Urban Regeneration of Trichy

award of the degree

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “URBAN REGENERATION OF TRICHY” is the bonafide work of “VIVEK.S” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Prof.Dr.R.Seetha,M.Arch.PhD

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Department of Architecture

Adhiyamaan College of Engg. Dr. M.G.R. Nagar Hosur – 635 109.

Ar. L.MALARKODI, M.Arch. SUPERVISOR Department of Architecture Adhiyamaan College of Engg. Dr. M.G.R. Nagar Hosur – 635 109.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION

VIVEK.S (Reg no. AC16UAR116) a bonafide student of the Department of Architecture, Adhiyamaan college of Engineering (autonomous), Hosur, hereby declares that this thesis report entitled “ URBAN REGENERATION OF TRICHY ” for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Architecture, is my original work and has not formed the basis or submitted to any other universities or institution for the award of a degree or diploma.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I first thank lord almighty, whose graceful blessings enabled me to complete this thesis project for the fulfilment of my B.Arch degree course.

I convey my heartfelt thanks to the college, especially to our Principal Dr. G. Ranganath, M.E, Ph.D, M.I.S.T.E., M.I.E., C.Eng (I), for providing the wonderful environment and their support.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to our beloved H.O.D, Prof. Dr. R. SEETHA, M.Arch.PhD, for rendering her valuable guidance, support, encouragement and advice to make my efforts and the project successful.

I specially thank my Guide, Ar. L. MALARKODI, M.Arch, for her timely guidance and encouragement. I thank all other faculty of the architecture department for their help and guidance.

I am grateful to My parents and My family members who offered great support and encouragement during the thesis.

ABSTRACT

The transformation of urban is one of the key urban design and planning stories of the late twentieth century. The decline of the areas in post-industrial cities meant the deterioration of both a physical and social nature of significant portions of urban fabric. Cities have reacted to this state of affairs with substantial regeneration programs, approaching the decline of the city as an opportunity rather than a problem. However, since the success of early regeneration programs, changing urban on a global scale has led to a manifestation of globalisation, becoming a synonym of uniformity and monotony of cities. The urban regeneration also has become a battleground for a number of intersecting forces and different interests and desires.

This research aims to study the phenomenon of urban regeneration in Trichy, specifically analysing how it has operated within the city context in the present. It focuses on investigating the process of transformation of the urban fabric in the city Trichy has suffered from a serious urban decline following the degeneration of its seven miles of docks due to a number of internal and external factors. This research is to lift the image of the city has started to change with massive regeneration schemes that aim to improve the physical, environmental, social and economic conditions of the area. It argues that by understanding the process and the context of the regeneration, several lessons can be learned and models of good practice can be identified. The research is based on a series of collected data through primary and secondary sources closely linked with the development in the city, a review of documents related to the regeneration, including urban design policies and guidance, a substantial review of relevant news articles that were written throughout the periods of the recent transformation of the city, and several site visits to reflect upon the development carried out recently. The research also identifies and discusses a number of key urban issues such as image and identity, cultural built heritage, place marketing and branding, urban governance, economic performance and social conditions.

The research identifies several key regeneration proposals for the development of urban area. Each of these reflects the many factors that shaped the urban regeneration. The research argues that there are no specific models that can create successful urban regeneration, yet, what is important is ensuring the complexity and the inclusiveness of the process of the regeneration. An inclusive and a complex process will result in attaining urban competitiveness besides securing distinctive, genuine and imaginative urban identity. The research also highlighted the central role of urban regeneration as a mediator between the numerous processes and different forces that shape the urban area

TABLE

3.4 Social Conditions

3.4.1 Sense of Culture & Community……………………………………80 3.4.2 Community Facilities…………………………………………...…81 3.4.3 Skills & Capabilities 84 3.4.4 Distribution of Wealth………………………………………..……85 3.4.5 Social Infrastructure………………………………………….……87 3.4.5.1 Education Facilities…………………………………….……87 3.4.5.2 Health-Care Services 88 3.4.5.3 Sanitary Facilities…………………………………….……..91 3.4.5.4 Public Space……………………………………………...….94 3.4.7 Safety and Security…………………………………………...……95 3.4.9 Housing……………………………………………………………96 3.4.10 Slums……………………………………………………….…….97 3.4.11 Development Index……………………………………..………100

3.5 Economic Conditions……………………………………………...…101 3.5.1 Structure of City Corporation 101 3.5.2 Structure of local Economy………………………………………102 3.5.3 Urban Productivity……………………………………….………107 3.5.4 Income Flows & Linkages……………………………………….114 3.5.5 Employment & Unemployment 121

Chapter 4 4. FIELDWORK & SURVEY

Chapter 5

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1\Illustration on Concept of Urban regeneration Source \ New Orleans urban regeneration monthly discussion,jun2016 .............................................................................................................2

Figure 1. 2 \ Illustration of Sampling Size Source \ Bob Sullivan ,Writer, 2019...............................6

Figure 1. 3\ Illustration of Political Influence on Urban regeneration. 6

Figure 1. 4\ Illustration of surveying equipment 6

Figure 1. 5\ The research methodology STAGE1 Source\ the author 7

Figure 1. 6\ The research methodology STAGE 2 Source\ the author...............................................8

Figure 1. 7\ The research methodology STAGE 3 Source\ the author...............................................9

Figure 1. 8 \ Diagram illustrates the Structure of the thesis Source\ the author.................................9

Figure 2. 1\ The Urban Regeneration Process Source\ adapted from (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) .......................................................................................................................................................18

Figure 3. 1\ Comparative Area Chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government 28

Figure 3. 2\ Coimbatore Population Rate Source\ Coimbatore City Population Census 2011 28

Figure 3. 3\ Trichy Population Rate Source\ Trichy City Population Census 2011 ........................29

Figure 3. 4 \ Madurai Population Rate Source\ Madurai City Population Census 2011..................29

Figure 3. 5 \ Area and Population Comparative Graph Source\ author ..........................................30

Figure 3. 6\ Coimbatore slum population chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government 31

Figure 3. 7\ Trichy Slum Population Chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government 31

Figure 3. 8\ Madurai Slum Population Chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government 31

Figure 3. 9\ Transportation Map of Coimbatore Source\ Maps of India 35

Figure 3. 10 \ Transportation Map of Trichy Source\ Maps of India.............................................36

Figure 3. 11\ Transportation Map of Madurai Source\ Maps of India...........................................36

Figure 3. 12\ Illustration on situation of Chennai Source\ author 37

Figure 3. 13\ Illustration on Decay of Trichy Source\ author 37

Figure 3. 14\ Illustration on Urban Regeneration on Trichy Source\ author 38

Figure 3. 15\ Early days of Trichy Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar 39

Figure 3. 16\ Early planning of Trichy Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar .........................40

Figure 3. 17\ Early days on Town and Fort of Tiruchirapalli Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar .......................................................................................................................................................40

Figure 3. 18 \ Delta Region during British Rule Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar...........41

Figure 3. 19\ Mosque during the period of Nizam of Hyderabad Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar 42

Figure 3. 20 \ Fort during British rule Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar 42

Figure 3. 21\ The Prince of Wales at Tiruchirapalli Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar 43

List of Figures

Figure 3. 22 \ Fort and Street view in 2012 Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar 43

Figure 3. 23\ Tiruchirapalli District Map Source\ TCC 44

Figure 3. 24\ Topography of Trichy Region Source\ Leaflet-Map Data & Imagery 45

Figure 3. 25\ Season-wise Rainfall Data Table Source\ Indian Meteorological Dept. Chennai......46

Figure 3. 26\ Slope range of the city Source\ TCC.........................................................................47

Figure 3. 27\ River settlement map Source\ TCC.........................................................................48

Figure 3. 28\ Chart of population in Tiruchirapalli city Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 49

Figure 3. 29 Population and its Projection of GoldenRock Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 50

Figure 3. 30\ Population and its Projection of Srirangam Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 50

Figure 3. 31\ Population and its Projection of Ariyamangalam Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 50

Figure 3. 32\ Population and its Projection of K.Abisekapuram Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation .......................................................................................................................................................50

Figure 3. 33\ Land-use Map Source\ TCC ....................................................................................52

Figure 3. 34\ Road & Railway Map, Trichy Source\ TCC 57

Figure 3. 35\ Road Buffer in Trichy 57

Figure 3. 36\ Chathram Bus stand Source\ The Hindu 58

Figure 3. 37\ Land- Use Map of Neighborhood areas of the Bus Terminal Source\ TCC 58

Figure 3. 38\ Chathram Bus stand Source\ The Hindu ...................................................................58

Figure 3. 39\ Location of the Central Bus Stand Source\ Google Maps.........................................59

Figure 3. 40\ Layout of Central Bus stand, Trichy Source\ TCC....................................................59

Figure 3. 41\ Ariel view of central bus stand Source\ Google Maps 59

Figure 3. 42\ Ariel view of central bus stand Source\ Google Maps 59

Figure 3. 43\ Location of Railway Station, Trichy Source\ TCC 62

Figure 3. 44\ Location of Airport, Trichy Source\ TCC .................................................................63

Figure 3. 45\ Water Resources Map of the City Source\ TCC.......................................................64

Figure 3. 46\ Ground water level of Tiruchirapalli Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli .......................................................................................................................................................64

Figure 3. 47\ (a) Potability map of Winter 2012; (b) Potability map of Winter 2014; (c) Potability map of Winter 2018 Source\ Analysis of Groundwater for Potability from Tiruchirappalli City,2015 64

Figure 3. 48\ Forest map of Tiruchirapalli District Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli 66

Figure 3. 49\ Situation of Ariyamangalam Municipal Solid Waste Dump Yard Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013) 67

Figure 3. 50\ Ariyamangalam Municipal Solid Waste Dump Yard Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013)

..............................................................................................................................................67

Figure 3. 51\ Map of the surrounding of Ariyamangalam Dump site Source\ (Study onleachate contamination in and around Ariyamangalam dumping site,Trichy city, 2016)................................68

List of Figures

Figure 3. 52\ Schematic diagram of solid waste management in Tiruchirappalli city Source\ TCC 68

Figure 3. 53\ Composition of MSW dumped at Ariyamangalam Site Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013) 69

Figure 3. 54\ Process of Waste Water Management in Trichy Source\ TCC..................................70

Figure 3. 55\ Septic tank connected to community toilet in Ariamangalam slum Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018) .................................................................................................................................71

Figure 3. 56\ Vacuum tankers used for emptying onsite sanitation systems Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)..............................................................................................................................................71

Figure 3. 57\ Septic tank connected to community toilet in Ariamangalam slum Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018) 71

Figure 3. 58\ Sewage Network – Treatment & Disposal Source\ TCC 72

Figure 3. 59\ Waste Stabilisation Pond at Panjapur Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018) 72

Figure 3. 60\ Map showing Treatment sites in City Corporation Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018) 73

Figure 3. 61\ Illustration on Waste water management system in the city Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)..............................................................................................................................................73

Figure 3. 62\ Vulnerable area map-Trichy Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020.........74

Figure 3. 63\ Vulnerable area map-Trichy East Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020 75

Figure 3. 64\ Vulnerable area map-Trichy West Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020 75

Figure 3. 65\ Chart on Vulnerability Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020 76

Figure 3. 66\ Rivers Flowing Through the City Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020 77

Figure 3. 67\ Tourist Map of Trichy Source\ TCC 78

Figure 3. 68\ Distribution of sewer facilities of each zone area in sq. m Source\ TCC...................82

Figure 3. 69\ Water and sewer facilities of each zone Source\ TCC...............................................83

Figure 3. 70\ Illustration on Literacy rate Source\ TCC 84

Figure 3. 71\ Type and Number of Workers Source\ District Census Handbook, Tiruchirapalli. 85

Figure 3. 72\ Number of Seats by Toilet Type Source\ TCC records, 2017 92

Figure 3. 73\ Woraiyur Market Complex Toilet Signboards with Unique Identification Numbers Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018 92

Figure 3. 74\ Child-Friendly Toilet Privacy Provision Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018.....................93

Figure 3. 75\ Child-Friendly Toilet Seats Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018........................................93

Figure 3. 76\ Adequacy analysis of Public Toilets in Each Ward Source\ (A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SANITATION PROFILE OF SMART CITIES – A CASE STUDY OF TIRUCHIRAPALLI CITY , 2018) 94

Figure 3. 77\ Slum Density in each ward Source\ TCC 99

Figure 3. 78\ Tenability in each ward Source\ TCC 99

Figure 3. 79\ Ownership of Slum Area Source\ TCC...................................................................100

Figure 3. 80\ Development status of the wards Source\ Based on the data of TCC ......................100

Figure 3. 81\ Map displaying the Development Status of wards Source\ TCC..............................100

Figure 3. 82\ Ward Division Map of Tiruchirapalli Corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

.....................................................................................................................................................101

List of Figures

Figure 3. 83\ Types of Manufacturing and No. of Units Source\ TCC 107

Figure 3. 84\ MAJOR FOOD GRAINS AREA (In Hects) Source\ Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chennai 112

Figure 3. 85\ Revenue streams - ULBs in Tamil Nadu Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 116

Figure 3. 86\ Revenue Composition of TCC Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 ..........................................116

Figure 3. 87\ Costs of TCC Source\ TNUIFSL,2018....................................................................119

Figure 4. 1\ Dense area of the city Source\ the author 128

Figure 4. 2\ Crowd in NSB Road Source\ the author ....................................................................128

Figure 4. 3\ Encroachment in EB Road Source\ the author...........................................................128

Figure 4. 4\ Crowding responds Source\ the author .....................................................................129

Figure 4. 5\Garbage Spreading Source\ the author 129

Figure 4. 6\Water Logging Conditions Source\ the author 129

Figure 4. 7\ Air quality range Source\ the author 129

Figure 4. 8\ Road Network Source\ Google Maps 130

Figure 4. 9\ Road condition Source\ the author............................................................................130

Figure 4. 10\ Source of noise Source\ the author..........................................................................130

Figure 4. 11\Traffic and Noise level Source\the author................................................................130

Figure 4. 12\ Solid Waste Collection Source\ the author 131

Figure 4. 13\ Disposal frequency Source\ the author 131

Figure 4. 14\ Treatment of waste Source\ the author 131

Figure 4. 15\ Housing Waste Disposal Source\ the author............................................................131

Figure 4. 16\ Mode of Waste Water Disposal Source\ the author .................................................132

Figure 4. 17\ Coverage of Drainage and its Type Source\ the author...........................................132

Figure 4. 18\ Overflow of Waste Water Source\ the author 132

Figure 4. 19\ Category of Ages Source\ the author 133

Figure 4. 20\ Religion of the Respondents Source\ the author 133

Figure 4. 21\ Sex of the Respondents Source\ the author 133

Figure 4. 22\ Occupation of the Respondents Source\ the author .................................................133

Figure 4. 23\ Caste of the Respondents Source\ the author...........................................................133

Figure 4. 24\ Qualification of the Respondents Source\ the author 133

Figure 4. 25\ Educational Status Source\ the author 133

Figure 4. 26\ Type of Housing Source\ the author 134

Figure 4. 27\ No/- of Person in the House Source\ the author 134

Figure 4. 28\ Type of area based on Religion Source\ the author 134

Figure 4. 29\ Water Facility & Type of Providers Source\ the author...........................................135

Figure 4. 30\ Satisfactory level of the supply of Water Source\ the author...................................135

Figure 4. 31\ Source of Water Supply Source\ the author 135

List of Figures

Figure 4. 32\ Street Electricity Condition Source\ the author 136

Figure 4. 33\ Electric Supply Condition Source\ the author 136

Figure 4. 34\ Open Space Source\ the author 136

Figure 4. 35\ Road Facility Source\ the author.............................................................................136

Figure 4. 36\ Economical Status Source\the author......................................................................137

Figure 4. 37\ Monthly income Source\ the author........................................................................137

Figure 4. 38\ Employment Status Source\ the author 137

Figure 5. 1\ Population prediction of Trichy Source\ the author...................................................139

Figure 5. 2\ Prediction of Population density Source\ the author..................................................139

Figure 5. 3\ Prediction of Built-up population density Source\ the author 139

Figure 5. 4\ Land Value Source\ the author 140

Figure 5. 5\ Land use prediction Source\ the author 140

Figure 5. 6\ Landuse classifications and changes in percentage 140

Figure 5. 7\ Rainfall from the Year 2003-2019 Source\ TCC.......................................................144

Figure 5. 8\ Uyyakondan canal pollution – Discharge points map Source\ the author ..................145

Figure 5. 9\ Correlation Matrix for Educational and Occupational Status of the Heads of Households Source\ the author........................................................................................................................147

Figure 7. 1\ Selected site area in Trichy City Corporation ............................................................164

Figure 7. 2\ Site Boundary & Connectivity ..................................................................................165

Figure 7. 3\ Site boundary & Features 165

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1\ Coimbatore Population Prediction Rate Source\ Population Stat-World Statistical Data 28

Table 3. 2 \ Trichy Population Prediction Rate Source\ Population Stat-World Statistical Data 29

Table 3. 3\ Madurai Population Prediction Rate Source\ Population Stat-World Statistical Data.29

Table 3. 4\ Types of Industry and NO/- Units(Trichy) Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015).......................................................................................................................33

Table 3. 5\ Types of Industry and NO/- Units (Madurai) Source\ Brief Industrial Profile of Madurai,2015 34

Table 3. 6\ Major National Highways in Madurai 35

Table 3. 7\ Distance of Major Port from Trichy 36

Table 3. 8\ Tiruchirappalli Weather by month // weather averages Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli 46

Table 3. 9\ Season wise Rainfall data Source\ Indian Meteorological Dept. Chennai....................46

Table 3. 10\ Tiruchirapalli Rainfall Report Source\ TCC.............................................................46

Table 3. 11\ Natural Landscapes in each Zone Source\ TCC..........................................................47

Table 3. 12\ Rock Sediments of Trichy area Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli 48

Table 3. 13\ Population in Tiruchirapalli Corporation by gender Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 49

Table 3. 14\ Newly added area Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 49

Table 3. 15\ Land use in municipal areas of Trichy Corporation Source\ TCC 52

Table 3. 16\ Area statement of the zone – Srirangam Source\ Smart city, TCC ..............................53

Table 3. 17\ Area statement of the zone – Ariyamangalam Source\ Smart city, TCC.....................54

Table 3. 18\ Area statement of the zone – Golden Rock Source\ Smart city, TCC 54

Table 3. 19\ Area statement of the zone – K.Abishekapuram Source\ Smart city, TCC 55

Table 3. 20\ Total Area Statement of built-up and public space Source\ Smart city, Trichy 55

Table 3. 21\ Designed Features under City Corporation (Zone-Wise) Source\ Smart city, Trichy 56

Table 3. 22\ Length of Roads in the City Source\ TCC ..................................................................57

Table 3. 23\ Road Details of Each one Source\ TCC......................................................................61

Table 3. 24\ Details of Bus Transportation Source\ TCC................................................................62

Table 3. 25\ Drain Details Source\ TCC 62

Table 3. 26\ Water Supply from Cauvery & Coloroon River in TCC Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation 64

Table 3. 27\ Water Supply Capacity in GoldenRock Zone Source\ TCC 65

Table 3. 28\ Water Supply Capacity in K.Abishekapuram Zone Source\ TCC.............................65

Table 3. 29\ Water Supply Capacity in Ariyamangalam Zone Source\ TCC.................................65

Table 3. 30\ Water Supply Capacity in Srirangam Zone Source\ TCC..........................................65

Table 3. 31\ Quality / Grade of Mineral Available in the District Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli 65

List of Tables

Table 3. 32\ General details about the Dump site Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013) 67

Table 3. 33\ Types of bin used for the collection of MSW and the details of vehicles Source\ TCC 68

Table 3. 34\ No. of Vehicles used in Solid waste management Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation.69

Table 3. 35\ Sewage system covered status of wards in the city Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018) ...72

Table 3. 36\ Details of Vulnerable areas in Trichy East Source\ Disaster Management PlanTrichy,2020 ....................................................................................................................................76

Table 3. 37\ Details of Vulnerable areas in Trichy West Source\ Disaster Management PlanTrichy,2020 76

Table 3. 38\ Vulnerable Groups details Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020 77

Table 3. 39\ List of street lights in City corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli corporation 81

Table 3. 40\ Types of facility and its capacity in each zone Source\ TCC 83

Table 3. 41\ Progress Of Family Welfare Programmes In Trichy Source\ District Family Welfare Office.............................................................................................................................................84

Table 3. 42\ Number of Reading Rooms Source\ TCC..................................................................84

Table 3. 43\ House Service Connection in Tiruchirapalli Corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation 85

Table 3. 44\ Water Supply Improvement Scheme for Equitable Water Supply System Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation 85

Table 3. 45\ Water Supply Improvement Scheme for Added area (Ward No- 61 to 65) Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation 86

Table 3. 46\ Quantum Of Power Purchased Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy 86

Table 3. 47\ Power Consumption Sector-wise Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy .............86

Table 3. 48\ Transmission and Distribution of Electricity Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy .......................................................................................................................................................86

Table 3. 49\ Educational facilities in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation Source\ TCC 88

Table 3. 50\ Type of school and maintained by. Source\ TCC 88

Table 3. 51\ Health-Care Services in Trichy Source\ TCC 89

Table 3. 52\ List of Health-Care Services in each Zone Source\ TCC 90

Table 3. 53\ Coverage of Households with Toilets Source\ SBM data from CMA, 2017 .................91

Table 3. 54\ Number of toilets in each zone of the city Source\ TCC records 2017, TNUSSP study 2018...............................................................................................................................................92

Table 3. 55\ Number of Toilets Operated Under Each Management Model Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018 94

Table 3. 56\ Adequacy of Toilets Source\ (A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SANITATION PROFILE OF SMART CITIES – A CASE STUDY OF TIRUCHIRAPALLI CITY , 2018) 94

Table 3. 57\ List of Parks in Tiruchirapalli Corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation 95

Table 3. 58\ List of Heritage Places in Trichy Source\ TCC 95

Table 3. 59\ No. of Police Station in the City Source\ City Police Commissioner Office, Tiruchirappalli ...............................................................................................................................95

Page | xvii

List of Tables

Table 3. 60\ Classification and No. of Prisons Source\ District Prisons Head Office 96

Table 3. 61\ Cognizable Offences Under Indian Penal Code(Including Attempts) Source\ Police Department 96

Table 3. 62\ No. of Injuries & Fatalities under several Modes of Transportation Source\ TCC 96

Table 3. 63\ Total No. of Households in each Ward Source\ TCC..................................................96

Table 3. 64\ Construction Activity Of Tamil Nadu Housing Board Source\ E.E. Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Trichy.................................................................................................................................97

Table 3. 65\ Details of slums in K.Abishekapuram zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy 97

Table 3. 66\ Details of slums in Goldenrock zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy 98

Table 3. 67\ Details of slums in Ariyamangalam zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy 98

Table 3. 68\ Details of slums in Srirangam zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy 99

Table 3. 69\ Construction Activity Of Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board Source: Concerned District Head Office ..................................................................................................................................100

Table 3. 70\ Wards comprising the Zones Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation..............................102

Table 3. 71\ Sectoral Distribution of Gross District Domestic Product Source\ Dept. of Economics and Statistics, Tamil Nadu ............................................................................................................105

Table 3. 72\ Capital Investment Plan along with phasing Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 106

Table 3. 73\ Financial Performance Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 106

Table 3. 74\ Group Wise Enterprises in Tiruchirapalli Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015) 107

Table 3. 75\ Block-wise potential & viable projects in Tiruchirappalli district Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015) 108

Table 3. 76\ Classification of Small Scale Industries Source\ TCC ..............................................109

Table 3. 77\ Medium & Large Scale Industries / Public Sector undertakings and the Item Manufacturing Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015) ....................................110

Table 3. 78\ Type and amount of Production in Khadi and Village Industries Source\ District Khadi and Village Industries, Tiruchirappalli. 110

Table 3. 79\ Production And Value Of Major Minerals Source\ Assistant Director Geology and Mines 112

Table 3. 80\ Classification-wise production of minerals and its value in market Source\ Dept. of Geology and Mining 112

Table 3. 81\ Number Of Mining And Quarrying Units In The District Source\ Dept. of Geology and Mining .........................................................................................................................................112

Table 3. 82\ No. Of Wind Mills Generating Units With Production Data Source\ Concerned Electricity Generation Units .........................................................................................................112

Table 3. 83\ Regulated Markets & Arrivals in Tiruchirapalli Source\ District Agriculture Marketing Office. 112

Table 3. 84\ Fisheries Development And Production Source\ Fisheries Department 113

Table 3. 85\ Dairy Production in Tiruchirapalli District Source\ Deputy Registrar, Aavin, Trichy 113

Table 3. 86\ Value Of Articles Produced Source\ Manager, Poompuhar 113

Table 3. 87\ Articles Available In Handicrafts Source\ Manager, Poompuhar ............................113

| xviii

Table 3. 88\ Area And Production Of Crops Source\ Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chennai. 113

Table 3. 89\ Production Of Handloom Cloth Source\ A.D. Handloom/Societies, Trichy 113

Table 3. 90\ FOP, Borrowing capacity and Investment Capacity Source\ (TNUIFSL, 2018) 114

Table 3. 91\ Financing structure for implementing CIP Source\ TNUIFSL,2018.........................115

