach and is extremely subjective as opposed to ethnography. The necessity for subjectivity was necessary due to the vast generalisation carried out of mass appeal; appeal directly to vision. Phenomenology was born out of questioning the ocular bias and slowly found its way into design fields, most notably in architectural circles.

In terms of architecture, phenomenology could be defined as the study of the object as perceived by the subject; where the subject is the human and the object is the architectural built. The theory exhorts designers to consider the total perception of the human and not just favour vision in terms of the design of space. It is not about having a problem with vision being the most important, it is actually about the other senses being actively negated from due consideration at all. As a discourse, it promotes the stimulus of all senses, to consider the smell, sound, tactility, temperature, light, the materiality of space as well in addition to visual aesthetic.

As a result of this approach, phenomenology when applied to design leads to highly experiential and sensorial-ly rich spaces. Every aspect of the design exudes a purpose to a point where there is no gratuitousness in even the smallest detail. Born out of a critique of Modernist ideology, the theory also gave rise to Kenneth Frampton’s theory of Critical Regionalism inspired by Norberg-Schulz’s1 writings on phenomenology. As opposed to critical regionalism, phenomenology is not an architectural movement or a new ‘ism’, however, it certainly provides insight into the uncharted territory of spatial design in ways which is yet to be completely explored. The theory has been extensively written about by various architects over the globe and has been applied in practice as well. On that front, phenomenology is receiving its due impetus as designers as well as users realise how important the stimulus of other senses is in the perception of space. Research continues to show how phenomenological treatment of spaces leads to improved, richer experiences which lead more and more thinkers and practitioners to question earlier methods of design experience and update them to make use of the complete potential of human perception.

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Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Figure 1.1b : Dirty Geometries+Mechanical Imperfections by Bryan Cantley (Source: Metalocus)

C. The Critique Phenomenology could be argued to be predominantly an anthropocentric discourse. Every aspect of the theory could be simplified to justify the stimulus of multiple human senses. Its very conception took place from the ocular bias of the human eye and the rest of the senses being ignored. Hence a critique of phenomenology emerged, questioning the very premise of the human subject termed as Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO).

This school of thought believes that there is a world outside the human mind as well and not everything revolves around human perception alone. They believe that every object has a psyche of its own when it comes to relation with another object. It is a seemingly selfish approach to assume that space perception and usage is for human consumption alone and that maybe phenomenologists have spent too much time studying the ‘human’ subject. Hence OOO works on the premise of the relation between objects and their psyche.

OOO questions two aspects of phenomenology, the first regarding the human subject and the second being the separation of the object and subject. The anthropocentric approach is answered with the subject being expanded to all living as well as non-living matter. Hypothetically every object is seen as either perceptive or non-perceptive and hence every ‘subject’ is given equal importance. Although since all objects are considered within this bracket, there is no separation of the two required as proposed by the former theory. Hence OOO takes an approach that indicates that “object is subject”. In many ways, this is a radical argument however, it is necessary, to remove the anthropocentric bias. In addition, it forces one to put in a detailed study of not only subject perception but also that of every object that forms the architectural built eventually. OOO could also possibly be considered as an addition to the theory and maybe phenomenology could adopt an approach through pluralism.

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Figure 1.1c : Copper House II, Studio Mumbai (Source: ArchDaily)

Figure 1.1d : Carrimjee House, Studio Mumbai (Source: ArchDaily)

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

D. The Practice

In the architectural fraternity, phenomenology has found its application in a lot of typologies and has a specific way of expressing itself through space design. In practice, a lot of architects either consciously try to follow the theory or end up designing a sensorially rich space that could fall under the example of being phenomenologically rich.

It is demonstrated in architecture through the manipulation of space, material, light and shadow. The aim is to create a memorable encounter of space through an impact on the human senses. It promotes the idea of sensorial stimulation as one of the main functions of architecture.

Some of the most notable practices would be those of Peter Zumthor and Steven Holl. Among Indian architects, Bijoy Jain’s (Studio Mumbai) projects are argued to have the most sensorially rich spaces. On a detailed study of his practice, it is evident that he follows the critical regionalist philosophy of design paired with an impeccable understanding of light, space and material. Critical regionalism is an offshoot of phenomenology itself as discussed by Kenneth Frampton1.

However a lot of Bijoy Jain’s practice is also highly specialised and not all projects are accessible to anyone in the public domain. This being said it enforces the entire concept of the subjectivity of experience and hence the space is accessible only to the select few who inhabit it. This means the experience is specially curated and highly exclusive which adds to the effectiveness and impact of the space. A space of a highly personal nature has the ability to move oneself when it is specifically curated for a particular perceptive lens. His work also blends an understanding of biophilia2 in architecture. In many ways, the projects seem to bind themselves to the earth by the use of natural materials and tactility. One could argue the reason for the exclusivity of the practice is also a critique of the theory being exclusively available to those with time and resources at their disposal.

1 Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance 2 The innate human instinct to connect with nature Atharva Rotkar

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1.2 Scientific Standing A. Psychogeography The global pandemic of COVID-19 changed a lot about the way we live. Nationwide lockdowns and restrictions have limited outings, social gatherings or even basic interaction.

It is clear that everyone craves a change of space. However, the monotony is not just in the change of space alone, it is in a yearning for ‘the outside’. The reason is, there are only so many stimuli a change of mere position or room can provide. Going down for a walk activates the body physically and also prepares the mind for alertness, sounds, smells, visuals, brushing of the wind against the skin. Sensory stimulus is the ultimate method to break the monotony of a routine.

Every environment is different hence every experience would be different as well but it certainly makes an impact. In his book Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture, Christian Norberg-Schulz stresses that “the environment influences human beings, and this implies that the purpose of architecture transcends the definition given by early functionalism”. This statement strongly suggests that sensory stimulus is not just an add on, it should be considered as a full-fledged primary function of architecture.

Dr Colin Ellard who works at the intersection of neuroscience and environmental design, came up with an experiment to study how different spaces tend to have a different effect on people. His method led to an interesting psychogeographical1 mapping of peoples’ experiences of moving from one space to the other. On analyzing the results, his experiment concluded that people not only perceived spaces through multiple senses but also had an effect on their mood, feeling, and cognitive abilities. Hence by applying the Transitive Law2, it is possible that phenomenological treatment of spaces that provide a rich sensory experience would affect all the aforementioned factors.

1 The study of the influence of geographical environment on the mind and behaviour 2 If a=b and b=c, then a=c

Figure 1.2a : The City is an open Somatoscape (Source: Author)

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Figure 1.2b : Guide Pychogéographique de Paris, Guy Debord (Source: makingmaps, DIY cartography)

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B. The Neuroscientific Perspective “White Torture” is a method of psychological torture that is used on prisoners. The objective was total isolation and sensory deprivation of the captive and violated Human Rights. The experiment began with a small room with walls and all interiors painted white, along with the food and clothes being white as well. The white ceiling was fir with a neon light that would not cast any shadows. The subject starts to get extremely uncomfortable at the end of 24 hours and starts to hallucinate while approaching 48 hours as the brain’s plasticity starts to change. This is the brain’s way of coping with the sensory deprivation, to provide false images to the mind to maintain sanity while forcing the subject to descend into insanity.

Recent studies have shown that the lack of sensory stimulus has adverse effects on the mind and body as well. Patients in hospitals experience events of hallucination due to a lack of social and environmental exposure. This phenomenon is called ICU Psychosis.

Even sailors in a submarine have been known to show similar traits. After they return to the surface, sailors have shown signs of lack of attentiveness and loss of vision in some cases as well. Stefan Behling1 argues that our usual office buildings with great glass facades are nothing but white rooms stacked on top of one another, being fed the same view, the same space, the same air and artificial light as well. It is a compelling observation indeed and to some extent even frightening.

1 Architecture and Science of the Senses | Stefan Behling | TEDxGoodenoughCollege, Senior Executive Partner at Foster + Partner 10

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Figure 1.2c : The Perceptive Brain (Source: Author)

Advances in modern science have helped prove that space perception is a somatosensory function. For example, a sound triggering the auditory cortex has shown to always be followed by a visual cue or a motor cue, in turn triggering the somatosensory cortex2. This means that while perceiving space, scientifically, it is never a visual experience alone. We map spaces in terms of their temperature, smell, sound and texture as well. In addition, the memory of space is stored in ‘place cells’ which have the ability to be remapped. Hence proving what was argued previously, that the phenomenological treatment of spaces now has a neuroscientific reason as to why it works.

2 A function of the Somatosensory cortex, which is the part of the brain that responds when it receives cues from multiple places in the body Atharva Rotkar

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Figure 1.3a : The Memory Void and Shalekhet installation in the Jewish Museum, Berlin (Source: Studio Libeskind)

Figure 1.3b : The daunting straight flight staircase and the oppressive beams in the Jewish Museum, Berlin (Source: Studio Libeskind)

Figure 1.3c : The Nazi concentration camp conditions being expressed through uncomfortable, angular and narrow windows in the Jewish Museum, Berlin (Source: Studio Libeskind)

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

1.3 The Therianthropic ‘subject’

A. Current applications of the theory

Early Modernism defines functionality in every space. Every space has to have a specified function and a program space. There has to be a purpose to everything. However, this approach seems to negate the concept of keeping spaces open to interpretation. The Situationist City1 describes the city as a non-linear wandering experience. Architecture is defined as the science of built spaces but this definition is subject to evolve as the profession itself evolves. Unbuilt spaces are of equal impetus in a project, so are non-program spaces. A corridor is given the function for common access to multiple spaces but nothing stops us, humans, from using it for a purpose it does not inherently define. Phenomenology questions this rational functionalism of space theorised by modernism.

Due to this very discourse, Phenomenology found its application in several spaces. The most common case study of this theory would be its use in museums. Most museums are commonly designed for visual consumption, with a specific set curation. To quote Ellen Lupton2, “Museum curators love the ‘eyeball’ expanding on the globally recognizable signage saying “DO NOT TOUCH”. She proposes that museums should be more engaging, spaces should be more smelly maybe even tasty. Why shouldn’t museums allow people to touch? She is a firm believer that museum design and curators should work in conjunction while designing the space and allow multidisciplinary inputs into the design. Several other typologies have also adopted the concept of experience being a function of design and applied it to hospitality, healthcare, residential, commercial and educational projects. The reason this works and is justified is probably because of its flexibility and the aforementioned scientific research. Several architects have been identified as phenomenological practitioners as well with notable names such as Peter Zumthor, Steven Holl and Daniel Libeskind. Their practices include a unique blend of distinct architectural style and impetus of spatial experience.

The figures illustrate the experiences curated and designed

by Daniel Libeskind in the Jewish Museum, Berlin. The museum was designed to educate people on the lives of Jews before, during and after the Holocaust. Instead of following the archetypal format, Libeskind designed experiences through built form to impart feelings of fear, claustrophobia and discomfort.

1 Simon Sadler explored the city through the situationist perspective 2 Ellen Lupton - Senior Curator of Contemporary Design at the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Musem in New York City

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Is phenomenology capable of multiplicity?

