Exploring Jail Infrastructure as an Urban Courtyard_Design Dissertation_2021-22 by aoa_confluence_2022

नगर ांगण Exploring Jail Infrastructure as an Urban Courtyard. By SHIVANI RAVINDRA RASHMI PISAT

GUIDED BY Ar. Swati Chokshi

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA.

5TH YEAR SEM-IX NOV’2021

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

approval certificate The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite and partial fulfilment of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted. This is to certify that this student Shivani Ravindra Rashmi Pisat is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this A Retail for post-consumption Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee. It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee. Name of the Student:

Shivani Ravindra Rashmi Pisat

Date:

Monday, 22nd November, 2021

Approved By

Principal Ar. Prof. Suresh Singh

College Seal

Certified By

Thesis Guide Ar. Prof. Swati Chokshi

Certified Seal

Examined By

External Examiner-1

External Examiner-2

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III

declaration I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “नगर ांगण : Exploring Jail Infrastructure as an Urban Courtyard” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Shivani Ravindra Rashmi Pisat Exam Roll No: 43

Date: 22nd November, 2021

Place: Mumbai

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: • the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; • the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own. • “Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

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acknowledgement I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude for the advice, cooperation and support received from many people, who contributed to the completion of this dissertation. I am immensely grateful.

I am highly indebted to my college Academy of Architecture and my thesis guide Ar. Swati Chokshi for her constant support, constructive criticism, suggestions and thorough guidance. I would also like to thank Ar. Makarand Toraskar, who helped me understand the nuances and ground realities pertaining to my topic. I would be remiss if I didn't mention Ar. Gauri Damle, who with her expertise in the field, rightly directed me in my thesis.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant support from my friends throughout these challenging days. Special thanks to Ar. Sayali Bhoir and Ar. Rushikesh Sutar for helping me out.

Last, but definitely not the least, a huge thanks to my family, especially my parents and sister, for keeping home an environment to work all day. I honestly can’t thank you enough for your constant support.

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abstract Cities of India were greatly influenced and moulded during British Rule, which further witnessed dramatic development with the advent of Industrialization. Two elements: People and infrastructure forms the foundation of the city development and influence each other in a loop. Infrastructure is a ‘basic physical framework’ which ensures smooth working of the city and comfort of its people. Our cities have witnessed the use of infrastructure planned centuries ago like Railways, Churches, Temples, government buildings, Libraries, etc. as well as advanced proposals like Underground-elevated Metros, Bridges, Coastal roads, Flyovers, etc. These physical systems were developed and planned in a specific Time frame and it ensured the best usage then. Jail being one such system established by the Britishers which is functional even today, but Are they efficient and suffice the demands as they did 100-150 years ago? Are they relevant today? Can such infrastructure adapt to the changing perspective of the people, their demands and made suitable for future cities? The dissertation thus put forth an inquiry of how Jails (sit right in the core, as a crumbling infrastructure) can be adapted to form an ‘Urban Courtyard1’ and explored further to make it more relevant to developing smart cities. The study aims to understand the development and needs of the city, its smart future, and the impact of this growth on aging infrastructure. Adapting to the changes, the intervention can thus be an opportunity benefiting the city and its people.

(KEYWORDS: Old infrastructure, Jails, Time frames, Relevance, Future smart City, Adaptability, Urban courtyard

Figure 1 Nature of city (Source: Next City and The Nature of Cities, 2015 Urban Courtyard: Niche in a dense urban context which, like a courtyard in a traditional house, would be a value addition at a larger urban scale. 1

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table of CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION - 8 1.1 Jail system evolution and its future in Indian context. 1.2 What is urban courtyard? 1.3 Outline of study 1.4 Relevance 1.5 Aim & Objectives 1.6 Scope Limitation 1.7 Key words

INTRODUCTION KNOWING THE JAIL 1.1 Jail system evolution and PREMISE - 50 its future in Indian context.

CITY GENESIS AND JAIL HISTORY - 22 2.1 Thane city: Development & Genesis 2.2 Thane Central jail Location History Why was the fort built there? Why was it converted into jail by British? What is its current scenario? 2.3 Future Smart City 2.4 Proposals

CITY GENESIS AND JAIL HISTORY STAKE HOLDER 2.1 Thane city: Development & Genesis ANALYSIS & SURVEYS - 66

2.2 Thane Central jail 5.1 Takeaways Location Existing Land use & Activities 1.2 What 4.1 is urban courtyard? History 5.2 Survey Methodology & 4.2 Existing Built-form Typology 1.3 Outline of study Why was the fort built there? Conclusions Why was it converted into jail by British? 4.3 Special features 1.4 Relevance What is its current scenario? 4.4 S.W.O. T 1.5 Aim & Objectives 2.3 Future Smart City Adaptive reuse 1.6 Scope4.5 Limitation 2.4 Proposals 4.6 Smart walls 1.7 Key words

KNOWING THE JAIL PREMISE 4.1 Existing Land use & Activities 4.2 Existing Built-form Typology

KNOWING THE LOCALITY - 36 3.1 Edges 3.2 Land use 3.3 Connectivity (Transport & Historic places) 3.4 User Typology and foot fall 3.5 Amenities 3.6 Ecology

CASE STUDIES - 72 6.1 Conservation of Culture - Jadhavgad - Shaniwaar Wada

PROGRAM FORMULATION - 94 7.1 Design goals 7.2 Foundation for space reuse 7.3 Basic program & Interlink

6.2 Conservation of Artform - Circus conservatory - Clement blanchet venue

7.4 Regulations

6.3 Conservation of Space - Tai Kwun Public Plaza - CCIR

7.7 Project relevance

7.5 Basic zoning 7.6 Area statement

6.4 Conclusion

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Figure 2 Research Methodology

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1 introduction 1.1 Jail system evolution and its future in Indian context. 1.2 What is urban courtyard? 1.3 Outline of study 1.4 Relevance 1.5 Aim & Objectives 1.6 Scope Limitation

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1.1 CONCEPT OF JAILS AND ITS EVOLUTION IN INDIAN CONTEXT

The purpose and concept of jails and imprisonment evolved over various time frames which can be categorised into 3 epochs1:

1. Till middle of 15th century- Detention Rooms (Bandhi-Khana2) Prisons were only for the purpose of accommodating the criminals before their trials or before they were punished. Imprisonment was not a punishment. Exile, torture, death, banishment, etc were the punishments. Since imprisonment was not a punishment the time duration that a criminal use to be in these detention rooms was less and the only purpose was isolation which was ensured by providing underground chambers and high security around. The number of criminals was also less during that time.

2. Experimentation with Imprisonment The punishments mentioned above were against the juveniles, prostitutes, etc. And as the number of criminals under these headers increased there was a need for developing alternative punishments for them. Therefore, ‘Imprisonment’ starting taking shape as a punishment. Since now imprisonment was considered as a punishment, the time span these criminals occupying the space was more. If these criminals escaped, it may be a threat for the society and hence now jails were designed in the outskirts away from the settlements and royal families. During the rule of Mughals, some of the fortresses, situated at different locations were used for imprisonment. Mughals converted forts like Ranthambore, Rohtas and Gwalior located away from the Mughal capital Agra, into jails. Gwalior fort was used for captivating Royals. Akbar’s cousin was kept in the prison here and later on executed. Also, many of Aurangzeb’s brothers were executed here.

1 2

Indian Prison Systems by Amarendra Mohanty, Narayan Hazary · (1990) Bandi khana: a confinement room where the suspects are kept during trials

3. Adoption of imprisonment as a punishment for literally all the corporal and capital penalties Imprisonment is a punishment for all the offences. This system was more organised as the British rule began. During British rule these jails were strategically placed in the freedom struggle hot-spots. Supreme court was established. Jail was the smallest unit of this whole system and had British origin. East Indian company was reluctant to spend money on jails and thus many of them were established by converting the existing forts. Forts become the best option for them considering the security attributes it offered. Thane Fort, Ahmednagar fort were some of the examples of such adaptive reuse. (Amarendra Mohanty, 1990)

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SABARMATI FORT JAIL: Sabarmati Central Jail is the main prison in the walled city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. British constructed this new, secure jail outside the city limits in late 19th century when city had become populous. The Jail constructed in 1895 is functional even today with a Maximum-Security Class. The city has now grown a lot beyond the walled limits and now the Jail, which was once in the outskirts, is inside the residential core of the city.

Figure 3 Location of Sabarmati Jail (past & present) (Source: Author)

YERWADA JAIL: The largest prison in Maharashtra, the Yerwada Central Jail was built in 1871 by the British on the outskirts of Pune city. The space which has witnessed imprisonment of great freedom fighters, was planned in the city-outskirts. Today with a tremendous increase in city boundaries, the jail is now surrounded by the residential side of the city and also have an airport in the vicinity boosting the development even further.

Figure 4 Location of Yerwada Jail (past & present) (Source: Author)

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Figure 5 Evolution of Jail system and its future (Source: Author) नगर ां गण 14

1.2 WHAT IS URBAN COURTYARD? A courtyard is a space that is enclosed within walls/built form which forms an element in traditional housing typology. 1These courtyards impact not only the functionality but also the space quality, experience and cultural relevance. These attributes of a typical courtyard when compared at a larger urban scale through the niches found in city surrounded by dense urban fabric.

Figure 6 Comparing Typical courtyard with Urban courtyard (Source: Author)

Courtyard definition (merriam-webster)

These ‘URBAN COURTYARDS’ responding to the context, community and fabric of surrounding, can be developed to have great impact on various Urban factors concerning the city and its people. In some cases, it could be a green lung for the city, in some a leisure, interactive spot for the community. In some it may highlight a cultural aspect of the city or in other it may define the identity of the city itself. Since, cities have many more shades to it, the urban courtyard can explore beyond the typical attributes further dwelling into economics, technology, smart city, congestion, quality of life, tourism, etc. aspects as well.

Figure 7 Imagining Urban courtyard (Source: Author)

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1.3 OUTLINE OF STUDY Infrastructure aids the smooth working of the city and the comfort of its people. The development of a city thus is facilitated with an inter-related loop of people and infrastructure. It facilitates the growth of cities and helps in building up its character. Today at the times of rapid development and advancement in various fields, some of the old infrastructure existing for many decades may not suffice the growing demands. There thus is a need to rethink, change, expand, retro-fit, relocate or completely eliminate such infrastructure and ensure its relevance in today’s time.

‘Jails’ is one such physical system, many of which, functional today were built, organized & adapted during the British rule; 100-150 years ago. These jails were planned in the outskirts of the settlement. Some of them were even housed in old forts away from the city core. But today, when the extent of the city has increased, these aging Jails sit right in the metropolitan establishment and are a sticking point. Also, the capacity which the jails were planned for is not meeting today's demands. The people around, resent the thought of jail being in their neighborhood. These prisons which behold chapters of our glorious freedom struggle are now a closed space housing the dark side of the community.

Thus, it becomes very important to understand the adaptability of such spaces so that they would be more favorable for the cities and it's people. It would also promote the future smart-cities 1to take ahead with them the historic chapters associated.

The large chunk of land occupied by the Jail premise can have great attributes to it like history, architecture, ecology, un-exploited land, strategic location, viewpoints, etc. Exploring these, it thus will have a great potential to be a value-addition for the city, impacting its lifestyle, economics, community bonding, environment, and microclimate, etc. Thus, Jail infrastructure, if reimagined into ‘URBAN COURTYARD’ can escalate the city and its urban fabric.