Table 3. 92\ Details of Capital Investment Plan Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 .....................................115

Table 3. 93\ Income and Expenditure of TCC - Last five years Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 ..............116

Table 3. 94\ Property Tax - breakup of assesses Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 117

Table 3. 95\ Professional Tax – assesses break up Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 118

Table 3. 96\ Water charges - category wise connections and tariff Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 118

Table 3. 97\ Revenue from Electric Schemes and cost per unit Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy 119

Table 3. 98\ No. of Commercial Banks Source\ IOB (Lead Bank) Annual Credit Plan ..................119

Table 3. 99\ Power costs - Water & Sewerage and Street Lights Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 ............120

Table 3.100\ Capital Expenditure Last 5 years Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 120

Table 3. 101\ Loans & Finance charge Source\ TNUIFSL 120

Table 3. 102\ Water and drainage income account Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 120

Table 3. 103\ Water and drainage Expenditure account Source\ TNUIFSL,2018 120

Table 3. 104\ Employment & Unemployment Details in TCC Source\ TCC.................................121

Table 3. 105\ Total Workers and Non-Workers (in no.) Source\ Census 2011............................121

Table 3. 106\ Work Participation Rate Source\ Census 2011.......................................................121

Table 3. 107\ No. Of Persons Registered & waiting During the Year Source\ District Employment Exchange 121

Table 4. 1\ Sampling Chart Source\ the author 123

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION

PPP Public-Private Partnership

NUPF National Urban Policy Framework

HRIDAY Heritage City Development & Augmentation Yojana

NCR National Capital Region

FSI/FAR Floor Space Index / Floor Area Ratio

ULB Urban Local Bodies

PWD Public Works Department

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy

VGF Viability Gap Funding

UMTA Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority

ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems

DDA Delhi Development Authority

IRCS Indian Red Cross Society

TDR Transfer of Development Rights

BID Business Improvement District

TIF Tax Increment Financing

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

LBFL Local Bodies Finance List

SFC State Financial Corporation

CFC Central Financial Corporation

ICCC Integrated Command and Control Centre

ICT Information and Communications Technology

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

LED Light-Emitting Diode

CCTV Closed-Circuit Television

AQI Air Quality Index

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

FAME Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Acronyms and Abbreviation

MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

GHG Green House Gas

EPR Extended Producer Responsibility

EE Electrical Engineering

DISCOMS Distribution Company (India)

SNAP The Shelter Neighborhood Action Project

IT Information Technology

SIDCO Small Industries Development Corporation

HAPP Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project

BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

CNC Computer Numerical Control

BPO Business Process Outsourcing

SIPCOT The State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited

NH National Highway

SH State Highway

TNUSSP Tamil Nadu Urban Sanitation Support Programme

SBM-U Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban

ODF Open Defecation Free

MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

TCC The Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation

CT Community Toilets

OD Open Defecation

GoI Government of India

IHHL Individual Household Latrines

PT Pay-and-use Latrines

FOL Pour Flush Toilets

ISC Toilets with bathing and washing areas

DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems

TNUDP Tamil Nadu Urban Development Programme

ISC Integrated Sanitatary complexes

ODF Open Defecation Free

UGD Under Ground Drainage

TWAD amil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

TDCL Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited

Acronyms and Abbreviation

MSW

Municipal Solid Waste

ISF Integrated Sanitary Facilities

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

WSP Wastewater Stabilization Pond

TWADB Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant

HAPP Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project

OFT Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli

FSAPDS Fin Stabilized Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot

TDCL Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited

CAGR Compound annual growth rate

CIP Capital Investment Plan

BOT Build-Operate-Transfer

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

FOP Financial operating plan

TNUIFSL Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited

UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns

IHSDP Housing and Slum Development Programme

ARV

Annual Rental Value

CAGR Compound annual growth rate

GDP Gross domestic product

WPR Work Participation Rate

DEMU Diesel-electric Multiple Unit

TPJ Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station

CII Confederation of Indian Industries

BIS Bureau of Indian Standard

ARV Annual Rental Value

GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu

SFC State Financial Corporation

ICAI Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT:

Urban regeneration is a widely experienced but little understood phenomenon. Although most towns and cities have involved in regeneration schemes, and whilst many development companies, financial institutions and community organisations have participated in one or more such ventures, there is no single prescribed form of urban regeneration practice and no single authoritative source of information.

Urban areas are complex and dynamic systems. They reflect the many process that drive physical, social, environmental and economic transition and they themselves are prime generators of many such changes. No town or city is immune from either the external forces that dictate the need to adapt, or the internal pressures that are present within urban areas and which can precipitate growth or decline.

In urban areas, the change brought about by a series of structural forces, including globalisation, economic restructuring, increasing competition from other cities. Furthermore, by their very nature, cities are often characterised by substantial spatial and/or group polarisation in economic and social opportunities. The challenges faced within the cities can also vary significantly ranging from increasing population, through to rising house prices, lack of development land or a poorly resourced public sector. In some cities depopulation, dereliction, lack

Figure 1. 1\Illustration on Concept of Urban regeneration Source \ New Orleans urban regeneration monthly discussion,jun2016

of jobs or poor quality of life may be problematic, while in others urban sprawl and suburbanisation may be an issue.

“Urban renewal constitutes one of the seven pillars for urban growth and development in different metropolitan cities of India”.

The concept of urban regeneration can be traced back to the earliest days of urban development and often stems from an expensive style of governance. Its potential value as a process was noted by those Regional Planners and Geographers who witnessed the overcrowded conditions of 19th century London, New York, Paris and other major cities of the developed world affected by the boon or bane of industrial revolution. From this, a reform agenda sprouted up, using a progressive doctrine of that renewal that would reform its residents. Such reform could be argued on moral, economic and many other grounds. When we go back in times, 1980s, urban regeneration projects focused on the physical and economic renewal of degraded inner-city areas. However, since the 1990s, this approach to urban regeneration, which emphasised the environmental and economic spheres of regeneration, has been replaced by a more integrated approach to urban redevelopment, which links the stimulation of economic activities and environmental improvements to wider social and cultural elements.

“Comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems which seeks to bring about lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental condition of an area that has been subject to change”

Urban regeneration is an outcome of the interplay between these many sources of influence and, more importantly, it is also a response to the opportunities and challenges which are presented by urban degeneration in a particular place at a specific amount in time. This should not be taken to suggest that all urban problems are unique to a particular town or city, or that solutions advocated and attempted in the past have little relevance to the circumstances of the current day, but it is the case that each urban challenge is likely to require the construction and implementation of a response.

Despite having argued that an individual example of urban regeneration is likely to be a specific place, a number of general principles and models of good practice can be identified. Such lessons from current and previous experience can be applied in order to assist in the development and implementation of approaches to the task of regeneration.

1.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES:

To study, understand, analyse the Economic, Social and Environmental conditions and identify the need and problem of Tiruchirapalli for urban regeneration.

1. To discuss about the phenomenon that influencing urban regeneration.

2. To identify and justify the need of urban regeneration in Tiruchirapalli.

3. To study the urban transformation regarding urban growth and decay.

4. To study the criteria to manage the urban transition and its development

5. A detailed study and analysis of Trichy based on its conditions.

6. To identify its problem and conclude with some design recommendations

1.3 NEED & SCOPE OF URBAN REGENERATION:

Urban areas reflect the many process that drive physical, social, environmental and economic transition and they themselves are prime generators of many such changes. It is necessity to withstand the transition that occurs over a period of time. Urban Regeneration allows an absolute city to modernize itself so that it can compete successfully with other cities of a similar hierarchical size for major economic and cultural activities. Various reasons behind urban regeneration are as follows:

• An interventionist activity;

• An activity which straddles the public, private and community sectors;

• An activity which is likely to experience considerable changes in its institutional structures over time in response to changing economic, social, environmental and political circumstances;

• A means of mobilising collective effort and providing he basis for the negotiation of appropriate solutions;

• A means of determining policies and actions designed to improve the condition of urban areas and developing the institutional structures necessary to support the preparation of specific proposals;

Some of the factors that tends to force for the implementation of urban regeneration include, ➢ The need to establish clear and measurable objectives of urban regeneration process and their according with the objectives of sustainable development;➢ Adequate analysis of local conditions;➢ The need of the efficiently use of natural, economic and human available resources;➢ Participation and cooperation among stakeholders, leading to improve physical condition of buildings, social structure, economic base and environmental conditions;-

Urban regeneration is an opportunity in solving problems such as: the lack of identity of a residential area, the total lack of public spaces and the high urban density, which makes it impossible the widening of roads, green areas creation, planting trees along the sidewalks etc.... Urban regeneration involves the distressed urban areas revitalization, through actions such as:- rehabilitation of historic areas;- improvement of living conditions in residential districts;redevelopment of public spaces: squares, parks, urban furniture and so on;modernization of urban infrastructure: water networks, gas, electricity, transport infrastructure. Urban rehabilitation actions are based on social, economic and technical.

Social reasons, there are: ➢ improvement of life quality; ➢ adaptation of buildings and housing to our needs; improvement the image of the housing area or district; ➢ improvement the network of social relationships and perception of security.

Economic reasons, are explained by the fact that: thus we revalued building or dwelling and its our responsibility is and we must invest in it. Technical reasons, are explained thus through continuous maintenance its avoid excessive damage and increase of long-term costs.

The problems of Metropolitan area are generally well known and have for the last decade have been a source of anxiety to all. Fortunately, the challenge has been taken up by the State and the Central Governments and today a number of projects are being implemented over an wider area to improve the basic infrastructure of the city, i.e. Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Traffic and Transportation and to some extent Housing or residential complexes.

1.4 LIMITATIONS:

1. Sample size the number of the units of analysis I use in my study is dictated by the type of research problem I am investigating. Statistical tests normally require a larger sample size to ensure a representative distribution of the population and to be considered representative of groups of people to whom results will be generalized or transferred. The sampling is helpful for the researcher to collect and analyse the data from the site.

Figure 1. 2 \ Illustration of Sampling Size Source \ Bob Sullivan ,Writer, 2019

2. Exceptional of political influence – political involvement is quite more in urban regeneration for processing it. Because the plans and policies can only be approved by politicians and sadly on their own benefits. Implementation can be done through PublicPrivate Partnership(PPP) on the basis of agreements. The researcher can neglect the influence of the political factors on planning and implementation.

Figure 1. 3\ Illustration of Political Influence on Urban regeneration

3. Equipment – Due to time and resource limit, the researcher may not able to make gyro theodolite, geological, laser level, ecological, measurement, topography, soil and climate survey. For that I have to depend on the existing surveys and data.

Figure 1. 4\ Illustration of surveying equipment

Conceptual Map III.

Factors Source of Collection Methods

STAGE 3 / INTERPRETATION & ANALYSIS

Stage 1

Environmental Social Economic

Theory Descriptive Analysis

Summary Statistics Time Series Analysis Narrative Analysis Discourse Analysis Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Analysis

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT:

This report is organised into eight chapters. Following this introduction, the literature review is followed into Chapter Three. In Chapter Two a general overview of what is meant by urban regeneration is outlined. The chapter aims to examine the elements that drive urban transformation and the theory of urban problems and opportunities with specific focus on TN context. This is followed by the necessity of urban change in the city.

The research theoretical framework is discussed in chapter Three. The chapter identified the literature study of the Metropolitan city-Tiruchirapalli. The importance of this chapter lies in its significance in defining the history and data collection. The chapter introduces the data collection of three major factors; environmental, social and economic conditions. It also comprises of current plans & policies practicing in the urban area. Each of these conditions will be thoroughly stated and their impact on urban areas will be added

Chapter Four introduces the fieldwork of the research. It aims to collect the data from the site through sampling data collection. It involves the various types of survey that involved while collecting datum from the site. Observations, interviews, questionnaire and other interactive processes involved in this chapter.

Chapter Five deals with the detailed study of case studies regarding urban regeneration. It also proceeding by analysing the cases about its factors, conditions and process involved. Chapter Six is full of data interpretation collected from the previous chapter. It analysis the factors and conditions through various methodologies and go on leading with the identification of needs and problems of urban area which is followed by Chapter Seven. By discussing the problems involved, there are some recommendations on design strategies which are involved in Chapter Eight and followed by conclusion and bibliography.

Figure 1. 8 Illustrates graphically the structure of this report.

2. URBAN REGENERATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION \ URBAN TRANSFORMATION:

“Towns and cities change over time, nothing is immune from either the external forces that dictate the need to adapt or internal pressures that are present within urban areas and which can precipitate growth or decline”

Roberts (2000, p. 26)

Urban areas are always in a state of transformation. Urban areas mirror the numerous processes that drive physical, social, environmental and economic change and they themselves are key generators of many such transitions (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000).Studying urban transformation is vital to tackle urban problems and respond to urban opportunities. Nowadays, urban regeneration has evolved as a tool of managing urban transformation. However, despite that urban regeneration is a widely experienced; it is, in fact, a little understood phenomenon. This is mainly due to the fact that there is no single prescribed form of urban regeneration practice and no single authoritative source of information (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000).

The report aims to synthesise two areas of literature and theory, the first related to the area of urban transformation, and the second focuses on the theories of the issues that influence and shape the practice of urban regeneration. The aim of this chapter and the following is to present a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature which relates to the subject domain. The literature that have been reviewed were selected from a much wider range as those only suitable and relevant to the focus of this research with the aim of giving much more wider perspective to the complexity of the issues of urban regeneration. This chapter intends to review the theories of urban change and the major forces that derive the transformation in the past decades. It also aims to establish a working definition for urban regeneration, identify its principles and features and briefly review its evolution.

2.2 THE NECESSITY FOR URBAN CHANGE:

Urban change is closely linked with the theories of urban problem and opportunities (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000). The purpose of this section is to trace the origins of attempts to identify and resolve problems, and to isolate the major features and characteristics of the solutions that have been developed and applied. While it is impossible in the space of a few pages to provide anything but the most superficial commentary on some of the major events in the history of urban areas, the most important contribution of this section is to review the major forces that derived the urban change in the previous decades and led to the emergence of modern day practice of urban regeneration.

Roberts (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) identified five major factors that derived and shaped the practice of modern day urban regeneration. The factors are: the physical conditions and social response, housing and health, social improvement and economic progress, containment of urban growth, and changing role and nature of urban policy. The following sections will review the main factors that relates to the city-Tiruchirapalli.

2.2.1 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS:

The poor physical condition of an area is the most apparent manifestation of the urban problem. (POUNDER.J, 2000) explain that the physical conditions and urban qualities of cities and districts are signs of their prosperity and confidence of their people. On the contrary, run-down areas and decaying city centres are also very obvious symbol of poverty and economic decline. They argued, what is more important than they are symptoms of decline, that they are signs of the city’s inability to adapt and change quickly enough to rapid social and economic change.

The physical appearance and environmental quality of cities and neighbourhoods are highly potent symbols of their prosperity and of the quality of life and confidence of their enterprises and citizens. Run-down housing estates, tracts of vacant land and derelict factories, and decaying city centres are the all too faces of poverty and economic decline. More often than not they are the symptoms of decline or of a town’s inability to adapt quickly enough to rapid social and economic change.

Likewise, environmental decay and a neglect of the fundamental principles of sound resource use can damage both the functioning and reputation of a city –Trichy. Above and beyond this, the ecological ‘footprint’ or ‘shadow’ of the city frequently extends beyond the administrative boundaries of the city and reflects the consumption of resources associated with urban living.

The process of physical change of cities is unavoidable, yet it is useful (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000). As (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) argued it is inevitable because the changes of political, social, and economic systems always create new demands and opportunities for economic improvement, and it is useful as the very existence of these substantial forces generate opportunities for adjusting and enhancing the conditions of urban environment. Mumford stated, “in the city remote forces and influences intermingle with the local; their conflicts are no less significant than their harmonies”

( (MUMFORD.L, 1940) cited in (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000)). However, the desire to respond positively to the different forces has caused all the stakeholders involved in the process of change to look for the best possible ways to improve and maintain the condition of towns and cities.

Physical renewal is usually a necessary if not sufficient condition for successful regeneration. In some circumstances it may be the main engine of regeneration. The key to successful physical regeneration is to understand the constraints and the potential of the existing physical stock and the role improvement can play in enabling, and where appropriate promoting, renewal at regional, urban or neighbourhood level. Successful realisation of the potential requires an implementation strategy which recognises and takes advantage of the changes under way in economic and social activity, funding regimes, ownership, institutional arrangements, policy and emerging visions of urban life, and roles of the city.

In urban regeneration it is very often the state of the buildings which dominates an appreciation of the physical conditions of the area to be addressed. This includes;

• Buildings;

• Land and sites;

• Urban spaces;

• Open spaces and water;

• Utilities and services;

• Telecommunications;

• Transport infrastructure;

• Environmental quality;

2.2.2 SOCIAL RESPONSE:

Urban environment is always a result of a wide array of functions such as living, working, and entertaining. (MCCARTHY.J, 2012) observed that the relative significance of each functions change throughout the time, and that continuous change usually creates demands for land, infrastructure and a number of accompanying services. He noted that some traditional urban areas may find that their functions or zones of specialisation are no longer relevant and that facilities linked to that function is redundant.

(SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) argues that this difference which is echoed in the tension between the urban areas as a places for human activities and as assets, lies at the heart of several of urban problems and also helps defining the limits within which solutions can be constructed and applied.

There are many causes for the physical dereliction. A major reason is the changes in the requirements of users of urban land and premises, due to the deterioration of the stock of buildings and services, and as a result of market failures in the system of land ownership and control (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000). Other reason is the increasing competition for jobs, accompanied by the influence of the new residential preferences of employees, this has resulted in the provision of alternative locations that are usually better equipped with modern

services and infrastructure beside that new places often offer better land values and lower costs (BALKIN.P.N&BULL.G.H, 1987).Furthermore, there are some problems associated with the presence of derelict and contaminated lands and cost for clearing sites and providing infrastructure is hugely significant, the existence of such problems usually can be found in obsolescence waterfronts and industrial sites.

(SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) noted although the solutions to problems associated with contamination of sites often technically determined and site specific, it is imperative to realise that there is an institutional and a physical dimension to the occurrence and persistence of urban physical problems. He argued that the absence of an adequate institutional capacity to intervene in the cycle of physical decline has proved to be major impediment for the regeneration of many urban areas.

(ROBERTS.P.STRUTHERS&SACKS.J, 1993) linked between the physical problems of urban areas and planning system. They noted that in some cases blight and neglect have resulted from over ambitious planning schemes that have exceeded their capacity for implementation, whereas in other circumstances planning has generated a positive change. (ROBERTS.P.STRUTHERS&SACKS.J, 1993) argued that it is important to note that planning system has to encompass a broader strategy of urban management which relates to investment, physical intervention, social action, and strategic planning.

Expanding the boundaries of urban areas, together with an associated increase in the diversity of land uses present within pre-existing built-up areas, has been the typical and dominant response to the need to provide additional space for houses, factories, offices and shops. Despite the many advances in the past two centuries, town and cities, especially in less-developed countries, remain as the primary source of concern with regard to poor living conditions. Whilst these enduring problems are most evident in cities especially in our case. The response of these challenges can be seen in the growth of sustainable city initiatives, which seek to link physical difficulties to social, economic and environmental issues (JOSS.S, 2013).

2.2.3 ECONOMIC PROGRESS:

According to (MCCARTHY.J, 2012) that it is not always the case that improving the physical environment alone would solve the problems associated urban environment, nor providing a good quality housing and reducing the overcrowding will gradually improve that the conditions of urban areas. However, a third element must be considered which is the enhancement of economic prosperity – could be more closely allied to enhanced social welfare and improved physical conditions

Urban Regeneration

The economic progress of cities resulted in suburban growth which was intensified by the advances in the transportation systems. (TALLON.A, 2013) pointed that this has allowed urban areas to widen their influence and underpinned process of concentration and centralisation. However, (LEARY.M.E&MCCARTHY.J, 2013) noted while this escape to the suburban provided a relief valve for affluent and rich people, it did little to relieve the problem of the inner districts of towns and cities, leaving it for the poor divided communities. This, however, required interventions from politicians and social reformers to address such problems in most of the Indian large cities. It was during this period that the formal planning system started to emerge in urban areas in order to regulate the development of places (HALL.T, 2012).

(ROBSON.B.T, 1988) saw ‘urban problems’ as part of a broader process of restructuring in which older urban areas have suffered most down to inherent weaknesses in the hierarchy of their economic base and their failure to adjust to new trading and infrastructure requirements. This profound structural weakness that can be seen in the economies of older areas led some researchers to study a variety of casual factors which includes the ‘urban-rural’ shift and the ‘spatial division of labour’ (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000).

The demand side of the economy is determined by a city’s ability to retain local expenditure and to attract new spending from outside. This may take the form of demand for industrial production or for the output of the service sector. Efforts to promote city are done so to attract new sources of expenditure. A number of inner city regeneration projects have been successful because they have taken into consideration the nature of demand in developing their scope.

Of particular importance in this respect has been changing patterns of consumer behaviour and spending, itself linked to fundamental shifts in the structure of the economy away from industry towards consumer-driven services.

This has provided an opportunity in many areas for financially viable regeneration schemes to be developed and sustained on former industrial ‘brownfield’ sites. The large or excessive amount of retail and leisure parks around the country are testament to this process of change. The expansion of existing businesses and few opportunities to attract major new inward investment. It was accepted that major public sector funding would be required to improve inner city development opportunities and to address the problems of dereliction.

2.2.4 CONTAINING URBAN GROWTH:

This introduces the fourth factor from the past that can be seen to have influenced and shaped the current purpose and practice of urban regeneration. This theme has its origins in the perceived need to restrain urban growth and to make the best possible use of the land that is already used for urban functions.

Urban Regeneration

The containment of urban growth was necessitated by the significant increase in the urban population and the advances in transportation systems which facilitated the de-concentration and the decentralisation of people and capital from urban areas leading to the decline of cities (TALLON.A, Urban regeneration in the UK, 2013). (PACIONE.M, 2009) indicated that this process of counter-urbanisation started to occur in 1960s when areas situated at a distance from major cities influences began to grow at a faster rate than the main conurbations and their dependent regions. Coinciding with the counterurbanisation was increasing regional-scale shift in population and economic activities. This was chiefly due to de-industrialisation (TALLON.A, Urban regeneration in the UK, 2013).

Whilst urbanisation and suburbanisation have resulted in large scale urban area growth, counter urbanisation has had the opposite effect. Indeed, counter urbanisation is when large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas. The cause of counter urbanisation are linked to the push and pull factors of migration. Poor quality housing and low environmental quality can also force people away from the inner city. Pull factors can also play a role. People want a better quality of life and they want to be able to live in a clean and quiet area. An area without air and noise pollution from heavy industries, the crime of urban environments and the lack of opportunities found in some parts of cities. They also aspire to having larger houses with more land for cheaper prices compared to the large towns and cities. Cities can shrink in size, and the demographic and economic of their areas can undergo significant change.

Accompanying the counter-urbanisation process was the suburbanisation. (PACIONE.M, 2009) indicated that sub-urbanisation intensified during the post war decades strengthening the growth of the outer districts of the cities at the expense of the centre.

In general, the containment of urban growth is central to the current practice of urban regeneration which has addressed the need to restrain urban growth and to make the best possible use of the areas that already used. It is also significant in order to provide an immediate impulse for much urban regeneration (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000).

Attempts to contain urban sprawl, and to ensure the maximum beneficial use of land already within the urban area, have dominated urban policy. The physical adjustment of the city to new roles and the needs of a diminished population is a common regeneration challenge. While much of the discourse on shrinking city has tended to focus on the cause of economic collapse and the consequences for both physical and social decay, there is also a growing body of academic and practical evidence which indicates how best to address the need to re-size urban systems.

2.3 URBAN REGENERATION:

2.3.1 DEFINING URBAN REGENERATION:

The previous section has identified the major issues that led to urban change and policy responses. Despite they reflect the enduring and continuous nature of the social, physical and economic change, they do not give a comprehensive definition for urban regeneration. (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) tried to construct a working definition for urban regeneration, he pointed that in order to do that it is imperative to identify the major areas of concerns and the possible future challenges, and the most important of these future challenges is ensuring that the public and private policy are working according to the principles of sustainable development. From this, (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) has defined urban regeneration as:

“Comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems which seeks to bring about lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental condition of an area that has been subject to change”

There are many other definitions for urban regeneration, but amongst all, this definition seems to be the most comprehensive and precise. It encompassed all the aspects that have been identified by previous scholars. This definition covered the comprehensive nature of the urban regeneration as it emphasised by (MEHTA.P, 2009) as a process to improve physical, economic, social and environmental condition of an area. It also included the essential feature that identified by (LICHFIELD.D, 1992) as a better understanding of the process of decline and an agreement on what one is trying to achieve and how.

However, Roberts’ definition might be over ambitious when it stated that urban regeneration can bring “lasting improvement”, in fact, this contradicts the inherited nature of continuous change of the urban environment that always possess new challenges and opportunities and dictate the need for adaptation. In general, comparing urban regeneration with the previous policies such as urban renewal or redevelopment, it is very clear that urban regeneration goes beyond their aims and aspirations. Urban regeneration focuses on achieving long-term more strategic and sustainable outcomes. Figure 2.1 summarises the process by which urban regeneration takes place.