Is it relevant in today’s fast m B. Questioning the theory The world is extremely competitive today and by technological advancements, everything is at our fingertips and one call away. We, humans, are growing impatient by the day as we yearn to achieve everything within record time. To experience architecture however or understand the vision or the concept behind a certain space, one needs to have time to spare in order to explore the phenomenology of space. No matter what the intent, if there is no time to experience it, then it makes no difference. Hence the inquiry, how relevant is phenomenology in today’s ethos when we are surrounded by a fast-moving world around us?

The discourse also talks about sensorial experiences and subjectivity is a huge part of that. In fact, in philosophical terms, the theory is used for the study of the subjectivity of thought and cannot generalize any findings. This translates to architecture as well. Every spatial experience cannot be the same even though it is curated to be. However, in today’s time, where space is a huge constraint and standardization of design occurs in several sectors, especially where cost-effectiveness is key but the quality isn’t sacrificed. In such a case, the question arises, is the phenomenology of architecture subject to multiplicity?

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Is phenomenology applicable beyond human perception?

moving world?

On understanding the discourse the most important observation was, it is observed that it applies to humans alone. From the very inception of the theory by questioning ocularcentrism to a neuroscientific perspective and understanding the working of the human brain, the theory is most certainly anthropocentric. Architecture in its most vast application is catered largely toward human visual perception. Phenomenology questions this very approach and redirects our attention towards the other forgotten senses of perception.

However, humans aren’t the only perceptive beings in the world. All animals are capable of perception and use their senses to understand and survive in the world around them. After all, the discourse exhorts designers to consider all senses of perception. Hence, is the theory relevant beyond human perception alone?

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Figure 1.3d : Falsetober 6, False Knees (Source: Instagram)

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

C. Further application the theory The reason for questioning the theory is to try and explore new avenues of the subject and find ways to add to the discourse as opposed to simply following the ideas and applying them in an existing typology.

The thesis attempts to further the application of the theory by trying to answer the question of whether phenomenology is relevant beyond human perception alone. This inquiry not only questions its current application but also tries to understand whether it applies to a larger array of users especially after all the research only points to human application.

Phenomenology is the study of the ‘object’ (space) as perceived by the ‘subject’ (human). This is where the therianthropic1 ‘subject’ enters. As a subject of architecture, therianthropic refers to a user group that consists of humans as well as animals, both of whose perception is equally important while designing spaces. It is a jarring argument to understand space perception through the lens of an animal however it is valid simply because the theory is based on perception which is not a human quality alone. It is somewhat selfish to assume that architecture is only limited to human perception when it is so evident that many urban environments house stray animals and wildlife in the canopies above us. It is us who encroach over their home and not the other way round. Architecture, in general, is a very anthropocentric field hence it is always assumed that the ‘subject’ of architecture is also eventually a human. This is exactly what Object-Oriented Ontology questions and brings about a somewhat radical lens to the application of architectural production of space which is not limited to humans but also non-living objects.

For this application to be considered, there needs to be a case in point that has to be studied, analysed and proven. This research intends to achieve this by studying a specific set of users. The dissertation will never be able to prove the validity of the application but the idea is to propose a hypothesis based on relevant research and quantitative data that can take one therianthropic case of interaction and use it as an example to test architectural space production in terms of inter-species shared perception.

1 combining the form of animal and human, usually in depiction of Gods Atharva Rotkar

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Figure 1.4a : “The Children of Charles I”

by Van Dyck showing the historical significance of pet dogs and their anthropomorphisation as ‘children’ (Source: Dorotheum)

1.4 The Human-Canine bond A. Why the humancanine ‘subject’?

Among all cases of animal-human interaction, the one which stands apart is that of the pet and the owner. It is probably the most intimate and close inter-species relationship that can be studied. The reason for this is because humans are extremely social beings and they require companionship. Pets are quickly becoming a popular adoption choice among families and hence this relationship gains relevance in society each passing day. Dogs and cats are the most popular pets among all other animals however for the sake of research the human-canine (dog) relationship has been chosen as the ‘subject’.

Throughout the ages, dogs have often been synonymous with family status and subject to traditions. They were not only kept for the sake of guarding but also were treated like family members. The proof dates back to early renaissance paintings that depict neatly groomed and accessorized pet dogs in family portraits. Their loss was mourned the same as any other member of the family. In many archaeological sites of old civilizations, graves were found with dogs buried alongside their owner. Pets brought owners and animals together in an emotional bond and out of that the dog has even found its way to be employed for its very ability to do the same. In several cultures, dogs are treated the same as humans and not differentiated based on species. They are given the same food we eat, clothes, bed, pieces of furniture and healthcare.

In addition to this, one of the most important factors is that the dog reciprocates human feelings and has taken a very special place in their home and hearts. It is often said that the dog is a ‘mans best friend’. The dog is often synonymous with the quality of loyalty. In addition, a dog and its human spend time together apart from their homes as well, in parks, on walks, on drives etc. The concept of the therianthropic interaction taking place in several spaces is very important as it exposes this relation to the outside world and allows the scope of the study and a proposal of intervention.

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Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

B. History and evolution

Dogs evolved from the Grey Wolf

Man domesticated the Grey Wolf

Both were hunters

Both hunted in packs and co-operated

Cubs were taken to their settlements

Domesticated wolf guarded the settlement

Contrary to popular belief, the dog domesticated itself. Somewhere around 40,000 years ago the dog evolved from the wolf. Studies suggest the earliest hunting humans worked in conjunction with the wolves to hunt other wild animals. It is possible that during this time, they took the friendliest wolves as their pets and even a few wolf pups to raise on their own. Eventually, the wolf that remained lone retained its characteristics and throughout evolution, the domesticated wolf evolved into the dog. However, most wild animals do not just get domesticated since they lead the pack lifestyle. This indicates the fact that somewhere during this entire timeline, the wolf that worked with the human decided to allow itself to be domesticated.

Evidence of this fact lies in the way the dog has been evolving throughout the years and its distinct differences from its ancestor, the wolf. Recent research has proven how the dog has lost a certain set of its ancestral qualities as it started becoming more and more dependant on the human. The dog lost some of its cognitive abilities in the process of domestication. In some experiments done, a few puzzles and tasks were given to a wolf and a dog. The wolf spent some time learning the task and eventually did it on its own without any help. The first thing the dog did however was that he looked up to the humans for help. This is an evolutionary trait that came with several others, such as the physical changes in body and face structure, the negation of the pack lifestyle and others which were all the result of domestication. In all of this, however, this is not a negative evolution. All these changes occurred because the dog understood the advantages of human companionship and this turned into a symbiotic relationship. The dog left its wild surrounding and pack lifestyle and moved in with the human into its home, in stray areas of civilization throughout the ages to today where they have followed us into urban environments and become the stray population of cities. Hence, it is evolutionary proof that has literally defined the dog as ‘mans best friend’. The two have learned to work with each other better than they might in their own species. This enforces the human-canine bond even more and provides a strong case in point for the appropriate therianthropic relationship that the ‘subject’ demands.

Figure 1.4b : Domestication of the wolf by the earliest hunter-gatherer (Source: Author)

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Figure 1.4c : Street dog family sleeping in an alley in Pushkar, Rajasthan (Source: Brett Cole Photography)

C. The Indian pariah

Amidst the growing culture of owning pets, the adoption of street dogs is becoming more and more popular especially in India. While many prefer buying purebred exotic or pedigree dogs due to specific preferences, there are a lot of stray dogs on Indian streets who will provide the same companionship which everyone seeks.

The native breed of the country is called the Indian Pariah. It has evolved from the wild dog and is well suited for the temperate and slightly hot and humid climate.

In northern parts of the country, native mountain dogs are found who have thick skin and long hair to protect them from extremely cold climates. The native breeds are as good an option as any other and are gaining awareness through various nonprofit organisations and social media.

As a result of rapid urbanisation, a lot of dogs find themselves homeless in Indian cities. Owing to their evolutionary trait of negation of the pack lifestyle, it is even more difficult for the stray dog to survive in the city on its own. As a result, it has to live on the streets, eat off of human garbage and grow its pups in unclean and littered alleys of the city. As of today, the stray dog is equivalent to a scavenger living off of man’s waste and not the reason for which it domesticated itself. Lately, awareness regarding this rising population and adoption of pariahs is spreading. There are some definite advantages of adopting an Indian street dog.

The main reason is that it is extremely flexible and well suited for the Indian climate, especially in the climate it was born in. They do not have a highly demanding diet and neither do they risk becoming overweight. They require lesser exercise to be in shape and can prove to be helpful guard dogs as well. In addition to this, it is a noble gesture in giving a chance to these ignored lives while exotic and pedigree breeds get sold for profits. The disparity between dog breeds can be clearly seen in such cases. There are however aspirations and even limitations of certain families for example space, which plays a role in deciding which dog breed they choose.

However, it is a well-known fact that the exotic breed market indulges in cruel and immoral practices of breeding to profit off of animals. Maybe the awareness of stray adoption reduces the market for these breeds which might eventually reduce the malpractice prevalent in the pet industry.

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Figure 1.4d : Dichromacy in dogs allowing them to percieve lesser colours (Source: The Dog People)

D. A dogs perception Apart from being a highly social creature and a great companion, one of the main reasons the dog is so close to humans is because of its senses. The dog has a smaller spectrum of vision (dichromacy1) than that of humans, it can only see the colours blue and yellow. Most of their vision is dependant on movement because the world around them uses a wider spectrum of colours. Very less is known about their tactility but touching a dog and being allowed to be touched is a sign of trust and affection. They have a heightened sense of hearing and are capable of hearing more frequencies than the human auditory system. Hence they respond to special dog whistles which are silent to the human ear but are only audible to them.

The sense where the dog absolutely surpasses the human by leagues is the olfactory sense. It is said that dog understands and comprehends the world around them through smells. One of the most obvious indications of this fact is by the way they greet humans or each other, by smelling the genitals. We store the memory of people by what their face looks like whereas dogs will recognise each other and humans by their smell. Their sense of smell is so profound that they can understand the timeline of a place and gauge the order of events based on smell. Their sense of smell has also been employed by humans for the likes of sniffing out bombs, narcotics and even cancer. They have a highly sensitive vomeronasal organ inside their noses in which a lot of their sniff gets registered. In humans, on breathing, a very limited amount of smell gets registered while most of it goes to the lungs. In dogs, this vomeronasal organ helps them understand the world around them.

The largest sensory part of their brain is dedicated to the olfactory. They store memory according to smell in most cases. One of the reasons dogs are so close to humans and can reciprocate their feelings is also because their noses can smell hormones and pheromones. They can sense happiness, sadness, hostility, friendliness etc.

This is the exact reason why dogs are used as therapy dogs in hospitals or for PTSD patients. Humans have very comfortably employed the dog’s sensory skills in return for caretaking through which a symbiotic relationship is conceived.

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the state of having two types of functioning colour receptors

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E. Current state of the relationship

The importance of the human-canine relationship has been at its highest in the last few years. The dog has evolved from the traditional guard dog to the companion dog and started living inside our homes.

The fact that another animal has started to live with us and be constantly anthropomorphized is a testament to the fact that architectural spaces are not subject to human perception alone, especially when it comes to the domestic dog who experiences a home designed by architects for human perception. Historical implications suggest that having a dog in the family has always had a positive impact. Pet owners have been seen to have better mental and physical health out of which the physical part is true only for dog owners as they actively take part in their dogs routine and indulge in active exercises with their dog. The current state of companionship between dogs and humans have also shown a positive impact on the mental health of dog owners. They can understand the human’s mood, social cues and even understand different languages.