Thane city, being one of the rapidly developing metropolitan regions, has witnessed growth in industrial & trading sectors, construction, transport, IT sector, etc. It has attained a place of a prime suburb with great potential for future developments. It’s Jail which was once a fort having great attributes to offer to the city, is one such system that needs to be questioned for its admissibility.

Smart City: City using information and communication technology (ICT), and various devices connected to the IoT (Internet of things) to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens. 1

1.4 RELEVANCE Today in the face of the drastic expansion of Thane City and tremendous increase in population, the old infrastructure constructed in different time frames considering different purposes cratering to different demands may not be efficient. Thus, planning and adaptation of such infrastructure become very crucial. Offices were shifted and rebuilt, hospitals were expanded, some functions were completely closed down. Even ecologically, the spaces were modified; Lakes, which is the city’s asset, were filled in, creek, which is a rich bio-diversity zone, was reclaimed for development.

Thus, the city has always tried to acclimatize to rapid urbanization which had good as well as bad impacts. Thane Central jail, which was once a fort and in the city outskirts, is today in the residential core of the city. Thus, it can be questioned for its continuation in accordance with the concept of jail being isolated from society. Also, the Jail is exhausted, housing 200% more than its capacity and thus is do not suffice large population demands and is inefficient.

Thane jail fort has a rich history not only at the time of freedom struggle but also dating back to the Maratha era when it was a Naval Fort. Along with this, its strategic location, accessibility, ecological context, bio-diversity, economic potential, etc are some of the great attributes. It has many things to offer to the city but these untold narratives and features are unexplored as it is not open for its citizens due to its function.

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To ensure relevance and adaptability of old infrastructures (physical system) like JAILS in the face of rapidly developing Thane city context through architectural intervention which will dwell into Urban tissue of the city, its history, changing demands & requirements of the communities around in co-relation with the new infrastructure and smart city concept creating an URBAN COURTYARD for the city.

OBJECTIVES • • •

• • • •

To analyse the Jail system, its position in society, and the related notions. To synthesize the evolution of Thane city over different time frames, current developments and its impact on jail infrastructure, its demands, and attributes. To identify what the jail has offered to the city's historical narrative and how can it be manoeuvred today to escalate the urban context by analysing at macro and micro levels. To analyse the concept of smart city and tying its knot with the historic context. To interpret site through different lenses of Ecology, History, Economic and Cultural attributes. To devise a survey for developing an architectural program considering different stakeholders. To define the scope of intervention by evaluating the development regulations.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

• • • • • •

The scope of the study is to understand the relevance of old planned infrastructure in today's times and its adaptability to the current demands of the cities and its people. The scope is limited to jails only as a physical system/infrastructure aiding the city. The thesis has limited its scope to architectural intervention while devising the design scheme. The thesis is specific to the site and not a repeating module. But it can be a derivation for various other sites sharing similar attributes. Since Jail is a high-security area, constraints on the accessibility of data. The pandemic situation may limit some parts of On-field study.

KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS •

URBAN COURTYARD: Niche in a dense urban context which, like a courtyard in a traditional house, would be a value addition at a larger urban scale in terms of culture, ecology, economics, etc and beyond.

•

URBAN TISSUE: understanding the built landscape, trying to decode the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area by studying the patterns of its component parts and the process of its development.

•

COMMUNITY: all the people related with a common factor like living in a particular place, sharing same public spaces.

•

ADAPTIVE: One that changes with time and upgrades itself to meet the requirements according to the current external conditions.

•

INFRASTRUCTURE: It is the basic, physical framework/system, established to serve an area, city, or country for the ease of its people.

•

JAILS: It is the smallest unit of the judiciary system where people are confined and lawfully kept under custody.

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city genesis and jail history 2.1 Thane city: Development & Genesis 2.2 Thane Central jail Location History - Why was the fort built there? - Why was it converted into jail by British? - What is its current scenario? 2.3 Future Smart City 2.4 Proposals

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2.1 THANE CITY: DEVELOPMENT AND GENESIS Thane has a great historical background. During the construction of Thane fort foundation copper plates and slabs were found dating back in 1078 AD. It was a centre for trade and was described as port with continuous traffic of ships by many travellers. It was the centre for exporting leather, buckram, cotton, and importing horses. The area named GHODBANDAR today is derived from the same. With this background, Thane became an important asset for the Portuguese kingdom, as they came down and conquered it. They ruled for over 200 years. The construction of fort started in 1730. Marathas conquered bassines and Thane Fort in 1737.

Later British captured the fort by defeating Marathas in Anglo war. They set-up the administrative infrastructure around. Basic Facilities like Civil Hospital, Collector’s office, etc were established for the aid of the people living there. 1744

British conquered Thane City

1754

Old district Court building

1760

Kopineshwar Mandir renovated

1774

Thane population crosses 9000.

1780

Parsee Agyari was built.

1824-1827

Collector office built

1835-1836

Civil Hospital built

1838

Thane Fort is converted to Thane Prison

1850

Population 11120

Further with the development of Railways, Trade began. Additional infrastructure like roads and bridges were constructed. 1853

Bombay - Thane Railway Line First rail train started from Bombay to Thane

1855

Railway station bridge constructed

1863

Thane Muncipal Corporation inauguration

1863

Thane - Kalwa bridge

1879

Jew Church built, Jain Temple on Tembhi Naka built

1885

Population 140001

Thane development time line: thaneweb

Figure 8 Settlements in Old Thane, 1925 (Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/map/cuni/1171884)z

Figure 9 Thane city development (Source: Author)t नगर ां गण 24

Large no. of people migrated and to crate to the needs of these people various facilities/ infrastructure like Mental Hospital, Banks, Collector Office, Hospital, Schools, Theatres etc were established. By this time the population residing in Thane was already risen to a great extent.

1890

M.H. High School started with 34 students

1901

Mental Hospital built

1910

Freedom Fighter 'Kanhere' hanged in Thane jail

1914

Kalwa Bridge near Colour Chem completed

1916

Railway tunnel (under Parsik Hills) Gaondevi Temple built

1922

Central Maidan resumed as Playground Area 19380 sq. yards)

1925

Wadia woollen mill i.e Todays Raymond mill (First Largest Industry)

1926

Electric railway line on Kurla - Thane section Thane - Kalyan section

1940

Prabhat Theatre built

1948

Shop & Establishment Act made applicable to Thane

1951

Population 63,575 (increase of 113.69 % in the decade 1941-1951)

During this decade various industries were developed like J.K chemicals, Cadbury, J.H. Johnson, Bush Radio Company, etc. After independence, Thane grew slowly and attained the status of an industrial town in the 60's and 70's. There was also a corresponding growth in trade, transport and construction activities, which picked up tremendously in the 80's. The 90's has seen the city burgeoning ahead, with great stride in construction and housing. Thus, starting as an important port for trade, the city has developed and in turn the loop of people and infrastructural development was moving all along.

1961

Wagle Industrial Estate was started, giving further impetus to Industrial development.

1962-65

Raymond, Modella, Voltas, Kores, Colourchem, Roche, Nocil, PIL, etc.

1981

Thane Population 4.72 Lakhs

1982

1st Oct. Thane Municipality changed to Thane Corporation1

Today the city is home for a population of 18 lakhs (As per 2011 Census). 2 1 2

Thane development time line: thaneweb Indiacensus

Figure 9 Thane city Development (Source: Author)

Figure 10 Thane Landuse Map (Source: UDRI)

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Some of the old infrastructure like the Old TMC building, was shifted to Panchpakhadi since it was not sufficient to crater to today’s demands. Therefore, a spacious design was proposed which could handle the pressure of development and its demands in the near future. Similar was the case with Thane Mental Hospital built in 1901. The hospital was planned to be away from the settlement. With the growth of the city and advancement in the field of Psychology, the hospital is not much occupied and the proportion of patients have reduced. Therefore, some part of its area is proposed to be used for upcoming Railway station (New Thane) infrastructure. Thus, the city has always tried to adapt to the changing times by relocating, re-moulding and reinventing old spaces. Thane Jail being can also be one of the examples for the same.

Figure 11 Location of the site (Source: Author) 27

2.2 THANE JAIL: LOCATION

Figure 12 Basic Site dimensions (Source: Author)

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2.2 THANE JAIL: HISTORY

Thane Fort-Jail has a great history, with different role in each era. It acclimatised itself in the timeframes for the city benefit. 1. Why was the fort built there? The Salsette island (Thane and sub-urban province) was under the rule of Portuguese from 15th to 17th century. They held a very crucial position with Maratha rule in the North and the East India Company in the Bombay city. The Thane creek separated the Portuguese empire and also provided additional protection and hence importance of naval bases was realized. Portuguese started the construction of 12 Naval bases in the form of forts along the creek of which Thane fort was one. Thane fort was very important security fortress since it was the easiest access point for the Marathas in the north, as the extend of creek was the smallest here. It thus formed a STRATEGIC NODE and the guarding GATE-WAY to Mumbai and Suburban Regions below. Marathas captured the region even before the completion of Thane Fort and later completed it to form an important security base. The fort and the area around have seen 7 battles between Portuguese and its enemies and also the MarathaAnglo war against British. (Tetvilkar, 2019) (Tetvilkar, Thane Killa) (Tetvilkar, Durga sampada Thane chi, 2012)

2. Why was the fort converted into a jail during British rule? Britishers established a systematic Administrative and Judiciary system during their rule in India. They were reluctant to spent money on building new structures and tried to accommodate functions like jails in the existing fortresses where ever possible. Like in case on Thane fort. The fort was converted into a jail due to its planning and security attributes. This made it easier for the Britishers to administer and control the place during freedom struggle. The thane Fort was planned based on the idea of VAUBAN FORTIFICATION. This system improved the defence and offense capabilities of the ruler of the fort. The geometrical form of the fort helped the Jail to have a hierarchy based on the type of security circle required. These aspects had made it a successful jail system in itself. (Hingorani, 2017)

3. Why was the fort retained as a jail even after British rule? Along with Jail, Britishers established other administrative buildings like Collector office, Court, etc. in the surrounding area. This already established strong system was working very well. Also, the proximity of jail to the court aided for easy transportation of the prisoners. Shifting the Jail during that time, when the city was not much developed and road network was not as dense as today, seemed difficult and unnecessary. Thus, the function of jail was retained in the Fort.

But today the scenario is different… Potentials which had different analogies in the past but can be explored in varied ways making the space relevant today.

strategic node

architectural features

natural features & ecology

Figure 13 Explored Attributes of Site (Source: Author)

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2.3 THANE: A SMART CITY 1. What is the purpose of smart city? The Smart city promotes economic growth and looks into improvement of quality of life of its citizens ensuring development of localities using technological smart solutions. It mainly focuses on 3 factors - Liveability - Economic Ability - Sustainability 2. Principles The 6 core principles of ‘smart city’ helps in achieving the 3 factors mentioned above.

Figure 14 Principles of Indian Smart cities

3. Aim and Strategies -

Making most from the available resources: and also promote development through Redevelopment, Retro-fitting, Greenfield and Pan city development.

Quickly adapting to changes.

Being resilient in the face of shock/stress.

Having citizen inclusive process.

Using technology for achieving these goals at larger scale and faster speed.

4. Features of smart city -

Promoting mixed used development for economic growth.

Creating walkable localities.

Preserving and developing open space to enhance quality of life of the citizens.

Giving an identity to the city based on activities like cuisine, Art & Craft, Education, Culture, Sports, etc.

Apply smart solutions to the infrastructure for more efficient use.

(smartcities.gov.in)

small smart city technological interventions 1. Data collection and Awareness Environment sensors for automatic air monitoring, noise, and lightning detection are installed in Kakinada city. The flood sensors in Pune aid in analysing data and provide timely warnings. Noise decibel sensors were connected to the traffic signals, where the time duration of a signal would double if the sound decibels exceed a certain limit due to honking.