Urban regeneration can be seen as:

➢ An interventionist activity;

➢ An activity which straddles the public, private and community sectors;

➢ An activity which is likely to experience considerable changes in its institutional structures over time in response to changing economic, social, environmental and political circumstances;

➢ A means of mobilising collective effort and providing the basis for the negotiation of appropriate solutions;

➢ A means of determining policies and actions designed to improve the condition of urban areas and developing the institutional structures necessary to support the preparation of specific proposals.

The other major element of urban regeneration theory relates to the functioning of the urban system as a whole and to the operation of the economic, social, physical and environmental processes that determine the content of urban regeneration. (ROBSON.B.T, 1988) has identified four main elements of the processes involved in urban change:

Figure 2. 1\ The Urban Regeneration Process Source\ adapted from (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000)

Urban Regeneration

• Industrial restructuring in pursuit of maximising returns;

• Factors constraints including the availability of land and buildings;

• The real or perceived unattractiveness of urban areas;

• The social composition of urban areas;

The identification of these elements assists in defining the content of urban regeneration. In addition, this assessment also points to the need to consider the ways in which the diverse elements involved in regeneration can be integrated in order to ensure that actions are mutually supportive.

2.3.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF URBAN REGENERATION:

Expanding the previous definition of urban regeneration, further number of principles have been identified by (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000). They pointed out that urban regeneration should:

▪ “Be based upon a detailed analysis of the condition of an urban area;

▪ Be aimed at the simultaneous adaptation of physical fabric, social structure, economic base and environmental condition of an urban area;

▪ Attempt to achieve this task of simultaneous adaptation through the generation and implementation of a comprehensive and integrated strategy that deals with the resolution of problems in a balanced, ordered and positive manner;

▪ Ensure that a strategy and the resulting programs of implementation are developed in accord with the aims of sustainable development;

▪ Set a clear operational objectives which should, wherever possible, be quantified;

▪ Make the best possible use of natural, economic, human and other resources, including land and existing features of the built environment;

▪ Seek to ensure consensus through the fullest possible participation and cooperation of all stakeholders with the legitimate interest in the regeneration of an urban area;

▪

Accept the likelihood that initial programs of implementation will need to be revised in line with such changes as occur;

▪ Recognise the importance of measuring the progress of strategy towards the achievement of specified objectives and monitoring the changing nature and influence of the internal and external forces which act upon urban areas;

▪

Recognise the reality that the various elements of a strategy are likely to make progress at different speeds; this may require the redirection of resources or the provision of additional resources in order to maintain a broad balance between the aims that encompassed in the scheme of urban regeneration and to allow the achievement of all the strategic objectives”.

Figure 2.1 provides an illustration of the interaction between these and many other factors. This diagram also indicates the variety of themes and topics involved in urban regeneration and the multiplicity of interrelated outputs.

These principles put substance behind the definition of urban regeneration which was given earlier. Above and beyond these principles is the need to recognise and accept the uniqueness of place – Robson expresses this as the ‘uniqueness of how things happen in a local area’ (ROBSON.B.T, 1988) –and the requirement for any particular model of urban regeneration to be calibrated to the circumstances within which it operates. This implies, for example, that an individual scheme of urban regeneration should both reflect the wider circumstances and requirements of the city of region in which it is located (HAUSNER.V, 1993), and seek to reduce social exclusion and enhance the economic reintegration of disadvantaged urban areas (MCGREGOR.A&MCCONNACHIE.M, 1995).

Above and beyond these requirements, which support the principles of urban regeneration stated above, is the desirability of ensuring that urban areas make a positive contribution to national economic performance and to the attainment of a range of other social and environmental goals. Stegman notes that ‘the tragedy of the inner city affects everyone’ and that the ‘overall performance of metropolitan regions is linked to the performance of their central cities, and urban distress moves outwards from the core’ (STEGMAN.M.A., 1995). The task of ensuring the effective regeneration o an urban area is of fundamental importance to a wide range of actors and stakeholders, including local communities, city and national government, property owners and investors, economic activities of all kinds, and environmental organisations.

2.3.3 THE FEATURES OF URBAN REGENERATION:

There are some elements and features that have not been captured fully in those principles of urban regeneration mentioned previously, yet they resemble the essence of urban regeneration and distinguish it from the previous urban policies. One of a particular significance is the strategic vision and the long-term perspective. (HEALEY.P, 1997) observed that there is an increasing consensus that in order to resolve interwoven urban problems, it is essential to develop strategic framework. This consensus is based on the ground that in order to achieve a successful urban regeneration, it has to be strategically designed, locally reformed, and multiagency partnership approach (HEALEY.P, 1997).

(CARTER.A, 2002) explained that in the past there has been few or even no attempt to generate a strategic view of what should happen to cities as a whole or to specific conurbations. Additionally, the majority of urban policies that were developed by the central government had pursued ad hoc projects without considering locating these within a broader vision (CARTER.A, 2002)

Similarly, (HAUSNER.V, 1993) said that the significance for strategic approach to urban regeneration arises from the concerns regarding the inner cities policies which have been known for their modesty, marginal and ad hoc in character, and lacking any relationship to structural urban economic trends. Consequently, (TUROK.I&SHUTT.J, 1994) observed that “problems are being addressed in a piecemeal manner and linkages between different aspects of regeneration have not been developed. Planning and actions on a city-wide or regional level have also been side-lined by the focus of local initiatives.

(HEALEY.P, 1997) argued that it is no longer possible to approach urban regeneration through the promotion of urban transformation projects in isolation, instead, the focus should be oriented to create the conditions for economic, social, and environmental regeneration. An important element for achieving this is the existence of a long term strategic framework which reflects a process capable of fostering links between issues and those involved in them (CARTER.A, 2002).

The importance of existence of a long-term strategic framework for urban regeneration was highlighted by (CARTER.A, 2002). He stated that it allows policy parameters to be explored and integrated, “such an examination assists urban regeneration and helps define the extent to which such measures can in turn meet environmental and social objectives without compromising economic development in the long term” (CARTER.A, 2002).

The second fundamental feature about urban regeneration is the recognition and the acceptance of the uniqueness of the place and the requirement for any particular model of urban regeneration to be modified to the situation within which it operates (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000). (HAUSNER.V, 1993) elucidated that this entails that any specific urban regeneration scheme should both respond to the wider circumstances and requirements of the city or region in which it is located beside aiming to reduce social exclusion and enhance economic reintegration of disadvantage urban areas. From physical urban and architectural term this feature is extremely fundamental and it has raised a huge debate that later led to introduce urban design as a mean of tackling urban problems. With the negative impact of globalisation on the urban identity of place, this feature of urban regeneration that encourages building on place uniqueness enabled urban regeneration to work as an instrument for enhancing cities’ urban identity and uniqueness.

Unlike the previous urban policies, urban regeneration aims to ensure that urban areas are making a positive contribution to the national economy, and attaining a range of social and environmental aims (MCCARTHY.J, 2012). In the past with the decline of city centres and inner cities some have argued that disadvantage urban areas act as a drag upon national and regional success and should be abandoned, (STEGMAN.M.A., 1995) (cited in (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000)) pointed out that “the tragedy of the inner city affects everyone and the

overall performance of metropolitan regions is linked to the performance of their central cities, and urban distress moves outwards from the core” . (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) argued what is fundamental about Stegman’s point is that cities matter, and the task of ensuring the effective regeneration of an urban area is of fundamental significance to a wide range of actors and stakeholders, this includes local community, city and national government, investors, economic activities, and environmental organisations at all levels from the global to the local.

Urban regeneration is an interventionist activity (LEARY.M.E&MCCARTHY.J, 2013). Traditionally, the majority of interventions were led by the state, but, desirability of intervening to rectify a failure of the market has shifted to be a matter of public-private consensus. Integration is also an important aspect of urban regeneration which assists to differentiate it from the former partial attempts to manage change in cities (LICHFIELD.D, 1992). (SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) accentuates that “creating and delivering an integrated and comprehensive solution to the challenges of urban regeneration is a difficult task, but it is well worth the effort involved” .

2.3.4 WHY TO REGENERATE URBAN AREAS:

The preceding sections of this chapter have discussed a number of causes of the ‘urban problem’, the theories which have been advanced to explain urban change and the consequences of allowing the outcomes of urban problems to continue unchecked. Many different explanations of the origin and occurrence of urban problems have been advanced over the years, and whilst some of these explanations emphasise the influence of an individual event or a particular policy decision, most analysis have adopted a multi-casual explanation. Likewise, it is unusual for the outcome of a process of urban change to be one-dimensional.

2.3.5 THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF URBAN CHANGE:

An urban change event, such as the closure of a factory since the case that the author will analyse is also based on, may simply be the final outcome of a trading decision may not know the location of an individual manufacturing facility, and in making the decision they are likely to have given little thought to anything apart from the efficient functioning of their company. This tendency to dislocate decisions from their consequences for a local area has been exacerbated in recent years through hr internationalisation of production, and his tendency has implications on the role played by firms in schemes for local economic revival. (BLACKBURN.R&CURRAN.J, 1994) It is also the case many public policy decisions are made without a full appreciation of their spatial consequences.

A similar sequence of cause and consequences may flow from other propulsive events determined by forces of a different nature. Crime, physical

blight, social polarisation and many other cases can change forever the composition and social structure of a community or neighborhood. Physical decay, changing transportation and accessibility requirements, or the impossibility of adapting buildings to accommodate new uses, can sweep away an industrial, warehousing, residential or retail district.

On the first of these issues, Peter Hall made the point neatly: ‘We need to take the widest possible view’ and to consider the problem of urban change ‘in the spatial context of the rapidly changing economic and social geography of contemporary’ (HALL.P, 1981). This suggests that analyses which focus equally upon the competitive advantage of urban areas, and especially of the inner city, tend to be more helpful than models which limit their attention solely to the role of welfare policy in the resolution of problems (PORTER.M, 1995).

Four major aspects of urban change are considered in the following section:

1. Economic transition and employment change;

2. Social and community issues;

3. Physical obsolescence and new land and property requirements;

4. Environmental quality and sustainable development.

2.3.5.1

ECONOMIC TRANSITION AND EMPLOYMENT CHANGE:

Economic change is not a new phenomenon, nor is there any lack of analysis or policy prescription with regard to this subject. The fundamental issue that has to be addressed is that many profound changes have occurred in the structure, profitability and ownership of economic activities.

Echoes of this analysis can be identified in more recent studies where the ‘urban problem’ is seen as part of a broader process of restructuring in which older urban areas have suffered most due to inherent weaknesses in the structure of their economic base and their inability to adapt to new trading and infrastructural requirements (ROBSON.B.T, 1988). In Hall’s analysis of the economic performance of urban areas ‘goods-handling’ places – dependent upon manufacturing, port functions and a range of traditional service activities – have performed worse than ‘information handling’ places (HALL.P, 1987).

This identification of the fundamental structural weakness evident in the economics of the older urban areas led researchers in the 1980s to investigate a variety of casual factors including the ‘urban-rural’ shift (FOTHERGILL.S&GUDGIN.G, 1982) and the ‘spatial division of labour’ (MASSEY.D, 1984). More recently, the top-down analyses of the 1980s have been balanced by locally rooted assessments of other aspects of the difficulties experienced by the urban labour force in gaining access to new economic opportunities. In many cases this is seen to be due to the absence of appropriate skills and experience (MCGREGOR.A&MCCONNACHIE.M, 1995), resulting in the ‘social exclusion’ of substantial segments of the labour force.

A landmark project of the late 1960s presented an assessment of urban change in unambiguous terms when it argued the case for an integrated regeneration policy in order to address the economic, social and physical decay evident in the inner city of Liverpool. The shelter neighborhood action project (SNAP) report (MCCONAGHY.D, 1972) built upon earlier partial, often sectoral, analyses and stated the importance of viewing urban economic change within the context of broader economic trends, but it also advocated that solutions should be locally rooted. I addition, the SNAP report noted the need to consider the role of the urban, and especially the inner urban, economy within the wider context of the region and nation and it argued that ‘it is absurd to attempt to deal with urban deprivation as something quite separate to progress in the urban unit of which it is s part’ (MCCONAGHY.D, 1972).

2.3.5.2 SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY ISSUES:

The preceding discussion of economic transition provides an initial insight into the origins of many of the local problems which have beset urban areas. However, economic change, whilst of major significance, is not the only factor that has dictated the scale and occurrence of social problem in towns and cities. Other influences have also been at work; such influences reflect the evolution of socio-demographic trends, the adjustment and breakdown of traditional family and community structures, the changing nature and outcomes of urban policy, and the consequences of changing social perceptions and values. Socio-demographic change in recent decades has seen the movement of population away from older urban areas in general, and from the inner cities in particular. This decentralisation of population has been both planned and unplanned (LAWLESS.P, 1989).

Although the pull of the suburbs and of the free-standing settlements beyond the boundaries of the older urban areas reflects one aspect of this analysis, push factors has also been of considerable importance. Such factors have been seen in most advanced societies; people have moved away from cities in order ‘to escape the noisy, crowed city and find space’ (FOWLER.E.P, 1993). Urban areas, and especially inner urban areas, are no longer preferred residential location of the more affluent, instead cities have increasingly experienced a concentration of the poor and disadvantaged members of society. This exclusionary differentiation (HEALEY.P, 1995) Shas exacerbated the problems experienced by many dwellers, notwithstanding the success of some of the projects aimed at recolonising the city in an attempt to produce a more balanced society.

One of the causes of the changes which have been described above has been the breakdown of traditional structures of community and kinship. The disappearance of traditional sources of employment, the effects of policies aimed at rehousing urban residents, the impact of infrastructure and commercial property development, the decay of the environment, and the absence of adequate

social facilities, have combine to erode the cohesion to further instability and decline. In this situation new issues arise, including the spatial concentration in the inner cities of non-white Immigrants and the urban poor. Race is now a significant factor in many of our urban areas, and it is ‘important that those concerned with intervention in urban renewal should be particularly aware of the racial aspects and implications of policy’ (COUCH.C, 1990)

A final point of importance in this brief is the image of the city. In the eyes of many people the city is no longer an attractive place that can provide all the requirements necessary for the civilised way of life. Rather parts of our city fulfil ‘a place of base instincts, ugly motives, subterranean fears and unspoken desires, a place which reveals the savage basis of the human condition and the frailty of civilised society’ (SHORT.J.R, 1991). With a public image of this kind can urban areas ever recover their position as the centrepiece of civilised living? The answer can be seen n the number of experiments in social and community regeneration that are aimed at ‘breaking out of this stultifying trap’ (ROBSON.B&ROBSON.G, 1994), and in the determination of some urban communities to resist the negative forces of change and to rebuild from within.

2.3.5.3 PHYSICAL OBSOLESCENCE AND NEW LAND AND PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS:

One of the most obvious manifestations of the ‘urban problem’ is the physical obsolescence of many parts of our towns and cities. In situ decay, the functional obsolescence of buildings, derelict sites, outdated infrastructure and the changed accessibility requirements of the users of urban areas, combine to present a major task for regeneration. Whilst economic, social, institutional factors can be identified that explain the physical decline of cities, in many cases these factors can also be redirected in order to provide the foundations for regeneration. Such an approach can help to guide physical development in order to ensure that it is appropriate and is likely to initiate area-wide physical, economic, social and environmental restructuring. The establishment of a wider mandate for property-led regeneration would help to ensure that physical action for towns and cities also made a greater contribution to the economic and social well-being of such areas (TUROK.I, 1992).

Physical problems arise due to changes in the requirements of the users of urban land and premises, because of the deterioration of the stock of urban buildings and infrastructure, and as a consequence of market failures in the system of land ownership and control. Although there is some evidence to the contrary, there is often a space constraint on the location of economic activities in the inner areas of many cities. This constrained locational view is supported by research (FOTHERGILL.S., 1983)and by the many instances of firms leaving the city in search of additional space and lower operational costs. Increasing

competition for jobs, together with the influence exerted by the new residential preferences of employees, has resulted in the provision of alternative locations that are often better served by modern infrastructure and which offer lower rents or land values (BALKIN.P.N&BULL.G.H, 1987).

A final point of importance that should be noted in relation to eh physical problems of urban areas, is the influence of the planning system. Here the evidence is far from conclusive; in some cases blight and neglect have resulted from over-ambitions planning schemes that have exceeded their capacity for implementation, whilst in other instances planning has acted as an enabling force that has generated positive change. What is clear is that achieving urban regeneration requires far more than traditional land-use planning; it has to encompass a broader strategy of urban management which relates ‘investment, physical intervention, social action and strategic planning – to other associated policy fields’ (ROBERTS.P.STRUTHERS&SACKS.J, 1993).

2.3.5.4

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT:

The final issue to be discussed in this section is concerned with the environment of urban areas. Many of the factors discussed in the preceding paragraphs have conspired to degrade the urban environment. Whilst derelictions is the most obvious outward sign of the imposition of urbanisation on the natural environment, this is not the chief cause of concern. The very existence of what is increasingly referred to as ‘unsustainable urbanisation’ indicates the origins and impacts of town and cities that have been developed in order to serve the goal of economic growth. A city ‘draws water, energy and many other resources from distant points leaving an environmental or ecological footprint of its consumption pattern’ (ROBERTS.P, 1995)

In many senses urban areas can be seen to generate environmental costs that are not matched by benefits. These costs include the excessive consumption of energy, the inefficient use of raw materials, the neglect of open space, and the pollution of land, water and the atmosphere. Although the ‘muck and brass’ philosophy of the past may once have been seen to represent the pathway towards a prosperous city, recent research indicates that attitudes and expectations have changed, and that a successful town of the future is increasingly likely to be judged on its environmental performance and appearance (ACHE.P., 1990).

The new challenge for urban regeneration is to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development. ‘The world’s economic is increasingly an urban one’ and this system ‘provides the backbone for natural development’ (Development, 1987).

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 WHY TRICHY ?

Major urban areas in Tamil Nadu are, 1. Chennai

2. Coimbatore

3. Trichy

4. Madurai

There are some of the factors that influencing the growth, transformation and decay of an urban area. Those factors let these urban areas as organic transformation or vice versa. Let’s compare those factors with the above mentioned urban area as follows:

1.AREA:

Coimbatore have a large area compare to other urban areas. Assume that there may be a equal pull factors, Madurai and Trichy will be densely packed urban areas and there may be a chance of decaying urban areas. The probability of getting problems based on area is high on these areas.

2.POPULATION:

Coimbatore population rate:

Figure 3. 1\ Comparative Area Chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government

Figure 3. 2\ Coimbatore Population Rate Source\ Coimbatore City Population Census 2011

Table 3. 1\ Coimbatore Population Prediction Rate Source\ Population Stat-World Statistical Data

Current population of Coimbatore is 27,87,000 and its population projections as in the table above,

Trichy population rate:

Current population of Trichy is 11,65,000 and its population projections as follows,

Figure 3. 3\ Trichy Population Rate Source\ Trichy City Population Census 2011

Table 3. 2 \ Trichy Population Prediction Rate Source\ Population Stat-World Statistical Data

Madurai population rate:

Figure 3. 4 \ Madurai Population Rate Source\ Madurai City Population Census 2011

Table 3. 3\ Madurai Population Prediction Rate Source\ Population Stat-World Statistical Data

Current population of Madurai is 17,34,000 and its population projections as in the above table,

Figure 3.8 shows the comparative graph of urban area with respect to population. As per the above data, the growth rate of Coimbatore is 2.85% and for Trichy is 2.9% and for Madurai is 1.80%. Though the area of Trichy is smaller, the growth rate is higher than the other urban areas.

As per the world bank group census, the square feet of each individual of urban area is,

Coimbatore- 3.44 Sq.ft/person

Trichy – 2.12 Sq.ft/person

Madurai – 3.57 Sq.ft/person

So there may be a dominant densification factor in Trichy followed by Madurai.

Figure 3. 5 \ Area and Population Comparative Graph Source\ author

3.SLUMS:

The formation of slum is mostly linked to urbanisation. Urbanization creates slums because local governments are unable to manage urbanization, and migrant workers without an affordable place to live in, dwell in slums. Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas.

However, as evidenced by poor urban infrastructure and insufficient housing, the local governments sometimes are unable to manage this transition. This incapacity can be attributed to insufficient funds and

inexperience to handle and organize problems brought by migration and urbanization.

• Rural-urban migration

• Urbanization

• Economic stagnation

• Labour,work

• Informal economy

Coimbatore:

Total slum population is 3,42,522 which is 12.29 percent of its total population.

Natural disaster

Poverty

Social exclusion

Politics

Poor housing planning

Trichy:

Total slum population is 3,17,200 which is 28.00 percent of its total population

Madurai:

Total slum population is 4,73,902 which is 27.00 percent of its total population

Figure 3. 6\ Coimbatore slum population chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government

Figure 3. 7\ Trichy Slum Population Chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government

Figure 3. 8\ Madurai Slum Population Chart Source\ Tamil Nadu Government

4. Industrialization and commercialization:

The urban growth has also been greatly stimulated by the new techniques of production associated with industrial revolution. Industrialization has stimulated city growth, trade and commerce also have played an important part in urban expansion. The development of modern marketing institutions and of methods of exchange has greatly contributed to the growth of cities.

Coimbatore:

The development of modern marketing institutions and of methods of exchange has greatly contributed to the growth of cities. The region’s industrial economy is largely driven by textiles, textile machinery, auto components, wet grinders production steel and aluminium foundries, pumps and motors, gold and diamond jewellery, Information Technology (IT).

Coimbatore is a hub for foundries, fabrication and machine shop works. MSMEs’ contribution to Coimbatore’s economic diversification is immense. The entrepreneurial cult and the innovative nature of these enterprises have been crucial in driving the competitiveness of the economy.

Trichy:

Major public sector companies like BHEL, HAPP, OFT and railway workshop function here. The district is renowned for fabrication industry, gem cutting, korai mat weaving and readymade garments Some of the industrial estates such as electrical & electronic industrial estates and SIDCO industrial estates.

Apart from BHEL other PSUS HAPP, OFT and railway workshop are also playing pivotal role in the industrial growth of the city. It also has a large number of units established in textiles and apparels followed by engineering and repairing and servicing.

Large numbers of MSMEs have been established in textile and apparels and engineering units. Majority of the investments in this district have taken place in non-electrical machinery. Large part of the investments has also taken place in metals and metal products.

The following are the thrust sector activities identified in the district with a substantial potential for growth in the next five years.

Readymade garments

CNC machining

Advanced welding technologies & fabrication works

Food processing

Software development & BPO

Issues on Industrialisation in this area:

1. Inadequate availability of power & and its fluctuations

2. Bankers reluctance to finance MSME.

3. Insufficient skilled manpower, labour training.

4. Special zone for agro product processing

5. Need for implementation of factoring services/bill discounting procedure by banks.

6. Creation of testing facilities and training facilities for electrical and electronic products.

Madurai:

It offers ample scope for the field of textiles, readymade garment, bakery units and floriculture, dairy and cold storage units, agro and herbal products, blue metal jelly, chamber bricks, rubber and plastic based industries. There is also a very good scope for starting food processing and agro based industries.

Table 3. 4\ Types of Industry and NO/- Units(Trichy) Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015)

The growth of small-scale industries in the industrial map of Madurai district shows the concentration of industries in a few areas/ pockets like Madurai, Thirumangalam and Usilampatty. The other areas of the district have got less significance. The foot loose industry is the single most enterprises still dominating the district economy.

Table 3. 5\ Types of Industry and NO/- Units (Madurai) Source\ Brief Industrial Profile of Madurai,2015

Existence of industrial estate attracts investment opportunities. The Tamil Nadu small industries development corporation (SIDCO) is the agency for establishing and maintaining industrial estates for tiny and small-scale industries in this district/state. A review of the industrial activities that is taking place in and around Madurai, Thirumangalam and Melur reveals that the fact that Tamil Nadu government may establish a SIPCOT industrial complex in the region to further trigger the industrial growth.

5. Transport & communication:

The development in methods of transportation and communication and the facilities which cities offer for satisfying the desire for communication also explain urban growth. Industrialization depends upon transportation so that raw material and manufactured goods can be carried in large volume. In an industrial city the means of transport and communication are essentially developed. The city is connected not only with other parts in and outside of the country but through developed means of local transportation the different parts of the city as well are connected to each other. The local transport added to the population of the city by extending its boundaries.

Coimbatore:

The city and its suburbs is traversed using its road networks. Coimbatore is well connected by road, rail and air with most cities and towns in India except through waterways. The city has fairly better transport infrastructure, though road

infrastructures are Not well maintained and developed according to the growing needs of transport, making traffic congestion a major problem in the city.

The city is situated in the west of Tamil Nadu and most of the routes that can access is from the western part of Tamil Nadu.