The dog has not only been domesticated but also trained in several areas. From the very beginning of hunting to standing guard to human homes and communities, dogs have helped humans in farming, animal rearing and even as an aid in extreme climate conditions. The training is also a means of employing the dog’s superior sensory skills to help humans in certain occupations. They have been trained as sniffer dogs for security, guide dogs for the blind, K9 training for police and armies, therapy training for various human reassociation and so on. The training is not only limited to professional purposes but also to domestic dogs who get trained for obedience and agility. In several cases, dogs have also been used to replace certain members of the family to help cope with loss. That being said even the dog uses the human as a ‘tool’ for several activities and daily life. Dogs are quickly becoming a popular choice among young parents worldwide as a choice of adoption in order to start a family. The dog has transcended into a higher-order relation with humans and is at the epitome of the degree of intimacy.

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1.5 Aim & Objectives of Research Aim To validate the Phenomenology of Architecture as a theory (that is predominantly an anthropocentric theory) and estimate its application in cases of canine-human interaction.

Objectives • • •

To assess the validity of phenomenology of architecture if extended to non-human (in this case, canine) subjects.

To study the depth of the canine-human relationship in today’s ethos and assess its circumstance in the Indian context.

To identify shared spaces of canine-human interaction and assess any scarcity or aspirational value.

1.6 Scope and Limitations The theory of Phenomenology of Architecture extends itself to a large array of fields that could manifest its postulates in. The study would retain the phenomenological separation of object and subject but simply extend the boundary of the subject(human) i.e. the inclusion of other sentients/perceptive beings; animals. The study would focus on understanding the canine-human relationship and understanding its relevance in the Indian context in order to ground the research to everyday society.

Within the arena of animals, the study is focused on dogs and the age-old canine-human bond. In terms of space, there were three categories of spaces where the canine-human interaction takes place. 1) Animal-assisted therapy spaces 2) Kennels for the rescued and stray 3) Spaces for specialised training. The study aims to focus on the third category as it paves the appropriate path for the architectural argument. Training spaces are not entirely in favour of the human or the dog, they are a space for mutual growth and cognitive development.

The space fosters a symbiotic relationship and caters equally to the dog as to the human. The study would also include rehoming abandoned and/or aggressive dogs in order to reassociate them with atmospheres of safety and trust.

The phenomenology of architecture depends on the subjectivity of perception. However, humans are not the only perceptive beings.

Therefore, is the theory applicable to other perceptive beings? Can phenomenological treatment of space, enhance areas of shared perception, in turn, enriching therianthropic relations?

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02

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Atmospheres 2.2 The Eyes of the Skin 2.3 Experiencing Architecture 2.4 ‘Hapticity: Architecture of the Senses’ 2.5 The Situationist City 2.6 Understanding dog-human companionship

2.1 Atmospheres

Architectural Environments, Surrounding Objects

Peter Zumthor

Zumthor’s ‘atmospheres’ was the first reference to the research in understanding new approaches to design. This book is a transcription of a lecture that Peter Zumthor gave in 2003. He has spoken profoundly about architecture that ‘moves’ oneself. His pursuit in designing spaces was always geared towards certain experiences that he came across in his childhood or adult life. The idea of the presentation was to understand how one defines ‘quality’ in architecture. It is when a building manages to move the soul and one could achieve it by introducing certain ‘atmospheres’ in their work.

Zumthor defines his atmospheres into nine parts, namely; body, material compatibility, the sound of space, temperature of space, surrounding objects, movement through space, the inside & outside, level of intimacy and the light. One could argue that these are Zumthor’s ‘Elements of Spacemaking’. The way one goes about designing a space is not through the usual predesign process but a strong image of what experience the designer aims to impart. The reading was an insight into a stronger understanding of sensorial stimulus. There is also a mention of a comparison of architecture and music where there are some pieces of music that strike the chord immediately while some take time to grow. The analogy according to Zumthor is applicable to space production as well where the initial impression the spaces creates is extremely powerful and never ceases to ‘move’ the self.

2.2 The Eyes of the Skin Architecture and the Senses

Juhani Pallasmaa

The book cemented the concept of phenomenology in architecture and is based upon Merleau-Ponty’s ideology while adding on to Norberg-Schulz’s architectural writings on the same. Pallasmaa writes about the hegemony of vision and how it is extremely evident in writings of Greek philosophers and hence translated into architectural design through the introduction of proportions that are used for facade and fenestration design. Throughout the ages, these ideas were adopted in the Modern era of architecture as well. The book is a collective understanding of these philosophies and critiques that followed these ideas for the birth of phenomenology to occur.

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The first part of the book introduces the ocularcentric bias, the second part presents an extensive understanding of how space perception is a multisensorial phenomenon. The reader is subjected to concepts such as the smell of space, the hapticity in materials etc. In fact, it is only when one touches a surface, that the visual mapping of the surface is fully understood and validated. Through a series of short essays and examples, Pallasmaa creates an essential collection of the readings of the modern understanding of Phenomenology.

2.3 Experiencing Architecture Steen Eiler Rasmussen “...for style is created by the material, the subject, the time, and the man” The book is split into ten chapters that define various aspects of ‘Experiencing Architecture’. Are buildings merely objects or are they a collection of materials carefully crafted and curated to create a whole? The book dives into the inquiry of how architecture is to be understood through lived experience and perception. This book would go on to pave way for architectural phenomenology by introducing a different way of designing the ‘object’ of architecture in a way that is experienced in accordance with the human perception and surrounding environment.

Rasmussen includes a critique of Japanese architecture in his writings and described it as “flat” when compared to Classical architecture. According to him the buildings are ‘thin’ with not enough volume and seem like fine furniture rather than buildings. This critique may be a testament to the era or a lack of understanding of the context and its requirements. Nevertheless, the book manages to convey a different perspective of design when looked at through the lens of the user and the experience.

2.4 ‘Hapticity: Architecture of the Senses’ The Architect’s Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity and Architecture Henry Francis Mallgrave

The author has attempted to amalgamate his understandings of the working of the human brain and relate it to various discourses about space perception discussed in the architectural fraternity. The first part of the book gives an idea of his understanding of writings including Rasmussen and Pallasmaa. This particular chapter presents a scientific perspective on space perception and a close relation of brain activity with various phenomenological ideas. In ‘Hapticity’, Mallgrave argues how the sense of hapticity is an important factor in space perception and is usually missed out on in the attempt to please the eye.

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The research shows scientific evidence of the brain receiving signals from multiple sensory organs and in the end forming one cohesive signal indicating a multisensory mapping of space. In addition to senses, even emotional signals are stored which means that a certain feeling can also be associated with a space. This implies the clear possibility of a feeling triggering the memory of space in the future as well. Among the major endophenotypes1 in mammals, the ones of “seek” and “play” are the ones that are common among all. These relate to curiosity and physical learning aspects in animals. This relation hints at the possibility of interspecies application as well. Hence, the matter of phenomenological, as well as therianthropic perspective, has a pre-theoretical ground for architectural space production if not imply a new ‘ism’ in the field.

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behavioural or hereditary traits in mammals

2.5 The Situationist City Simon Sadler

The Situationist International (SI) addressed themselves as the last avantgarde movement, a movement of considerable influence introducing a program of actions through artistic measures. The SI held a strong opinion and criticism against capitalism and bourgeois society, or “the society of spectacle” as Guy Debord gloriously named it, their revolt was considered as the keystone of postmodernism. Their members had the common opinion that mass post war production and capitalism were a threat to spontaneity and playfulness. Thus, they were delighted by places or building untouched by modernization and capitalism.

Sadler’s work in The Situationist City concentrates on the examination of the urban and architectural theories and practices of the SI. It focuses on the early stages of Situationism in the 1950s within the circumstances of the rapid postwar modernization of France. The book’s meticulously divided sections examine the Situationists’ urban program. A man’s life is a series of ever changing situations. Our birth itself is a situation for us and for those who surround us. Imagine one living without any situation occurring in every minute of one’s life. Man is shaped, changed, improved and destroyed by the sum of situations that happen in every second of every minute of his life. Cities are like us born from situations. After their birth they become a situation and later on they form new ones. Like those who occupy them, cities are a combination of happenings, which is why we find lots of mystery in trying to understand how cities are the way they are. Once we acknowledge the existence of such a concept and apply it amongst many others then and only then can we understand how cities are shaped and what makes them the way they are.

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2.6 Understanding dog-human companionship Michael J. Dotson, Eva M. Hyatt This research paper includes learnings from a survey conducted among 749 dog owners. The study focuses on understanding various aspects of interaction that humans have with their pet dogs. This research identifies seven underlying dimensions that comprise the construct of dog companionship. The dimensions include symbiotic relationship, dog-oriented self-concept, anthropomorphism, activity/youth, boundaries, special purchases, and willingness to adapt. Humans have many reasons for owning pets and one of them is because studies have shown that this relationship is ‘more reliable than a human-human relationship’ (Brickel, 1986).

Table 2.6a : Variable included in dog-human companionship dimensions and associated reliabilities (Source: Michael J. Dotson, Eva M. Hyatt)

The paper discusses Hirschman’s (1994) six reasons for pet ownership which gives an idea into the consumer-behaviourist perspective of the relationship. Further, the research also discusses Belk’s (1996) four main metaphors for describing the pet-human relationship.

It also covers Holbrook et al’s (2001) approach of looking at the pet-human relationship as not just representing self-extending possessions but also consumption opportunities.

Finally, the research has tried to quantify the relationship as opposed to previous attempts, in terms of the seven aforementioned aspects.

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03

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Process 3.2 Global Economic Study 3.3 Design of Quantitative study 3.4 The Adopted A. Interpersonal Relationship B. Economic Understanding C. Spatial Negotiations 3.5 The Abandoned 3.6 Spatial Inferences

Figure 3.1a : Research Methodology flow diagram (Source: Author)

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3.1 Research Process

The research began initially with understanding the theory of phenomenology and various aspects related to it. An extensive literature review and video references provided an in-depth understanding of the discourse.

As a theoretical inquiry, the next step would be to identify areas of application in order to apply the learnings of the theory. This would imply either narrowing down on an architectural typology, site or a user group/community. An identification of the presence or absence of phenomenological values would lead to the selction of the area of intervention. However, on exploring the current application, it is evident that the theory is universally accepted and is being applied in all kinds of typologies. Thereon, the research stemmed into proposing an extension to the theory itself by introducing the possbility of a therianthropic ‘subject’.

Once the canine-human relationship was established as the ‘subject’ in question, a separate study of both the entities was required.

This meant, studying a canine-human relationship which is equal and symbiotic in nature, i.e. the relation of pet and owner. Moreover, it was not only theoretically that the subject required a backing but also a real world understanding of the consumerism involved in the pet care industry. This economic study would help cement the relevance of the subject for the thesis. A quantitative survey was also carried out to understand the relevance of the human-canine relationship in the Indian context.

Inferences from the quantitative study provided clues to spatial requirements and aspirations of potential users. The information also prompted case studies related to sute and programmes. The site selection criteria is the first area where phenomenology kicks in during the design process. Finally, the research gave way to forming a symbiotic programme as the concluding note of the research process.