Figure 15 Sound sensors at Signals & Cameras- Traffic monitoring

The sensor and camera-based traffic monitoring and challan system ensured ease in the process. It induced behavioural changes in the citizens making them more aware.

2. Promoting pedestrian movement and cycling Pedestrian friendly and universally accessible (children, old, specially abled) streets are designed in smart city Bhubaneshwar, promoting interactive community involvement.

Figure 16 Pedestrian Friendly Intervention

Community sharing E-cycling for internal circulation in BKC was done with an attempt to provide easy, low cost, 24-hours, environment-friendly option for travelling.

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2.4 PROPOSALS

Figure 17 Current developments in and around the site Figure 17 Current developments in and around the site

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knowing the locality 3.1 Edges 3.2 Land use 3.3 Connectivity 3.4 Users 3.5 Amenities, Historic places 3.6 Ecology

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3.1 EDGES

Figure 18 Documentation of Site Edges (Source: Author) Figure 19 Site Photographs (Sources: Author) (Right) 37

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3.2 LANDUSE

Figure 20 Site Landuse Map (Source: Author) Figure 21 Site Photographs (Source: Author) (Right) 39

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3.3 CONNECTIVITY

Figure 22 Transport Facilities around Site (Source: Author) Figure 23 Major Road connectivity from jail (Right) 41

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3.4 USERS 3.4 SinceUSERS the area accommodates many administration functions like RTO Office, Collector office, Thane court, police Building, Various police functions brancheslike headquarters, So, most of Since the areaDeputy accommodates many administration RTO Office,etc. Collector office, the streets aligned with these functions are used by the citizens who wish to avail the most service Thane court, Deputy police Building, Various police branches headquarters, etc. So, of and the people working there. the streets aligned with these functions are used by the citizens who wish to avail the service and the people working there. The jail related activities like the families waiting for their member to get of the Jail, movement of the guards,like etcthe is concentrated at the The jail related activities families waiting for junction. their member to get of the Jail, movement of the guards, etc is concentrated at the junction. The Central Maidan and the lake-side becomes the leisure spot for the residents around. The edge of the lake, though having the facility of seating arrangement, is not used. On the other The Central Maidan and the lake-side becomes the leisure spot for the residents around. The hand, the edge of the Maidan is occupied by the middle-aged people. Maidan is used for edge of the lake, though having the facility of seating arrangement, is not used. On the other sports activities. Even pedestrian pathway along the Kalwa-Bridge hand, the edge of the the Maidan is occupied by the middle-aged people.witness Maidanpeople is used for roaming for leisure. sports activities. Even the pedestrian pathway along the Kalwa-Bridge witness people roaming for leisure.

Figure 24 User Group and footfall around site (Source: Author) Figure 24 User Group and footfall around site (Source: Author) 43 43

3.5 AMENITIES AND HISTORIC PLACES Figure 25 Amenities & Historic Places around the site (Source: Author)

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3.5 ECOLOGY

Figure 26 Ecological Centres in Thane creek (Source: Author) 45

Figure 27 Current Scenario of Thane creek नगर ां गण 46

3.5 ECOLOGY

3.5 ECOLOGY 3.5 ECOLOGY

Figure 28 Green cover in Mumbai & Sub-urban Region (Source: Landsat 5 and Landsat 8, USGS, 2019)

greens and blues of the locality Figure 28 Green cover in Mumbai & Sub-urban Region (Source: Landsat 5 and Landsat 8, USGS, 2019) Figure 28 Green cover in Mumbai & Sub-urban Region (Source: Landsat 5 and Landsat 8, USGS, 2019)

greens and blues of the locality greens and blues of the locality

Figure 29 Green & Blue cover in Thane city (Source: Author) 47

Figure 29 Green & Blue cover in Thane city (Source: Author) Figure 29 Green & Blue cover in Thane city (Source: Author) 47

Figure 30 Type of Green & Blue system around site (Source: Author)

Figure 31 Shrinkage of Thane creek (Source: Author)

नगर ां गण 48

knowing the jail premise 4.1 Existing Land use & Activities 4.2 Existing Built-form Typology 4.3 Special features 4.4 S.W.O. T 4.5 Adaptive reuse 4.6 Smart walls

नगर ां गण 50

4.1 EXISTING LANDUSE & ACTIVITIES

Figure 32 Land use on site (Source: Author) Figure 33 Activities on site (Right) 51

नगर ां गण 52

4.2 EXISTING BUILT-FORM TYPOLOGY

Figure 34 Built Typology on site (Source: Author) 53

नगर ां गण 54

4.3 SPECIAL FEATURES

Figure 35 Physical Attributes of site (Source: Author)

नगर ां गण 56

4.4 S. W. O. T strengths The community around thinks that the Fort-Jail premise which had a glorious past should now be celebrated and not just be a space that house the criminals of the city.

The architectural qualities of the FortJail are retained and maintained.

The area is demarcated as a PublicSemipublic zone which allows development benefiting citizens at micro-macro level.

Strategic location connecting to major cities around.

Ecologically rich niche in the dense Urban fabric.

Rich culture and tradition of community festival celebration.

Figure 36 SWOT analysis of the site 57

weakness The site, though having great attributes to offer to the city, is not opened up due to its function.

Not many people know about the history of the Fort-Jail and the city.

The Jail is a sticking point and have negative notions associated with it.

Due to function of jail, the development of the surrounding areas is restricted.

opportunities Historic importance of the Fort-Jail can be brought into lime light and also the space can explore the rich cultural background that the city offers.

The Large chunk of land can be developed to enhance the city and create an identity for it.

This green lung of the city can be maintained, improved and made open for the its citizens.

Organic Urban farming and other allied activities can be developed on existing Farmlands (Agricultural Zone).

threat The jail is already exhausted and have no scope to develop further, hence poses a threat to the society around.

If the Jail premise is shifted and this large chunk of land is opened up, it may face great pressure from the developers. It may take away the opportunity of the site being a historical-cultural-ecological addition to the city.

If not re-imagined in a sensitive way, the only ecologically rich niche in the dense Urban establishment would also be lost.

TMC proposal for shifting of jail and development of site.

Promoting the Smart-city aspect of Thane.

Revenue generation from tourism.

नगर ां गण 58

4.5 ADAPTIVE REUSE Buildings have always tried to adapt and have seen reuse throughout its course in past. Adaptive reuse that allows a combination of old structure and new functions, provides an opportunity to keep the original character intact and yet make it relevant to today’s time frame. Adaptive reuse has its impact in the realms of Functionality, Social & Culture, Ecology and Economics.

Figure 37 Realms impacted by Adaptive Reuse (Source: Author)

strategies for remodelling the space A space and its experience can be choreographed and enhanced with PLANES (In different directions, of different heights and shapes), LIGHT PENETRATION, VOLUME, SURFACE QUALITY AND TEXTURE, OPENINGS which can become focal points defining MOVEMENT. Adaption of a structure can be classified as INSTALLATION, INSERTION and INTERVENSION 1. INSTALLATION: A flexible addition with minimum structural involvement of existing architecture. The element is of temporary nature and the changes can be reverted back.

2. INSERTION: A plug-in to existing structure and program enhancing its functionality and experiential quality. This addition can depend and is in congruence with the existing set-up. 3. INTERVENSION: Transformation of existing set-up to facilitate revival with newer programs. The new set-up is completely intertwined with the old one and remoulds the entire space with no scope of going back.

(Fisher-Gewirtzman, 2016)

Figure 38 Strategies for Adaptive reuse (Installation, Insertion, Intervention) (Source: Author)

installation WEWORK LINE HOUSE, SHANGHAI The existing opium factory and artist residents was converted into a fine dining celebration space exploring different experiential qualities.

INSTALLATION Type of addition to the existing courtyard activating the space with dining and celebration space.

Figure 39 Adaptive Reuse of Old courtyard (Source: Archdaily)

Contrast on the site of traditional brick construction and industrial additions, are celebrated and weaved in with the new program as a highlighting feature. Figure 40 Highlighting the existing contrast (Source: Archdaily)

नगर ां गण 60

insertion DANISH NATIONAL MARITIME MUSEUM, DENMARK The museum is accommodated within old dock walls, showcasing the volume and scale of ship building.

The INSERTION is done with reference to the existing function, history and culture.

Figure 41 Museum accommodated in the old dock (Source: Archdaily)

It uses double level dry dock by connecting with bridges considering the choreography & unfolding of the museum. Figure 42 Connecting Bridges (Source: Archdaily)

intervention COAL DROPS YARD, UK Two Heritage Railway Buildings were revived by converting it into a shopping space. The entire area was for the first time made open for the public to explore.

The INTERVENSION is an extension of the gable roofs of existing dilapidated buildings, tying both the structures together in a dynamic form. It floats over to form a large covered space for the public.

This INTERVENSION thus completely transforms the nature and function of the space

Figure 44 Revival of traditional Rail building (Source: Archdaily)

Figure 43 Complete Transformation of the space ((Source: Archdaily)

the remoulding can be done is various forms:

Figure 45 Ideas for Remoulding of the space (Source: Author)

Along with these strategies, if required the structure can be dis-assembled, salvaging the material used. This material can be keenly used in the newer construction and its interiors.

नगर ां गण 62

4.6 SMART WALLS The huge walls of Jail-Fort are its attribute for maintaining the security of the Jail. It is also a symbolic factor associated with the negative notions of isolation, crimes and dark side of the society. But in the Urban Courtyard this wall can be a depiction of positives of the city, community bonding, unity, etc creating a constructive environment. These walls can be smart and would not only help in citizen awareness, but also can be a revenue generating asset.

Figure 46 Fort wall (Source: author)

Figure 47 Jail external wall (Source: Author)

innovating in the smart technology concept The smart walls can explore technology, people participation and community building aspect.

Interactive walls that would give information to the people, Polls and surveys can be taken (as done on Instagram), This or that.

Figure 48 Polls and public opinion

Advertisements, Positives of the city (like adoption of stray animals, donations for the relief of disaster-prone areas, etc.), Stories of people (humansofbombay).

Figure 49 Digital positive wall

Can help in community bonding through art on walls. (Help in promotion of local young talent, teaching learning environment between different age groups, competitions can be held, etc)

Figure 50 All age groups involved in wall art activity

Engagement of people through quick play. It can also be of some aesthetic value.

Figure 51 Interactive walls

नगर ां गण 64

stakeholder analysis & survey 5.1 Takeaways 5.2 Survey Methodology & Conclusions

नगर ां गण 66

5.1 TAKEAWAYS The COMMUNITY, which is one of the important stakeholders, was included in the process through an open interview. Some of the conclusions were as follows: The safety factor is related to the routes taken by the van carrying the criminals. There is lack of community building amenities, and the streets lack liveness and activities. The locality is quiet and enjoy a rich ecology. Circus is one of the major factors that people associate the space with along with fishing.

JAIL AUTHORITIES AND GUARDS were interviewed to understand the current conditions of the Jail and the difficulties that are faced. Jail authority and the corresponding staff find it difficult and time consuming to maintain in terms of economy as well as co-ordination. The Jail is a house for many criminals and face security related issues due to the growing residential, slums and infrastructure around the jail. Currently, since the gang culture and related serious crimes have reduced, the no. of criminals with life imprisonment and major crimes have declined in the Jail with maximum ratio of people with minor crimes and under-trial.