Trichy: Being located almost at the geographic centre of the state Tamil Nadu, Trichy is well connected by road, rail and air with most cities. It has major national highways radiating out as following;

Figure 3. 9\ Transportation Map of Coimbatore Source\ Maps of India

NH 38 (old NH 45) towards Villupuram, Vellore leading to Chennai

NH 81 (old NH 227) towards Jayamkondam, Chidambaram

NH 83 (old NH 67) towards Thanjavur, Nagapattinam

NH 336 (old NH 210) towards Pudukottai leading to Rameshwaram

NH 38 (old NH 45b) towards Madurai, Tuticorin

NH 83 (old NH 45) towards Dindigul, Palani, Coimbatore

NH 81 (old NH 67) towards Karur, Coimbatore

Major Tamil Nadu state highways leading out of the city are

SH 22 towards Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Poompuhar

SH 25 towards Musiri, Namakkal, Salem leading to Bangalore

SH 62 towards Thurayur

Table 3. 6\ Major National Highways in Madurai

Trichy is connected to two major ports and two minor ports within the state, which puts its heavy industry in quite advantageous positions. The port connectivity details are as shown in the table:

Madurai: It connects the southern districts to northern districts in Tamil Nadu, and is also the major transport city in Tamil Nadu. Madurai is well connected by road, rail and air with most cities and towns in India except through waterways. It is one of the major transportation hub in the south of Tamil Nadu. It has major national highways radiating out as following;

Figure 3. 11\ Transportation Map of Madurai Source\ Maps of India

Figure 3. 10 \ Transportation Map of Trichy Source\ Maps of India

Table 3. 7\ Distance of Major Port from Trichy

From the above data and analysis, among the three urban areas, TIRUCHIRAPALLI needs urban regeneration. Because as we discussed in chapter 2 about the characteristics and need of the urban area for urban regeneration.

Then what about Chennai…? Chennai is one of the most densely populated city and suffers on encroachment, urban sprawl, overcrowding and unplanned development which leads to drastic destroy of its own. There is no breathing space for Chennai to heal itself and it already moved into its destination. Figure 3.19 shows a illustration on decay of Chennai.

Point leads to inorganic growth

Gradual growth of Chennai

Organic growth

Unsolved Urban problems

Figure 3. 12\ Illustration on situation of Chennai Source\ author

But in case of Trichy, there is little spark of urban sprawl and urban agglomeration. Urban areas are always in a state of transformation. Urban areas mirror the numerous processes that drive physical, social, environmental and economic change and they themselves are key generators of many such transitions. Urban regeneration control and turn those transitions into organic transformation.

(SKYESandROBERTS, 2000) also states that urban regeneration is not only for that exploited area but also for area which are going to exploit.

Point leads to inorganic growth

Gradual growth of Trichy

Organic growth

Destination

Unsolved Urban problems

Destination

Figure 3. 13\ Illustration on Decay of Trichy Source\ author

Gradual growth of Trichy

Point leads to inorganic growth Organic growth

Towards Organic Growth

Urban Regeneration

Urban regeneration in Trichy will heal the area and generate organic growth. It reverses and maintain the transition occurs in the area. It maintain and recover from the unplanned growth which leads to a proper planned organic path.

Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanised states in India with 48.5% of the state population living in urban areas as per the census of (2011). Tiruchirappalli being the fourth largest city of Tamil Nadu, shows major urban growth in past two decades.

The increase in population and unplanned development of urban structures results into problems like lack of availability of resources, infrastructures, services and facilities, as we discussed in chapter 2. Hence, population is moving away from the dense urban centres, towards the rural areas in the outer parts of the city. The dispersed development towards the rural areas along the highways in the vicinity of the city, leads to urban sprawl. One of the major factors of sprawling is industrialization, which contributes to the economy of the city. This drives people from other cities and towns to take benefit from the economy of the city. Understanding and identification of urban growth pattern and spatial and temporal changes in urban area; help in planning and development of infrastructures and facilities.

Figure 3. 14\ Illustration on Urban Regeneration on Trichy Source\ author

3.2 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION :

Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities located in the centre of the State of Tamil Nadu. It is a place of historic, cultural and economic importance. The district has a rich and varied cultural heritage. It is also known for its exquisite handicrafts, castings and South Indian musical instruments. The economy is mainly agrarian. The agriculture practice is sustained by a network of irrigation sources and improved methods of cultivation.

Tiruchirapalli is a famous city in South India located on the southern bank of the river Cauvery. The Rock Fort rising abruptly from the plains to a height of 83 meters in the centre of the city is a famous land mark. The district is well known as an educational centre.

Tiruchirappalli played a predominant role in the later history of South India. Its earliest settlements date back to the second millennium BC. Uraiyur, the capital of the early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards, is a suburb of present day Tiruchirappalli. The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian Ptolemy in his 2nd century work ‘Geography’. The world's oldest surviving dam, the Kallanai (Lower Anaicut) about 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Uraiyur, was built across the Kaveri River by Karikala Chola in 2nd century AD. The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king Mahendravarman I, who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock-cut cave-temples within the Rockfort. Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century, the city was conquered by the Medieval Cholas, who ruled until the 13th century.

Figure 3. 15\ Early days of Trichy Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the Pandyas, who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by Malik Kafur, the commander of Allauddin Khilji. The victorious armies of the Delhi Sultanate are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region. The idol of the Hindu god Ranganatha in the temple of Srirangam vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated after more than fifty years. Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and Madurai Sultanates from 1311 to 1378, but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart. Gradually, the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom, and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar Prince Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar in 1371. The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s, and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers.

Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century, the Madurai Nayaks began to assert its independence. The city flourished during the reign of Vishwanatha Nayak (c. 1529– 1564), who is said to have protected the area by constructing the Teppakulam and building walls around the Srirangam temple. His successor Kumara Krishnappa

Figure 3. 16\ Early planning of Trichy Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

Figure 3. 17\ Early days on Town and Fort of Tiruchirapalli Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

Nayaka made Tiruchirappalli his capital, and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736.

In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler, Meenakshi, committed suicide, and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by Chanda Sahib. He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741, when he was captured and imprisoned by the Marathas in the siege of Tiruchirappalli (1741) led by General Raghuji Bhonsle under the orders of Chhattrapati Shahu. Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire.

Tiruchirappalli was administered by the 9 Maratha general Murari Rao from 1741 to 1743, when it was acquired by the Nizam of Hyderabad, who bribed Rao to hand over the city. Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to Golkonda. When the Nawab of the Carnatic Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the Battle of Ambur (1749), the former fled to Tiruchirappalli, where he set up his base. The subsequent siege of Tiruchirappalli (1751–1752) by Chanda Sahib took place during the Second Carnatic War between the British East India Company and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the French East India Company on the other.

The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne. During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint Nathar Vali, who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD. Tiruchirappalli was invaded by Nanjaraja Wodeyar in 1753 and Hyder Ali of the Mysore kingdom in 1780, both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company. A third invasion attempt, by Tipu Sultan, son of Hyder Ali, In 1793, was also unsuccessful; he was pursued by British forces led by William Medows, who thwarted the attack.

Figure 3. 18 \ Delta Region during British Rule Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

The Carnatic kingdom was annexed by the British in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan an enemy of the British and Umdat Ul-Umra, son of Wallajah and the Nawab at the time, during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Trichinopoly was incorporated into the Madras Presidency the same year, and the district of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) was formed, with the city of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) as its capital.

During the Company Raj and later the British Raj, Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India. According to the 1871 Indian census the first in British India Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76,530, making it the second largest city in the Presidency after the capital of Madras. It was known throughout the British Empire for its unique variety of cheroot, known as the Trichinopoly cigar. Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed South Indian Railway Company in 1874 until its relocation to Madras in the early 20th century.

Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the preindependence era; there were a number of strikes and non-violent protests during the Quit India Movement, notably the South Indian Railway Strike that took place in 1928. The city was the base for the Vedaranyam salt march initiated by C. Rajagopalachari in parallel with the Dandi March in 1930. Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in 1938. Later in 1965, Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the "Madras State Anti-Hindi Conference" convened by C. Rajagopalachari.

Figure 3. 19\ Mosque during the period of Nizam of Hyderabad Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

Figure 3. 20 \ Fort during British rule Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly, achieving a growth rate of 36.9% during the period 1941–51. After independence in 1947, Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as Salem and Coimbatore in terms of growth. Tiruchirappalli remained a part of Madras State, which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. In the early 1980s, M. G. Ramachandran, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu drafted a plan to move the State's administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli. A satellite town was developed near Navalpattu on the outskirts of the city, but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments.

Like much of Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity. There have been occasional outbreaks of violence against Sri Lankans. In 2009, the offices of a Sri Lankan airline were attacked in the city. In September 2012, two groups of Sri Lankan pilgrims who had visited the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni and the Poondi Madha Basilica had their buses attacked

activists. Owing to a series of terrorist

has been increased at sites such as Sri

in Tiruchirappalli by a group of Tamil

attacks in Indian cities since 2000, security

Ranganathaswamy Temple.

Figure 3. 21\ The Prince of Wales at Tiruchirapalli Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

Figure 3. 22 \ Fort and Street view in 2012 Source\ HUFFPOST by Aashmita Nayar

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS :

This section deals with the environmental conditions of the city such as physical appearance and environmental structure. The data collected on environmental conditions of Tiruchirapalli Corporation are below:

3.3.1 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS :

A physical condition can be described as anything we can physically experience through our senses touch, smell, sight, hearing, and/or taste. The physical environment includes both the natural environment and the human-made environment. The following are ;

3.3.1.1 AREA AND LOCATION :

Tiruchirappalli is one of the prominent, oldest and well off districts in Tamil Nadu. A significant part of the district is located on the banks of Cauvery. Trichy district falls under southern plateau and is passed across by Eastern Ghats. It is located at the Central part of Tamil Nadu surrounded by Perambalur district in the North , Pudukkottai district in the south, Karur and Dindigul districts in the West and Tanjore district in the East.

It lies between 10˚ and 11˚ 30 of the northern latitude and 74˚ 45’ and 78˚ 50’ of eastern latitude in the central part of Tamil Nadu. The general slope of the district is towards east.It is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli district. The city occupies an area of 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi) and it is the fourth largest city as well as the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state. Figure 3. 23\ Tiruchirapalli District Map Source\

3.3.1.2 TOPOGRAPHY:

The topology of Trichy is flat. It lies at an altitude of 78 m above sea level. The river Kaveri (also called Cauvery) and the river Coleroon (also called Kollidam) flows through Trichy, the latter forms the northern boundary of the city. There are a few reserve forests along the river Cauvery, located at the west and the north-west of the city. The southern and the southwestern part of the district are dotted by several hills which are thought to be an offset of the western ghats. Eastern ghats also pass through the district. The soil here is considered to be very fertile. As two rivers flow through the city, the northern part of the city is filled with greeneries rather than other areas of the city.

3.3.1.3 CLIMATE:

Trichy has very hot climate, with humidity slightly above normal. The city experiences mild winters and humid summers. The timing of the monsoon in this part of the country has lately become unpredictable, with the rainy season starting from mid-October until early-November and the rains then extending until early or mid-January.

The climate is mostly dry and characterized by good rainfall. Tiruchirappalli district has dry weather throughout the year except during the monsoons. In March the temperature begins to rise, which persists till the end of June. The highest temperatures are normally recorded during May. The scanty showers during this period do not provide much relief from the oppressive heat. However, there is an improvement in the climate during the June – August period. During the pre-monsoon period, the temperature reverses its trend. By September the sky gets heavily overcast, although the rains pour down. The northeast monsoon sets in vigorously only during October–November, and by December the rains disappear, rendering the climate clear and cold.

Figure 3. 24\ Topography of Trichy Region Source\ Leaflet-Map Data & Imagery

Tiruchirappalli experiences a tropical savanna climate with no major change in temperature between summer and winter. The high temperatures have been attributed to the presence of two rivers, Cauvery and Kollidam. As Tiruchirappalli is on the Deccan Plateau, the days are extremely warm and dry; evenings are cooler because of cold winds that blow from the southeast. From June to September, the district experiences a moderate climate tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers.

Table 3 8\ Tiruchirappalli Weather by month // weather averages Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli

RAINFALL:

Table 3. 9\ Season wise Rainfall data Source\ Indian Meteorological Dept. Chennai

Figure 3. 25\ Season-wise Rainfall Data Table Source\ Indian Meteorological Dept. Chennai

Rainfall is heaviest between October and December because of the northeast monsoon winds, and from December to February the climate is cool and moist. The winter season being cool is pleasant and enjoyable. Period of hot summer prevails till June when South West monsoon sets which brings scanty rains. This monsoon period last till August. The heaviest rainfall occurs during October to December when the North East monsoon sets in. Month wise rainfall data of the district is given above:

Table 3. 10\ Tiruchirapalli Rainfall Report Source\ TCC

3.3.1.4 GEOGRAPHICAL UNIQUENESS:

It lies at an altitude of 78 m above sea level. The area of the city is 167.23 sq.km while the urban agglomeration is spread over an area of 180 sq.km. The River Cauvery flows along WNW-SSE direction through the city. The city is divided into three parts:

• The Cantonment area to the south,

• The temples to the north and

• The bazaar in the centre of the city.

Most of Tiruchirapalli's hotels and government and post offices are situated in the 113 Cantonment while most of Tiruchirapalli's temples are located in the north. The Rockfort and its temple are situated in the centre of the city and surrounded by a bazaar.

There are few hills located within the city, the prominent among them are Golden Rock, Rock Fort, Kajamalai and in Thiruverumbur. There are few reserve forests along the River Cauvery, located at the west and the north-west of the city. The southern and the south-western part of the district is dotted by several hills which are thought to be an offset of the Western Ghat. Eastern ghats also pass through the district. The soil here is considered to be very fertile. As two rivers flow through the city, the northern part of the city is more greener than other areas of the city.

The land immediately surrounding the Kaveri is made up of fertile alluvial soil deposited by the Kaveri and its tributary, the Kollidam. Further south, the surface is covered by poor-quality black soil. The alluvial soil is conducible for agriculture and crops such as ragi (finger millet) and cholam (maize) are cultivated. North-east of Tiruchirappalli runs a belt of cretaceous rock known as the "Trichinopoly Group". Layers of archaean rocks, granite and gneiss covered by a thin bed of conglomeratic laterite are found to the south-east of the city.

The area of natural landscapes are comparatively higher in Srirangam as 6.39 km and less in Ariyamangalam noted as 0.034. Further areas are denoted in the table:

Figure 3. 26\ Slope range of the city Source\ TCC

Table 3. 11\ Natural Landscapes in each Zone Source\ TCC

Table 3. 12\ Rock Sediments of Trichy area Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli

The two rivers Coleroon and Cauvery formed the island as Srirangam which is one of the uniqueness in the city. And the settlements on the delta regions of the city. The figure shows the geography map of the above thing. The Tiruchirappalli exposes crystalline rocks of Archaean and Proterozoic age, Upper Gondwana Formations, sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic age, Miocene and Quaternary sediments.

Crystalline rocks of Archaean to late Proterozoic age occupy over 80% of the area of the Tamilnadu, while the rest is covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks mainly along the coastal belt and in a few inland River valleys. The sedimentary rocks of the coastal belt include fluviatile, fluvio-marine and marine sequences, such as Gondwana Supergroup (Carboniferous to Permian and Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous), marine sediments of Cauvery basin (Lower Cretaceous to Paleogene), Cuddalore /Panambarai Formation (MioPliocene) and sediments of Quaternary and Recent age.

3.3.2 POPULATION:

According to 2001 census, the population of Tiruchirappalli district was 7.52 lakhs and the urban agglomeration had a population of 8,66,354. 50.02 percent of the total population are male whereas 49.98 percent of the total population are female live in urban area. According to 2011 census, the population of Tiruchirappalli district was 8.57 lakhs, while the urban agglomeration has a population of 13 lakhs. 49.37 percent of the total population are male whereas 50.63 percent of the total population are female live in urban area, as shown in the following table:

Figure 3. 27\ River settlement map Source\ TCC

Some of the panchayats are added up to the Tiruchirapalli corporation such as Thiruverumbur, Papakurichi, Ellakudi, Keelakalkandarkottai, Alathur. The above table mention its area, population by gender.

Table 3. 13\ Population in Tiruchirapalli Corporation by gender Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Table 3. 14\ Newly added area Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Figure 3. 28\ Chart of population in Tiruchirapalli city Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Figure 3. 30\ Population and its Projection of Srirangam Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Figure3. 29 Population and its Projection of GoldenRock Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Figure 3. 32\ Population and its Projection of K.Abisekapuram Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Figure 3. 31\ Population and its Projection of Ariyamangalam Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

3.3.2.1 POPULATION DENSITY:

The population densities were obtained for all the above population data, the rankings of which were given accordingly thereafter.

1. Population Density 2001: Maximum and minimum population densities recorded were 87156 (ward no 22) and 897(ward no 39) respectively.

2. Population Density 2011: Maximum and minimum population densities recorded were 88015(ward no 22) and 913(ward no 39) respectively.

3. Population Density 2015: Maximum and minimum population densities recorded were 88793(ward no 22) and 932(ward no 39) respectively.

3.3.2.2 BUILT-UP POPULATION DENSITIES:

The built-up population densities were obtained for all the above population data, the rankings of which were given accordingly thereafter.

1. Built-up Population Density 2001: Maximum and minimum built-up densities recorded were 241704(ward no 32) and 2219(ward no 1) respectively.

2. Built-up Population Density 2011: Maximum and minimum built-up densities recorded were 428721(ward no 32) and 3052(ward no 1) respectively.

3. Built-up Population Density 2015: Maximum and minimum built-up densities recorded were 373533(ward no 32) and 3413(ward no 1) respectively.

4. Percentage of Built-up area: Maximum and minimum percentage of built-up area recorded were 100(ward no 3) and 1(ward no 32) respectively

3.3.3

LAND-USE PATTERNS:

The detailed land use for the erstwhile municipal areas was conducted in the 1980s. Considering the large scale development and the formation of the Trichy Corporation, it is imperative to prepare a comprehensive Master Plan for the city, taking into account the trends in development, scope for growth in new areas added to the Corporation limits and constraints faced by the town.

Summary of Land use pattern prevailing during the time of the earlier master plan, as presented in the City Corporate Plan is summarised in the table below.

The pattern of residential development is similar to other towns in Tamil Nadu., i.e., higher densities in the older areas and lower densities in the newer planned areas. The areas around the Fort, Puthur, Woriyur, Tennur and Bheema nagar are the old residential areas. Thillainagar, Ramalinaganagar, Sengulam, Kajamalai and Ponmalai are some of the newly developed colonies. In Srirangam, Conversion of CCP to BP - Tiruchirapalli City Corporation 7 residential developments are seen around the temples of Srirangam namely Ranganathar temple and Thiruvanaikavil temple. Residential growth in other parts namely Golden Rock, Piratiyur, Abhishekapuram and Sathanur, Puthur are in areas contiguous to Trichy.

Table 3. 15\ Land use in municipal areas of Trichy Corporation Source\ TCC

Figure 3. 33\ Land-use Map Source\ TCC

3.3.4 DESIGNED FEATURES:

SRIRANGAM ZONE

Ward No. Area (km) Residential area (km) Non-Residential area (km)

Area coveredparks,playgrounds and open spaces (km)

1 1.77 1.72 0.05 0.0079 2 0.74 0.67 0.07 0.001 3 0.44 0.42 0.02 0 8 0.317 0.285 0.032 0 9 0.288 0.216 0.072 0 10 0.193 0.135 0.058 0 11 0.261 0.222 0.039 0 12 0.56 0.448 0.112 0 13 0.38 0.228 0.152 0 16 0.11 0.096 0.014 0 17 0.27 0.179 0.091 0 18 0.38 0.266 0.114 0 Table 3. 16\ Area statement of the zone – Srirangam Source\ Smart city, TCC

ARIYAMANGALAM ZONE

Ward No. Area (km) Residential area (km) Non-Residential area (km)

Area coveredparks,playgrounds and open spaces (km)

7 5.29 4.23 1.06 0 14 0.35 0.28 0.07 0.045 15 0.41 0.33 0.08 0.004 19 0.41 0.33 0.08 0 20 0.27 0.22 0.05 0 21 0.14 0.11 0.03 0 22 0.33 0.26 0.07 0 23 0.44 0.35 0.09 0 24 0.19 0.15 0.04 0

25 0.35 0.28 0.07 0 26 0.93 0.74 0.19 0.001 27 1.39 1.11 0.28 0.014 28 0.63 0.5 0.13 0.002 29 0.87 0.7 0.17 0 33 0.79 0.63 0.16 0 61 1.94 1.55 0.39 0 62 2.98 2.38 0.6 0.003 64 2.07 1.66 0.41 0.004

Table 3. 17\ Area statement of the zone – Ariyamangalam Source\ Smart city, TCC

GOLDEN ROCK ZONE

Ward No. Area (km) Residential area (km) Non-Residential area (km) Area coveredparks,playgrounds and open spaces (km) 30 1.36 1.22 0.14 0.005 31 1.36 1.22 0.14 0 34 0.63 0.57 0.06 0.014 35 1.91 1.72 0.19 0.0203 36 0.76 0.8 0.08 0.0033 37 3.38 3.04 0.34 0.02 38 5.9 5.31 0.59 0.0324 39 20.34 18.31 2.0 0.35 42 1.63 1.47 0.16 0.006 43 1.09 0.8 0.11 0.002 44 1.61 0.64 0.97 0.0015 46 0.82 0.66 0.16 0.0014 47 0.44 0.4 0.04 0 48 0.49 0.44 0.05 0.0002 63 11.25 10.69 0.56 0.002 65 2.09 1.78 0.31 0.0008

Table 3. 18\ Area statement of the zone – Golden Rock Source\ Smart city, TCC

K.ABISHEKAPURAM ZONE

Ward No. Area (km) Residential area (km) Non-Residential area (km) Area coveredparks,playgrounds and open spaces (km) 40 42.67 34.14 8.53 0.0351 41 2.96 2.37 0.59 0.0036 45 1.69 1.35 0.34 0.0094 49 0.16 0.13 0.03 0 50 0.6 0.48 0.12 0.0353 51 0.25 0.2 0.05 0 52 3.34 2.67 0.67 0.0091 53 2.94 2.35 0.59 0.0067 54 1.23 0.98 0.25 0.0015 55 0.6 0.48 0.12 0 56 0.68 0.54 0.14 0.0036 57 1.09 0.87 0.22 0.0014 58 0.57 0.46 0.11 0 59 0.54 0.43 0.11 0.0037 60 4.35 3.48 0.87 0.0201

Table 3. 19\ Area statement of the zone – K.Abishekapuram Source\ Smart city, TCC

From these tables the area covered on public spaces such as parks, playgrounds and open spaces are comparatively higher in the zones Goldenrock and K.Abishekapuram than the zones Srirangam and Ariyamangalam. The highest ward area is in ward.no 40 as 42.67 km in K.Abishekapuram whereas the lowest ward area is in ward.no 16 as 0.11 km in Srirangam.

Zone

Total Area Area (km) Residential area (km) Non-Residential area (km) Public space

Srirangam 5.709 4.885 0.824 0.008 Ariyamangalam 19.78 15.81 3.97 0.073 Goldenrock 56.06 49.07 5.9 1.09 K.Abishekapuram 63.67 50.93 12.74 0.12

Table 3. 20\ Total Area Statement of built-up and public space Source\ Smart city, Trichy

Table 3. 21\ Designed Features under City Corporation (Zone-Wise) Source\ Smart city, Trichy

3.3.5 TRANSPORTATION:

3.3.5.1

ROADWAYS :

Trichy is well connected by road, rail and air with most cities and towns in India. The national highways NH 45, NH 460, NH 45B, NH 257, NH 67, NH 555, NH 210, NH 160, NH 227 and NH 135 pass through Trichy. Tiruchirappalli forms a part of the Division 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation which is headquartered at Kumbakonam. There are regular buses to Tanjore, Kanniyakumari, Chennai, Madurai, Palani, Coimbatore, Kodaikanal and Tirupathi.

There are two major bus termini: 1. The Chathram Bus Stand

2. The Central Bus Station.

Figure 3. 34\ Road & Railway Map, Trichy Source\ TCC

Table 3. 22\ Length of Roads in the City Source\ TCC

Figure 3. 35\ Road Buffer in Trichy Source\ TCC

1. The Chathram Bus Stand :

Chathiram Bus Stand, Tiruchirappalli, also popularly known Chatram perundu nilayam or Main Guard Gate Bus Stand. It is located near Chintamani, adjacent to St. Joseph's College. This ‘D’–graded terminus, taking its name from the nearby Chinnaiya Pillai Chatram, became functional since 1979 and officially recognised in 2005. The terminus is managed by Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu), mostly operating TNSTC's transit buses and minibuses to northern, eastern and western parts of Tiruchirapalli district. The terminus is connected to Tiruchirappalli Fort railway station, which is about 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) towards south–west and Tiruchirappalli Town railway station, about 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) south–east.

Figure 3. 37\ Land- Use Map of Neighborhood areas of the Bus Terminal Source\ TCC

Figure 3. 36\ Chathram Bus stand Source\ The Hindu

Figure 3. 38\ Chathram Bus stand Source\ The Hindu

2. The Central Bus Station:

Central Bus Station is located near Cantonment Being a major transit point in the central region of the state, and spreading over an area of 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) this terminus is managed by Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu), experiences a heavy traffic of operating about 2,200 buses, for about one lakh passengers every day.