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Figure 3.2a : Global hotspots of pet ownership (Source: Author)

3.2 Global economic study The world is the evidence of an emerging pet culture. Pet ownership is becoming a popular choice among families today, especially the younger generation of parents. A general demographic shows that wealthier families are more likely to own a pet dog. Historically, dogs have been seen as well groomed, well fed members of wealthy families through Reniassance paintings, mainly due to pet keeping traditions in European countries.

However, pet ownership is not a matter limited to the wealthy class and several families adopt and accept a pet dog as a family member. There was a 25% rise in dog ownership seen during the COVID-19 pandemic alone.

This number also indicates a huge boom in the pet care industry which makes an ever-increasing market today for entrepreneurs who are looking to build a profitable business.

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In North American cities, owning a dog can cost up to $500 a month as of 2020.

Despite the somewhat expensive arrangement, families continue to adopt/buy dogs. It is observed that the average American dog parent will also take out time to go on treks and hikes with their dog and actively take part in physical activities with them. Lately, there has been a rise in demand of pet products in Asian countries signifying the popularity of the industry. With the increase in pet ownership, healthcare and spending, Asias pet care market grew 14.3% annually from the years 2016 to 2021. This also gave rise new kinds of advancements in the industry including pet grooming, pet spas, special oil massage and therapy, pet resorts and daycares. Several hospitality chains have started to ease their policy on allowing pets into their establishments and also created an opportunity for pet friendly hotels, shops, malls and restaurants.

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Pet ownership has grown multifold in India in the past decade. A major rise in the pet industry is also due to more and more middle class families adopting pets. It is only in the past few years that families largely came to accept that their pet dogs require a special diet and different treatment as opposed to humans. However the idea of anthropomorphising ones pet is not lost. Expenditure of Indian families and subsequent need of pet products has also increased in the past decade due to this increasingly popular culture. Owing to this situation, the Indian pet care industry is among the fastest growing markets in the world with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17% till the year 2024. It is expected to reach INR 5,457 Crore by the year 2025 registering at a CAGR of 19%.

On a surface level research of the economics of the subject itself, it is evident that the pet-owner relationship is extremely relevant in the Indian context. Dogs are a more popular choice of pets among Indian families due to certain consumption opportunities the relationship possesses. In addition, the pet care industry is only projected to increases in the future. This economic study provided an insight into the consumerist perspective of the canine-human relationship.

3.3 Design of Quantitative study In order to ground the research to the Indian context, a quantitative survey was designed specifically to trigger an architetcural inquiry into the topic. The survey would prove to be the most pivotal point of the thesis because till now, all research and arguments proposed related to the topic were purely on theoretical and hypothetical grounds. With the help of a survey, the research will be able to quantify itself into a real world application and furthermore, a probable architectural manifestation based on the response.

The survey is divided into two categories, the adopted and the abandoned. Using questionnaires and interviews, several aspects of the canine-human relationship were studied. The interviews under adopted covered the perspective of canine behaviourists, trainers and dog walkers. These relationships are helpful in understanding psychological perspectives. These interviews seemed to have negligible relevance and provided little insight on the architectural inquiry. The questionnaire was targeted specifically towards dog owners whose perspective was the most important of all and played a large role in the programme formulation. The questionnaire provided information on three main aspects, interpersonal relationship, economics and spatial negotitations of a canine-human relationship. Interviews from animal rescuers were also taken to understand how reassociation and training in abandoned dogs is done.

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Figure 3.3a : Design of Quantitative study flow diagram (Source: Author)

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3.4 The Adopted A. Interpersonal relationship Knowing the degree of interpersonal relationship between the dog and the owner helps understand the level of anthropomorphisation and the bond they share. It hints towards a general understanding of the relevance of the relationship in todays’ time and the Indian context.

Figure 3.4a : Interpersonal relationships survey response 1 (Source: Author)

Figure 3.4b : Interpersonal relationships survey response 2 (Source: Author)

Most people consider the pet to be a member of their family and decided to adopt/buy one to be a constant companion at home. Most Indian families indulge in humanizing or anthropomorphizing their pet dog to the degree where they identify themselves as their parents, talk to them and even look to them for comfort.

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Figure 3.4c : Interpersonal relationships survey response 3 (Source: Author)

Studies show how dogs can sense pheromones of feelings and emotions of their caregivers specifically very strongly and provide comfort in tough times. Dogs have learned to pick up on human social cues and reciprocate feelings. They understand certain voice registers and relate to it as friendly or hostile if not understand the language completely. Their interpersonal relationship also turns into an intimate sharing space for individuals as they can help them cope in difficult times.

Figure 3.4d : Interpersonal relationships survey response 4 (Source: Author)

On several occasions, dogs have also helped owners socialise with people. Here a social element of the relationshhip is uncovered. Both, humans and dogs are extremely social beings and thrive in each others company. During the COVID-19 pandemic itself, we have all come to realise how imperative the social aspect of life is. The human-canine relationship helps several families fulfil that necessity. Due to this reason, many responses showed how a dogs presence is taken into consideration while considering a job as well. A 100% of the responses agreed that spending more time with their dog, strengthens their bond.

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B. Economic Understanding An economic understanding of owning a dog gives insight into the degree of caregiving humans would indulge in for their pet. It also helps in deciding certain aspects of programmatic interventions that could prove necessary in later stages of the research.

Figure 3.4e : Economic understanding survey response 1 (Source: Author)

It is only in the last decade that many families accepted that the dog has different dietary requirements and needs different food from what humans consume. Despite that, many families feed their dog home cooked food. However, the level of awareness is only increasing and in turn boosting the pet food industry in the country.

Figure 3.4f : Economic understanding survey response 2 (Source: Author)

In several families, the pet dog is treated like a small child and provided with all sorts of accessories and toys.

This only reinforces the anthropomorphisation that pet dogs recieve among humans. This could be the result of genuine love and treatment akin to that of a beloved child or to spoil them with toys in order to keep them busy inside homes since the urban dog parent may not have much time to spend with their pet.

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Figure 3.4g : Economic understanding survey response 3 (Source: Author)

Along with spending on food and other accessories, a major chunk of a dog owners expenditure is on healthcare.

Most families claim to visit their vet for a regular check up on a monthly basis. This is more frequent than they would visit for themselves or anyone else in the family. In fact, healthcare accounts for the highest expenditure among dog owners and is not compromised against.

Figure 3.4h : Economic understanding survey response 4 (Source: Author)

With more families adopting pet dogs, the pet care industry has shown a noticable increase in the types of services they provide as well. Along with having toys, food, accessories and healthcare, they now have grooming, specialised treatments like massages and spas for pets as well. With owning a dog also acting like a status symbol, the image of the dog is also something several families wish to maintain. Although it is not a regular expense for most families according to the survey, it is occasionally that many would indulge in grooming their dog professionally. On analysing the overall data recieved from the survey across 102 families, it is concluded that the average dog owner spends INR 50,000-65,000 annually on their pet dog. This purely goes on to show the extent till which an Indian family will go till, to try and give their pet dog the highest degree of comfort and humane treatment. This indicates the impetus of a pet dog among Indian families and that it is looked after like a regular beloved family member.

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C. Spatial Negotiations Having a dog as a pet entails several different responsibilities, one of them being present with your dog during their physical activities. It was imperative to understand various spatial negotiations a human has with their dog in order to understand levels of intervention. The result of the survey helps in understanding the shortcomings and aspirations of the urban dog parent.

Figure 3.4i : Spatial negotiation survey response 1 (Source: Author)

Figure 3.4j : Spatial negotiation survey response 2 (Source: Author)

A majority of responses indicated that they keep their pet dog inside their homes, which sheds light on the fact that the dog has transcended its relationship with humans from being purely a guard dog to a more intimate relationship of the family member. It also suggested that many dog parents are forced to hire behaviourists and give them obedience training because they do not remain calm indoors. One reason for this could be that they do not get as much exercise as they require to tire themselves out. This then leads to them acting out with enthusiasm at home which is beyond the family’s control. This also indicates that there is an element of physical activity that the urban dog parent is not able to fulfil and it is probably due to the lack of dog friendly open spaces in the city.

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Figure 3.4k : Spatial negotiation survey response 3 (Source: Author)

Although professional dog training is not a common occurence in India, it is slowly gaining popularity as an increasing number of families find it difficult to control their dog inside the apartment home. A large number of responses showed that an obedience or behavioural trainer was hired for training their dog. Apart from that, a lot of responses indicated the aspiration of families to consider training their dog for agility courses, therapy and even professional guard dog training.

Figure 3.4l : Spatial negotiation survey response 4 (Source: Author)

Several families actively take part in their dogs daily exercise and indulge in playful activities as well.

Apart from taking their dogs on regular walks, they also try to give them extra training or visit dog parks. The survey however showed that these spaces are seldom easily accessible and tend to be an irrgular experience.

Most dog parents yearn to spend more time with their dogs but do not get the chance to due to lack of infrastructure and accessibility. Many responded positively to being able to go on hikes and treks with their pet but not having access amidst the urban environment.

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Figure 3.5a : Blue Cross Organisation rescues countless strays and abandoned animals (not dogs exclusively) and finds them new homes (Source: Instagram)

3.5 The Abandoned

An alarming number of pets are found homeless on the street, despite being spotted with collars. These are a result of abandonment. Dogs are often abandoned for being too aggressive and having uncontrollable behaviour at home. Many families try to correct this behaviour before abandoning but in many cases it is not fruitful. Some of the reasons for abandonment are also when families decide to move to different places, certain life changing situations occuring in a family and lack of financial stability in order to support an extra family member.

On interviewing an animal rescuer in Mumbai, his views on abandonment seemed to be focused on two main aspects.

1. How should a family respond to a probable abandonment?

2. How to find a new home for the abandoned, that won’t repeat this?

Although the main issue lies with the mindset and the resources of the families, there is a step in between that has to be addressed, that of reassociation. Several dogs on facing abandonment are already aggressive, in addition now they face the fear of losing their family. Before being able to find a new home, it is always a good practice to help them reassociate with humans and train undesirable behaviour out. Reassociation however doesn’t hold an important place in rescue shelters because they are bsuy looking after several other animals and a lack of infrastructure. It then becomes even more difficult to find them homes. In the period post abandonment and pre adoption, is where the humancanine relationship is apparent and helpful.

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3.6 Spatial Inferences

In a collective understanding of dog owners as well as other entities that have regular interaction with dogs, a common set of inferences were observed. Families aspire to spend more time with their dogs in open environments where they get to freely participate in activities. On interviewing behaviourists also it was clear that lack of exercise and activity is causing undesirable behaviour at home. It is clearly established that families would go till quite large extents to fulfil their dogs requirements. If opportunities are created infrastructure wise for these fammilies, it is a high possibility that many dog parents would make use of spaces that allow this interaction to take place. The quantitative survey provided hints towards spatial programmes related to urban greens, landscape trails, healthcare, services and training.