The stakes of GOVERNMENT BODY were analysed as a representative of what the city is and how are they imagining the city to be. Understanding and analysing the main objectives of the upcoming government proposals and future plans for the city: Promote Tourism and flourish the historic and environmental aspect of city. Also, the focus is to build a strong cultural, environment conscious and smart image of the city. This will also help in gaining financial benefits.

5.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY A Methodology for deriving programmes that would ensure effective adaptive reuse of the building with people’s participation. This is done considering various stake-holders and their attributes & point of views. Analysing this data through the lenses of ECONOMICS, SOCIAL & CULTURAL ASPECTS. (Adaptive Sustainable Reuse for Cultural Heritage: A Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding Approach Supporting Urban Development Processes, 2020)

step 1: identifying groups of stake-holders The stake holders and their attributes considered. 1. Institutes: Metropolitan City, TMC, etc. – Revenue Generation, Smart City, Iconic, Imagery of City 2. Professionals in Real estate and Conservation: Heritage and Cultural impact, Economic impact, Development around 3. Community: Micro level (Immediate context) – Daily usage and access, Standard of living. 4. Community: Macro level (City / Region level context) – Benefits on larger scale, Needs and Accessibility 5. Tourism and Exchange: Attracting Outsiders, Revenue generation. 6. Ecology: Conservation of rich ecology, Ensuring minimum exploitation.

step 2: all possible programs from interviews, studying proposals, etc. 1. Space for revival of History. 2. Sports and health/ wellness center. 3. Fishing and institute for the same. 4. Circus art and allied activities. 5. Bird Watching and Info center. 6. Multi-media library. 7. Farming and institute for the same. 8. Production and selling of Local goods (Organic vegetables, Handicrafts, etc.) 9. Celebration spaces. 10. Museum 11. Shopping + Food + Entertainment center (Mall) 12. Jail

नगर ां गण 68

step 3: classifying programs into groups for analysis GROUP 1: CULTURE & HERITAGE CONSERVATION CENTER (Spaces for heritage revival, Experiential walks, Circus art & allied activities, Sports & wellness centre, Celebration spaces, Community leisure spaces, Library, selling of organic food, etc) GROUP 2: ENTERTAINMENT AND COMMERICIAL CENTER (Malls, theatres, Creek water sports, Leisure spaces, Commercial areas) GROUP 3: INSTITUTIONAL SPACES (Farming and institute, food walks, Fishing and institute, Libraries, Bird watching & info centre)

step 4: analysis Based on the study focus and scope, the criteria and the stakeholders were ranked. Accordingly, the analysis and conclusions are made.

18%

23%

27% 9%

21%

18% 14%

15%

23%

32%

22%

8% 33%

15%

Figure 52 Percentage contribution of stakeholders for each group (Source: Author)

Figure 53 Over-all rating graph for each Group (Source: Author)

conclusion (from survey) The method focused on analysing various criterias, through various perspectives of various stakeholders, allowed to arrive at a ‘shared solution’ capable of meeting the needs for all.

Analysing the various programs and its impact on each attribute, it was observed that GROUP 1 typology of programs would allow balanced development meeting the needs of local community, governing bodies and can also be sustainable over time in terms of Economics.

नगर ां गण 70

case studies 6.1 Conservation of Culture Jadhavgad Shaniwaar Wada 6.2 Conservation of Artform Circus conservatory Clement blanchet venue 6.3 Conservation of Space Tai Kwun Public Plaza CCIR 6.4 Comparative analysis & Conclusion

नगर ां गण 72

6.1 CONSERVATION OF CULTURE: JADHAVGAD introduction Jadhavgadh fort is Maharashtra’s first heritage fort designed as a resort. It is situated on the Saswad hill, 22km away from Pune. Built in 1710 by PILLAJI JADHAVRAO a prominent commander in Shahu Maharaj’s (first maharaja of Kolhapur) army. Jadhavgadh has been restored and turned into a resort by hotelier Dr. Vitthal Kamat.

Figure 54 Adaptive reuse of Jadhavgad

LOCATION:

Saswad, Pune

SITE AREA:

27 acres

ARCHITECT:

Ar.Shete, Ar.Uday Kalyanpurkar

YEAR:

2007

PROGRAMS:

Resort with Accommodation, Spa, Restaurants Museum Activity zone Leisure spaces with Bird watching

OCCUPANCY:

The fort has 58 rooms with all modern amenities. The resort occupies only 10% of land for the built hotel rooms.

design concept The intend was to conserve not on the structural aspect but also the cultural attributes of the space. The functions housed in the fort premise allowed propagation of Maratha Heritage and Culture along with revival of the structure. The Resort showcases traditional Maratha culture through architecture showcasing fine Maratha craftsmanship. 73

Figure 55 Additions to the existing fort

layout and circulation

Figure 56 Basic zoning of Jadhavgad

The authentic Maratha experiential stay consisting of 58 rooms are divided as: 12 Chavani (Royal tents) 29 Kholi (Deluxe room)

4 Neem Forest Cottage

1 Maharani suite

1 museum room

1 Maharaja Suite

Figure 57 Accommodation Typologies in Jadhavgad (Source: Thesis projects: Rushikesh Sutar _ Marine Ecotourism नगर ां गण 74

aai museum Aai museum is the highlight of the entire complex and is built on the space occupied by the Horse stable. It has many artifacts showcased in the interiors. The Maratha architectural style is displayed through the structure gloriously. This space is multifunctional and also houses celebration area for Themed weddings, Prewedding Photo shoots and Destination Wedding.

Figure 58 Aai museum premise

Figure 59 Pool side decorated for wedding

analysis STAKE HOLDER- Private owner, Tourism, Heritage, Ecology FUNCTIONS-

Accommodation Restaurants and restroom Pool with spa Museum and temple Admin and staff area Landscaping with areas for bird watching

REVENUE GENERATING

PUBLIC MUSEUM

SEMI-PUBLIC RESTAURANTS

PRIVATE ACCOMMODATION

POOL & SPA REST ROOMS

NON-REVENUE GENERATING

LANDSCAPE AREAS TEMPLE

ADMIN

LANDSCAPE Table 1 Components and its typology (Jadhavgad)

BUILT BUILT//UN-BUILT UN-BUILT

ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBILITY OPEN OPENTO TOALL ALL

BUILT BUILT

UN-BUILT UN-BUILT

Figure Figure61 61Built-Unbuilt Built-UnbuiltPie Piechart chartfor forJadhavgad Jadhavgad

OPEN OPENTO TOSPECIFIC SPECIFICGROUP GROUPOF OFSOCIETY SOCIETY

Figure Figure60 60Accessibility AccessibilitytotoJadhavgad Jadhavgad

tying tyingknots knotsbetween betweenhistory historyand andpresent present The Thefunctions, functions,incorporated incorporatedininthe theexisting existinghistoric historicset-up, set-up,make makethe thespace spacerelevant relevantand and connected connectedtotopresent presenttimes. times. Today’s Today’strending trendingfunctions functionslike likeThemed Themedcelebration celebrationspaces, spaces,experiential experientialstay, stay,etc. etc.use usethe the historic historicbackdrop backdroptotoit’s it’spotential. potential.Whereas Whereasfunctions functionslike likespa, spa,pool, pool,etc. etc.are areincorporated incorporatedby by tweaking tweakingthe theexisting existingwater waterelement. element.

positive positiveuse useof ofexisting existingsite siteconditions conditions i)i)

LANDSCAPING LANDSCAPING

Major MajorPart Partofofthe thesite sitewas wascovered coveredwith withgardens gardensand andfarmlands. farmlands.The Thesite siteisismidst midstofoffig figand and custard custardapple applefarms. farms. The Thelandscaping landscapingon onsite siteisisdone doneusing usingnative nativespecies. species.The Theconcept conceptofof‘horizontal ‘horizontalbird bird watching’ watching’isisintroduced introducedininthe thearea areawhere whereone onecan canspot spotvariety varietyof ofnative nativebirds birdslike likebarbets, barbets, leaf leafwarblers, warblers,spiderhunters, spiderhunters,tailor tailorbirds, birds,kingfishers kingfishersand andorioles. orioles.

Figure Figure62 62Green GreenManicured Manicuredentrance entrance

Figure Figure63 63Neem NeemGarden Gardenand andbird birdwatching watchingarea area

नगर ण नगरां गां ग ण 76 76

ii)ii)ii)

RESTORATION RESTORATION AND AND MATERIALS MATERIALS RESTORATION AND MATERIALS

The The restoration restoration process process was was massive massive and and took took 33years 3years years tototo complete. complete. ItItwas Itwas was done done using using same same The restoration process was massive and took complete. done using same materials materials and and same same old old technique technique ofofof construction. construction. materials and same old technique construction. Old Old methods methods ofofof joinery; joinery; with with egg egg yolk, yolk, lime, lime, honey honey and and herbs herbs were were used used tototo seal seal the the deep deep Old methods joinery; with egg yolk, lime, honey and herbs were used seal the deep crevices, crevices, matching matching stones stones were were procured. procured. Ladrillo Ladrillo Bricks, Bricks, were were used used for for construction construction ininin crevices, matching stones were procured. Ladrillo Bricks, were used for construction 121212 ancient ancient times times which which were were again again restoration restoration ofofof fort. fort. ancient times which were again restoration fort.

Black Black stone stone Black stone

Ladrillo Ladrillo Bricks Bricks Ladrillo Bricks

Lime Lime mortar mortar Lime mortar

Figure Figure Figure 64 64 64 Traditional Traditional Traditional Materials Materials Materials used used used ininJadhavgad inJadhavgad Jadhavgad

Figure Figure Figure 65 65 65 Restoration Restoration Restoration ofofthe ofthe the Fort Fort Fort Walls Walls Walls

http://www.natgeotraveller.in/time-travelling-while-staying-at-fort-jadhavgadh/ http://www.natgeotraveller.in/time-travelling-while-staying-at-fort-jadhavgadh/ http://www.natgeotraveller.in/time-travelling-while-staying-at-fort-jadhavgadh/ https://www.scribd.com/document/476389595/casestudy-jadhavgadh https://www.scribd.com/document/476389595/casestudy-jadhavgadh https://www.scribd.com/document/476389595/casestudy-jadhavgadh

1 1 1 2 2 2

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6.1CONSERVATION CONSERVATION OF CULTURE: SHANIVAR WADA CONSERVATIONOF OFCULTURE: CULTURE:SHANIVAR SHANIVARWADA WADA 6.1 introduction introduction ShaniwaarWada Wada historic fortification Wadaisis isaaahistoric historicfortification fortification Shaniwaar Pune.ItItwas wasbuilt built by Marathas and was builtby byMarathas Marathasand andwas was ininPune. centrefor forpolitics. politics. politics. aacentre Thefort fortwas wasdestroyed destroyed before destroyedbefore before The independenceand and then was restored to andthen thenwas wasrestored restoredto to independence beaatourist touristspot spot that display the lifestyle spotthat thatdisplay displaythe thelifestyle lifestyle be duringthat thatera. era. era. during

LOCATION: LOCATION:

Pune Pune Pune

SITEAREA: AREA: SITE

35,000 SQ.M 35,000SQ.M SQ.M 35,000

PROGRAM: PROGRAM:

Open air amphitheatre Openair airamphitheatre amphitheatre Open (2500 people) (2500people) people) (2500

Figure 66 Shaniwaar Wada Basic dimensions Figure 66 Shaniwaar Wada Basic dimensions Figure 66 Shaniwaar Wada Basic dimensions

Temple Temple Temple Spectator Gallery (light and sound show) SpectatorGallery Gallery(light (lightand andsound soundshow) show) Spectator Fountains Fountains Fountains Services Restrooms Services&& &Restrooms Restrooms Services Parking Parking Parking

tyingknots knotsbetween between history and present betweenhistory historyand andpresent present tying Thetypical typical‘MARATHA ‘MARATHA WADA’ make an ‘MARATHAWADA’ WADA’make makean an The efforttotopromote promote the History and Culture promotethe theHistory Historyand andCulture Culture effort Maratharule ruleby by preserving the bypreserving preservingthe the ofofMaratha Architectureand and reviving the functions andreviving revivingthe thefunctions functions Architecture theywere. were. asasthey Alongwith withthis thisthe the history the space thehistory historyofof ofthe thespace spaceisis is Along narratedininthe theform form Light and sound formofof ofLight Lightand andsound sound narrated showininthe thesame same premise make samepremise premisetoto tomake makeitititaaa show realisticexperience. experience. experience. realistic Theopen-air open-airamphitheater amphitheater also acts amphitheateralso alsoacts actsasas asaaa The communityevent event space allowing the eventspace spaceallowing allowingthe the community residents’engagement. engagement. engagement. residents’

Figure 67 Public celebrations Shaniwaar Wada Figure 67 Public celebrations Shaniwaar Wada Figure 67 Public celebrations atatat Shaniwaar Wada

नगरां गां ग ण 78 ण 78 नगर ण 78

6.2 CONSERVATION OF ARTFORM: CIRCUS CONSERVATORY introduction The Circus Conservatory built in Portland, America, intends to house America’s First accredited degree program in Circus Art. The design intervention plans to activate the under developed section of Portland city into an Artistic, Vibrant foci for Public including Performance Venues and Recreational spaces along with Circus art training.