The terminus also handles Mofussil intercity bus services, express buses, highway buses and sleeper buses at scheduled hours as it serves as transit point for travelling in any direction round the clock. The terminus is well utilised by buses belonging SETC, Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and numerous private operators. It also serves TNSTC's transit buses for Srirangam, Thiruverrumpoor, SRM Medical Institutions,, Uraiyur, Tiruchchirappalli junction, Tiruchchirappalli Airport, Rockfort, K. K. Nagar, HAPP, Keeranur, TNPL, BIT, Ponmalai, Prattiyur, Manikandam, Edamalaipatti Pudur, Anna University, Chathiram bus stand, Vayalur, Kottapattu, Panchapur, Mannachanallur, Paal pannai, Ariyamangalam, Thuvakudi, NIT, Thuraiyurand Viralimalai(via Kallikudi Integrated Market) just outside the termini on the Rockins road.

Figure 3. 42\ Ariel view of central bus stand

Source\ Google Maps

Figure 3. 41\ Ariel view of central bus stand Source\ Google Maps

Figure 3. 39\ Location of the Central Bus Stand Source\ Google Maps

Figure 3. 40\ Layout of Central Bus stand, Trichy Source\ TCC

ROAD DETAILS:

Table 3. 23\ Road Details of Each one Source\ TCC

Road and rail networks are a major portion of development. Maximum and minimum road lengths of the city recorded were 51.039 Sq.Kms. (Ward no 38) and 0 Sq.Kms. (presence of un-pitched roads only) (Ward no 65) respectively.

3.3.5.2 RAILWAYS:

Tiruchirappalli is well connected by train networks to many prominent towns like Coimbatore, Bangalore, Madurai, Thirunelveli, Puducherry, and Salem which lie within a radius of 10km and acts as a transit town. Southern railway connecting the central part of Tamil Nadu to various parts of India, notably regions in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Delhi, and Madhya Pradesh.

Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station (TPJ) serves as the headquarters for Tiruchirappalli railway division of the Southern Railway Zone Daily approximately 1,50,000 passengers are using this Tiruchirappalli Junction. Tiruchirappalli Junction is the second largest railway station in Tamil Nadu and one of the busiest railway station in India. Distance between Trichy Junction Railway Station and Bus Stand Trichy is 4 kms or 2.5 miles. It takes 4 minutes to travel from Trichy Junction Railway Station to Bus Stand Trichy.

Five rail lines branch separately from Trichy junction:

1. Towards north for Viluppuram Junction via Virudhachalam Junction

2. Towards east for Viluppuram Junction via Thanjavur Junction

3. Towards south-east for Karaikkudi Junction

4. Towards south for Kanniyakumari via Dindigul Junction

5. Towards west for Coimbatore Junction via Karur Junction

Table 3. 25\ Drain Details Source\ TCC

Table 3. 24\ Details of Bus Transportation Source\ TCC

Figure 3. 43\ Location of Railway Station, Trichy Source\ TCC

Urban stations:

• Tiruchirappalli Palakkarai (TPE)

• Tiruchirappalli Fort (TP)

• Golden Rock (GOC)

• Manjattidal (MCJ)

• Tiruverumbur (TRB)

• Tiruchirappalli Town (TPTN)

• Srirangam (SRGM)

3.3.5.3

AIRWAYS:

Tiruchirappalli International Airport is located on National Highway 336, about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the city centre. It is the 31st busiest airport in India for passengers handled, 33rd busiest for total aircraft movement. It is the third-largest airport in Tamil Nadu in terms of total passenger traffic next to Chennai and Coimbatore . The airport is served by three Indian and four foreign carriers providing direct connectivity to 5 domestic and 7 international destinations. The airport covers an area of 998 acres. The airport is ISO 9001:2008 quality certified and was declared an international airport on 4 October 2012.

Figure 3. 44\ Location of Airport, Trichy Source\ TCC

It is a major airport mostly serving Tiruchirapalli and adjacent districts in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Moreover it is the only airport to have an aircraft being placed by any airways company in Tamil Nadu next to Chennai.

The airport has two adjacent terminals. The original passenger terminal has been converted into an international cargo complex housing the control tower and technical block, when a modern integrated passenger terminal was built by 2009 which is currently being used for both international and domestic air traffic. Due to growing passenger traffic a much bigger terminal is under construction on the southern part of the airport and expected to be opened at the end of 2021 it is being built by the airports authority of India.

Located on the Pudukottai-Trichy National Highway 336 the airport is well connected with frequent City buses to the Central Bus Stand , Chatram Bus Stand and Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station, major bus an railway terminals of the city. In addition to this exclusive buses were introduced to originate inside the airport premise destined to Karur, Thanjavur and Central Bus Stand there are also buses to the prestigious National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli in the Trichy Tanjore route.

3.3.6

RESOURCE USE :

Water :

The two major source of water sources for the Trichy city corporation is Cauvery and Coloroon river. The city corporation utilize water by various reservoir by pumping on various places of the city. The amount of water extracted for the city use from these rivers are mentioned in the Table 3.26

Another source of water is Ground water which is extracted by bore wells, tanks and wells. The range of groundwater levels and the potability of the water are followed by the Figure 3.46 and 3.47

Ground water potability:

Figure 3. 45\ Water Resources Map of the City Source\ TCC

Table 3. 26\ Water Supply from Cauvery & Coloroon River in TCC Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation

Figure 3. 46\ Ground water level of Tiruchirapalli Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli

Figure 3. 47\ (a) Potability map of Winter 2012; (b) Potability map of Winter 2014; (c) Potability map of Winter 2018 Source\ Analysis of Groundwater for Potability from Tiruchirappalli City,2015

Table 3. 30\ Water Supply Capacity in Srirangam Zone Source\ TCC

Table 3. 29\ Water Supply Capacity in Ariyamangalam Zone Source\ TCC

Table 3. 27\ Water Supply Capacity in GoldenRock Zone Source\ TCC

Mineral: Availability of the type of mineral resource such as lime kankar, gravel, gypsum, garnet sand, steatite, rough stone and its quality and grade are listed in the Table 3.27. Further details are listed in the proceeding section - 3.5.3 URBAN PRODUCTIVITY

Table 3. 28\ Water Supply Capacity in K.Abishekapuram Zone Source\ TCC

Table 3. 31\ Quality / Grade of Mineral Available in the District Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli

Flora and Fauna:

One twelfth of the area of this district is covered by revenue forest and hills. The important hills in this district is Pachamalai near Thuraiyur.

The Flora and Faunas of the District are fairly rich. The abundant fruit trees found in the district are Tamarind, Mango and Coconut. In the hilly tracts Jack fruit and Orange are grown. The timber giving varieties found in the hilly region are Teak, Vanni, Malaivembu, Manjakambu and Bamboo.

As regards fauna, big animals like wild pigs, bears etc., are found. All the birds of the South are found in the District even though not in plenty. The domestic animals such as cows, bullocks, sheep, goats, dogs and donkeys are found in the District.

3.3.7 WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Figure 3. 48\ Forest map of Tiruchirapalli District Source\ Dept. of Geology & Mining, Tiruchirapalli

Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity This section deals with the solid and waste water management practicing by the city corporation.

3.3.7.1

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Apart from the Gandhi market, Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus, solid waste management in the city is handled by the city corporation. About 400 tonnes of solid waste are released from city every year. The principal garbage dumping ground is at Ariyamangalam.

The total quantity of solid wastes generated per day is about 381 Mtonne and the average collection of solid wastes per day is about 350 Mtonne. Ariyamangalam earlier situated at the outskirts of the Corporation of Trichy, owing to growth and expansion is now integrated into the city and covers about 47.7 acres situated in the Eastern part of the city on the Tiruchirappalli–Thanjavur

main road. It is positioned at 10˚48’N and 78˚43’E.The majority of the waste from the city are dumped at the dumping site.

The dumping site is surrounded by residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and agricultural areas. Most of the inhabitants belong to the low income group and they mainly depend on the dumping yard for their survival by rag-picking. It is being used for more than 20 years and there is no treatment done to the municipal waste and the entire quantity of the municipal solid waste have been dumped at this disposal site. Figure 3.50 shows the solid waste dumped at the site.

On an average 50 number of trucks collect the waste from various collection points and dump them on the site. There is no liners or segregation of solid waste at present. The municipal solid waste is directly dumped in the soil. The average height of dump is 13 feet. This area is surrounded by schools, residences, rice mill and commercial complexes. At present, unit 2 is being dumped and units 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are dumped to a maximum height of 20 feet. There is a proposal for segregation of waste in the future.

Table 3. 32\ General details about the Dump site Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013)

Figure 3. 49\ Situation of Ariyamangalam Municipal Solid Waste Dump Yard Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013)

Figure 3. 50\ Ariyamangalam Municipal Solid Waste Dump Yard Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013)

In this dumping yard , all kinds of waste is dumped, including biomedical waste. All the waste is transported to the dumping yard by lorries, tractors, dumper placers and mini-lorries. Overall, there are about 26 vehicles covering 71 trips involved in the collection of solid waste. The schematic representation of solid waste management in Tiruchirappalli Municipality Corporation (TMC) is shown in the below Figure 3.52

Figure 3. 51\ Map of the surrounding of Ariyamangalam Dump site Source\ (Study onleachate contamination in and around Ariyamangalam dumping site,Trichy city, 2016)

The types of bin used for the collection of MSW and the details of vehicles used for its transportation are presented in Tables given below.

Figure 3. 52\ Schematic diagram of solid waste management in Tiruchirappalli city Source\ TCC

Table 3. 33\ Types of bin used for the collection of MSW and the details of vehicles Source\ TCC

The generated municipal solid waste includes residential, commercial, industrial, institutions (schools, marriage halls, hotels and restaurants, etc.) and hospital wastes. Major part of the solid waste dumped at the site (nearly 57 %) consists of organic waste like kitchen waste from residences, marriage halls hotels, vegetables, fruits and flowers from markets. Others include recyclable waste like plastic, wood, paper, hospital waste like syringes, tissues, soiled cotton and toxic waste like pesticides, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, etc.

Toxic wastes constitute nearly 23 % of the total dumped waste. Figure given below shows the breakup of the physical composition of the waste dumped at Ariyamangalam. The biodegradable fraction is high as in any Indian MSW. The high biodegradable fraction combined with the tropical climate warrants frequent collection and removal of refuse from the collection points.

Figure 3. 53\ Composition of MSW dumped at Ariyamangalam Site Source\ (Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil and Ground Water in Ariyamangalam, Trichy., 2013)

Collection of solid waste is carried out by using suitable vehicles. The type of vehicle to be used depends on the type of collection bin and width of the road. The three types of vehicles designed for managing the solid waste are as follows:

Vehicle type-A: It is a skipper type of vehicle having a length of 4.5m. It lifts only A-type bins and travels only on major roads. It can carry only one bin at a time.

Vehicle type-B: It is a lifter type of vehicle with a front loading mechanism and lifts Btype bins and travels both on major and minor roads.

Vehicle type-C: It is an auto-rickshaw type of vehicle and is used for the collection of waste from the congested areas. It can collect wastes from C-type bin and unload it into the nearest A-type bin.

Table 3. 34\ No. of Vehicles used in Solid waste management Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

3.3.7.2 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT:

Recently, the Tiruchirappalli city corporation has gone in for scientific closure of the garbage dump and its replacement with a sewage 123 treatment plant. Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam under ground drainage (UGD) areas are handled by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board(TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation. The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation. The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010-11 is estimated to be Rs. 155.94 crores. The corporation also maintains public parks in Tiruchirappalli city, notable among them being the P. T. Rajan Park, Chinnaswamy Park, Lourdusamy Park, Raja Park, Parangiri Velusamy Park and Ibrahim Park. The procedure of waste water management of the city corporation are listed below:

1.Sanitation Facilities:

Public and community toilets: In Tiruchirappalli, there are 306 public toilets and 78 integrated sanitary facilities (ISF) (TCC, 2018). ISF includes bathroom facilities along with separate toilet seats for men and women. There are 384 facilities in total, out of which 233 are connected to sewerage network whereas 151 are connected to septic tanks.

Institutional and Commercial areas: There are 33 public health centers, 2 bus stands, 101 marriage halls, 3 shopping complexes, 11 daily markets. Public toilets are available in markets and bus stands (TCC, 2018).

School sanitation: There are 42 elementary, 24 middle, 6 high schools and 2 higher secondary schools. There is no data on private schools (TCC, 2018).

2. Containment:

The sewerage network caters to around 53% of the population. 45% are connected through individual toilet to sewerage network whereas 8.5% are connected through public toilets. Out of 65 wards, 25 are fully covered, 25 partially covered and 15 are uncovered by sewerage network (TCC, 2018). The rest of the city is majorly dependent on septic tanks. Size, location, and design of

Figure 3. 54\ Process of Waste Water Management in Trichy Source\ TCC

on-site systems are majorly dependent on the space available, the practice followed in the area and discretion of local masons. The septic tanks constructed are generally not adhering to design prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The effluent from the septic tank flows into open drains. Some households are also connected to pits.

3. Emptying:

There are around 30 private emptiers of varying capacities plying in the city. The emptying fees ranges from INR 1000 to 1500 (15 to 22 USD) per trip. Apart from private service, Tiruchirappalli city Municipal Corporation (TCC) operates an emptier of 4000 litres capacity. According to city corporation approximately 0.756 million litres of septage is collected per month through 190 trips (TCC, 2018). There are no instances of manual emptying reported.

4.Transportation:

The total length of main sewer is 352.4 km. The sewage is conveyed to the only STP located at Panjapur. There are 30 open drains spread across the city, 20 of them feed into STP and 10 others feed untreated waste water to river directly. Total length of drains is 801.14 km (TCC, 2018). The emptiers transport septage by truck mounted vacuum tankers to 4 major sewage pumping stations. Septage mixes with sewage and is conveyed to the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) through pumps.

Figure 3. 57\ Septic tank connected to community toilet in Ariamangalam slum Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

Figure 3. 55\ Septic tank connected to community toilet in Ariamangalam slum Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

Figure 3. 56\ Vacuum tankers used for emptying onsite sanitation systems Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

5.Treatment And Disposal:

There is one STP of 58 MLD capacity based on Wastewater Stabilization Pond (WSP) technology (TWADB, 2015)Private emptiers dispose septage in to four sewage pumping stations. Septage is co-treated with sewage (TCC, 2018). A minimal charge of INR 30 (0.45 USD) is collected as emptying fees from private emptiers. Private emptiers have to renew their license by paying INR 2000 (30 USD) every year. The treated waste water is discharged in to Koriyaar River.

Figure 3. 58\ Sewage Network – Treatment & Disposal Source\ TCC

Figure 3. 59\ Waste Stabilisation Pond at Panjapur Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

Fully Covered Area Wards 2,3,4,5,10,11,13,16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 23,24,44,46,47,48,50,51,54,55,56,58,59 27 Wards Partially Covered Area Wards

1,6,8,9,12,14,15,25,26,27,33,34,35,42, 43,41,45,49,52,53,57,60 22 Wards Uncovered Area Wards 7,28,29,61,6264,30,31,36,37,38,39,63, 65,40 15 Wards TOTAL 64 Wards

Table 3. 35\ Sewage system covered status of wards in the city Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

Figure 3. 61\ Illustration on Waste water management system in the city Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

Figure 3. 60\ Map showing Treatment sites in City Corporation Source\ (Bhitush Luthra, 2018)

3.3.8 DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

Figure 3. 62\ Vulnerable area map-Trichy Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

Figure 3. 63\ Vulnerable area map-Trichy East Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

Figure 3. 64\ Vulnerable area map-Trichy West Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

List of the Vulnerable areas:

Heavy discharge in the River Cauvery and incessant rainfall resulted in flood during the North East Monsoon 2005. Enormous flow in Ariyar, Koraiyar, Kudamurutti which joins in the River Cauvery further aggravates the situation. Adjoining area of the River Banks are hit first during flood.From the past experiences the vulnerable points and vulnerable areas are identified and listed in the Table 3.36 & 3.37

Figure 3. 65\ Chart on Vulnerability Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

Table 3. 36\ Details of Vulnerable areas in Trichy East Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

Table 3. 37\ Details of Vulnerable areas in Trichy West Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

Vulnerable Groups details and Safe Shelter Particulars Related to Flood

Table 3. 38\ Vulnerable Groups details Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

Infrastructure:

There are no major dams in charge of the Executive Engineer (PWD) RC Division, Tiruchirappalli. But the following two bed regulators and one anicut are in charge of the Executive Engineer, RC Division, PWD, Tiruchirappalli.

1. Jedarpalayam Bed Regulator

2. Kattalai Bed Regulator

3.

Upper Anicut

There are 76 tanks in Tiruchirappalli District, both system and nonsystem, under the control of Public Works Department, in the Taluks of Musiri and Lalgudi. Repairs, if any, to these tanks have to be done.

The Chief Engineer (Irrigation) will arrange for the supply of flood tools, like mammutties, for distribution among all Sub Divisions. He should ensure that at least 500 gunny bags, filled with sand are kept ready in each storage point for easy transportation to the place of emergency.

Rivers flowing through the Ariyar basin division: Ariyar Basin sub divisions at Manaparai and Tiruchirapalli are at the southern side of river Cauvery and the catchments of these two sub divisions contribute to the flooding of Tiruchirapalli town and they empty into river Cauvery. The catchment of Ariyar Basin sub division of Thuraiyur is at the Northern side of river Cauvey and the flow that generates from the catchment falls in Coleroon and not a threat to the Tiruchirapalli city.

Figure 3. 66\ Rivers Flowing Through the City Source\ Disaster Management Plan-Trichy,2020

3.3.9 TOURISM:

Tiruchirappalli a blend of history and tradition is one of the important pilgrim centers in Tamil Nadu. Flowing of the Cauvery adds to the glory of this land of temple. This district had quite a number of famous temple noted for sculptural beauty and excellent architecture.

Government Museum: It is situated at Thirukokarnam, the museum is at a distance of 5km. from Pudukkottai station. The rare collections in the sections of Geology, Zoology, Paintings, Anthropology, Epigraphy Historical Records, etc. are very interesting. The fine sculptures and bronzes of various periods are the attractive items of the Museum.

Rock Fort: The 83m high Rock Fort is the only outcrop in the otherwise flat land of the city. The rock is one of the oldest in the world-approximately 3.800 million years, which makes it as old as the rocks of Greenland and older than the Himalayas. The sheer abruptness of its rise is a thrill in itself, but the actual centre of attraction is not the fort itself, of which very little remains, but the temple at the summit. 344 steps hewn out of rock lead to the top where there are inscriptions dating back to the 3rd century B.C. Hardly anything remains of the ramparts but the Main Guard Gate is still intact. The fort played an important part during the Carnatic wars and according to an inscription, mainly contributed to lay the foundations of the British Empire in India.

Figure 3. 67\ Tourist Map of Trichy Source\ TCC

A top of the rock is the Uchipillaiyar Koil, a temple dedicated to Lord Vinayaka from where one can enjoy a panoramic view of Tiruchirappalli. A flight of steps leads to the Mathrubutheswarar of Thayumanaswami temple, dedicated to Lord Siva where the lingam is a projection of the rock itself. Below the Siva temple are two Pallava cave temples that have beautiful sculptures of the 6th and 7th

centuries. At the foot of the Rock Fort are a tank and a pavilion which are used during the float festival of the temples. Near the tank is the house where Robert Clive lived when he was in Tiruchirappalli and an 18th century Church built by Reverend Schwartz of Denmark.

Srirangam - Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple: This superb temple complex at Srirangam, about three kms from the Rock Fort is surrounded by seven concentric walls with 21 Gopurams and is probably the largest in India. Most of them date back to the 14th to 17th centuries, and many people have had a hand in its construction, including the Cheras, Pandyas, Cholas, Hoysalas and rulers from Vijayanagar. The largest Gopuram in the first wall on the southern side was completed as recently as 1987, and now measures 73m. The main temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Even muslims are said to have prayed here after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire. Non-Hindus are not allowed into the gold-topped sanctorum, but they are allowed into the sixth wall. The whole place is fascinating. Bazaars and Brahmin’s houses fill the space between the outer four walls.

Tiruvanaikkoil Jambukeswarar Temple: This temple is situated 2kms east of Srirangam, this beautiful Siva temple steals the show from the larger Ranganathaswami temple due to its excellent architectural 60 design. The temple is named after the elephant, which is believed to have worshipped Lord Siva here. St. John’s Church: This Chruch built in 1821 has louvred doors, which open to convert it into an air pavilion, and is located near the Teppakulam.

Saint Lourdls Church The Church of Our Lady of Lourdl, a hundred years old, is a case in point. Built within the St.Joseph’s College complex, in gothic architectural style, the Church’s 200 ft tall spire is visible from a radius of 8 kms around it. The Church has not been a repainted outside as the administrators wish to preserve its antiquity. The stained glass panels depicting stories from the Bible are truly beautiful. Some 6000 people attend mass at the church on Sundays Tourists of every faith visit the church right through the year.

Natharvalli Dargah: Built around the monument of Muslim sage called Nagthar Ali Aulia, the dargah is beautiful to behold. Said to have been a Syrian King, Aulia left his throne to spread Islam. At the end of his travels through the middle east and Asia, he reached the south India and then Tiruchirappalli. Aulia turned and stopped the rock with one hand, “proof” of his legend is said to be found on a rock on the Rock Fort, which has what looks like the impression of a palm on it. Hindus often pray at the Nagthar Ali Dargah in Tiruchirappalli.

Viralimalai (30 km): The temple of Lord Subramanya is situated on a hillock. There is also a peacock sanctuary.

Nartha Malai (17 km): Narthamalai has some of the oldest structural stone temples, built by the Mutharaiyars. This temple has six skillfully carved stations of Lord Vishnu in the central hall. A 9th century Pallava cave temple dedicated to Siva lies to the south, and in front of this is the Vijayalaya Choliswaran temple.

Vijayalaya was the first of the Later Cholas and as such, this Siva temple is one of the earliest Chola creations, but not as grand as the ones that were to follow.

Vayaloor (8 km): Located on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli. There is a small Lord Muruga temple set in the midst of lush green vegetation.

Samayapuram (20 km): This is a very important place of pilgrimage, famous for its temple dedicated to the goddess Mariamman.

Grand Anaikat-Kallanai (24 km): The grand Anaicut built by Karikalan Chola in the 2nd century A.D. to harness the waters of the Cauvery is one of the engineering marvels of India. Made of stone, the dam is 329m long and 20m wide and still very much in use. Additions have been made in the form of a road bridge on top of the dam. This is also a picnic spot.

Mukkombu (Upper Anaicut – 18 km): At the head of the Srirangam island, there is another dam called Upper Anaicut or Mukkombu. Constructed in the 19th century across the Kollidam, this dam forms three streams instead of one long stretch because of the shape of the island. This is also a picnic spot.

3.4 SOCIAL CONDITIONS:

Social conditions include potentially modifiable characteristics of both social and physical environments at the individual, household, and community levels that is, features of homes, schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods. Social conditions also include factors at the regional, national, and global levels that often shape conditions experienced locally. This section deals with the Social conditions of the city corporation.

3.4.1 SENSE OF CULTURE & COMMUNITY:

The city has a multi-cultural society with a sizeable presence of Tamil, English, Marathi, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Urdu-speaking population. One may experience typical Anglo-Indian, Andhra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu cuisines here. Tamil, the official language of the state is the most commonly used language, followed by Telugu, Saurashtra and Kannada Unlike other regions of Tamil Nadu, the people of Tiruchirappalli follow the standard dialect of Tamil, the Central Tamil dialect. Saurashtra is the mother tongue of the Saurashtrians who migrated from southern Gujarat to South India in 14th century AD. There is also a substantial population of Sri Lankan Tamil migrants, most of whom are housed in refugee camps on the outskirts of the city. Roman Catholics in Tiruchirappalli are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli while Protestants are affiliated to the Trichy–Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India As a separate division of the Southern Railway is headquartered at Tiruchirappalli city, there is a considerably strong AngloIndian population in the city.

In addition to Pongal, the Thamizhar Thirunaal, Diwali and Ugadi, Holi, Ramzaan, Bakareed, Christmas, Easter and Onam are festivals celebrated by their respective communities retaining their cultural roots. Added as Aadi peruku, Navratri, Bakrid, the new year, is celebrated during the month of January with great pomp. Local festivals that are celebrated here are Srirangam car festival, Samayapuram flower festival , Vaikunta Ekadasi, and the Teppakulam float festival. The city is known for textile weaving and gem cutting. The local crafts and jewellery are famous among the shoppers who shop for souvenirs. The city residents relish their fine traditional food, which is a typical South Indian cuisine. The Trichy Travel Federation (TTF) was formed to promote tourism in Trichy. The federation organises an annual food festival called ‘Suvai’.

Trichy has been in existence since the medieval period and has been the seat of various dynasties that have ruled the area over the past two millennia. People living in Trichy have a rich ancient cultural heritage. The city served as the centre of fine arts since sangam literature periods. Uraiyur, the old head and name of the city, was the capital of early Cholas. Here lived a number of great Tamil Scholars and contributed to the Tamil literature.

The city’s population is predominantly Hindu. The second largest religion is Islam. There is also a considerable Christian population. Sikhs and Jains form a small minority. The people of Trichy are proud of their heritage and traditions play an important part in their life. When it comes to lifestyle, they prefer all things traditional, from attire to ethos.

3.4.2 COMMUNITY FACILITIES:

Community facilities include the facilities provided for the people for the welfare of the society. Those facilities such as street lights, water supply, parks, drinking water, public toilets, community hall, auditorium, swimming poll, convention centre, sports ground, theatre, library and Anganwadi centres.