Figure 3.6a : Spatial inferences and programme ideas (Source: Author)

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04

CASE STUDIES 4.1 Theory Oriented A. The Therme Vals B. Ayushakti Health Resort and Wellness Centre 4.2 Programme Oriented A. Always Unleashed Pet Resort B. Barkley Manor 4.3 Site Oriented A. Tainan Spring B. Village of Yorkville Park 4.4 Inferences

4.1 Theory Oriented A. The Therme Vals

Architect: Peter Zumthor Location: Vals, Switzerland Programme: Hotel and Spa Area: 2000 sqm Therme Vals is located at the very source of a natural spring between the five surrounding hotels.

The project reconsiders the idea of bathing and has topographically played with the location of the natural spring to signify that the function and building was born out of the geography. The building is carved into a sloping hill when the geometric pattern slowly reveals the existence of the building.

The Therme Vals was designed as a puzzle of volumes creating circulation in the form of voids within the built. The roof of each volume would be kept 8cm apart from another overhang so as to let in natural light through the gap. This slab was designed as a concrete cantilever roof for the space within and held internally with the help of cables. Since the structure was cared into a hill, it seemed to seamlessly blend into the landscape from one end while from the other, jutting out like a spatial contradiction. The gaps created between the roof slabs gave rise to a geometric pattern which is visible and accessible. The structure was cladded by thin slabs of the local stone.

Figure 4.1a : External view showing building facade being revealed along the hill slope (Source: ArchDaily)

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Figure 4.1b : View of private spa room (Source: ArchDaily)

Figure 4.1c : Sketches by Peter Zumthor for Therme Vals (Source: re-thinkingfuture)

Initial drawings expressed the architects vision of the stark volumes and the desired colour and temperature of space. The drawings were able to express a conceptual idea of the circulation through the buitlt form as well. The deep understanding of colour and temperature is translated into tangible space. The stone is carefully crafted to stack in similar widths every three courses so that it looks random yet definite. Volumes are stacked next to one another with a gap between the slab to leave space for natural light to accentuate the volumes.

Figure 4.1d : Internal view showing corridor being lit by the accented skylight (Source: ArchDaily)

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B. Ayushakti Health Resort and Wellness Centre Architect: SJK Architects Location: Mumbai, India Programme: Health resort and Wellness centre Area: 1200 sqm Ayushakti Health Resort is a 5 storied building nestled within the chaos and pollution of the city. It has a restaurant, an OPD, waiting and beauty parlors. The building uses light colours on its facade coupled with the warm wooden accents of the jarokhas and wooden posts that stand out as expression elements on its facade. The blinds also use warm bamboo drop down shades that are soothing on the eyes. The balconies use the warm colour scheme further with the parapet elegantly turning into a seating, The red stone finishes goes well with the wooden accents and the tan background. A subtle segmented arch is used to frame the openings.

Figure 4.1f : View of Wellness Centre cafeteria (Source: SJK Architects)

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Figure 4.1e : View of hotel corridor (Source: SJK Architects)

The project is able to blend a small piece of calm into the noise of the city by using the concept of biophilia to shroud the built form. The penthoue floor has a terrace to step out into which plays with the textures on the ground to provide a rich sensorially invigorating experience to the user. The design aims to induce the healing and relaxing through the spatial quality and not just through function and it succeeds to do so. This structure is an ideal example of providing a sensorially rich expererience to the urban user in the middle of the city.

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

4.2 Programme Oriented A. Always Unleashed Pet Resort Location: Phoenix, United States of America Programme: Pet resort and Daycare Area: 1500 sqm

Always Unleashed is a pet resort based in Phoenix, Arizona. It is a daycare facility for dogs marketed as a resort for boarding pets. The facility houses kennels, a grooming services, a shaded play pen and a swimming pool for pets.

The shaded parts are for the extreme climate of Arizona state. Apart from this, the facility also offers agility courses to keep the dogs occupied.

The swimming pool is a great idea beating the harsh climate and create an interesting and more playful space for the dogs. The play pen has soft grass turfs with furniture and benches of the same material.

Figure 4.2a : Outdoor view of the pet resort (Source: Always Unleashed)

The outdoor space also has the function to allow supervision over the dogs. The pool is shallow enough for a small dog to swim and a big dog to stand. The daycare as a function is extremely relevant due to the lack of pet friendly spaces we experience everyday. It is the only place where a family can entrust the wellbeing of their dog when they eventually plan for outstation trips.

Figure 4.2b : Outdoor view of covered play area (Source: Always Unleashed)

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B. Barkley Manor Location: Auckland, New Zealand Programme: Dog training and Daycare Area: 1800 sqm

Barkley Manor is a dog and puppy training institute and daycare facility. In addition they host an in house grooming facility. The institute is placed fairly inland being easily accessible to city dwellers and is located in the elevated area of residential Grey Lynn. There are several pet friendly restaurants, parks and pet shops in the vicinity of the institute. Adjacent to the Barkley Manor is the Arch Hills scenic reserve which is an open, pet friendly green space. There is vehicular access to the building which is connected to the arterial road running through the neighbourhood.

Figure 4.2c : Indoor view of Barkley Manor’s daycare area (Source: Barkley Manor)

Figure 4.2d : Aerial view of Barkley Manor showing the factory shed-like structure (Source: Google Earth)

Barkley Manor makes use of the open plan typology to create play pens and training spaces within the facility. Open areas are kept for training of the dogs and separate enclosed structures are created within for the daycare and grooming functions. The training areas are also separated using short wooden partitions. The facility brings in natural light and ventilation with openings placed along the walls and skylights in the roof using transparent roofing sheets.

Figure 4.2e : Indoor view of Barkley Manor’s play pen (Source: Barkley Manor)

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The training institute is situated in the middle of a dense urban fabric in a residential part of the city. This leads to easier access to the facility and a loyal clientele. The facility has a small backyard for dogs to access. More importantly it is strategically placed in a area which has an open accessible green space for the dogs to play in.

Figure 4.2f : Site map showing surrounding residential neighbourhood (Source: Author)

Figure 4.2g : Outdoor play area (Source: Barkley Manor)

To achieve an open plan for the institute, portal frames have been used as the structural system to achieve a large column free span. This makes it possible to design any interior partitions within the span. This design approach makes it possible for trainers to curate limitless configurations of partitions and obstacle courses. The location of the training facility should be selected taking into consideration proximity to dense residential areas in the city. The site should also have access to open spaces in close proximity as well so that the dogs, owners and their trainers can use them for playful activities.

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4.3 Site Oriented A. Tainan Spring

Figure 4.3a : Aerial view of Tainan Spring showing immediate context (Source: MVRDV)

Architect: MVRDV Location: Tainan, Taiwan Programme: Public water park & Retail spaces Area: 8000 sqm

Figure 4.3b : View of Tainan Spring from the public water park (Source: MVRDV)

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Tainan Spring is a public hot spring designed by MVRDV in the middle of the Tainan city. It is the size of two urban blocks in the city surrounded by the hustle of the rest of the city. Nestled within the chaos of traffic and constant flux is this urban oasis. The innovation lies in the way the spatial design has been resolved sectionally. The spa takes shape on a level below the road to which access is provided from the public sidewalk of the urban block. Below the road are commercial shops, changing rooms and eateries.

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Legend Ground Level - Landscape

Ground Level - Hardscape

-1 Level - Water park

The sequence of spaces and levels of intimacy has been resolved by simply shifting the functions below the road level, away from direct eye contact or disturbance from the street and road. The sidewalk behaves like any other public sidewalk in the city and also providing access to the floor below. The Tainan spring remains visible and public always, only separated by the use of levels hence giving it the illusion of being private despite being public.

Figure 4.3c : View from the street showing sectional zoning (Source: MVRDV)

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Figure 4.3d : Ground Floor Plan of Tainan Spring (Source: MVRDV)

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B. Village of Yorkville Park

Architect: Martha Schwartz Partners Location: Toronto, Canada Programme: Public Park Area: 3800 sqm

The Village of Yorkville Park is an urban park designed by Martha Schwartz in the middle a busy district in Toronto. The concept of the park is to recreate the Victorian Garden Box but on a larger scale of a park in the middle of urban blocks and with native Canadian trees. What is most interesting about this project is how the entire project has been juxtaposed with the brick and concrete surrounding by this landscape project.

Figure 4.3e : Aerial view of the Village of Yorkville Park (Source: Martha Schwartz Partners)

The location of the project is key. The park lies in the middle of the busiest part of the town, with the plot surrounded by Victorian buildings, hence the concept of the Victorian garden box. The design tries to explore several different textures, microclimates, activate different parts in different seasons and create an almost linear yet dispersed experience. The periphery of the park is served as a footpath as a result of which the actual park also remains a completely open and accessible public space.

Figure 4.3f : Village of Yorkville Park expressed in Plan and Elevation drawings (Source: Martha Schwartz Partners)

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4.4 Inferences The theoretical case studies have a deep understanding of colour and its relation with the space shown intently. The colour also matches the temperature of a certain space with equal importance given to the material palette. Natural light is not just used as a resource, in addition it has been employed as an accent to highlight the planning and construction process. Phenomenology is not something that is merely adopted as an approach but the elements can also be showcased proudly on the exterior. In terms of the conception of the idea, the idea is always accompanied with a strong image. An image speaking about the experience to be curated. The image talks about colour, texture, temperature, light and form. The images are never final, always raw but detailed. Phenomenology is about imparting experience; sensorial experience. It cannot simply be theoretically planned and executed without being accompanied by a strong image first.

The programmatic case studies showed that dog training facilities need vast open spaces with no obstruction in the planning or the open space. Hence, all the training facilities have opted the structure to be designed as a long span portal framed structure to allow column free spans. Wherever possible, open outdoor spaces have been made available for training as well as activities to happen. Taking into consideration climate, few of the outdoor spaces are also covered or shaded for the comfort of the dog. Almost all the training spaces also have either a grooming or a daycare facility in addition as it serves as a good revenue generating service to the customers even after training is complete. In all of the spaces a lot of consideration has been given to the material palette. The floor especially is made sure is either a natural grass turf or a soft to touch rubber mat. Even the colours have been given due importance for the dogs limited vision and as a bright and appealing visual to the dog parent.

In the site oriented studies, both the examples made interesting use of public space and interpreted the edges of the negotiation of the city, street and plot in a unique way. Most projects had one thing in common, they all were situated in the middle of a densely populated part of the city and had a very limited area to work with, hence they came up with very innovative solutions to tackle the problem of space through degrees of publicness or sectional undulation. All projects yearned for a larger intent of the function to be a part of the fabric of the city and not just a standalone project for semi private usage. These examples inform and provide clues to dealing with plots in the middle of a dense fabric and how open spaces, public edges and functions can be negotiated in a unique manner of interpretation.

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05

SITE SELECTION 5.1 Relation of site and ‘subject’ 5.2 Site selection criteria 5.3 Site Options A. JVPD Scheme Plot No. 15, Juhu B. Maratha Mandal, Bandra(E) C. Birla Centurion, Worli 5.4 Comparative Analysis

5.1 Relation of site and ‘subject’ As important as it is to understand the phenomenological aspect of the research along with its relation to therianthropic relations, it is equally so to find a suitable site for the programme. There are already spatial inferences from the quantitative study which suggest programmatic interventions. Some of them also give ideas for specific case studies. The survey showed a large number of the population being situated in the densely populated cities, majorly in Mumbai. It only seemed relevant to consider the Mumbai Metropolitan region for consideration of the site.