Figure 68 Form of Circus Conservatory (Source: Archdaily)

LOCATION:

Portland, America

SITE AREA:

9000 m2

ARCHITECT:

Höweler + Yoon Architecture, in collaboration with OFIS Architects

YEAR:

2017 (not yet completed)

PROGRAMS:

Institution Performance space Public Plaza

OCCUPANCY:

550 + Additional seating can be accommodated with mezzanine in the performance area

design concept The aim was to create an intergrated design by stitching the hybrid functions together with public access looping all over the site ensuring harmony, reliving the traditional Circus Culture. The hybrid facility house performance as well as educational facility. 79

Figure 69 Design integrating hybrid functions (Archdaily)

layout and circulation The building is roughly circular in plan where a portion is elevated off the ground by tall, slender columns. This carved out ‘under belly’ of the sculptural building acts as a dynamic outdoor theater and plaza for public as well as student interaction.

Figure 70 Floor plans of Circus Conservatory (Source:Archdaily)

नगर ां गण 80

Figure Figure Figure 71 71 71 Zoned Zoned Zoned Section Section Section ofofCircus of Circus Circus Conservatory Conservatory Conservatory (Archdaily) (Archdaily) (Archdaily)

analysis analysis analysis STAKE STAKE STAKE HOLDER: HOLDER: HOLDER: Government Government Government institutions, institutions, institutions, Community Community Community (Micro), (Micro), (Micro), Community Community Community (Macro), (Macro), (Macro), Artform, Artform, Artform, Professionals Professionals Professionals GROUND GROUND GROUND FLOORFLOORFLOOR- Public Public Public open open open plaza plaza plaza Performance Performance Performance area area area Back Back Back stage stage stage functions functions functions Café Café Café and and and Retail Retail Retail lobby lobby lobby Kitchen Kitchen Kitchen and and and Rest Rest Rest rooms rooms rooms

FIRST FIRST FIRST FLOORFLOORFLOOR-

MEZZANINE MEZZANINE MEZZANINE FLOORFLOORFLOOR-Audi Audi Audi Mezzanine Mezzanine Mezzanine Training Training Training area area area

SECOND SECOND SECOND FLOORFLOORFLOOR- Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Practice Practice Practice areas areas areas Library Library Library

REVENUE REVENUE REVENUE GENERATING GENERATING GENERATING

NON-REVENUE NON-REVENUE NON-REVENUE GENERATING GENERATING GENERATING

PUBLIC PUBLIC PUBLIC PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE AREA AREA AREA BACKSTAGE BACKSTAGE BACKSTAGE

Training Training Training areas areas areas Canteen Canteen Canteen Kitchen Kitchen Kitchen

SEMI-PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC CAFÉ CAFÉ CAFÉ AND AND AND RETAIL RETAIL RETAIL LOBBY LOBBY LOBBY

PRIVATE PRIVATE PRIVATE INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS:

KITCHEN KITCHEN KITCHEN

Training area, Training Training &&Practice &Practice Practice area, area, Classrooms, Classrooms, Classrooms, Canteen. Canteen. Canteen.

OPEN OPEN OPEN PLAZA PLAZA PLAZA RESTROOM RESTROOM RESTROOM Table Table Table 22Components 2 Components Components and and and itsitstypology its typology typology (Circus (Circus (Circus Conservatory) Conservatory) Conservatory)

81 8181

BUILT BUILT BUILT //UN-BUILT /UN-BUILT UN-BUILT

ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBILITY OPEN OPEN OPEN TOTOALL TO ALL ALL

BUILT BUILT BUILT UN-BUILT UN-BUILT UN-BUILT

Figure Figure Figure 73 73 73 Built-Unbuilt Built-Unbuilt Built-Unbuilt Pie Pie Pie chart chart chart for forfor Circus Circus Circus Conservatory Conservatory Conservatory

OPEN OPEN OPEN TOTOSPECIFIC TO SPECIFIC SPECIFIC GROUP GROUP GROUP OFOFSOCIETY OF SOCIETY SOCIETY

Figure Figure Figure 72 72 72 Accessibility Accessibility Accessibility totoCircus to Circus Circus Conservatory Conservatory Conservatory

tying tying knots knots between between history history and and present present tying knots between history and present The The The structure structure structure and and and its itsits function function function aimed aimed aimed atatpromoting atpromoting promoting aatraditional atraditional traditional Art Art Art form form form ofofof ‘CIRCUS ‘CIRCUS ‘CIRCUS ARTS’ ARTS’ ARTS’ connecting connecting connecting ititto ittoto today’s today’s today’s time time time by byby providing providing providing an an an official official official degree degree degree ininin the the the subject. subject. subject. The The The architecture architecture architecture isisinspired isinspired inspired by byby traditional traditional traditional circus circus circus tents tents tents blending blending blending with with with futuristic futuristic futuristic design design design approach approach creating creating aasculptural asculptural sculptural building building with with litlitpublic litpublic public plazas. plazas. approach creating building with plazas.

positive positive positive use use use of ofof existing existing existing site site site conditions conditions conditions The The The site site site isislocated islocated located ininin between between between 22public 2public public amenities amenities amenities i.e i.ei.e event event event space space space ininthe inthe the north north north and and and outdoor outdoor outdoor skating skating skating facility facility facility ininthe inthe the south, south, south, which which which are are are not not not that that that active. active. active. The The The intervention intervention intervention isisplaced isplaced placed considering considering considering this this this axis axis axis and and and thus thus thus help help help ininactivation inactivation activation ofofof the the the 11 1 surrounding surrounding surrounding functions functions functions asasas well. well. well.

Figure Figure Figure 74 74 74 Axes Axes Axes ofofthe of the the structure structure structure (Circus (Circus (Circus Conservatory) Conservatory) Conservatory)

https://www.archdaily.com/871045/howeler-plus-yoon-architecture-unveils-circus-conservatory-design https://www.archdaily.com/871045/howeler-plus-yoon-architecture-unveils-circus-conservatory-design https://www.archdaily.com/871045/howeler-plus-yoon-architecture-unveils-circus-conservatory-design

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नगर नगर नगर ां गां ग ण ण ां गण 82 82 82

6.2CONSERVATION CONSERVATIONOF OFARTFORM: ARTFORM:CLEMENT CLEMENTBLANCHET BLANCHETVENUE VENUE 6.2 introduction introduction Clement Clementblanchet blanchetarchitecture’s architecture’sunique unique performance performancevenue venuedesigned designed specifically specificallytotohost hostananinternationally internationally branded brandedshow, show,featuring featuringadvanced advanced technical technicalfeatures. features. The Thecontemporary contemporarycircus circusisisthe the demonstration demonstrationofofan anhistorical historicalsynthesis synthesis and andatatthe thesame sametime timeofofa atechnological technological engagement. engagement. LOCATION: LOCATION:

Paris, Paris,France France

Figure Figure 75 75 Form Form development development ofof Clement Clement Blanchet Blanchet Venue Venue (Source: (Source: Designboom) Designboom)

PROGRAM: PROGRAM: Unique Uniquecircus circuspavilion pavilion(1,500 (1,500seat seattheatre) theatre) Allied AlliedFunctions Functions Service Serviceareas areas

tying tyingknots knotsbetween betweenhistory historyand andpresent present The Theprograms programsand andattributes attributesofofthe theintervention interventionopens opensup upananadvanced advancedentertainment entertainment arena arenaand andyet yetmaintains maintainsa acollective collectivememory memoryofofthe theclassic classiccircus circustypology. typology. The Thedesign designproduces producesananurban urbaneffect effectthat thatgestures gesturestoward towardthe thepublic publicplaza plazaand andbecomes becomesa a new newpiece pieceofof“transparent “transparentinfrastructure” infrastructure”where wherethe thepublic publiccan cangather gatherand andinteract. interact.

Figure Figure 77 77 Projecting Projecting Facades Facades inin Clement Clement Blanchet Blanchet Venue Venue (Source: (Source: Designboom) Designboom) 8383

Figure Figure 76 76 Performance Performance area area ofof Venue Venue (Source: (Source: Designboom) Designboom)

6.3 6.3 6.3 CONSERVATION CONSERVATION CONSERVATION OF OF OF SPACE: SPACE: SPACE: TAI TAI TAI KWUN KWUN KWUN PUBLIC PUBLIC PUBLIC PLAZA PLAZA PLAZA introduction introduction introduction Headquarters Headquarters Headquarters compound compound compound in inin Hong Hong Hong Kong Kong Kong isisis planned planned planned to toto revive revive revive as asas aanew anew new cultural cultural cultural hub hub hub called called called Tai Tai Tai Kwun, Kwun, Kwun, meaning meaning meaning ‘Big ‘Big ‘Big Station’. Station’. Station’. The The The site site site isisis located located located in inin the the the dense dense dense urban urban urban fabric fabric fabric surrounded surrounded surrounded by by by high-rise high-rise high-rise commercial commercial commercial use, use, use, and and and only only only aafew afew few minutes’ minutes’ minutes’ walk walk walk from from from the the the city’s city’s city’s prime prime prime financial financial financial district. district. district. The The The site site site area area area isisis of ofof 27000 27000 27000 m2 m2 m2 consisting consisting consisting of ofof 16 16 16 historic historic historic buildings buildings buildings including including including prison prison prison yards yards yards retained retained retained with with with original original original cell cell cell no. no. no. and and and locks. locks. locks. Figure Figure Figure 78 78 78 Open Open Open Public Public Public Plaza Plaza Plaza premise premise premise (Source: (Source: (Source: Taikwun.hk) Taikwun.hk) Taikwun.hk)

LOCATION: LOCATION: LOCATION:

Hongkong, Hongkong, Hongkong, China China China

SITE SITE SITE AREA: AREA: AREA:

27000 27000 27000 m2 m2 m2

ARCHITECT: ARCHITECT: ARCHITECT:

Swiss Swiss Swiss architects architects architects Herzog Herzog Herzog &&& deMeuron deMeuron deMeuron

YEAR: YEAR: YEAR:

2018 2018 2018

PROGRAMS: PROGRAMS: PROGRAMS:

Adaptive Adaptive Adaptive reuse reuse reuse Conserved Conserved Conserved Monuments Monuments Monuments (2(2(2 out out out of ofof 16) 16) 16) Cultural Cultural Cultural center center center Museum Museum Museum Public Public Public Leisure Leisure Leisure

design design design concept concept concept From From From an an an urban urban urban perspective, perspective, perspective, the the the compound compound compound isisis aaa rare rare rare “COURTYARD” “COURTYARD” “COURTYARD” ininin the the the middle middle middle of ofof one one one of ofof the the the densest densest densest cities cities cities ininin the the the world. world. world. The The The idea idea idea was was was to toto use use use this this this vast vast vast area area area as asas an an an URBAN URBAN URBAN OASIS OASIS OASIS of ofof openness openness openness and and and calmness calmness calmness through through through leisure leisure leisure and and and cultural cultural cultural pocket pocket pocket ininin the the the Urban Urban Urban commercial commercial commercial Fabric Fabric Fabric around. around. around.