Street Lights: The street light facilities of the wards under city corporation are listed in the Table 3.39

Table 3. 39\ List of street lights in City corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli corporation

Basic facilities:

Figure 3. 68\ Distribution of sewer facilities of each zone area in sq. m Source\ TCC

Public Gathering Space:

Table 3. 40\ Types of facility and its capacity in each zone Source\ TCC

Water and Sewage Facilities:

Figure 3. 69\ Water and sewer facilities of each zone Source\ TCC

Family Welfare Programmes:

It is a people centred programme.The basic objective of the Family welfare programme is to stabilize the population and to provide qualitative health services including immunization to bothpregnant mother and children.

Table 3. 41\ Progress Of Family Welfare Programmes In Trichy Source\ District Family Welfare Office

Library: There are different types of libraries such as

• Central library, • Branch library, • Full-Time library and • Part-Time library. District Central Library, Tiruchirappalli is strong community partner to connect the people to learn, share and create.

Table 3. 42\ Number of Reading Rooms Source\ TCC

3.4.3 SKILLS AND CAPABALITIES:

Trichy has an average literacy rate of 91.45%, and is among the highest literate cities in India. Male literacy is 94.17% and female literacy is 88.73%. Total literate population is 7,01,459 which have 3,58,276 of male population and 3,43,183 of female population.

Figure 3. 70\ Illustration on Literacy rate Source\ TCC

It also has an Illiteracy of people as 1,45,928 which have 60,124 of male population and 85,804 of female population.

Tiruchirapalli corporation consists of total number of workers as 3,02,442 of which 2,37,170 are Males and 65,272 are Females. Of this total main workers are 2,78,036 of which 2,22,159 are Males and 55,877 are Females. Total number cultivators are 1,940 of which 1,596 are Males and 344 are females. Total number of Agricultural labourers are 5,118 of which 3,112 are Males and 2,006 are Females. Total number of Household industry workers are 6,459 of which 3,231 are Males and 3,228 are Females. Total number of Marginal workers are 24,406 of which 15,011 are Males and 9,395 are Females. Further, Total number of other workers are 2,64,519 of which 2,14,220 are Males and 50,299 are Females.

Figure 3. 71\ Type and Number of Workers Source\ District Census Handbook, Tiruchirapalli.

3.4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH:

Water:

Table 3. 43\ House Service Connection in Tiruchirapalli Corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation

Table 3. 44\ Water Supply Improvement Scheme for Equitable Water Supply System Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation

House service connection for domestic, non-domestic and industrial for industrial purposes and the details of bore wells are listed on the Table 3.43.

Table 3.44 gives the details about the water supply system under the water supply improvement scheme of which the estimate amount and work done are included. And the additional wards added under this scheme are added on the Table 3.45

Electricity: QUANTUM OF POWER PURCHASED-

Table 3. 45\ Water Supply Improvement Scheme for Added area (Ward No- 61 to 65) Source\ Tiruchirapalli City Corporation

Table 3. 46\ Quantum Of Power Purchased Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy

Power Distribution:

Power distribution is done by Tamil Nadu Electricity Generation and Distribution Corporation in Tiruchirapalli City Corporation.

Table 3. 47\ Power Consumption Sector-wise Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy

Table 3. 48\ Transmission and Distribution of Electricity Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy

3.4.5 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTUE:

3.4.5.1 EDUCATION FACILITIES:

There are 200 higher secondary schools in Tiruchirappalli; notable ones are the Campion Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School, St Joseph's Anglo Indian Girls Higher Secondary School, St. Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam and RSK Higher Secondary School.

Tiruchirappalli has 45 arts and science colleges, 40 polytechnic colleges and 13 colleges that offer management education. The St. Joseph's College, National College, Bishop Heber College, Jamal Mohamed College and the Government Law College are prominent colleges providing higher education in the arts and sciences. There are approximately 35 engineering colleges in and around the city. The National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli established by the government in 1964 as the Regional Engineering College, has a campus at Thuvakudi on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli.

3.4.5.2

HEALTH-CARE SERVICES:

Tiruchirappalli City Corporation the first city in India where open defecation was prevented in all slums Gramalaya’s work is focused on implementation and filling critical knowledge gaps in the sector, up scaling community based pro poor approaches through our program and advocacy work. The 2001 census of India put urban sanitation coverage at 61 per cent of the

Table 3. 49\ Educational facilities in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation Source\ TCC

Table 3. 50\ Type of school and maintained by. Source\ TCC

population having access to individual or public toilets. Low coverage of urban sanitation is due to the inability of planned urban development to provide for sanitation access to the urban poor. Gramalaya started its urban intervention in the 186 slums of Tiruchirappalli City Corporation as the operational area aiming at declaring open defecation free zone. The involvement of community based organizations in the project coupled with City Corporation support in providing Integrated Sanitatary complexes (ISCs), offering vacant sites for constructing community toilets with Water Aid, UK funding enabled the project a successfully demonstrated model.

Gramalaya played an active role in declaring India’s first slum Kalmandhai as open defecation free (ODF) slum in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation in the year 2002 followed by 168 slums as ODF announced with the support of Trichy City Corporation and donor agencies. This has resulted in conversion of dry earth latrines into modern flush out community toilets and eradication of manual scavenging in the city. In Tiruchirappalli city Corporation, 126 slum Communities are maintaining sanitary complexes under pay and use system with the support city Corporation. The Gramalaya experience proved that adequate involvement of community and training in maintenance of public toilets and earning from user charge is a revenue model for the slum communities with sustainable approach. It also generates tremendous confidence among women to partake in slum welfare and day-to-day decision making.

The review of Community managed toilets and bathing complexes in Tiruchirapalli, six years after the work began, has shown that achieving clean and healthy slums does not require huge financial investment. However, what it does require is a city authority sensitive to the problems faced by slum communities and supportive of community action, dedication of communities and their support NGOs. It has been proved that communities can manage their own toilet units and when they do this, the toilet are much cleaner than when managed by municipal authorities. There have been cases where the entire community can be declared open defecation free. Further, it has shown that managing toilets leads to empowerment of women with many positive impacts in terms of personal and community development. This experience shows that after reluctance, committees do pay for using toilets and bathing and washing facilities and these services can be provided at affordable costs, even for the poorest. Table 3. 51\ Health-Care Services in Trichy Source\ TCC

3.4.5.3 SANITARY FACILITIES:

Tiruchirappalli (Trichy) has been a pioneer in urban sanitation, and has built a large number of community toilets and integrated sanitary complexes over the years. While 81 per cent of households in Trichy have access to individual toilets, 14 per cent use community or public toilets and 5 per cent practice open defecation according to Census 2011. A re-survey conducted under the Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U) in 2015 showed that 15.2 per cent of the city’s households did not have space to construct individual toilets, and these households would be mapped to nearby community toilet facilities. Since Trichy already possessed a large infrastructure of community toilets, it undertook the construction of 13 additional community toilets (11 in 2015-16 and two in 201617). The city was declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) in December 2016, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) (TNUSSP, 2019).

As the headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District, the city is administered by an Urban Local Body (ULB) – the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation (TCC). With a population 915,569 – according to the Census of 2011 – spanning an area of 167 square kilometres (sq km), the city is divided into four administrative zones and 65 wards. Over a period of time, the city has built a large number of community toilets (CTs) and integrated sanitary complexes. In fact, as early as 2006, over 40 per cent of the ~330 CTs were managed by communities themselves.

Table 3. 53\ Coverage of Households

CMA, 2017

According to Census 2011, 81 per cent of households in Trichy have access to individual toilets, while among the 19 per cent of households that do not have access, 14 per cent use CTs or public toilets (PTs) and 5 per cent practice open defecation (OD). The Slum Free City Action Plan prepared in 2012- 13 for the city under the Rajiv Awas Yojana, a Government of India (GoI)-sponsored scheme to improve civic infrastructure in slums, revealed that a total of 29,987 households were located in slum areas. Only 8,129 (27.1 per cent) households had toilets on their premises, while 7,197 (24 per cent) households depended on CTs/PTs and the remaining practiced OD. Under the Swacch Bharat Mission –Urban (SBM-U), a five-year programme launched in 2014 by GoI, the construction of Individual Household Latrines (IHHLs) as well as CTs across the state was promoted. A re-survey conducted a year later under the mission revealed that 15.2 per cent of the city’s households were without land to construct individual toilets, these households would be mapped to nearby CT facilities. Table 3.53 shows the coverage of households with toilets along with those who have space available to construct IHHLs.

with Toilets Source\ SBM data from

Since Trichy already had a large infrastructure of CTs, it was able to meet with the norm of having one toilet seat for 30 persons with relatively small additions. Under SBM-U, TCC undertook the construction of 13 CTs (11 in 2015-16 and two in 2016-17). These efforts, along with awareness creation, led to the city being declared ODF in December 2016 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Trichy also has a strong religious connection, with Srirangam being one of the famous temples in South India. This means that there is a relatively large floating population that peaks in December, apart from the population in commercial areas and bus stands. All of this points to the importance of having CTs and PTs to meet the sanitation infrastructure requirements of the city.

Identification of Toilets:

Figure 3. 72\ Number of Seats by Toilet Type Source\ TCC records, 2017

The table below shows the zone-wise list of different toilet types in the city. This is illustrated by the example of toilet blocks in the Woraiyur market complex located next to each other but assigned unique identification numbers by Tiruchirapalli City Corporation under Swachh Shauchalaya which describes the toilet identification number, ward number and the maintenance control of an individual toilet.

Condition Assessment:

There are 2,136 seats for men and 2,446 seats for women spread across the city, while 350 child-friendly seats were found primarily in ISCs (Toilets with bathing and washing areas) and a small number of FOLs (pour flush toilets) A squatting pan

Table 3. 54\ Number of toilets in each zone of the city Source\ TCC records 2017, TNUSSP study 2018

Figure 3. 73\ Woraiyur Market Complex Toilet Signboards with Unique Identification Numbers Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018

with a pour flush is the predominant type of seat across the men’s and women’s blocks. By design, child-friendly toilets were installed with a squatting pan while toilets for persons with physical disabilities were installed with water closets. Transgender persons use either men’s or women’s blocks that match with their gender identity. Figure 3.73 shows the number of seats by toilet type as planned.

It was observed that 17 FOLs in K. Abhishekapuram zone were confirmed to have been demolished, and another 9 FOLs across the other zones were in the process of being demolished or closed permanently due to poor usage/condition.

Figure 3. 75\ Child-Friendly Toilet Seats Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018

Figure 3. 74\ Child-Friendly Toilet Privacy Provision Source\ TNUSSP study, 2018

Based on the survey taken by TNUSSP, it was observed that 17 FOLs in K. Abhishekapuram zone were confirmed to have been demolished, and another 9 FOLs across the other zones were in the process of being demolished or closed permanently due to poor usage/condition.

Sewerage Connections/ Desludging Practices

Fifty-five per cent of the city’s CTs/PTs are connected to piped sewers while the remaining are dependent on septic tanks. On the other hand, septic tanks found in CTs/PTs function as holding tanks or have their outlets connected to a nearby drain, and soak-pits are seldom found. Apart from septic tanks, there have been two models of on-site treatment that have been tested in the city. In East Devadhanam, toilet waste is treated through a natural biological and physical treatment system titled DEWATS (Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems) which produces effluent and bio-gas, though improper maintenance has affected its functioning. At Viragupettai slum, a biomethanation plant installed in 2016 is fed by fecal sludge from the CT along with vegetable market waste and produces methane that fuels a community kitchen in the neighbourhood. The below Figure shows an FOL at Bhagavathipuram in Ward 64, Ariyamangalam Zone where the septic tank is overflowing into a drain.

TCC provides emptying services to serve CTs and PTs. The TCC has two vacuum trucks to service zones of the city – Srirangam/K. Abhishekapuram is serviced by one truck and Golden Rock/Ariyamangalam by the other. They follow an emptying schedule of servicing each CT/PT once every 10 to 15 days in an administration zone until the next cycle. The size of a CT/PT containment may range between 12,000 to 20,000 litres (l), the TCC tanker capacity is 6,000 l and at times requires more than one trip to completely empty a tank.

Adequacy of Toilets:

The presence of public toilets is one of the most important parameters of Swachh Bharat Mission. The following records were generated which represent the toilets that are already existing, the requirement based on increased population and forecasts based on tourism and slum requirements (A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SANITATION PROFILE OF SMART CITIES – A CASE STUDY OF TIRUCHIRAPALLI CITY , 2018). These are represented in the Table 3.56: The public toilet adequacy represented in Figure 3.84 that ward number 10, 4, 45 and 14 are the wards having the most number of toilets. Ward numbers 34, 56 and 64 are the wards having very less toilets and are needed to be improved critically.

Golden Rock Zone

10. 34 Subramaniapuram Park Sundarraj Nagar

11. 36 Gandhi Park New Bridge,Ponmalaipatti 12. 38 Sathiavanimuthu park Sathiyavanimuthu street,KK Nagar 13. 38 Thiruvalluvar Park Lingan Street , KK Nagar 14. 38 Chinnasamy Park Rajaram Salai, KK Nagar 15. 38 Mahatma Gandhi Park Mahatma Gandhi Street, KK Nagar 16. 38 Indira Gandhi Park Indira Gandhi street,Iyyappa Nagar

17. 38 Bharathi Part Subramania Nagar Main Street,Iyyappa Nagar 18. 43 Sengulam Colony Park Kallukuzhi 19. 44 Royal Road Park Near Sea Horse Hospital, Royal Road 20. 44 Parangiri Velupillai Park Bharathidasan Salai

K.Abishekapuram Zone

21. 41 Anbu Nagar Park

Anbu Nagar Main Road, Crawford 22. 50 Science Park Anna Nagar, Tennur 23. 57 Housing Unit Park

Salai Road, Woriyur 24. 59 Rajan Park Mettu Street, Woriyur

Table 3. 57\ List of Parks in Tiruchirapalli Corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Table 3. 58\ List of Heritage Places in Trichy Source\ TCC

3.4.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY: CRIME RATE: POLICEFORCE(TrichyCityPolice)

The crime rate index of the city corporation is 38.30 and the safety index of the city is 61.70

The level of crime in the city is 36.11 and the crime increasing in the past 3 years is 48.61

Table 3. 59\ No. of Police Station in the City Source\ City Police Commissioner Office, Tiruchirappalli

Table 3. 60\ Classification and No. of Prisons Source\ District Prisons Head Office

Accidents:

Table 3. 61\ Cognizable Offences Under Indian Penal Code(Including Attempts) Source\ Police Department

Table 3. 62\ No. of Injuries & Fatalities under several Modes of Transportation Source\ TCC

3.4.9 HOUSING:

Table 3. 63\ Total No. of Households in each Ward Source\ TCC

Maximum and minimum households as of provided data recorded were 7009 (ward no 38) and 1583 (ward no 13) respectively.

Tamil Nadu housing board:

It to cope up with the increasing demand in housing sector all over the state due to urban growth leading to migration to urban areas in search of employment opportunities. To provide shelter to the people under Economically Weaker Section (EWS), Lower Income Group (LIG), Middle Income Group (MIG) and Higher Income Group (HIG), at costs affordable by people of these Groups.

3.4.10 SLUMS:

Table 3. 64\ Construction Activity Of Tamil Nadu Housing Board Source\ E.E. Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Trichy

Tiruchirapalli has 211 approved and 75 unapproved slums in the city in which approximately 23 percent of the total population of the city live. Most of these communities are not connected to city water and sanitation infrastructure, the sanitation situation is deplorable, healthy living is impossible and the disease burden is heavy, especially for women and children.

3.

Table

65\ Details of slums in K.Abishekapuram zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy

Table 3. 67\ Details of slums in Ariyamangalam zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy

Table 3. 66\ Details of slums in Goldenrock zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy

The ward number from 1 to 65. Among the 65 wards the following wards no. 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 32, and 34 do not have any slums. It can be observed that the total number of households in 237 slums around 22,524, catering to the needs of the 77,706 people.

Figure 3. 77\ Slum Density in each ward Source\ TCC Figure 3. 78\ Tenability in each ward Source\ TCC

Table 3. 68\ Details of slums in Srirangam zone Source\ Smart city, Trichy

Table 3. 69\ Construction Activity Of Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board Source: Concerned District Head Office

Figure 3. 79\ Ownership of Slum Area Source\ TCC

3.4.11 DEVELOPMENT INDEX:

Trichy is a clean city in overall but some wards in the city still needs to be improved critically. The wards were classified under three categories viz., high, moderate and low developed wards as displayed in the Figure 3.80

Ward Number 4, 45 and 52 was identified with more area under greenery, built-up, transportation network and good sanitation facilities. These wards have therefore been reflected in the total scores as highly developed. On the contrary, Ward Number 9 and 36 was identified with inadequate green cover, very less built-up, poor infrastructure facilities viz., public toilets and transportation network. Hence, these wards are reflected as poorly developed.

Figure 3. 80\ Development status of the wards Source\ Based on the data of TCC

Figure 3.81 shows the development index of the wards Development Category Wards

High 3 Moderate 61 Low 2

Figure 3. 81\ Map displaying the Development Status of wards Source\ TCC Source

3.5 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:

Economic conditions refer to the state of macro and micro economic variables and trends in a country at a point in time. Such conditions may include GDP growth potential, the employment and unemployment rate, urban productivity, income flows and monetary policy orientations which are noted in this section:

3.5.1 STRUCTURE OF CITY CORPORATION:

Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation is the municipal corporation which looks after the city administration of Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu, India. It consists of a legislative and an executive body. The legislative body is headed by the city mayor while the executive body is headed by a Chief Commissioner.

The municipality of Tiruchirapalli was inaugurated by the Town Improvements Act 1865 on November 1, 1866 and included the civil station as well as the Trichinopoly Cantonment. The municipality originally consisted of two ex-officio and nine nominated members. Elections to the council were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889. Indian independence activist P. Rathinavelu Thevar served as the Chairman of Trichinopoly municipality for a record five terms from 1924 to 1946. Thevar's tenure was, however, highly controversial and he was dismissed in 1934 for administrative irregularities. Thevar's rival T. S. S. Rajan accused him of instigating AntiBrahmin and AntiMuslim violence in the town. In 1933 municipality of Srirangam was created as per the Town Improvements Act of 1865 comprising of eleven members following a decision not to include Srirangam within Trichinopoly municipality as it lay extremely far from the heart of Tiruchirappalli town. The municipality of Srirangam included most of Srirangam Island including Thiruvanaikkaval. Golden Rock, (Ponmalai) with a population of 38,880 as per the 1971 census, was constituted a thirdgrade municipality on 1 October 1972 and upgraded to a II-Grade municipality on 5 October 1978.

Figure 3. 82\ Ward Division Map of Tiruchirapalli Corporation Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

There were demands to merge Tiruchirappalli and Srirangam municipalities in September 1930 and October 1933. Rathinavelu Thevar had submitted a memorandum to Lord Goschen requesting the upgradation of Tiruchi to a municipal corporation and extending it upto Manachanallur. Tiruchirappalli was eventually designated municipal corporation in 1994 through the merger of Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities as per the Tiruchirapalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994.

The Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council, the legislative body, comprises 65 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by a Mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor. The executive wing is made up of seven departments: 1. General administration, 2. Revenue, 3. Town planning, 4. Engineering,

And it is headed by the Corporation Commissioner. The Commissioner is assisted by two executive engineers for the east and west sections, and Assistant Commissioners for personnel, accounts and revenue departments, a public relations officer, a city engineer, a city health officer and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones.

5. Public health, 6. Information technology and 7. Personnel

Zone Wards Total number of wards

Commisioner incharge

Abhishekapuram 40, 41, 4560 18 Thiru. R. Vinoth Ariyamangalam 7, 14, 15, 19-29, 33, 61, 62, 64

18 Thiru. D.S. Durai Murugan Golden Rock 30-32, 3439, 42- 44, 46, 48, 63, 65

1 Thiru M. Dhayanithi Srirangam 1-6, 8-13, 16-18 15 Thiru M. Gunasekar

Table 3. 70\ Wards comprising the Zones Source\ Tiruchirapalli Corporation

Tiruchirappalli City Corporation consists of 65 wards and 4 zonal offices, namely, Srirangam, Ariyamangalam, Ponmalai and K.Abishekapuram. Each zone is headed by Assistant Commissioner under the control of Commissioner, Tiruchirappalli City Corporation. The zones and the wards which come under each of them are listed below in Table 3.71

3.5.2 STRUCTURE OF LOCAL ECONOMY:

The economy of Trichy is mainly dependent on Industries. Other than tourism and agribusiness, one of the significant factors contributing to the economic growth of Trichy is the massive industrial sector. As a matter of fact, Trichy is one of the fastest-growing cities in the state, referable to the presence of numerous industries. The district is widely acknowledged as an industrial hub of Tamil Nadu as the place is an industrial centre right from the British rule.

Trichy was popular during British period for the manufacture of a distinct variety of cheroot known to be ‘Trichinopoly Cigar’. At one point, over 12 million cigars were manufactured and exported from Trichy annually. Thus, the growth of industries in Trichy started right from the British period. The world renowned Trichinopoly cigar was originally made up from tobacco cultivated from the town of Dindigul (Tintukkal) near the Trichy district.

Apart from BHEL’s plant, a number of cotton textile mills, steel structural workshops and other ancillary industries located here.

• Trichy is an important trade and services centre as reflected in the 88% of its workforce being employed in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

• Trichy has potential to emerge as an important tier-II town for IT / BPO investments.

Industries in Trichy:

To start with, Trichy is a big name in the list of most prominent industrial hubs located in South India. The Central Workshop, Golden Rock (Golden Rock Locomotive Workshops) was actually shifted to the city from Nagapattinam during the year 1928. The Central Workshop, Golden Rock is one among the three locomotive engine fabricating operations in the state. The locomotive workshop in Trichy is capable of constructing 700 wagons in a year.

Trichy is the home of India's largest public sector engineering company, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, shortly referred as BHEL. BHEL has extensive operations in Trichy with three functional plants, that is to say, High Pressure Boiler Plant, Boiler Auxiliaries Plant and Seamless Steel Tube Plant. This particular plant in Trichy is capable of producing 6.2 MW of electrical energy. Cethar Vessels, another giant boiler plant located in Trichy, who is far-famed for boilers for power generation or for steam generation in process industries. Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project (HAPP) and the Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT) are the two major defense establishments, operated by the Indian Ordnance Factories Board by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Situated just 25 km away from the city centre, HAPP and OFT are important names in the list of Indian Ordnance Factories controlled by the OFB across the nation. Some of the other important industries of Trichy include Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL), Trichy Steel Rolling Mills, EID Parry Sugar factory, Dalmia Cements and so on.

IT Companies in Trichy:

Information technology is a growing field in Trichy city. The city is fast becoming an alternate address for technology companies after Chennai and Coimbatore. IT companies started opting for Trichy primarily for the fact that the city houses more than 35 engineering colleges and each year the city produces hundreds of qualified engineers who are ready to take up challenges. Days are

not far that the Trichy city is looked at as a potential Information technology base for of various advantages the region has to offer. Some of the popular IT companies of Trichy include Astonish Info Tech, Techcmantix Technologies, Cavin IT Solutions, Zolaism Networks, Udeserve, Shining Sun, Snaps Technology, Aaress Infomedia, Acero Infotech Pvt Ltd, Macon System Technologies, Pi Square Software Solutions, Rocksoft Solutions and so on.

Tourism Potential:

Heritage Zone-1 comprises of Srirangam island and places of interest between Kollidam and Cauvery river including the following

• Natural Heritage Areas - Srirangam is spread over an area of 11 square miles, engulfed by River Cauvery in the south and its tributary river Coleroon in the north. The island is very fertile and covered with mango groves, banana gardens, coconut palms and Paddy fields.

Trichy is also strategically located in close proximity of the famous nine Navagraha temples. Since Trichy has a good road and rail system, it acts as a transit junction for pilgrimages. The CCP points out that there is good opportunity for exploiting tourist potential and substantially increasing the economic growth of the town. The tourism in Trichy and its surrounding are already discussed in the section 3.3.9

Trade and services:

Trichy is an important regional centre for various commercial activities. The major commercial activities are concentrated in the inner city area i.e. around the Main Guard Gate Area and Gandhi Market Area. Gandhi Market is located in the inner city area and number of other commercial activities is associated with this activity. Rockfort Market is an another major commercial area consist of Big bazaar Street, Chinnakadai Street, Jaffer Shaw Street, Singara Thoppu, and adjoining areas, which sell the specialised items like artificial diamonds and silverware. Due to this, all varieties of commercial activities are concentrated in one place i.e. the inner city area, this includes the following:

• Whole sale and Retail Activities - NSB Road, Chinnakadai Street, Periyakadai Streets, Singarathoppu street, Gandhi Market area, Anai Kattu Medu street and Stone Cutters street

• Godowns - Rettai Mall Street, Big Bazaar Street and Chinna kadai Street.

Agriculture:

The total area cultivated in the district is 1,85,985 ha., the net sown area is 1,71,002 ha. and the area sown more than once is 14983 ha. The principal crops of the district are paddy (vast tracts), millets and other cereals, pulses, sugarcane (vast tracts), groundnut, gingely, banana, betal, corn, coconut and cotton (small tracts).