The survey seemed to highlight certain problems that specifically the urban dog parent faces on the daily basis. Certain programme case studies provided solutions to specialised problems such as training, daycare, pet resorts etc. However, none of them seemed to address the daily problems that dog parents face. The thesis therefore moves towards the direction of proposal of a space of therianthropic interaction that are relevant in everyday society and daily life. The analysis indicates the necessity for a space within public domain, with public access and inclusive in nature.

5.2 Site selection criteria 1. The site needs to be located within Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

2. The site needs to be in close proximity to a Residential zone for prospect of users.

3. The site has to be located within a dense urban region of the city in order to facilitate urban regeneration and re-sensitisation.

4. There should be easy access to the site from other major neighbourhoods of the city, hence it has to be centrally located.

5. The site need to have an open green space in close proximity or have enough space for creating one within the site.

6. The site should be located within a dog friendly neighbourhood.

7. The site should have a minimum of 2 public edges or the opportunity for creating more than 1 public edge to increase engagement with the programme.

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5.3 Site Options

Juhu

Bandra

Worli

Figure 5.3a : Location of potential sites in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (Source: Author)

Upon analysing the selection criteria, the neighbourhoods of Worli, Bandra and Juhu were seen as the best options. The main reason being that all these areas are somewhat centrally located in the city and have good connectivity via various transit networks throughout the city. In addition, these are developed and considerably well off neighbourhoods with a positive mix of users around the vicinity. A detailed study of each site explains further reasons of selection.

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Figure 5.3b : JVPD Scheme, Juhu (Source: Google Earth)

A. JVPD Scheme Plot No. 15, Juhu The JVPD Scheme along with the Juhu circle is an area within Vile Parle towards the northern suburbs of Mumbai. The area has a lot of housing schemes along with bungalows of wealthy families. There are several educational and healthcare institutions surrounding the site. The area is well kept and has a lot of greenery along the roads as well. The plot is located within the Juhu circle and is surrounded by quiet streets and residential mid-rise buildings.

Figure 5.3c : Approach towards the site from internal road (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3d : Collector street overlooking residential buildings (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3e : DP 2034 of JVPD Scheme, Juhu (Source: DP Remarks 2034)

Pros:

Cons:

1. Quiet residential area

1. Not well connected to southern neighbourhoods

2. Developed area 3. Dog owning population in immediate surrounding

2. Not situated on main road hence access to the site could be an issue

4. Public edges available

Figure 5.3f : Entrance to the site, currently redundant (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3g : Site overlooking an under construction residential high rise (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3h : Bandra East area with Maratha Mandal site (Source: Google Earth)

B. Maratha Mandal, Bandra (E) The site is situated in the Bandra East suburb of of Mumbai. It is directly opposite the Chetana College and is connected to the Western Express Highway which connects the western suburbs of the city. Currently, the site is unoccupied and unkept. The south-eastern edge of the site is currently occupied by informal settlements and the side facing the circular juntion has a public toilet. The feel of the site itself is not desirable however the site is largest in area out of all.

Figure 5.3i : Site as seen from entrance of Chetana College (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3j : Informal settlements on the site edge (Source: Author)

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Figure 5.3k : DP 2034 of Bandra East area (Source: DP Remarks 2034)

Pros:

Cons:

1. Large public edges

1. Area is not developed enough

2. Unique site morphology

2. Adjoining informal settlements to the plot 3. Public toilet amenity adjoined to the plot 4. Connectivity from other neighbourhoods is bad

Figure 5.3l : Site edge overlooking Chetana College (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3m : Public toilet and government utility along the site edge (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3n : Doordarshan area, Worli (Source: Google Earth)

C. Birla Centurion, Worli The plot is situated in Worli, near the Doordarshan office. Several landmarks are present nearby which makes the site easy to access. The plot is adjacent to Birla Centurion which is a commercial hub and opposite the Kamala Mills compound which is a well known nightlife district. There are mixed housing typologies situated nearby and a healthy mix of residential neighbourhoods. Several high end residential complexes are being developed nearby as well which makes for a good prospect of future clientele.

Figure 5.3o : Site boundary as seen across the road (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3p : Site edge covered with natural greenery (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3q : DP 2034 of Doordarshan area, Worli (Source: DP Remarks 2034)

Pros: 1. Centrally located between Mumbai and suburbs

Cons: South

2. Close proximity to public open space 3. Close vicinity to commercial hub

1. Only single public edge 2. Residential area few blocks away 3. Lack of engagement with pedestrians due tp space restriction

4. Future development and prospect of clientele

Figure 5.3r : The streets are shaded well by tall trees (Source: Author)

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Figure 5.3s : Wide road makes sure that no congestion of traffic is caused (Source: Author)

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5.4 Comparative Analysis

SITE CRITERIA

PREFERRED CONDITION

BIRLA CENTURION

MARATHA MANDAL

JVPD PLOT 15

LOCATION

PROXIMITY

PROXIMITY

Within Mumbai

Proximity to Residential Zone

Dog friendly open space

Worli

Residential zone within 1km radius

Bandra East

Residential zone within 1km radius

Juhu

Within residential zone

ACCESS

Easy access from dog At le owning neighbourhoods

Worli sea face

Access from BandraWorli sea link as well as Coastal road in the future

Mo sp

Joggers park

Access from Bandra West and Western Express Highway

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Kaifi Azmi park

Situated within a major dog owning neighbourhood

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Table 5.4a : Comparative analysis of site options (Source: Author)

The comparative analysis for the three sites was done across 8 different factors that each played an important role in indicating the most suitable site for the intervention.

The analysis showed that quantitatively, the Worli and Juhu sites were the front-runners with the Bandra (E) site being the least suitable. ‘Table 5.4a’ shows the factors and the highlighted cells as the winning conditions.

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S P OP

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

SPACE ON PLOT FOR OPEN SPACE

ESS

from dog At least 50% space ing available urhoods

m Bandrank as well oad in the ure

More than 70% space available

m Bandra Western Highway

33% reserved

within a g owning urhood

50% reserved

PUBLIC EDGES

PHENOMENOLOGY

ACTIVATION

LOCALITY

Minimum 1 public Edge

In need of treatment

In need of street activation

Availability of clientele

Facing 1 sub arterial road

Vicinity is in a In need of commercial hub phenomenological but the opposite treatment road isnt activated

In need of 2 public edges phenomenological and 2 unavailable treatment

All 4 public edges

Inherently pleasant

Yes

Nearby college activities

Partially

Quiet residential area

Yes

The comparative analysis could only give so much while the rest was left to qualitative factors of each site. In terms of site activation, the Juhu site showed a better environment to design in. Hence, the phenomenological aspect of the Worli site was weaker. The site selection at this junction was pivotal because this would decide the default condition of the site. The Juhu site offered an inherently pleasant site to work with while the Worli site was in need of some phenomenological treatment. Quantitatively the Juhu site wins here but in qualitative aspects, the Worli site provides the opportunity for the design to incorporate value addition to the existing condition of the street and surrounding. Hence the Worli site was decided to be taken forward as the final site.

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06

SITE ANALYSIS 6.1 Phenomenological Concerns 6.2 Site Mapping A. Satellite Map B. Lynch Analysis C. Figure and Ground D. Road Network E. Housing Typology F. Vegetation 6.3 Context Study A. Site History B. Surrounding Activities C. SWOT Analysis

Figure 6.1a : Psychogeographical mapping of Worli site and surrounding (Source: Author)

6.1 Phenomenological Concerns

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As mentioned in the comparative analysis, the phenomenological condition of the Juhu site was pleasant as compared to the other two. On selection of the Worli site, the first thing was to map and represent its phenomenology through Guy Debord’s Psychogeographical mapping method. The map illustrates various visuals, smells, sounds and also emotions one goes through while lingering around the site. There are various cut off as well as undesirable conditions on site which the final design proposal would intend to address.

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6.2 Site Mapping A. Satellite Map

Figure 6.2a : Satellite map of site (Source: Google Earth)

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B. Lynch Analysis

Doordarshan Office

Mahindra Towers

Passport Office

Nightlife Hub

Figure 6.2b : Kevin Lynch mapping of the site (Source: Author)

The analysis helped in mapping the change in grain of the built environment and different typologies. The edges help understand very specific boundaries and privacy of land. The seemingly empty areas where no texture was observed is the area chosen for the site which is in need of activation and is situated in a rich & varied urban fabric. The map indicates several landmarks around the site which makes it easier for accessibility of site.

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C. Figure & Ground

Figure 6.2c : Figure & Ground mapping of site (Source: Author)

D. Road Network Arterial Road Sub-arterial Road Collector Street

Figure 6.2d : Road network mapping of site (Source: Author)

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E. Housing Typology

Figure 6.2e : Housing typology mapping of site (Source: Author)

Low rise - High density Mid rise -High density High rise - High density

‘Figure 6.2c’ shows the Figure & ground map of the site. The figure is fine in grain which indicates that the street patterns are easily navigable and intersections are not too far apart from each other.

The site offers opportunities of wandering and discovery. The grain also indicates lesser traffic.

‘Figure 6.2d’ shows the road network map that indicates presence of arterial roads at both ends of the sub arterial road that the site is situated on. In line with what the fine grain figure-ground indicates, the site and it’s surrounding does not face too much traffic congestion.

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‘Figure 6.2e’ illustrates the housing typologies around the site. It is important to understand this lens because residential components of the area comprise the primary users of the site. The maximum canine-human users will hail from the nearby neighbourhoods. An understanding of the housing typologies helps to know the different sects of society that the site will be able to cater to. This is done understanding the building heights and the density. The site surrounding has a good mix of high rise, mid rise and low rise with high density.

This also indicates a desirable mix of income groups and diversity of users.

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F. Vegetation

Figure 6.2f : Vegetation mapping of site (Source: Author)

The vegetation around the site is mainly scattered along the road and consists of the taller shading trees. These include the Banyan trees, Peepal trees and Rain trees.

Occasionally the coconut palm trees and neem trees are spotted but they are not high in number. The site surrounding does not have any open ground or accessible green space in the vicinity.

Figure 6.2g : Peepal Tree (Source: Author)

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Figure 6.2h : Rain Tree (Source: Author)

Figure 6.2i : Banyan Tree (Source: Author)

Exploring the application of Phenomenology in Therianthropic ‘subjects’

Figure 6.3a : An abandoned textile mill at Century Mills (Source: Kunal Ghevaria/Culture Trip)

6.3 Context Study

A. Site History Mumbai’s path to becoming the financial capital of the country went through the road of industrialization. Mumbai was the industrial hub in the 19th century and this was because of the textile mills that were being set up.

India’s first cotton mill was set up here which was the catalyst for growth in many other parts of the country. These mills were of utmost importance to its economy till thr 20th century but now only remnants of these mills prevail.

As these mills lost their relevance, solutions of adaptive reuse started being implemented on them. A lot of these mills were revamped and repurposed as commercial hubs and eateries. The mill compounds have now been transformed into party and shopping districts. The Kamala mills compound happens to be one of them which is opposite the selected plot.

The plot is a part of the former Century mills compound which is yet to be completely transformed. A small part of the land however has already been developed by the Aditya Birla Group.