Figure Figure Figure 79 79 79 The The The old old old premise premise premise with with with newer newer newer additions additions additions (Source: (Source: (Source: Taikwun.hk) Taikwun.hk) Taikwun.hk)

नगर नगर नगर ां गां गण ां ग ण ण 84 84 84

layout and circulation 01-

Police head Qauter

02-

Armory

03-

Barrack block

04,06,07-

Inceptor qauter

08-

Ablution block

09-

Central magistracy

10-

Supreintendent House

11-15,17-

Halls

19-

Bauhinia House

20, 21-

Contemprarory additions

Figure 80 Basic Zoning of Tai Kwun Public centre (Source: Taikwun.hk)

The designers have inserted two bold contemporary buildings in the complex (20,21); a gallery for contemporary art and a cube-shaped 200-seat auditorium for the performing arts, film screenings and events. The Barrack building and the comtemporary Museum building form the major chunk of the whole site and hence occupy the major functions. The public circulation is taken into consideration and accordingly the Plazas are designed.1

Figure 81 Public circulation & foot-fall in Tai kwun Premise (Source: Taikwun.hk)

https://www.taikwun.hk/en/programme/detail/heritage-storytelling-spaces/33

analysis analysis analysis STAKEHOLDER: STAKEHOLDER: STAKEHOLDER:NPO, NPO, NPO, Community, Community, Community, Heritage Heritage Heritage and and and tourism, tourism, tourism, Government Government Government Institutions Institutions Institutions

FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: Open Open Open exhibition exhibition exhibition spaces spaces spaces Open Open Open plazas plazas plazas Cafes Cafes Cafes &&Restaurants &Restaurants Restaurants Restrooms Restrooms Restrooms MuseumMuseumMuseumheritage heritage heritage story story story telling telling telling spaces spaces spaces

PUBLIC PUBLIC PUBLIC REVENUE REVENUE REVENUE GENERATING GENERATING GENERATING

OPEN OPEN OPEN EXHIBITION EXHIBITION EXHIBITION SPACES SPACES SPACES

NON-REVENUE NON-REVENUE NON-REVENUE GENERATING GENERATING GENERATING

OPEN OPEN OPEN PLAZA PLAZA PLAZA

SEMI-PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC MUSEUM MUSEUM MUSEUM

PRIVATE PRIVATE PRIVATE -- -

CAFES CAFES CAFES &RESTAURANTS &RESTAURANTS &RESTAURANTS

RESTROOM RESTROOM RESTROOM Table Table Table 3 3Components 3 Components Components and and and itsitstypology its typology typology (Tai (Tai (Tai kwun kwun kwun Public Public Public Plaza) Plaza) Plaza)

BUILT BUILT BUILT / /UN-BUILT /UN-BUILT UN-BUILT

ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBILITY OPEN OPEN OPEN TOTO ALL TO ALL ALL

BUILT BUILT BUILT UN-BUILT UN-BUILT UN-BUILT

Figure Figure Figure 83 8383 Built-Unbuilt Built-Unbuilt Built-Unbuilt Pie Pie Pie chart chart chart for forTai for Tai Tai kwun kwun kwun center center center

OPEN OPEN OPEN TOTO SPECIFIC TO SPECIFIC SPECIFIC GROUP GROUP GROUP OFOF SOCIETY OF SOCIETY SOCIETY

Figure Figure Figure 82 8282 Accessibility Accessibility Accessibility totoTai to Tai Tai kwun kwun kwun center center center

नगर नगर नगर ां गण ां गण ां गण 86 86 86

tying knots between history and present tying tying knots knots between between history history and and present present The The The museum museum museum isisdesigned isdesigned designed ininin such such such aaway away way that that that the the the architectural architectural architectural intervention intervention intervention isisminimum isminimum minimum and and and the the the experiential experiential experiential quality quality quality isisretained. isretained. retained. AAgood Agood good mix mix mix ofofof heritage heritage heritage and and and digital digital digital advancement advancement advancement ensured ensured ensured the the the achievement achievement achievement ofofof the the the goal. goal. goal. The The The historic historic historic scenarios scenarios scenarios were were were recreated, recreated, recreated, digitally, digitally, digitally, through through through illusions, illusions, illusions, illustrations, illustrations, illustrations, etc. etc. etc. for for for the the the users users users tototo experience experience experience and and and interact interact interact with with with it.it.it. These These These heritage heritage heritage story story story telling telling telling spaces spaces spaces narrated narrated narrated the the the incidences incidences incidences using using using projecting projecting projecting tools, tools, tools, digital digital digital displays, displays, displays, 3d 3d 3d holograms holograms holograms etc. etc. etc.

Figure Figure Figure 84 84 84 Displays Displays Displays atatthe atthe the museum museum museum

Figure Figure Figure 85 85 85 Illusionary Illusionary Illusionary displays displays displays atatmuseum atmuseum museum

positive positive positive use use use of ofof existing existing existing site site site conditions conditions conditions i)i) i) ADAPTIVE ADAPTIVE ADAPTIVE REUSE REUSE REUSE ‘The ‘The ‘The laundry laundry laundry steps steps steps Plaza’ Plaza’ Plaza’ sits sits sits where where where the the the actual actual actual prison prison prison laundry laundry laundry workshop workshop workshop existed existed existed and and and today today today isisan isanan open open open public public public performance performance performance area. area. area.

Figure Figure Figure 86 86 86 Stepped Stepped Stepped Public Public Public Plaza Plaza Plaza

The The The cell cell cell blocks blocks blocks ofofof the the the prisons prisons prisons which which which housed housed housed various various various functions functions functions ininin past past past like like like female female female blocks, blocks, blocks, hospital, hospital, hospital, etc. etc. etc. are are are now now now aa‘Heritage a‘Heritage ‘Heritage Story Story Story telling’ telling’ telling’ spaces, spaces, spaces, Cafes Cafes Cafes and and and restaurants restaurants restaurants and and and ‘Back ‘Back ‘Back of ofof House’ House’ House’ functions. functions. functions.

Figure Figure Figure 87 87 87 Restaurants Restaurants Restaurants asasadaptive asadaptive adaptive reuse reuse reuse ofofcell ofcell cell blocks blocks blocks

87 8787

6.3 CONSERVATION OF SPACE: CCIR 6.3 6.3 CONSERVATION CONSERVATION OF OF SPACE: SPACE: CCIR CCIR introduction introduction introduction The The The site site site isisan isan an Espagne Espagne Espagne barrack, barrack, barrack, where where where CCIR CCIR CCIR have have have adapted adapted adapted and and and reused reused reused the the the structure. structure. structure. The design house three completely different The The design design house house three three completely completely different different typologies related Circus, forming typologies typologies related related tototo Circus, Circus, forming forming a aa cohesive and harmonious space. cohesive cohesive and and harmonious harmonious space. space. The The connection connection isisdone isdone done with with a apublic apublic public access access The connection with access road road which which isisdynamic isdynamic dynamic ininnature innature nature and and induce induce road which and induce festive festive spirit spirit among among the the community. community. festive spirit among the community. LOCATION: LOCATION: Auch, Auch, France France LOCATION: Auch, France AREA: AREA: AREA:

4100 4100 SQ. SQ. MMM 4100 SQ.

PROGRAM: PROGRAM: Living Living spaces spaces PROGRAM: Living spaces Artist’s Artist’s workspaces workspaces Artist’s workspaces Rehearsal Rehearsal area area Rehearsal area Performance Performance area area Performance area Figure Figure Figure 88 88 88 Barrack Barrack Barrack premise premise premise with with with adaptive adaptive adaptive ruse ruse ruse

positive positive positive use use use ofofof existing existing existing site site site conditions conditions conditions According According According totothe tothe the potential potential potential ofofof each each each existing existing existing space, space, space, the the the adaptation adaptation adaptation and and and accommodation accommodation accommodation ofofof new new new functions functions functions isisdone. isdone. done. The The The existing existing existing cell cell cell block block block had had had the the the potential potential potential totobe tobe be converted converted converted into into into the the the living living spaces spaces ofofartistThe ofartistThe artistThe common common spaces spaces ininthe inthe the barrack barrack like like like laundry laundry laundry area, area, area, courtyards, courtyards, courtyards, were were were living spaces common spaces barrack converted converted converted totoform toform form rehearsal rehearsal rehearsal spaces spaces spaces where where where the the the artists artists artists can can can be be be free free free tototo work, work, work, talk talk talk and and and dream. dream. dream.

Figure Figure Figure 89 89 89 Reception Reception Reception for for for the the the performance performance performance area area area

Figure Figure Figure 90 90 90 Rehearsal Rehearsal Rehearsal room room room for for for the the the artists artists artists

नगर नगर नगर ां गण ां गण ां गण 88 88 88

6.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Figure 91 Comparative analysis for the detailed Case study in each Category (Right) (Source: Author)

नगर ां गण 90

6.4 CONCLUSION 1. adaptive reuse -

GENERAL The historic narrative is made relevant to present times through functions and experiential quality. The possible functions in jail and fort can be assigned considering the architectural quality and site attributes. SITE SPECIFIC The barracks with great height and column-free long span can be used as a rehearsal space. The rooms in the fort can be used for experiential accommodation. The watch tower of the Jail can be modified to create viewing decks exploring its strategic location for viewing the entire site.

2. ecology -

GENERAL The existing landscape is used as an allied function for connecting the lines between history and present. SITE SPECIFIC The existing waterbody and farms can be used to create micro climate and conserve the native ecology. Similarly, the farms and the creek eco-system with bird diversity on site can be conserved and promoted on site.

3. ‘smart’ city -

GENERAL According to the objectives below, the intervention can allow smart development in the Urban context, uplifting the city. SITE SPECIFIC The sustainability aspect can be explored in terms of reuse of the space with the functions derived by community involvement. These functions can be a great addition to the city and can be achieved by collaboration between public and private sectors. The digital advancement and technology are used to attract visitors. It also would allow to bring the traditional artform to a larger platform, promoting it to a larger crowd.

4. social engagement and community involvement -

GENERAL The proportion of Private, semi-public and public functions in the intervention and their economic attribute impact various factors like Safety, Accessibility, Community Engagement, etc. More percentage of private/ Revenue generating public spaces: Less accessible to all economic groups, Less community engagement, safer, More income. More percentage of public / non-Revenue or nominal charged public space: More open to all economic groups, More community engagement, Less income, less safe. SITE SPECIFIC Thus, according to the stakeholders and considerations for the intervention, A balance between: HISTORY-PRESENT, PUBLIC-PRIVATE, REVENUE- NON-REVENUE, etc should be achieved.