The total geographical area of Tiruchirappalli District was 4,40,383 ha. in 2011. The total cultivable land in 2006-07 was 3,02,574 ha., which decreased to 3,02,085.19 ha. in 2011. The land put to non-agricultural purpose in 2006-07 was 84,851 ha., which increased by 250.05 ha. in 2011 to 85,101.05 ha. The land and trees and misc. groves have increased from 1,927 ha. in 2006-07 to 3166.38 ha. in 2011.

GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDDP):

The table 3.72 shows the sectoral distribution of Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) from the years 2004-05 to 2011-12. The total GDDP of the district in the year 2004-05 was Rs.8,89,696 lakh the primary sector (including agriculture and allied activities) contributed Rs.83,492 lakh, the secondary sector, which includes manufacturing, mining, construction, etc., contributed Rs.1,99,605 lakh and the tertiary sector contributed about Rs.6,06,599 lakh.

Table 3. 71\ Sectoral Distribution of Gross District Domestic Product Source\ Dept. of Economics and Statistics, Tamil Nadu

In the year 2011-12, the total GDDP of the district was Rs.19,42,192 lakh, of which, primary sector‘s contribution was Rs.1,12,452 lakh, secondary and tertiary sectors‘ contributions were Rs.4,08,255 lakh and Rs.14,21,485 lakh respectively. In terms of percentage share, the share of primary sector to the GDDP was 9.38 per cent in 2004-05, which decreased to 5.79 per cent in 201112, similarly the secondary sector‘s share decreased from 22.44 per cent to 21.02 per cent during the same period. While the tertiary sector‘s or service sector‘s share increased from 68.18 per cent to 73.19 per cent during the same period. The share of the tertiary sector is much higher than the other two sectors in the district, which shows the transformation from an agricultural base to service sector driven economy.

The contribution of the agriculture sector to the GDDP is the lowest compared to the other two sectors. The primary sector also experiences some fluctuations during the eight year period, while the other two sectors see a continuous increase.

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE:

Exhibit 2 provides a summary of the financials of TCC. TCC’s financial position has improved from an overall deficit of Rs. 1836 lakh in FY 2001 to an overall surplus of Rs. 4008 lakh in FY 2005. This has been primarily achieved through:

➢ A 20% CAGR in revenue along with expenditure control has led to growth (CAGR-56%) in operating surplus during FY 2001-2005.

• Tax income has grown at a CAGR of 6 %, aided by a 27% growth in professional tax. Property tax revenue has grown at a modest 3%.

Table 3. 72\ Capital Investment Plan along with phasing Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

• User charges have grown by a healthy 13 %, aided by increased in collection of water charges and other fee income including lease and rents. The share of user charges/fees has increased from 17% of revenue to 21% of revenue over the last five years.

• Grants / Contributions from state have doubled in the last five years. They contribute to nearly a quarter of revenues of TCC.

➢ Expenditure has remained flat, shown a declining trend till FY 2003 and marginally growing over the next two years. Salaries have marginally declined due to reduction in staff, while operating expenditure has grown at 10% primarily due to increase in electricity charges.

➢ Loans and interest burden - Outstanding loans of TCC stood at Rs. 42.18 crore as of FY ending 2005. Interest expenditure is down from nearly 10% of revenue in FY 2001 (Rs. 557 lakh) to 4% of revenue in FY 2005.

CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN:

The CIP has been prepared based on

• Review of projects recommended in the City Corporate Plan prepared earlier

• Status and progress on projects identified as part of the Vision Plan (2004-09)

• Consultations with stakeholders and feedback on our presentation to the Council.

• Discussion with TCC officials and review with TNUIFSL and CMA

Table 3.74 provides a summary of the CIP for TCC. Table 3. 73\ Financial Performance Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

3.5.3 URBAN PRODUCTIVITY:

INDUSTRIES:

The Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited established one of its Manufacturing units in Tiruchirappalli for producing High Pressure Boilers in 1961 and envisaged creation of ancillary units in the Private Sector, in and around Tiruchirappalli to off load items of Low and Medium Technology. As a result in the last three decades a phenomenal growth of Small Scale Industries numbering as on date to 400 units have been set up by entrepreneurs in Thuvakkudi, Ariyamangalam, Thiruverumbur Indl. Estates. The Industrial units are giving gainful and consistent employment to nearly 18,000 people.

Apart from BHEL other PSUs HAPP, OFT and Railway Workshop at Ponmalai are also playing pivotal role in the industrial growth of the District. The district also has a large number of units established in Textiles and apparels followed by engineering and repairing and servicing. Large numbers of MSMEs have been established in textile and apparels and engineering units. Majority of the investments in this district have taken place in non-electrical machinery. Large part of the investments has also taken place in metals and metal products.

GROUP WISE ENTERPRISES:

Table 3. 74\ Group Wise Enterprises in Tiruchirapalli Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015)

Figure 3. 83\ Types of Manufacturing and No. of Units Source\ TCC

BLOCK-WISE POTENTIAL & VIABLE PROJECTS

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT:

THRUST SECTOR ACTIVITIES:

The following are the thrust sector activities identified in the district with a substantial potential for growth in the next five years.

READYMADE GARMENTS: This activity is gaining momentum nowadays and the existing units are having sufficient orders and more units are expected to come in the future.

CNC MACHINING:

IN

Table 3. 75\ Block-wise potential & viable projects in Tiruchirappalli district Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015)

Around 20 CNC machine shops are functioning in Thriuverumbur block and this number is likely to double in the near future. Most of the demand comes from BHEL. Potential in this line is high.

WELDING TECHNOLOGIES & FABRICATION WORKS:

Trichy is a known Fabrication hub. This is due to BHEL presence here. This is a thriving activity and annually about 4 lakh M.S. materials are converted into Boiler Products.

FOOD PROCESSING:

Being basically an agrarian district Tiruchi is always in the map of food processing industries. Activities like Modern Rice Mill, Food Oils, Mushroom Processing, Flour Milling are the important activities in this sector.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT & BPO:

Development of IT & Software is at a nascent stage in Trichy. The Software Technology Park established in the District is one of attractive aiding the growth of I.T. Field

DETAILS OF MICRO & SMALL ENTERPRISES AND ARTISAN UNITS IN THE DISTRICT:

Small Scale Industries:

Table 3. 76\ Classification of Small Scale Industries

Source\ TCC

MEDIUM & LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES / PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS:

Table 3. 77\ Medium & Large Scale Industries / Public Sector undertakings and the Item Manufacturing Source\ (Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruchirapalli, 2015) KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES:

Table 3. 78\

Industries Source\ District Khadi and Village Industries, Tiruchirappalli.

MINING AND QUARRYING:

Table 3. 81\ Number Of Mining And Quarrying Units In The District Source\ Dept. of Geology and Mining

Table 3. 80\ Classification-wise production of minerals and its value in market Source\ Dept. of Geology and Mining

WIND MILLS:

AGRICULTURE:

Figure 3. 84\ MAJOR FOOD GRAINS AREA (In Hects) Source\ Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chennai

Table 3. 79\ Production And Value Of Major Minerals Source\ Assistant Director Geology and Mines

Table 3. 82\ No. Of Wind Mills Generating Units With Production Data Source\ Concerned Electricity Generation Units

Table 3. 83\ Regulated Markets & Arrivals in Tiruchirapalli Source\ District Agriculture Marketing Office.

DAIRY PRODUCTION:

Table 3. 85\ Dairy Production in Tiruchirapalli District Source\ Deputy Registrar, Aavin, Trichy

FISHERIES PRODUCTION:

Table 3. 84\ Fisheries Development And Production Source\ Fisheries Department

HANDCRAFTS:

Table 3. 88\ Area And Production Of Crops Source\ Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Chennai.

Table 3. 87\ Articles Available In Handicrafts Source\ Manager, Poompuhar

Table 3. 86\ Value Of Articles Produced Source\ Manager, Poompuhar

HANDLOOM:

Table 3. 89\ Production Of Handloom Cloth Source\ A.D. Handloom/Societies, Trichy

3.5.4 INCOME FLOWS & LINKAGES:

TCC could potentially increase its own income to Rs. 6500 lakh through focused interventions in the following areas:

1. Property tax – through revision in ARV, widening assessee base and closer scrutiny.

2. Professional tax – sustaining a growth in assessments of 12% in the assessments through widening tax base among traders and self-employed professionals

3. User charges - TCC could potentially generate nearly Rs. 220 lakh by adding another 25,000 water connections and 30,000 sewerage connections even with conservative user charges by FY 2010.

4. PPP / remunerative projects - TCC also needs to explore land development as a revenue enhancement mechanism and should focus on attracting private sector participation through appropriate BOT/ SPV structures for implementing remunerative projects. Considering that TCC has identified development of bus stand infrastructure and other remunerative projects at an outlay of nearly Rs. 100 crore, it could potentially realise 2.5% of this outlay or nearly Rs. 250 lakh as annual revenue. This potential has not been taken into account while arriving at the borrowing / investment capacity of TCC.

5. Energy costs - A savings of 10-15% reduction in energy costs appears imminently achievable and could translate to annual savings of nearly Rs. 100 lakh on the energy cost base for the year FY 2005. A comprehensive energy audit is required.

6. Collection Efficiencies - While current collection efficiency in taxes have improved, arrears collection efficiency is an area of concern. Further collection efficiency in user charges require considerable improvement.

7. NGOs / Corporate participation - Intensify focus on attracting NGOs/advertising revenue for city beautification projects.

FOP, BORROWING CAPACITY AND INVESTMENT CAPACITY:

The below table provides a summary of the results of the FOP, which has been prepared for a 10-year horizon. The borrowing capacity has been computed as Table 3. 90\ FOP, Borrowing capacity and Investment Capacity Source\ (TNUIFSL, 2018)

Table 3. 91\ Financing structure for implementing CIP Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

the minimum of NPV of operating surplus, 30% of revenues during the projection period and works out to Rs. 202 Crore.At an aggregate level, assuming loans to be equivalent to 40% of investment, sustainable investment capacity works out to Rs. 505 Crore, which is only 42% of the total investment requirement. Exhibit 6 provides a suggested financing mix to meet the shortfall and implement the CIP in full.

While loans and own funds should be used to finance remunerative projects, TCC should leverage and utilize Grants from schemes like UIDSSMT and IHSDP to undertake non remunerative projects relating to slum development, canal desilting etc. Further, TCC could also consider involvement of private sector in implementing remunerative projects including bus stands, markets and slaughter houses etc.

Table 3. 92\ Details of Capital Investment Plan Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SUMMARY OF TCC:

The table provides a summary of the income and expenditure of TCC. This summary has been prepared based on information provided by TCC.

REVENUE STREAMS OF ULB IN

TAMIL NADU:

Revenue of ULBs in Tamil Nadu can be categorised along three areas:

• Own Revenue - comprising taxes (property tax and professional tax), user charges (water, sewerage, solid waste etc.) and other non-tax income (lease and rents, sale & hire charges etc)

• Assigned Revenue - Income generated revenues shared with the ULB

Table 3. 93\ Income and Expenditure of TCC - Last five years Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

• Grants and Contributions - Grants and transfers made by GoTN

The chart provides a detailed classification of the revenue streams:

Figure 3. 85\ Revenue streams - ULBs in Tamil Nadu Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

Figure 3. 86\ Revenue Composition of TCC Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

The chart provides details of revenue of TCC along various heads. The chart indicates the average calculation of revenue of various systems in TCC throughout the year.

TAX INCOME:

Tax income has grown at a CAGR of 6 % over the last five years aided by a 27% growth in Professional tax. Property Tax has grown at a more modest 3 % during this period. As a result, while share of property tax in overall revenue has declined from 29% to 25% of income, share of professional tax in revenue has doubled from 3 % to 6 %.

PROPERTY TAX:

Property tax alone accounted for a quarter of the income of TCC and is an important contributor of revenues to TCC. Following are the key issues / observations with respect to property tax. The table provides a breakup of assesses.

Table 3. 94\ Property Tax - breakup of assesses Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

a) Decline in share of property tax - Even though the property tax has increased in absolute terms, its share in total income has declined from 29% to 25 % over the last five years.

b) Stagnant demand per assessment - Though there has been a 4.4% increase in the number of assessments, the average demand per property assessed has shown a chequered trend. The average demand per property assessed has been almost stagnant at around Rs. 1400 per property. The quinquennial revision of Annual Rental Value (ARV) due in 2003 has not been undertaken as of date.

c) Low collection efficiencies - Collection efficiency is a cause for concern. While collection efficiency in current demand has grown from 59% to 75% and is a positive trend, the low recovery of arrears needs attention. Arrears collection efficiency dipped to 10%.

d) Aging of arrears - 50% of the arrears are outstanding for more than five years, with 29% of the overall arrears outstanding for more than 10 years. TCC may need to review the arrears, as some of these may not be collectable and would require provisioning.

e) Break-up of assesses - Residential segment contributes 86% of the total assessments, but only 59% of the total property tax demand. The corporation must take steps to increase property tax from this category.

PROFESSIONAL TAX:

a) Share of professional tax in total income - has doubled from 3% of income to 6% of income

b) Demand per assessment - has been around Rs. 1100 except for a dip in FY 2004.

c) Collection efficiency - was nearly 80% in FY 2005, aided by a significant improvement in arrears collection. While current collections are high at around 90%, there is still a scope for improvement. An ageing analysis reveals that 50% of arrears are more than 5 years old.

d) Composition

of professional tax assessments – The table shows the composition of assessments. Only about 16% of the traders file returns and hence TCC should take steps to widen its tax base through a closer scrutiny of traders.

Table 3. 95\ Professional Tax – assesses break up Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

USER CHARGES / FEES:

User charges have also grown by a healthy 13 %, aided by increased in collection of water charges and other fee income including lease and rents. As a result the share of user charges/fees have increased from 17% of revenue to 21% of revenue over the last five years.

Water charges

a) No. of connections - There has been an increase in the number of connections from 60,400 to more than 68,000 connections in five years. Water connections account for only about 56% of properties assessed, indicating significant scope for increasing the number of connections.

b) Water tariff / connection has increased from about Rs. 700 per year per connection to Rs. 962 per connection as a result of increase in water tariffs.

c) While 80% of the water connections are metered, water billing is being done on a flat (monthly) basis. Refer the below table for details of type of connections and water charges. TCC is considering collections on the basis of meter readings.

d) Collection efficiency - Current collection efficiencies have ranged from a low of 63% to a high of 75% and have not shown a linear trend. Arrears collection efficiency has been very low and has ranged between 21% and 33%. The overall collection efficiency of 55% is quite low and needs significant improvement (TNUIFSL, 2018).

GRANTS / CONTRIBUTIONS:

Table 3. 96\ Water charges - category wise connections and tariff Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

Grants / Contributions from state have one of the biggest revenue drivers and have doubled in the last five years. They now contribute to nearly a quarter of revenues of TCC.

Banking and Insurance:

Revenue from Electricity:

Table 3. 98\ No. of Commercial Banks Source\ IOB (Lead Bank) Annual Credit Plan

COSTS :

Table 3. 97\ Revenue from Electric Schemes and cost per unit Source\ District Electricity Board, Trichy

Figure 3. 87\ Costs of TCC Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

The chart provides details of costs of TCC along various heads. Total expenditure has shown a declining trend till FY 2003, before increasing over the next two years. Expenditure in almost all the categories have declined, except repair and maintenance. Admin expenditure spiked from Rs. 151 lakh to Rs. 584 lakh in 2005.

SALARY AND WAGES:

While salary and wages account for the highest expenditure (more than 35% of total expenditure), it has shown a consistent declining trend over this period. This has been due to the lack of addition in staff over the last few years and a number of posts remaining vacant.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE:

Repairs and maintenance form the other major component of total expenditure. In absolute terms, repairs and maintenance expenditure has increased steadily over the last five years, growing from 13% to 20% of total expenditure during this period.

Though Water and sewerage account for a major proportion of operating expenses, there has been a downward trend in expenditure. Expenditure on streetlights has grown at a CAGR of 18% to become the largest head under repairs and maintenance, which expenditure on roads has increased at a CAGR of 14%.

POWER COSTS:

The table gives the details of power costs out of the total repair and maintenance expenditure relating to Water & Sewerage and Street lights. Power costs have grown at a CAGR of 13%, driven primarily by a steep increase in power costs for street lights. Power costs account for nearly 80% of repair & maintenance costs of water and sewerage and more than 90% of the costs of operating street lights.

Trends in Capital Expenditure:

Table 3.100 gives details of capital expenditure by TCC over the last five years and estimated capital outlay to address the felt needs of TCC over the next ten years.

Loans and Finance charges:

Table 3.101 gives the details of outstanding loans of TCC at the end of last five years.

WATER FUND ACCOUNTS:

Exhibit 4.14 provides the water and drainage account Income and Expenditure details for the last few years.

Table 3. 99\ Power costs - Water & Sewerage and Street Lights Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

Table 3.100\ Capital Expenditure Last 5 years Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

Table 3. 101\ Loans & Finance charge Source\ TNUIFSL

Table 3. 102\ Water and drainage income account Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

Table 3. 103\ Water and drainage Expenditure account Source\ TNUIFSL,2018

3.5.5 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT:

EMPLOYMENT:

Table 3. 104\ Employment & Unemployment Details in TCC Source\ TCC

Type of Workers 2001 2011

Main Workers 2,47,797 2,78,923

Marginal Workers 14,423 24,603

The table shows the size of the workforce in Tiruchirappalli in the years 2001 and 2011. Since, the population has grown over the reference period, it is quite natural that different groups of population would also increase; in similar fashion, worker population would also increase. Tiruchirappalli, total worker population as well as non-worker, population have increased between 2001 and 2011. This indicates the fact that the size of nonworker population continued to exist without much reduction. The reason for this large increase might have been due to immigration; and it can hardly be attributed to normal situations.

Work Participation:

In this section, employment has been discussed in terms of the Work Participation Rate (WPR). WPR is a measure of the active portion of an economy’s labour force. It refers to the number of people who are either employed or actively looking for work. The portions of the population who are not looking for employment are not taken into account. The WPR is an important tool to analyse the employment and unemployment situation in an economy.

The table gives the details of the work participation rates of Tiruchirappalli district. This ratio has slightly improved for male in both rural and urban areas, whereas the changes are not uniform for rural and urban females. In the case of rural females, the ratio has gone down from 45.3 per cent (2001) to 43.8 per cent (2011). The urban female work participation rates were much smaller compared to the rural rates, but it has gone up from 15.2 per cent in 2001 to 17.8 per cent in 2011.

Non Workers 5,27,041 5,46,547

Total Workers 2,62,220 3,03,526

Table 3. 105\ Total Workers and Non-Workers (in no.) Source\ Census 2011

Table3. 106\ Work Participation Rate Source\ Census 2011

Table 3. 107\ No. Of Persons Registered & waiting During the Year Source\ District Employment Exchange

4. FIELDWORK & SURVEY

4.1 SELECTION OF SAMPLE:

As per the Trichy city corporation, the city consists of four zones namely Srirangam, Ariyamangalam, Ponmalai and Abishekapuam. In all, there are sixty five wards under this four zones. There is a total of 1,75,212 households in the city, which is the study area.

Given the large number of households and other constraints of time and space, the researcher considered it reasonable to adopt the Multi stage random sampling method with a sample of 600 households for this study. This number of 600 sample is selected in the following manner.

1st stage: Trichy city is divided into four zones namely Ariyamangalam, Srirangam, Ponmalai and Abishekapuram.

2nd stage: Each zone is divided into 15 wards and two wards are selected at random.

3rd stage: The wards comprise number of streets and three streets are selected at random from each ward.

4th stage: Two households were selected from each street. Thus 12 households from each ward, 24 households from each zone and overall 96 sample households from all the four zones were selected for the study.

Ward No- 5,1 Ward No- 22,27 Ward No- 36,31 Ward No- 52,56

- Kaveri Nagar - Mambazha Salai - Veereshwaram Harijana Street

- Melur Kela Street - South Chitra Street - Manalmedu Kalalkara Street

- Arulannantha Puram Street - Hirudayapuram West Street - Dharmanatha Puram Sakkiliar Street

- Sahayamatha Kovil Street - Pandiyan Street - Bharathiyar Street

- Bankers Colony - Meenkaar Street - Officer Colony

- Saminathan Street - Kavara Street - Nehruji Street Table 4. 1\ Sampling Chart Source\ the author

- Anna Nagar - T.V.S Street - V.O.C Street

- Sastri Road - 5th Cross Thillai Road - 10th Cross Thillai Nagar

Tiruchirapallicitycorporation

Srirangam Ariyamangalam GoldenRock K.Abishekapuram

4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY:

This section deals with the data collected on the observation of the researcher on the environmental conditions of the city Trichy. This includes the aspects such as conditions of the surrounding, waste management and transportation.

4.2.1 CONDITIONS OF THE SURROUNDING:

The researcher itself observed the surrounding environment based on density of the city, crowd and congestion, air quality.

Density:

The density of the city is high in the core of the city. It is congested with concrete building and population. The urban grain of the city which has fine coarse grain at its centre and followed by moderate and less coarse grain at its outer.

Crowd & Congestion:

The commercial hubs of the city are sizzling with the crowd in the city. All the commercial hubs of Trichy city including NSB road, Nandhikoil street and West Boulevard road remain overcrowded with people making a beeline to the shops. Roadside shops occupy a significant space, making the roads congested. Encroachment is the major cause of crowd and congestion in the major streets of the city. Encroachment, which

started disrupting public mobility in the city. All the arterial roads in the city are facing encroachments by shopkeepers on the streets. East Boulevard (EB) Road continues to be the hotbed of encroachments as scrap dealers and shops including workshops are utilising the four lanes of the spacious road for business. As two of the four lanes available for vehicular movement between Chathiram bus stand, Trichy town railway station and Gandhi market were encroached, traffic congestion has become a routine affair. Local people said that scrap dealers are casually occupying the road near Muruga theatre to stock their inventories including used furniture and sheds.

have

Figure 4. 1\ Dense area of the city Source\ the author

Figure 4. 2\ Crowd in NSB Road Source\ the author

Figure 4. 3\ Encroachment in EB Road Source\ the author

The situation is no different on Palakkarai and Heber road that connects Cantonment and Central Bus Stand with the old Trichy city. The absence of eviction measures resulted in the traders and street vendors occupying the arterial roads. Encroachments are one of the reasons why EB Road remains underdeveloped. Pedestrian platforms in Pattabiraman Street were completely encroached by shops that sell used two-wheelers.

The survey of several respondents on overcrowding indicates that 75 percentage of people said Yes and remaining said No.

Street Drain and Garbage:

The water logging conditions of the street is that 60% of the street are suffer in water logging.

4\

On this 55% of only rainwater 25% is logging of waste water and 20% facing both. Garbage spreading on 60% of the streets. In which 25% of high quantity, 60% of small quantity and 15% is very less (neglible).

Air Quality:

Air quality of the city is ruined majorly by vehicles particularly on the fine grain of the city. Maximum poor quality due to vehicle is in the commercial streets of the city. The quality of the air is measured as an average of 60%, 30% of good and 10% poor quality.

The poor quality is majorly on the surrounding of Ariyamangalam dumping site. Local people said that there is a sense of odor or eye irritation, and suffocation due to air pollution. There is a frequent exchange of fresh air on the outer most part of the city and less when compared to the inner one.

Figure 4. 7\ Air quality range

Source\ the author

Figure 4.

Crowding responds Source\ the author

Figure 4. 6\Water Logging Conditions Source\ the author Figure 4. 5\Garbage Spreading Source\ the author

4.2.2

TRANSPORTATION:

Road networks are quite neat in the city corporation. As usual, the core part of the city have good quality of transportation. The diverged form of network from center to outward direction. Recent projects are held for the development of the roads, drains and pavements.

Road condition: Good condition of road in the main part of the city of about 30% and 10% are in poor condition. Remaining are in average condition in which some of them have drains. Intersection and signals are well maintained and planned throughout the city. But some of them don’t have crossing signals leads to traffic and congestion. Pavements are regulated on certain roads such as WB Road, Thillai Nagar, NSB Road and commercial roads. No pedestrian signals are made on intersection of roads.

Traffic and Noise:

Tiruchirapalli have traffic congestion only on commercial roads and quite less on other areas. Traffic is well maintained by signal intersections. Frequent traffic snarls on Cauvery bridge - Mela Chinthamani - Chathram Bus Stand - Karur Bypass Road stretch in the city High traffic is occurring on the city between 5PM to 10PM which is shown in the graph 4.10. Especially, Chathram bus stand is facing heavy traffic on its entry and exit.

Figure 4. 8\ Road Network Source\ Google Maps

Figure 4. 9\ Road condition Source\ the author

Figure 4. 11\Traffic and Noise level Source\the author

The major source of this annoying/irritating or unbearable noise is the sound of vehicle followed by the noise of workshop 40% of the people feel about noise pollution in their locality. Particularly in the crowded places of Trichy such as Gandhi market, NSB road and Near Railway Station.