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B. Surrounding Activities

Figure 6.3b : Kamala mills entrance from the Worli end (Source: Author)

The site is situated in a busy commercial hub where a lot of crowd hails from different parts of the city. Some offices in the area are new such as the Cowrks in Birla Centurion which is a coworking space. However, this area has always been a major work district. The Doordarshan office is located nearby which is a major landmark. Apart from that, Mahindra Towers and the Passport office were also in the vicinity since a long time. Hence a lot of hustle is seen from office going crowd.

The area also has a lot of revamped mills such as the Kamala mills, Todi mills, Phoenix mills, Raghuvanshi mills and slowly even the Century mills compound. The former have been transformed almost entirely and hence a lot of young users are also seen in the vicinity. The Kamala mills compound especially, which is opposite the site, has a large footfall of young people who indulge in paintball, bowling and go-karting. The usual adult crowd is seen filling the place as night falls since the area is a well known nightlife district of the city.

Figure 6.3c : A nearby park for pause (Source: Author)

As a result of these mills housing several clubs, restaurants, offices etc, there is a large number of food and grocery services that visit early morning. Apart from that, the street opens up to various food vendors, printing shops and tea stalls that tend to the office crowd. The area is inviting of various other users who visit the nearby Jain temple and the Bombay Dying store as well.

Figure 6.3d : Birla Centurion entrance (Source: Author)

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C. SWOT Analysis

Figure 6.3e : SWOT Analysis of site (Source: Author)

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07

ARCHITECTURAL INTENT 7.1 Architectural Inquiry A. The Theoretical Approach B. Neuroscientific Concern C. Of Shared Perception D. A Viable Business Model 7.2 Aim & Objectives of Design 7.3 Hypothesis Statement 7.4 Design Proposal A. Design Goals B. Design Intent C. Design Programme Bibliography Research References Case Study references List of Figures List of Tables

7.1 Architectural Inquiry A. The Theoretical Approach

The crux of the project lies in the phenomenological inquiry of space.

However it being a tried and tested, neuroscientifically grounded theory of space perception and design, it remains an anthropocentric theory. All spaces proposed for the human subject through this theory have been justified or found theoretical inquiry. The way to raise an argument for proposing something new was by expanding the ‘subject’.

Hence the discourse is applied to further it’s application in a world where pet ownership and dog adoption is quickly becoming a popular choice of families. The survey hints a yearning for spaces for interaction of people with their pet dog in the city by creating open and accessible spaces for the Urban dog parent within the urban context. The design will therefore move towards a tangible, physical manifestation of space born out of this research. The project however at its core is a theoretical inquiry; a case in point to test whether this theory is applicable to non-human subjects as well. If the canine-human subject proves successful then maybe a different ‘subject’ can be explored further. This research is only meant to be a trigger or a starting point for the larger question to be answered.

B. Neuroscientific Concern

The aim of the project is to eventually propose spaces of shared perception using the theory of phenomenology as the basis. This would be implemented through a series of diagramming and curating experiences for the human and canine lens. The former is neuroscientifically possible but the latter is beyond complete scientific comprehension as of today. Therefore a lot of the perceptive experiences for the canine lens will prove to be hypothetical in nature and validated through trial and error.

However, working on grounds set by psychogeographical study, the addition of a public accessible city/street scape helps the cause of phenomenology reach a larger human population. This is because every human that comes in contact with the intervention will experience the space and the public edges can cater to somatosensory perception of space if designed with the intent. The use of open spaces can be done for breaks from nearby offices and short getaways from the rich and diverse, neighbourhood. To respond to the neuroscientific concern of the research, it is conclusive that the project cannot be limted strictly to the primary users of the intended architectural intervention. It has to open to a wide array of users and engage with everyone who traverses the street. The project should pour itself into the open and accessible map of the city.

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C. Of Shared Perception

A large portion of the design project and its workability depends on the resolution of the shared perception; that of humans and canine together.

The difference between both perceptions is quite vast and a few facts of canine perception still remain unknown till date. That being established, it is still very much possible to study what is available on canine perception and understand where overlaps with that of human perception occurs.

The way forward after the conclusion of the research would be to understand canine perception and propose models of ideal scenarios of space modulation and experience through the new lens. A major part of the pre-design research would include understanding hybrid, overlaps and split human-canine perception. An ergonomic study before detailed design would also prove helpful as a part of understanding space from the perspective of a different species altogether. From information available, it is proven that both brains have sometosensory perception, hence the way forward would be to identify the overlap of somatosensory functions.

D. A Viable Business Model

Pet adoption has gained immense popularity in India in the last few decades and has especially increased during the pandemic. With the increase in adoption there was also a subsequent increase in the pet care industry. As the global economic study done previously showed that a business in the pet care industry is extremely profitable today. If the design programme is economically sustainable, it could prove to be a profitable investment opportunity for several corporations.

The programme to begin with is educational in nature. In addition it is advocating stray adoption and reassociation of abandoned dogs. With the addition of certain revenue generating components, the programme can be made into a self-sustaining business model which can be then taken up as a Corporate Social Responsibility by any company. The site selected for the proposal happens to be land which is realistically today under the Aditya Birla Group. If the company spends its resources on a programme that is innovative and promotes a sustainable business model, then the value of the CSR increases. In this way, the design programme can be funded as well as incorporate community into it, creating a viable business model.

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7.2 Aim & Objectives of Design 1. To validate the Phenomenology of Architecture as a theory (that is predominantly an anthropocentric theory) and assess (estimate) its application in spaces of canine-human interaction.

2. To create (tangible) atmospheres of trust and safety between humans and dogs ultimately leading to an atmosphere of mutual growth through spaces of seeking and play.

3. To resensitize humans to the perception of space, through multisensorial design and removing the ocularcentric bias

7.3 Hypothesis Statement Phenomenology of architecture when implemented in the form of designing sensorially rich spaces of canine-huhman interaction, leads to spaces that could foster safety, trust and an atmosphere of mutual growth.

7.4 Design Proposal A. Design Goals 1. The project should stimulate a somatosensory arousal for all users 2. The project must help enforce therianthropic spaces of interaction 3. The design should integrate built, unbuilt and landscape as a larger public insert into the city 4. The design must help maintain a healthy ecological relationship with its surrounding physically 5. The project should help provide access to modern and ethical practices of canine training 6. The project should help make a case for expanding the therianthropic subject of phenomenology of architecture

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Figure 7.4a : Design Intent in relation with Design Programme (Source: Author)

B. Design Intent Educate

• Methods of ethical training practices • Modes of adoption and rescuing

Stimulate

• All senses and create social environments • Therianthropic spaces of interaction

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Integrate

• Architectural built, landscape and streetscape • All forms of nature into one self-sustaining ecosystem

Advocate

• The validity of phenomenology in nonhuman subjects

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C. Design Programme

The design programme is planned on three levels of intervention.

Architectural, Landscape and Street Intervention. In conjunction with each other, these programmes intend to fulfil the design goals and activate the opportunities presented by the site. As a response to the neuroscientific study, interstitial spaces of accessible landscape and pause are proposed to open the project to a wider array of users and not limit the project strictly to the intended users of the architectural built.

1. Architectural Intervention

The primary programme of the proposal intends to address the aspirations of the urban dog parent along with providing reassociation opportunities.

The architectural intervention would firstly include a canine training programme along with a training school that educates humans on ethical methods of canine training. This way the education and training is equally distributed. There would be a healthcare and retail component as well.

Through te survey, it was apparent that this is one expense that no family spares and could serve as a revenue generating programme. The programme would also cater to the reassociation and caregiving towards the abandoned population of dogs.

2. Landscape Intervention

In addition to the built form, there was a vast requirement for unbuilt spaces of therianthropic interaction. The survey indiacted the need for urban green areas which could serve as possible spaces of interaction. The dense city fabric also falls short of engaging experiences hence a ‘somatoscape’ is proposed in order to resensitize the users to sensory stimulus and allow a natural ecosystem to grow in the balance.

3. Street Intervention

On close observation, it is evident that each site has its own requirement and opportunities. In this case, the phenomenological aspect of the site is weak hence it was chosen. The site edge is also deactivated currently due to lack of space and thoughful design. A street level intervention addressing the public edge would help in user engagement and help with the activation of the site. The inclusivity of the site is also increased by a street level intervention enhancing the programme.

This thesis is a case for furthering the practicalit a world where a non-human user has alr 88

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Figure 7.4b : The multi-layered Design Programme and interstitial functions (Source: Author)

ty of an anthropocentric architectural theory in ready begun sharing space with humans.

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Bibliography Research References 1. Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture. (n.d.). Colin Ellard: The Psychology of Architectural and Urban Design. Retrieved August 12, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClTeJror1sQ 2. Ackerman, D. (1990). In Every Sense. In A Natural History of the Senses. Vintage Books.

3. Darda, S. (2019). Urban Mindfulness: Empowering Individuals [Degree of Bachelor of Architecture].

Rachana Sansad’s Academy of Architecture, Mumbai University.

4. Dog ownership, breeding rise by 25% during lockdown in Tiruchy. (n.d.). The New Indian Express.

Retrieved August 11, 2021, from https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/02/ dog-ownership-breeding-rise-by-25-during-lockdown-in-tiruchy-2297431.html 5. Dotson, M. J., & Hyatt, E. M. (2008). Understanding Dog-Human Companionship. Journal of Business Research, 61, 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.019 6. Dover, B. A. (2008). Interrogating Reciprocal Gaze: The Animal and Human in Contemporary Art [Degree of Philosophy]. School of Creative Arts, James Cook University.

7. FreshAir. (2011, November 8). How Dogs Evolved Into “Our Best Friends.” NPR. https://www.npr. org/2011/11/08/142100653/how-dogs-evolved-into-our-best-friends 8. Ferro, F. (2019). Object-Oriented Ontology’s View of Relations: A Phenomenological Critique. Open Philosophy, 2, 566–581. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2019-0040 9. Future Of Pet Care Industry In India- Pet Care Business 2021. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2021, from https://www.theblueoceansgroup.com/future-of-pet-ca…in-india-in-2020/ 10. Handwerk, B. (n.d.). How Accurate Is Alpha’s Theory of Dog Domestication? Smithsonian Magazine.

Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-wolves-reallybecame-dogs-180970014/ 11. Horowitz, A. (2009). Belonging to the House. In Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell and Know.

Scribner.

12. Human-dog relationship – a historical perspective. (n.d.). Boehringer-Ingelheim.Com. Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/our-responsibility/animal-health-news/human-dogrelationship-historical-perspective 13. India Pet Care Market Is Expected To Reach INR 5457 Crore By The End Of The Year 2025: Bonafide Research – Business. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://ipsnews.net/business/2021/02/04/ india-pet-care-market-is-expected-to-reach-inr-5457-crore-by-the-end-of-the-year-2025-bonafideresearch/ 14. Indian pet care industry analysis—Blogs. (n.d.). Televisory. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://www. televisory.com/blogs/-/blogs/indian-pet-care-industry-analysis

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15. Iran’s Waning Human Rights. (n.d.). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved September 28, 2021, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-waning-human-rights 16. Kelshikar, A. (2018). Architecture for Animals: Healthcare and Adoption Centre for Pets, Domestic Animals and Birds [Degree of Bachelor of Architecture]. Rachana Sansad’s Academy of Architecture, Mumbai University.