5. traditional and historic background -

GENERAL The said attributes can be used to make citizens aware, benefitting both the community at micro level as well as the city at whole. SITE SPECIFIC The local culture and festivals can also be promoted, which in turn can draw out income making the intervention sustainable and also a value addition for the city and its lifestyle. This can also be an opportunity for the locals (Talims, training centres, horse renting communities, etc) inducing economic growth.

6. urban courtyard -

GENERAL The functions and degree of public and private also varied according to the fabric of the context. In a dense urban setting, the influence of the community around is great and the nature of intervention is more public. Whereas more private functions are accommodated in the outskirts of the city. SITE SPECIFIC Thane central jail is surrounded by a dense urban fabric and thus should have a great social engagement. This urban courtyard can be a value addition to the city in terms of ecology, culture, history, technology, etc The program is thus derived considering various stakeholders.

नगर ां गण 92

program formulation 7.1 Design goals 7.2 Foundation for space reuse 7.3 Basic program & Interlink 7.4 Regulations 7.5 Basic zoning 7.6 Area statement

नगर ां गण 94

7.1 DESIGN GOALS

To explore and reimagine Thane Jail, an old infrastructure, as an ‘Urban courtyard’, tying knots between its glorious history and future smart city. It can also set an example for such infrastructure which need to be made relevant in today’s time.

To open the space for the people and communities around by an architectural intervention making the Jail premise more relevant and discarding the negative notions associated with it.

To create an identity of the city, exploring its unique culture, historic context and the rich bio-diversity that exists. It would not only make the citizens aware but also induce a sense of pride about the place they reside in.

The intervention aims at revitalisation of the culture and history of the city which would be an economic driver from the community around and the city at large.

The existing farms can be developed into an urban farming practice. Along with farms, the green areas can be protected and enhanced with native plants will create zones for the diverse birds.

The huge fort walls can be of great smart addition to create art walls, digital informative walls, (displaying positives of the city, advertisements, disaster reliefs, etc) advertisements which would also help in revenue generation.

The spaces with its flexible nature can facilitate resilience during the times of city stress. (COVID)

Adaptive reuse of the space (structure & material) with proportionate allocation of public, semi-public, private functions, will facilitate Low consumption, sustainability and crater to maintenance of the entire intervention.

7.2 FOUNDATION FOR SPACE REUSE A public space is the heart of the city and its fabric has many layers associated with it. Reuse of a public space like the old infrastructure should crater to all the layers ensuring efficiency. Newly accommodated program in such spaces would define its response and effectiveness. A sustainable development of crumbling infrastructure can be established through functions which are determined based on 3 factors:

based on traditional activity REIS MAGOS FORT, GOA Though the fort was restored, it had not been rejuvenated as a building due to the lack of life in it. Hence a music school was established. It also houses public functions to keep the liveliness to address the idea of public realm in the fort. This not only was a valuable addition to public spaces of the city but also a timeless element of music in existing heritage of Goa was associated with it.

Figure 92 Adaptive reuse of the Reis Magos Fort (Source: CEPT Portfolio)

based on architectural potential of structure STEPWELLS Water buildings like stepwells, will never return to serve as they did in the past. Its unique typology can be preserved by reusing them for a new function. The architectural features like the huge steps, corridors, play of light and shadow, compartmentalised planning, etc has the potential to convert a stepwell into Haats / Markets, Exhibition spaces, etc. This helped in preserving architectural and cultural heritage, which also serves economic purpose of displaying techniques and lifestyles.

Figure 93 Exhibits in the Step-wells (Source: caleidoscope)

नगर ां गण 96

based based on on community community needs needs 1960 1960MANDELA MANDELA––AMERICAN AMERICANSTEEL STEEL The Theindustrial industrialspace spacewas wasre-envisioned re-envisionedin inaa flexible flexibleway, way,to tofacilitating facilitatingan anevolution evolutionthat thatwas was responsive responsiveto tothe thecommunity’s community’smarketplace marketplace needs. needs.Adaptability Adaptabilitywas wasaapriority priorityin inthe thedesign design plan, plan,as asthey theyaimed aimedat atforming formingaafacility facilitythat that could couldflexibly flexiblychange changeto tomeet meetthe theevolving evolving needs needsof ofcommercial commercialtenants, tenants,artisans, artisans,and and small smallmanufacturers. manufacturers. Figure Figure94 94Market Marketspaces spacesaccommodated accommodatedin inthe theindustrial industrialspace space(Source: (Source: jrdv) jrdv)

in in the thecontext context of of jail-fort jail-fort Circus Circusbeing beingone oneof ofthe thetraditions traditionsthat thatpeople peopleassociate associatethe thespace spacewith, with,can canbe beexplored explored throughthe theprogram. program.Along Alongwith withCircus, Circus,The TheMaratha Marathamartial martialartform artformof ofMardani MardaniKhel, Khel, through whichisison onthe theverge vergeof oflosing losingits itsvalue. value.These Thesetwo twotraditional traditionalartforms artformsassociated associatedwith withthe the which Jail-fort,needs needsto tobe bepromoted promotedto tomake makepeople peopleaware awareabout aboutthis thisheritage, heritage,ensuring ensuringits its Jail-fort, revival. revival.

circus art art & & its its modern modern derivations derivations circus Mumbai Mumbaiisishome homefor forsome someof ofthe thevery veryfamous famous circuscompanies companieswhich whichare arefighting fightingfor for circus keepingthe theart artalive. alive.Lack Lackof ofawareness awareness keeping among amongthe thepeople peopleabout aboutthis thisart artform formhave haveled led to toits itsdeterioration. deterioration.The Thenumber numberof ofpeople peoplekeen keen towatch watchthis thisartform artformisisreducing reducingas asthe theartform artform to is isnot notpromoted promotedmuch. much. Thoughititisistrying tryingto toadapt adaptto tomodern modernmedia media Though for forreaching reachingout, out,lack lackof ofknowledge knowledgeand and adaptation adaptationto tothe themodern moderncircus circusare aresome some drawbacks. drawbacks. Arts Artslike likegymnastics, gymnastics,free-styling, free-styling,aerobics aerobics along alongwith withthe thetraditional traditionalcircus circusarts artsincluding including the theBalancing BalancingActs, Acts,Mono MonoCycles, Cycles,Jugglers Jugglers and andSkippers, Skippers,etc. etc.can canbe bedisplayed. displayed.This This would wouldhelp helpin inreviving revivingthe theculture cultureof of‘live ‘live entertainment’ entertainment’through throughthe themost mostdemocratic democratic artform, artform,amusing amusingpeople peoplefrom fromall allthe theage age 11 groups. groups.

Figure Figure95 95Artforms Artformsperformed performedin inJumbo JumboCircus Circus

Figure Figure96 96Jumbo JumboCircus Circusin inMumbai Mumbai

https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/how-rambo-circus-kept-a-dying-art-and-hope-alive-during-covid-19https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/how-rambo-circus-kept-a-dying-art-and-hope-alive-during-covid-19pandemic-3269144.html pandemic-3269144.html 11

97 97

mardani khel Mardani Khel is a 400 years old traditional Maratha martial art involving hand-to-hand combat with opponents using weapons such as swords, spears, lances and daggers effectively by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj to defeat the Mughals. Small talims (mandals or training centres) especially in rural areas, promote this ancient art which is nearing extension 15-20 years ago. The trainers opine that “Today when people are not only physically unfit but also mentally weak, learning Mardani Khel can teach them to be physically and mentally strong so they can withstand pressures,”1 Also, this artform can also impart basic selfdefence strategies, which is need of the hour and help the communities to flourish. Figure 97 Mardani Khel activities in Tamils in Thane

https://30stades.com/2021/01/20/mardani-khel-maharashtras-talims-popularise-shivajis-martial-art-legacygirls-self-defence/ 1

नगर ां गण 98

7.3 BASIC PROGRAM AND INTERLINK

Figure 98 Interlink of programs (Source: Author) 99

Figure 99 Stakeholders contributing to the program (Source: Author) नगर ां गण 100

7.4 REGULATIONS

legend

Figure 100 Thane Development Plan

public- semi-public zone The functions permissible in the ‘Public-semi-public zone’ are prominently: -

Educational Institutions (Schools, colleges, hostels)

Government and Semi-government buildings.

Medical institutes (Hospitals, Health-care, Clinics, Maternity Homes, etc.)

Public Functions like Library, Libraries, Mangal karyalayas, Gymnasia, Gymkhanas, Stadium, Community halls, Civic and Cultural Centres, Religious Structures, auditoriums.

Public utilities and Transport related facilities.

agricultural zone The functions permissible in the ‘Agricultural zone’ are prominently:

101

Agricultural activities with allied animal husbandry.

Gardens, Parks, Treks, Natural trails, camps for recreation, etc.

Golf course, Race tracks and shooting, etc.

Public utilities and Tourist related activities

residential zone: non-congested area Area outside the demarcated goanthans (Congested areas) were mixed used residential, commercial, special building, etc development can happen.

FSI permissible considering criteria of non-congested and reserved zones Agricultural zone Maximum permissible FSI: 0.25 of gross plot area (without payment of premium) 0.75 (with payment of premium) TOTAL: up to 1.00

Remaining Area: Based on the road width (12m-15m) Maximum permissible FSI: 1.10 – Basic FSI 0.50 – Premium 0.65 – TDR TOTAL: up to 2.25

heritage building The structure has historical importance but is not listed as a heritage site. Certain architectural characteristics of the fort can be maintained. The space quality of the barracks, it’s potentials can be used for certain programs.

special building Buildings for educational, assembly, mercantile, institutional, industrial, storage and hazardous occupancies having built-up area 500 sq.m or more on any floor irrespective of height of such building.

Marginal spaces and road width required differ for special buildings Set Back:

6m on all the sides

Road width:

12 m

(UDCPR-Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations)

नगर ां गण 102

7.5 BASIC ZONING

Figure 101 Basic Zoning of proposed program on site (Source: Author) 103

Figure 102 Basic Zoning: Using Existing barracks Figure 102 Basic Zoning: Using Existing barracks नगर ां गण 104 नगर ां गण 104

7.6 AREA STATEMENT Table 4 Area Statement for the proposed program

PROGRAM AND AREA STA TOTAL SITE AREA:

222,850 SQ.M.