17. Maharaj, N., & Haney, C. J. (2015). The Human-Canine Bond: A Sacred Relationship. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 37(9), 1175–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914545176 18. Mallgrave, H. F. (2010a). Hapticity: Architecture of the Senses. In The Architect’s Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 19. Mallgrave, H. F. (2010b). The Phenomenal Brain: Merleau-Ponty, Rasmussen and Pallasmaa. In The Architect’s Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 20. Mcwhinney, J. (n.d.). The Economics of Pet Ownership. Investopedia. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/06/peteconomics.asp 21. Pallasmaa, J. (2012). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 22. Pawar, J. (2018, March 21). Is Pet Grooming a Viable Business Option in India? Entrepreneur. https:// www.entrepreneur.com/article/310740 23. Pet Grooming Market: Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Trends and Forecast to 2030. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/pet-grooming-market 24. Pet-ownership is booming across the world. (2019, June 22). The Economist. https://www.economist. com/international/2019/06/22/pet-ownership-is-booming-across-the-world 25. Rasmussen, S. E. (1962). Experiencing Architecture. The M.I.T. Press.

26. TEDx Talks. (n.d.-a). Architecture and the Science of the Senses | Stefan Behling | TEDxGoodenoughCollege.

Retrieved August 12, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbfPWalO_ss 27. TEDx Talks. (n.d.-b). Museums should activate multiple senses, not just the eyeball | Ellen Lupton | TEDxMidAtlantic. Retrieved August 12, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1r7CR6FsI&t=144s 28. The Economics of Pet Ownership. (2015, June 4). Personal Capital. https://www.personalcapital.com/ blog/family-life/economics-pet-ownership/ 29. The pet economy boom in Asia—Spire Research and Consulting. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2021, from https://spireresearch.com/the-pet-economy-boom-in-asia/ 30. Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres: Architectural Environments—Surrounding Objects. Birkhäuser Architecture.

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Case Study References 1. About. (n.d.). Puppy Training, Dog Daycare & Grooming. Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https:// barkleymanor.co.nz/about 2. Academy of Dog Training and Agility / Swimming Paws Canine Swim Club—Newark, Delaware. (n.d.).

Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://www.academyofdogtraining.com/ 3. Home. (n.d.). K9 University. Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://myk9u.com/ 4. Michelbach, C. (1994, February 28). Village of Yorkville Park, Toronto, Canada. Martha Schwartz Partners. https://msp.world/village-of-yorkville-park-toronto-canada/ 5. Michelbach, C. (2019, November 26). Zigong Dongxingsi Waterfront, Sichuan, China. Martha Schwartz Partners. https://msp.world/zigong-dongxingsi-waterfront-sichuan-china/ 6. Sivakumar Thangavelu. (2011, August 29). Architecture 10 of 23 Peter Zumthor The Thermae of Stone. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5A3SfGLo0U 7. SJK Architects | Ayushakti Health Resort. (n.d.). Sjkarchitect. Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https:// www.sjkarchitect.com/ayushakti-health-resort 8. Tainan Spring. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/272/tainanspring 9. The New York High Line officially open. (2009, June 9). ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/24362/ the-new-york-high-line-officially-open 10. The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor. (2009, February 11). ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/13358/ the-therme-vals 11. Therme Vals—Zumthor.org. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://zumthor.org/project/ therme/ 12. Transbay Transit Center in San Francisco / Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects. (2013, April 13). ArchDaily. https:// www.archdaily.com/356982/transbay-transit-center-in-san-francisco-pelli-clarke-pelli 13. We have more amenities and things for the dogs to do than any other resort in Arizona. —Always Unleashed Pet Resort | doggie daycare | cage fee dog boarding | expert grooming | Scottsdale Arizona Doggy Day Care in Scottsdale. (n.d.). Always Unleashed Pet Resort | Doggie Daycare | Cage Fee Dog Boarding | Expert Grooming | Scottsdale Arizona. Retrieved September 5, 2021, from https://alwaysunleashed. com/new-page-5

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List of Figures Figure 1.1a : The Ocular Bias: The modern human beholds the Greek proportion system while standing in the Radiant City, an outcome of the same Ocularcentric bias that was passed down through ages. (Source: Author) Figure 1.1b : Dirty Geometries+Mechanical Imperfections by Bryan Cantley (Source: Metalocus) Figure 1.1c : Copper House II, Studio Mumbai (Source: ArchDaily) Figure 1.1d : Carrimjee House, Studio Mumbai (Source: ArchDaily) Figure 1.2a : The City is an open Somatoscape (Source: Author) Figure 1.2b : Guide Pychogéographique de Paris, Guy Debord (Source: makingmaps, DIY cartography) Figure 1.2c : The Perceptive Brain (Source: Author) Figure 1.3a : The Memory Void and Shalekhet installation in the Jewish Museum, Berlin (Source: Studio Libeskind) Figure 1.3b : The daunting straight flight staircase and the oppressive beams in the Jewish Museum, Berlin (Source: Studio Libeskind) Figure 1.3c : The Nazi concentration camp conditions being expressed through uncomfortable, angular and narrow windows in the Jewish Museum, Berlin (Source: Studio Libeskind) Figure 1.3d : Falsetober 6, False Knees (Source: Instagram) Figure 1.4a : “The Children of Charles I” by Van Dyck showing the historical significance of pet dogs and their anthropomorphisation as ‘children’ (Source: Dorotheum) Figure 1.4b : Domestication of the wolf by the earliest hunter-gatherer (Source: Author) Figure 1.4c : Street dog family sleeping in an alley in Pushkar, Rajasthan (Source: Brett Cole Photography) Figure 1.4d : Dichromacy in dogs allowing them to perceive lesser colours (Source: The Dog People) Figure 3.1a : Research Methodology flow diagram (Source: Author) Figure 3.2a : Global hotspots of pet ownership (Source: Author) Figure 3.3a : Design of Quantitative study flow diagram (Source: Author) Figure 3.4a : Interpersonal relationships survey response 1 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4b : Interpersonal relationships survey response 2 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4c : Interpersonal relationships survey response 3 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4d : Interpersonal relationships survey response 4 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4e : Economic understanding survey response 1 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4f : Economic understanding survey response 2 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4g : Economic understanding survey response 3 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4h : Economic understanding survey response 4 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4i : Spatial negotiation survey response 1 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4j : Spatial negotiation survey response 2 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4k : Spatial negotiation survey response 3 (Source: Author) Figure 3.4l : Spatial negotiation survey response 4 (Source: Author) Figure 3.5a : Blue Cross Organisation rescues countless strays and abandoned animals (not dogs exclusively) and finds them new homes (Source: Instagram) Figure 3.6a : Spatial inferences and programme ideas (Source: Author)

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Figure 4.1a : External view showing building facade being revealed along the hill slope (Source: ArchDaily) Figure 4.1b : View of private spa room (Source: ArchDaily) Figure 4.1c : Sketches by Peter Zumthor for Therme Vals (Source: re-thinkingfuture) Figure 4.1d : Internal view showing corridor being lit by the accented skylight (Source: ArchDaily) Figure 4.1e : View of hotel corridor (Source: SJK Architects) Figure 4.1f : View of Wellness Centre cafeteria (Source: SJK Architects) Figure 4.2a : Outdoor view of the pet resort (Source: Always Unleashed) Figure 4.2b : Outdoor view of covered play area (Source: Always Unleashed) Figure 4.2c : Indoor view of Barkley Manor’s daycare area (Source: Barkley Manor) Figure 4.2d : Aerial view of Barkley Manor showing the factory shed-like structure (Source: Google Earth) Figure 4.2e : Indoor view of Barkley Manor’s play pen (Source: Barkley Manor) Figure 4.2f : Site map showing surrounding residential neighbourhood (Source: Author) Figure 4.2g : Outdoor play area (Source: Barkley Manor) Figure 4.3a : Aerial view of Tainan Spring showing immediate context (Source: MVRDV) Figure 4.3b : View of Tainan Spring from the public water park (Source: MVRDV) Figure 4.3c : View from the street showing sectional zoning (Source: MVRDV) Figure 4.3d : Ground Floor Plan of Tainan Spring (Source: MVRDV) Figure 4.3e : Aerial view of the Village of Yorkville Park (Source: Martha Schwartz Partners) Figure 4.3f : Village of Yorkville Park expressed in Plan and Elevation drawings (Source: Martha Schwartz Partners) Figure 5.3a : Location of potential sites in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (Source: Author) Figure 5.3b : JVPD Scheme, Juhu (Source: Google Earth) Figure 5.3c : Approach towards the site from internal road (Source: Author) Figure 5.3d : Collector street overlooking residential buildings (Source: Author) Figure 5.3e : DP 2034 of JVPD Scheme, Juhu (Source: DP Remarks 2034) Figure 5.3f : Entrance to the site, currently redundant (Source: Author) Figure 5.3g : Site overlooking an under construction residential high rise (Source: Author) Figure 5.3h : Bandra East area with Maratha Mandal site (Source: Google Earth) Figure 5.3i : Site as seen from entrance of Chetana College (Source: Author) Figure 5.3j : Informal settlements on the site edge (Source: Author) Figure 5.3k : DP 2034 of Bandra East area (Source: DP Remarks 2034) Figure 5.3l : Site edge overlooking Chetana College (Source: Author) Figure 5.3m : Public toilet and government utility along the site edge (Source: Author) Figure 5.3n : Doordarshan area, Worli (Source: Google Earth) Figure 5.3o : Site boundary as seen across the road (Source: Author) Figure 5.3p : Site edge covered with natural greenery (Source: Author) Figure 5.3q : DP 2034 of Doordarshan area, Worli (Source: DP Remarks 2034) Figure 5.3r : The streets are shaded well by tall trees (Source: Author) Figure 5.3s : Wide road makes sure that no congestion of traffic is caused (Source: Author) Figure 6.1a : Psychogeographical mapping of Worli site and surrounding (Source: Author) Figure 6.2a : Satellite map of site (Source: Google Earth)

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Figure 6.2b : Kevin Lynch mapping of the site (Source: Author) Figure 6.2c : Figure & Ground mapping of site (Source: Author) Figure 6.2d : Road network mapping of site (Source: Author) Figure 6.2e : Housing typology mapping of site (Source: Author) Figure 6.2f : Vegetation mapping of site (Source: Author) Figure 6.2g : Peepal Tree (Source: Author) Figure 6.2h : Rain Tree (Source: Author) Figure 6.2i : Banyan Tree (Source: Author) Figure 6.3a : An abandoned textile mill at Century Mills (Source: Kunal Ghevaria/Culture Trip) Figure 6.3b : Kamala mills entrance from the Worli end (Source: Author) Figure 6.3c : A nearby park for pause (Source: Author) Figure 6.3d : Birla Centurion entrance (Source: Author) Figure 6.3e : SWOT Analysis of site (Source: Author) Figure 7.4a : Design Intent in relation with Design Programme (Source: Author) Figure 7.4b : The multi-layered Design Programme and interstitial functions (Source: Author)

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List of Tables Table 2.6a : Variable included in dog-human companionship dimensions and associated reliabilities (Source: Michael J. Dotson, Eva M. Hyatt) Table 5.4a : Comparative analysis of site options (Source: Author)

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