AGRICULTURAL ZONE:

87800 SQ.M

LAKE:

24000 SQ.M

PUBLIC-SEMI PUBLIC ZONE:

60900 SQ.M

RESIDENTIAL ZONE:

50150 SQ.M

FUNCTION

EXISTING FUNCTIONS

Existing Existing Existing + Addition Addition Addition URBAN FARMING AND ALLIED 1 existing barrack FUNCTIONS 1 existing barrack (56500) 1 existing barrack 2 existing barrack

LAKE

1 existing barrack Half existing barrack Half existing barrack 1 existing barrack

Existing (Visitor open waiting area) COMMON AREAS (2850)

105

Farmlands Storage Animal sheds Accommodation for the worker Admin & Workspace Organic restaurant Pantry + Canteen Vegetable picking and educational walkVisitor breifing area Information Center

CAPA

1 2 3 10 10

9 45 80

Existing

Ephimeral additions LAKE AND PUBLIC LAKE FRONT DEVELOPMENT (13700)

PROBABLE COMPONENTS

Existing Existing (built circular)

Open community space Food stalls Cycling and Pedistrian areas Cafes and Eateries Library Small Exhibition spaces Shops and market spaces

Entrance Plaza (Seating area + eatries + Semi open space) Ticketing counters + shops Common Foyer + Security Admin and office area Toilets (3)

25 10 15 35 60

12 60 3 6 81

M AND AREA STATEMENT

AREA (SQ.M)

ENTS

OPEN

CAPACITY

CLOSED

37,000 10 20 30 100 100

1500

500 750 500 100 250 250

NATURE OF SPACE

SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC

ional walk90 450 800

150 38650

180 350 2880

PUBLIC

TOTAL: 24000 PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC PUBLIC

10000 250 100 150 350 600

10000

500 250 250 500 1500

SEMI-PUBLIC PUBLIC

eatries + 750 125 600 30 60 815

750

250 500 100 150 1000

PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC PUBLIC PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC

नगर ां गण 106

2 existing barrack 1 existing barrack Addition MUSEUM OF MARTIAL ARTS + Addition CONVENTION CENTER Addition (13250) Addition Half existing barrack 1 existing barrack Half existing barrack

1 existing barrack 1 existing barrack

MARDANI KHEL+CIRUS ART TRAINING (9480)

Existing courtyard Half existing barrack Half existing barrack 1 existing barrack Addition in central area

Visitor Waiting area+Breifing room Experiential walk Story telling niches AV Rooms Virtual gallaries Display Galleries Amphithetater + Semi open spaces Laser and light show arrangements Auditorium Seminar hall (2) Souvenir shops Pantry + Canteen + Shops + Food stalls Back Office

Receiption and Waiting Area Admin and Office spaces+ Staff area Mardani khel Indoor Training Area Mardani khel Outdoor Training Area Changing Rooms + Toilets + Shower area Equipment Room Practice + Rehearsal Spaces Performance Area

3 7 15

30 100 5 20 3 18

5 5 120

5 5 3

81 Addition in central area Closed Performance space / Celebration Space (1 large + 1 medium) Addition in central area UNIQUE PERFORMANCE AND COMMUNITY CELEBRATION Existing barrack AREA (Modified) (24600) Existing courtyard 1 existing barrack

Greens rooms and changing areas (Preperformance space)

1600

Semi open Celebration space (Melas, Fairs, Stalls, amphi spillover of museum, etc) Open area for Cultural celebrations Public Toilets (3) Services

HORSE RIDING (11300)

107

Addition in zone demarcated as agricultural land

Horse Shed Storage Training Ground Riding area Booking + Visitor waiting area Breifing Area + Eqipment area Changing Rooms + Toilets + Shower area

5 (peop hor 5 (pe 12 5 10 10 10 48

oom

75 500

150

paces ments

PUBLIC

3500 150 500 1000

35 70 150 500 500

ood stalls

ff area Area g Area hower area

300 100 x 2 50 200 30 1890 50 50 120-140

810

reas (Pre-

300 x 2.5 = 750 100 x 1.5 = 150 x 2 = 300 100 400 100 3450 150 250 1400 200 100 350

50 5 35

1600+500

SEMI-PUBLIC PUBLIC

2000

500

elebration

4500

SEMI-PUBLIC

PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE

PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC

1750 4000

250 (Services) 2700

3000+1000 (Semi-open)

200

PRIVATE 400+200

(Melas, Fairs, um, etc)

4500

SEMI-PUBLIC

tions

4500

PUBLIC

100 2400

hower area

9000+4000

5 (people) + 25 horses 5 (people) 4500 120 2500 50 100 100 100 7000 480

300 500 1400

SEMI-PUBLIC PRIVATE

750 300

PRIVATE

SEMI-PUBLIC 200 200 350 1800

PRIVATE

नगर ां गण 108

ACCOMODATION (19800)

SMART WALLS

GREEN ZONE (12000)

PARKING (12000)

109

Experiencial Stay & Resort. (30 rooms) Addition in proximity to Overnight Camping area (Tent) green zone Overnight Camping area (Halls)

Existing Fort walls

9 5 30 23

The huge walls of the fort which today represent itself as a negative boundary of the Jail can be transformed into smart interactive walls Native plants, Natural micro climate for the birds, Bird watching, Butterfly gardens, Educational trails, Photography Etc.

Parking facility for the whole site, Also Pay and Park Facility for the residents.

350 cars bikes + 5 remainin and park

0 rooms) t) s)

90 50 30 x 3 230

1800 3000 3000

SEMI-PUBLIC

80 x 3 = 240 2040

ch today boundary of to smart PUBLIC

imate for the gardens, y Etc.

te, Also Pay nts.

350 cars + 200 bikes + 5-6 bus+ remaining pay and park

TOTAL: 12000

SEMI-PUBLIC

TOTAL: 12000

SEMI-PUBLIC

TOTAL BUILT= 16770

TOTAL BUILT (considered for design)= 10350

नगर ां गण 110

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Nature of city (Source: Next City and The Nature of Cities, 2015 Figure 2 Research Methodology Figure 3 Location of Sabarmati Jail (past & present) (Source: Author) Figure 4 Location of Yerwada Jail (past & present) (Source: Author) Figure 5 Evolution of Jail system and its future (Source: Author) Figure 6 Comparing Typical courtyard with Urban courtyard (Source: Author) Figure 7 Imagining Urban courtyard (Source: Author) Figure 8 Settlements in Old Thane, 1925 (Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/map/cuni/1171884)z Figure 9 Thane city development (Source: Author)t Figure 10 Thane Landuse Map (Source: UDRI) Figure 11 Location of the site (Source: Author) Figure 12 Basic Site dimensions (Source: Author) Figure 13 Explored Attributes of Site (Source: Author) Figure 14 Principles of Indian Smart cities Figure 15 Sound sensors at Signals & Cameras- Traffic monitoring Figure 16 Pedestrian Friendly Intervention Figure 17 Current developments in and around the site Figure 18 Documentation of Site Edges (Source: Author) Figure 19 Site Photographs (Sources: Author) (Right) Figure 20 Site Landuse Map (Source: Author) Figure 21 Site Photographs (Source: Author) (Right) Figure 22 Transport Facilities around Site (Source: Author) Figure 23 Major Road connectivity from jail (Right) Figure 24 User Group and footfall around site (Source: Author) Figure 25 Amenities & Historic Places around the site (Source: Author) Figure 26 Ecological Centres in Thane creek (Source: Author) Figure 27 Current Scenario of Thane creek Figure 28 Green cover in Mumbai & Sub-urban Region (Source: Landsat 5 and Landsat 8, USGS, 2019) Figure 29 Green & Blue cover in Thane city (Source: Author) Figure 30 Type of Green & Blue system around site (Source: Author) Figure 31 Shrinkage of Thane creek (Source: Author) Figure 32 Land use on site (Source: Author) Figure 33 Activities on site (Right) Figure 34 Built Typology on site (Source: Author) Figure 35 Physical Attributes of site (Source: Author) Figure 36 SWOT analysis of the site Figure 37 Realms impacted by Adaptive Reuse (Source: Author) Figure 38 Strategies for Adaptive reuse (Installation, Insertion, Intervention) (Source: Author) Figure 39 Adaptive Reuse of Old courtyard (Source: Archdaily) Figure 40 Highlighting the existing contrast (Source: Archdaily) Figure 41 Museum accommodated in the old dock (Source: Archdaily) Figure 42 Connecting Bridges (Source: Archdaily) Figure 43 Complete Transformation of the space ((Source: Archdaily) Figure 44 Revival of traditional Rail building (Source: Archdaily) Figure 45 Ideas for Remoulding of the space (Source: Author) Figure 46 Fort wall (Source: author) 111

Figure 47 Jail external wall (Source: Author) Figure 48 Polls and public opinion Figure 49 Digital positive wall Figure 50 All age groups involved in wall art activity Figure 51 Interactive walls Figure 52 Percentage contribution of stakeholders for each group (Source: Author) Figure 53 Over-all rating graph for each Group (Source: Author) Figure 54 Adaptive reuse of Jadhavgad Figure 55 Additions to the existing fort Figure 56 Basic zoning of Jadhavgad Figure 57 Accommodation Typologies in Jadhavgad Figure 58 Aai museum premise Figure 59 Pool side decorated for wedding Figure 60 Accessibility to Jadhavgad Figure 61 Built-Unbuilt Pie chart for Jadhavgad Figure 62 Green Manicured entrance Figure 63 Neem Garden and bird watching area Figure 64 Traditional Materials used in Jadhavgad Figure 65 Restoration of the Fort Walls Figure 66 Shaniwaar Wada Basic dimensions Figure 67 Public celebrations at Shaniwaar Wada Figure 68 Form of Circus Conservatory (Source: Archdaily) Figure 69 Design integrating hybrid functions (Archdaily) Figure 70 Floor plans of Circus Conservatory (Source:Archdaily) Figure 71 Zoned Section of Circus Conservatory (Archdaily) Figure 72 Accessibility to Circus Conservatory Figure 73 Built-Unbuilt Pie chart for Circus Conservatory Figure 74 Axes of the structure (Circus Conservatory) Figure 75 Form development of Clement Blanchet Venue (Source: Designboom) Figure 76 Performance area of Venue (Source: Designboom) Figure 77 Projecting Facades in Clement Blanchet Venue (Source: Designboom) Figure 78 Open Public Plaza premise (Source: Taikwun.hk) Figure 79 The old premise with newer additions (Source: Taikwun.hk) Figure 80 Basic Zoning of Tai Kwun Public centre Figure 81 Public circulation & foot-fall in Tai kwun Premise (Source: Taikwun.hk) Figure 82 Accessibility to Tai kwun center Figure 83 Built-Unbuilt Pie chart for Tai kwun center Figure 84 Displays at the museum Figure 85 Illusionary displays at museum Figure 86 Stepped Public Plaza Figure 87 Restaurants as adaptive reuse of cell blocks Figure 88 Barrack premise with adaptive ruse Figure 89 Reception for the performance area Figure 90 Rehearsal room for the artists Figure 91 Comparative analysis for the detailed Case study in each Category (Right) (Source: Author) Figure 92 Adaptive reuse of the Reis Magos Fort (Source: CEPT Portfolio) Figure 93 Exhibits in the Step-wells (Source: caleidoscope) Figure 94 Market spaces accommodated in the industrial space (Source: jrdv) Figure 95 Artforms performed in Jumbo Circus Figure 96 Jumbo Circus in Mumbai Figure 97 Mardani Khel activities in Tamils in Thane Figure 98 Interlink of programs (Source: Author) नगर ां गण 112

Figure 99 Stakeholders contributing to the program (Source: Author) Figure 100 Thane Development Plan Figure 101 Basic Zoning of proposed program on site (Source: Author) Figure 102 Basic Zoning: Using Existing barracks

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Components and its typology (Jadhavgad) Table 2 Components and its typology (Circus Conservatory) Table 3 Components and its typology (Tai kwun Public Plaza) Table 4 Area Statement for the proposed program

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Adaptive Sustainable Reuse for Cultural Heritage: A Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding Approach Supporting Urban Development Processes.(2020)

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Amarendra Mohanty, N. H. (1990). Indian Prison Systems.

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Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. (2016). Adaptive Reuse Architecture Documentation and Analysis. Israel.

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smartcities.gov.in. (n.d.).

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thaneweb indiacensus

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Tetvilkar, S. (2012). Durga sampada Thane chi.

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Tetvilkar, S. (2019). Ase aple Thane.

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Tetvilkar, S. (n.d.). Thane Killa.

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UDCPR-Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations. (n.d.).

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thesis projects: Sutar R. (2018) Marine Eco-tourism Hingorani, V. (2017). But they all come back . Issuu.

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Exploring Jail Infrastructure as an Urban Courtyard_Design Dissertation_2021-22

Articles inside

STAKE HOLDER ANALYSIS & SURVEYS

CITY GENESIS AND JAIL HISTORY

INTRODUCTION