Figure 4. 10\ Source of noise Source\ the author

4.2.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Solid Waste:

The solid waste disposal in streets is mostly on the nearby and allotted open spaces. Those lands are either government owned or private owned. Bins are placed near some streets but those are at minimum. Some of them are not emptied and leave as an abandoned state of condition. The disposal medium on street is denoted in the figure 4.12

In case of housing, the respondents stated their medium of solid waste disposal as 40% of them are dumped on the open space, 30% are dumped on the garbage bins provided by municipality allotted for their area, 25% of housing waste are collected by the municipal workers and 5% of them dumped their waste on the road. Graph shows a detail about it in figure 4.13

The frequency that the wastage is collected by the municipal workers is mostly once per week. 20% are rarely collected which is shown in the figure 4.14., 20% are collected twice per week. Though the people are satisfied with the frequency of garbage disposal by municipal workers, they are unsatisfied with the method of garbage or house hold waste disposal in their locality.

All the wastes are collected and disposed in the Ariyamangalam dump site. 40% of the solid wastes are burned, 25% are dumped on ground, 5% of scrap are collected for sale, 20% of waste are recycled and 10% are going to reuse. Figure 4.15 gives a pie chart of the treatment of solid waste in Ariyamangalam site.

Figure 4. 14\ Treatment of waste Source\ the author

Figure 4. 12\ Solid Waste Collection Source\ the author

Figure 4. 13\ Disposal frequency Source\ the author

Figure 4. 15\ Housing Waste Disposal Source\ the author

Waste Water:

In the city corporation, 80% of the area are covered by drainage and 20% are not. In that, 40% are open drainage and remaining are closed, Figure 4.16

The mode of excreta disposal in the household are noted in the below Figure 4.17. Most of the waste water are disposed through sewer lines and in septic tanks. 15% of the waste water are disposed on open space and on side of the road. Most of the people are satisfied with the excreta disposal system in their locality. 60% of the area are suffered with water pooling or water stagnation which is discussed in the above section 4.2.1

In the area of the respondent, 30% have a frequent overflow of wastewater and maximum area have occasional wastewater overflow. Most Are drained etc. of the locality are frequently cleaned, disinfected and dechocked.

Experience of flooding is rarely on the locality. The main cause of the flood is river Cauvery and it affects the settlements on river banks of Srirangam zone.

Figure 4. 18\ Overflow of Waste Water Source\ the author

Figure 4. 17\ Coverage of Drainage and its Type Source\ the author

Figure 4. 16\ Mode of Waste Water Disposal Source\ the author

4.2 SOCIAL SURVEY:

As we discussed above, there are approximately 50 respondents for the survey and in this section consists of the data about the respondents and their social conditions including their locality and community facilities.

4.2.1 PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS:

The general profile of the respondents are surveyed and most of the respondents are between the age 25 – 34 and the age 45 and above are less in numbers. Age of the respondents are in Figure 4.19. Sex, Caste, Religion, Qualification and Occupation of the respondents are collected and noted in the Figure 4.20, 4.21 and 4.22 below.

Figure 4. 19\ Category of Ages Source\ the author

Figure 4. 21\ Sex of the Respondents Source\ the author

Figure 4. 20\ Religion of the Respondents Source\ the author

Figure 4. 23\ Caste of the Respondents Source\ the author

Figure 4. 25\ Educational Status Source\ the author

Figure 4. 24\ Qualification of the Respondents Source\ the author

Figure 4. 22\ Occupation of the Respondents Source\ the author

4.2.2 HOUSING:

In city corporation, housing is 70% old houses likely 15-30 years. And most of the housing areas are unplanned. Only 20% of the housing settlements are in planned manner.

Government owned housing include housing board, police quarters, slum development complex are of 20% and remaining are private owned which means public.

The number of persons in each house is mostly of four to six members. Nuclear families are less than 3 members.

About 20% of the housing areas are Hindu dominated and 10% are Muslim dominated. Remaining are mixed dominated areas.

The Trichy Corporation has identified 700 buildings as unsafe structures and has issued notices to the owners to either vacate or strengthen the buildings to avoid untoward incidents resulting casualties.

The number of unsafe structures were identified in a recent survey carried out by the corporation on residential and commercial buildings. The number of unsafe structures across all 65 wards, was at 400, while it went up to 510 in 2019-2020.

About 50 of the weak buildings have been demolished, 50 vacated and 14 have undergone strengthening, so far. “Some of the weak buildings were demolished while a few still stand. The owners are apathetic to our fears,” a resident of Big Bazaar street said.

Figure 4. 26\ Type of Housing Source\ the author

Figure 4. 27\ No/- of Person in the House Source\ the author

Figure 4. 28\ Type of area based on Religion Source\ the author

4.2.3COMMUNITY FACILITIES:

The facilities for the daily organic lifestyle essential for the society to proceed their lives in a welfare manner.

Water Facilities:

Maximum of the areas in the city corporation are provide with water supply either by government or private. 20% of the areas don’t have the supply of water and 60% of the supply are private and 40% are public.

There are various sources of water over the city includes piped, hand pipe, rivers, tanks, borewells. Among this the usage of piped supply is high followed by bore-well and tanks. 10% of the areas use the hand pipe provided on streets in common.

The satisfactory level of the people for the volume of water supplying to the household, period of running per day, quality of water suppling in terms of taste, odour, colour and as perceived cause of disease, period and amount of water supplying in the seasons of summer, winter and monsoon are noted in the below Figure 4.31 with percentage of satisfaction.

Figure 4. 29\ Water Facility & Type of Providers Source\ the author

Figure 4. 31\ Source of Water Supply Source\ the author

Figure 4. 30\ Satisfactory level of the supply of Water Source\ the author

Electricity:

The electric supply for the housing in the city corporation is 20 hours in average. 60% of the people’s opinion is average about the supply of electricity and 30% feel good about the supply.

50% of the people’s opinion is average on the electrification of street and roads and 30% feel poor about the current situation.

Road Facilities:

Most of the roads are Pucca and only 10% are Kachcha under the city corporation. 70% of the people are satisfied with the road facilities and the condition become inverse on the outer part of the city which is already discussed in the above section 4.2.2

Though the road facilities are good, there is a need of drains and proper outlets.

Open Space:

In maximum areas there are lack of open or green space. 30% have green space and 10% have vacant land. The vacant lands are misused by waste disposal activities. Most of the people wants a green space in their area because of congestion and lack of ventilation as discussed in the section 4.2.1.

Figure 4. 33\ Electric Supply Condition Source\ the author

Figure 4. 32\ Street Electricity Condition Source\ the author

Figure 4. 35\ Road Facility Source\ the author

Figure 4. 34\ Open Space Source\ the author

4.3 ECONOMIC SURVEY:

This section will discuss about the economic condition of the people based on the income and their employment.

4.3.1 ECONOMICAL STATUS:

Majority of the people are middle income groups, 20% are economically weaker section and 20% are high income groups and remaining are low income groups.

People having income of 20,000 to 30,000 are of 35% who are bank workers, teachers, business, engineers. 15% of the people have the income of above 30,000, 10% are below 3,000 who are mostly daily wage workers, rag pickers. The percentage of income having 3,000 to 10,000 are about 30% who are hawkers, small scale business. Income above

4.3.2 OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS:

The employment status of the people is high as 90% of the people are employed. Lot of youngsters came here from outer city and villages for employment. Trichy have high job opportunities thus surrounding districts are also proceeding to the city which have job as a pull factor.

Figure 4. 36\ Economical Status Source\the author

Figure 4. 37\ Monthly income Source\ the author

Figure 4. 38\ Employment Status Source\ the author

5. DATA INTERPRETATION & ANALYSIS:

This chapter is devoted by the researcher for analysing the urban development problems and needs in Tiruchirappalli city. The main objective of the present chapter is to study the level of urban development in different parts of the Tiruchirappalli city. Urban development here is mainly considered as the functions of various physical, social and economic means of development. To find the variations in intra-city development, a ward level and area level investigation is required. Data on the indicators at ward and area level have been collected with the help of primary and secondary data as we discussed in the previous chapter 3 & 4.

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS:

In physical means of development, the availability of goods, toilets, electricity, drinking water, housing and household amenities, transport and communication have been considered.

5.1.1 AREA AND POPULATION:

The population of male increases by 50 % from the year 19912019 and it will increase rapidly. The population of female is slightly lower than male. The total population prediction is given in the graph below.

The built-up population density and population density is increasing due to urbanisation on the core of the city. The density is less in the year 2018, but the built-up and population density is further increasing by various push and pull factors. The inner city and surrounding population, both contribute the increase in built-up and population density.

Figure 5. 3\ Prediction of Built-up population density Source\ the author

Figure 5. 1\ Population prediction of Trichy Source\ the author

Figure 5. 2\ Prediction of Population density Source\ the author

5.1.2 LANDUSE:

5\

The pattern of residential development is similar to other towns in Tamil Nadu., i.e., higher densities in the older areas and lower densities in the newer planned areas. The areas around the Fort, Puthur, Woriyur, Tennur and Bheema nagar are the old residential areas. Thillainagar, Ramalinaganagar, Sengulam, Kajamalai and Ponmalai are some of the newly developed colonies. In Srirangam, Conversion of CCP to BP - Tiruchirapalli City Corporation 7 residential developments are seen around the temples of Srirangam namely Ranganathar temple and Thiruvanaikavil temple. Residential growth in other parts namely Golden Rock, Piratiyur, Abhishekapuram and Sathanur, Puthur are in areas contiguous to Trichy.

The detailed land use for the erstwhile municipal areas was conducted in the 1980s. Considering the large scale development and the formation of the Trichy Corporation, it is imperative to prepare a comprehensive Master Plan for the city, taking into account the trends in development, scope for growth in new areas added to the Corporation limits and constraints faced by the town.

Figure 5. 6\ Landuse classifications and changes in percentage

Figure 5.

Land use prediction Source\ the author Figure 5. 4\ Land Value Source\ the author

5.1.3 TRANSPORTATION:

Road and rail networks are a major portion of development. Maximum and minimum road lengths of the city recorded were 51.039 Sq.Kms. (Ward no 38) and 0 Sq.Kms. (presence of un-pitched roads only) (Ward no 65) respectively.

The national highways NH 45, NH 460, NH 45B, NH 257, NH 67, NH 555, NH 210, NH 160, NH 227 and NH 135 pass through Trichy. Tiruchirappalli forms a part of the Division 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation which is headquartered at Kumbakonam. There are regular buses to Tanjore, Kanniyakumari, Chennai, Madurai, Palani, Coimbatore, Kodaikanal and Tirupathi.

5.1.4 URBAN SPRAWL:

The urban area of the city is spread in total 58 Sq.km in 2006 was increased to 90 Sq.km in 2017 showing the built-up growth of 33% in past 11 years. During 2006 to 2010 per year, urban growth was found to be 4%, which in 2010 to 2014 was 2.40% and in 2014 to 2017 decreased 2.26%. The decrease in per year growth from 2006 to 2017 is due to occupancy of vacant land which is decreasing with urban sprawl the limited availability of resources.

In Tiruchirappalli city, linear urban growth is observed along the Highways. The major National Highways such as NH-45, NH-45, NH67, SH-38 and NH-210 passes through the city and connect to nearby cities and towns.

Highways are major driving factor of urban growth. As per the results, the major urban development took place along the direction of NH-67 east. This highway has numerous industrial areas, educational institutes and other urban settlement. The second most influential road was NH-210 connecting Tiruchirappalli with Rameshwaram with many Information Technology centres established along it. It was found that the relative urban development of these areas in four time periods shows development along NH-67 east is less likely to grow more in future because it reaching to a saturation level.

Urban sprawl is observed at the outer part of the city. High dispersion is found after 8km from Central Business District. Tiruchirappalli shows the linear urban growth. The city is expanding along the highways away from the dense urban patch.

5.1.4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF BUILT-UP LANDS:

The study of the spatial growth of the city over the years has revealed that the built-up area has spread along the five main transportation corridors in a radial pattern viz. Tanjore, Madurai, Pudukottai, Dindugal and Perambalur, in the process devouring agricultural lands and water bodies. The decrease in agricultural area is due to conversion of urban land use or discontinuation of agricultural lands and water bodies is more apparent to urban uses. The loss of these agricultural lands and water bodies is more apparent towards the east, south and south-west of Tiruchirpalli town where the town growth is more.

5.1.4.2 EXPANSION OF TIRUCHIRAPALLI TOWN:

The industrial development in the Tiruchirapalli town is parallel with the urban expansion, which became the dominant characteristic of the spatial organisation. This characteristic can be seen both in the increase of urban population as well as at the territory occupied by these activities. Being so, it is necessary to know the features and effects of urbanization to understand the significance of this phenomenon but also to gather information for urban and regional planning. The population of Tiruchirapalli Town has increased to 14%

in 1961, 23% in 1971 and 17% in 1981. The increase in 1971 is much high. The increase in population caused heavy demand for residential house, which reflects the development of housing colonies. The urban development of this town is very fast because of the growth of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational lands. Up to 1997, the changes in the urbanization are not many however little changes existed (Fig. 1) and 1971 onwards the development has been steady. The cross references about the Housing Board and private colony development analyses show in 1971, the number of house sites are 1630 and after 1982 it has increased to 2527 sites and it represents the fast growth of urban development of this town. In this study, the interpretation shows that the residential and commercial lands have also developed, where as the tanks and rivers have dried up.

5.1.5 RESOURCE USE:

5.1.5.1 MINING

Before grant of any quarry lease, the parameters related to geosciences and sustainable developments are to be considered on the basis of ground reality.

The Tiruchirappalli District is having good deposits of charnockite rock which is the raw material for the production of aggregates and road laying materials. The charnockite/rough stones are crushed in the crushing units for the manufacture of aggregates which gives direct and indirect employment to the local people.

The quartz deposits found in and around Manapparai Taluks are good in quality, but milky white quantity availability is very less. The quartz from this area is utilized in the glass industry. The Feldspar deposits are low in quality which is used in the ceramic tiles manufacturing industry.

The Granite deposits found in Tiruchirappalli District is whitish and bluish grey in colour. Since these are not premium granite varieties, the demand in the market is very low and hence the production of granite blocks is very less.

5.1.5.2 CHANGES IN SURFACE WATER RESOURCES:

In the present river Cauvery, the depletion in the surface water resources in rivers and tanks has been identified and it is caused by the growth of urban lands, land erosion, siltation, etc. Developing of building lands necessitates the filling up to tank beds and river portions. Negatively, it changed the surface water resource. Hence, the decreasing of annual rainfall and increasing city population is also cause such changes. Changes in rivers and streams are clearly indicating the variation in the rainfall The details are as follows.

ZONE - A: Zone -A is the heart of the city, in which the development of building lands, has caused the disappearance of tanks.

ZONE - B: Development of building lands in tank areas creating the shrinkage of tanks.

ZONE - C: Development of buildings and industries, land erosion and siltation causing the shrinking of tanks.

Figure 5. 7\ Rainfall from the Year 2003-2019

Source\ TCC

From the interpretation, it is observed that the intra and interregional variations were less in the growth of towns. The town is recorded with moderate to fast urban growth. This was owing to the industrial concessions given to backward regions. The large towns in the area are increased by the commercial and industrial activities. The regional variation is not sharp. The intraregional variations in growth are mainly associated with acceleration of economic activity, transportation network, administrative and government interventions.

5.1.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT: 5.1.6.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

The dumping site should not be selected close to the built up area to avoid adversely affecting land value and future development and to protect human being from environmental hazards created from dumping sites. It should be selected at a suitable distance farther from the residential area. Scrub land and barren land are most suitable for the dumping site. Rivers and lakes, canals, builtup, vegetation, agricultural land, scrub land and fallow land are major land use/land cover classes in the present study. Geological structures have great importance in ground investigation. The Figure 3.26 & 3.45 represents land use / land cover map and Water resource map respectively.

Elevation is an important parameter in the identification of landfill site. The land morphology was evaluated using the grading of the slope and specified in degrees format. The areas with high slopes are not ideal for solid waste disposal and flat areas are not ideal either. Figure 3.33 shows the details of slope.

The road network comprises of the railway network, national highway, state highway and other local roads that almost link all the towns and villages of the district. The buffer zones were created for both roads and rivers. The Figure 3.35, 3.43 & 3.27 represents the buffer zones of road and rail networks and rivers respectively.

Solid wastes consist of highly heterogeneous mass of discarded materials from residential, commercial and industrial activities. Selection of disposal sites for solid

wastes generated in the urban area has always remained a big task as the selected site should not affect the environment negatively.

The site that has been selected is located at Ponmalai zone covering an area of 42 acresofland.Ithasefficientdesigninganddevelopingofaproperstorage,collection and disposal system plan for Tiruchirappalli Corporation. The site has been developed by considering parameters like population density, waste generation capacity, road network and types of road, storage bins and collection vehicle etc. This model helps to find minimum cost/distance efficient collection pattern for transportation of solid waste to landfill. Thus the reduction in the travelling distance of the truck will reduce the transportation cost.

5.1.6.2 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT:

Figure 5. 8\ Uyyakondan canal pollution – Discharge points map

Source\ the author

It is evident that the water quality of ground water has been adversely affected due to the leachate from the Ariyamangalam dump yard. It is high time to take measures to reduce the further contamination of groundwater. Sources segregation which is the main attribute in solid waste management should be done at the earliest stages of waste generation. Construction of an engineered landfill with gas collection and leachate collection facilities can be done as a best remedy for the existing problem. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) can also be adopted to decrease the rate of seepage of leachate into the soil to reach the water table. This can protect the groundwater from the contaminants. If immediate remediation is not taken, it shall completely degrade the ground water sources around the location of Ariyamangalam and its surroundings.

Groundwater generally occurs under semi-confined conditions in the fissured and fractured zones at deeper levels. Major soil type encountered in city is alluvial soil. It is observed that in general the ground water is suitable for drinking and domestic uses in respect of all the constituents except fluoride of higher concentration at Siruganallur (1.85 mg/L) and at few places are having higher concentration of NO3 than BIS permissible limit

5.2 SOCIAL ANALYSIS:

5.2.1 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The indicators that influence the ranking of the various indices were the ones that come under Standard of Living and Health parameters. Indicators such as Access to cooking Fuel, Access to Drinking Water, Access to Pucca Houses, IMR, MMR, U5MR, Child Sex Ratio, Female WPR, Female and male WPR in NonAgricultural Sector and Female and Male Agricultural Wage Rate exhibit significant variations among the blocks, which implies wide range of inequality among the blocks that needs to be addressed and is the need of hour.

5.2.2 SANITATION

City Wide

Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) City

Investments with cities that are intended to improve overall service delivery systems’ ability to deliver sanitation services that are: financially sustainable, inclusive, and safe. 1. Inclusivity and a focus on the poor 2. System integration of service provision across technologies and along the full value chain of sanitation functions, from containment, conveyance, through complete treatment 3. Helping cities embrace new technologies 4. Taking risks and showcasing innovation 5. Rigorous measurement and learning 6. Flexibility and leveraged investments 7. Using convening power 8. Access to a strong and growing community of practice

5.2.3 HOUSING:

The availability of housing and household amenities and household assets in the different areas of Tiruchirappalli. The overall status of the quality of housing and household amenities and household assets of area is discussed below. High - In this category the areas that have index value higher than 0.60 had been considered as comparatively high or developed. The highest index value was found in Woriyur (0.83) closely followed by Cantonment (0.80), Annamalai Nagar (0.79) and Thillai Nagar (0.79). It is not surprising that all these were the high-income group areas of Tiruchirappalli. Basically, in these areas almost all houses had been built of pucca materials, and the households had electricity, toilet and drinking water facilities. The households were marked by big houses and small family size. The houses were also well connected to pucca roads and drainage system

Medium - In this category the index values of areas varied from 0.40 to 0.60. The areas that were found in this category were ranked first in this category closely followed by T.V. Koil (0.60); whereas, Srinivasa Nagar and Karumandapam ranked the lowest. Interestingly the index value of Srirangam was higher than that of Woriyur and Annamalai Nagar Areas and it is important

to mention here that while surveying these areas were considered as middle-income group areas.

Low - The lowest composite index value has been observed for Tharanallur (0.11). Both these areas were identified as slums of Tiruchirappalli and mostly inhabited by the labourers and daily wage workers. Housing condition of these areas were not satisfactory. Many of the households of these areas did not even have electricity, toilets and safe drinking water facilities. The family size was also found to be very large and there were not enough rooms to accommodate the family members. The residents were also facing severe problems of safe drinking water facility. Most of the households did not have the tap water connection; and were forced to fetch water far away from their houses. In general, poor and unsatisfactory urban living environment reflected in these areas, pointed unmistakingly towards very low urban development.

5.2.4 EDUCATION & OCCUPATION:

Relationship between Educational and Occupational Status of Heads of Households

As it was found that the levels of education in low-income group areas were very much lower than in the high-income group areas, it is necessary to examine the relationship between the educational level and occupational status of the heads of the households of the surveyed areas. For this purpose Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient has been utilized and the indicators are listed below.

The below table reveals that the coefficient of correlation between head of the household's education and agricultural and allied activities workers is negative (0-.339), but it is not so strong to say, that if a person is engaged in agricultural activity necessarily has lower level of education. The correlation coefficient between 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1.000 2 0.889 1.000 3 -0.339 -0.399 1.000 4 -0.966 -0.890 0.356 1.000 5 -0.415 -0.267 -0.087 0.027 1.000 6 0.571 0.765 -0.226 -0.538 -0.441 1.000 7 0.429 0.193 -0.213 -0.487 0.349 -0.131 1.000 8 -0.774 -0.722 0.329 0.696 0.164 -0.588 -0.328 1.000 9 0.541 0.650 -0.271 -0.512 -0.285 0.306 0.057 -0.315 1.000 10 0.305 0.404 -0.299 -0.326 0.078 0.220 0.116 -0.111 0.261 1.000

Figure 5. 9\ Correlation Matrix for Educational and Occupational Status of the Heads of Households Source\ the author

Where:

1. Percentage of heads of the households above matriculation level, 2. Percentage of spouses of heads of the households above matriculation level 3. Agriculture and allied activity

4. Daily wage workers (Labour in unorganized sector, Carpenter, Driver, Rickshaw Puller, Mechanic and Others), 5. Industrial workers in organised sector, 6. Engineers, Doctors, Managers, and other Class I job 7. Government job 8. Small shopkeepers. Vendors etc. 9. Businessman, Contractor, Consultancy, 10. Others

Education and 'daily wage workers is highly strong (-0.996) as well as negative. 't' test also indicates that this value is significant at 0.01 level. This supports the fact that most of the daily wage workers are engaged in that kind of job where education level does not matter.

5.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS:

5.3.1 REVENUE ENHANCEMENT:

5.3.1.1 PROPERTY TAX:

This section highlights the key issues and recommended interventions with respect to property tax which was discussed in the above section 3.5.4. While a substantial improvement in property tax is contingent upon implementation of ARV revision (due in 2003), there are other interventions that would enable effective property tax realisation.

• Revision of Annual rental Value (ARV) has fallen due in 2003. The revision is yet to be implemented. GOTN should implement the SFC recommendation of revision of property tax every three years, linked to inflation. This is will ensure gradual and stable increase, rather than the existing quinquennial revision.

• In 1998 when the ARV scheme for assessing property tax was introduced, the old assesses were allowed to pay taxes based on capital value with marginal increase, leading to distortions and non-uniform rates. All assesses should be taxed on the same basis through a uniform and transparent approach to property tax assessment. Existing anomalies need to be removed at the earliest.

• Survey of properties happens only when the ARV revision takes place. Apart from addition in properties without getting assessed, addition to area

in existing properties or conversion of property from residential to commercial category also goes unnoticed leading to revenue loss to Corporation Initiate a one-time survey to prepare a comprehensive database of properties available with it with updated information on the area / type and property tax details.

• Blanket Exemptions to institutions reduce the property tax potential. Exemptions from tax should be provided only to needy institutions. For example blanket exemption to educational institutions

5.3.1.2 PROFESSIONAL TAX:

The share of professional tax in TCC’s revenue has doubled over the last five years and is becoming an important revenue stream. It is also a visible revenue stream and hence collection efficiency (especially on current demand) has been more than 90%.

TCC should focus on widening its professional tax base by bringing more traders and independent professionals within the ambit of professional tax. Specifically, TCC should consider tapping into databases of potential professional tax assesses including

• Professional associations including Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), the Bar Council, Medical Council etc.

• Commercial Taxes Department, GoTN to get details of sales tax registrations (existing and new) within TCC.

5.3.1.3 USER CHARGES:

TCC has been fairly successful in progressively increasing user charges especially in the areas of water charges, which has grown at a CAGR of 14% over the last five years. With the commissioning of the new UGD system and proposed augmentation of the water supply system, User charges would need increased monitoring and follow-up given their potential to contribute to TCC’s revenue.

• Increase penetration of connections for water supply. Currently TCC has about 68,000 connections, which accounts for only 56% of the properties assessed. TCC should target achieving a total of 100,000 connections over the next five years.

• Providing water fountains only in areas with a predominantly low income population to minimise revenue loss to the corporation.

• Consider implementing user charges for door-to-door collection of Solid Waste.

• Adopt measures to improve collection efficiency. Overall collection efficiency at 55% needs to be improved. TCC should consider stiff penalties for non-payment of user charges. Specifically TCC should consider implementation of late payment fines and in case of extreme overdue situations, disconnecting supply.

5.3.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY:

TCC needs to take steps to address its power costs which have shown a steep increase over the last three years.

• TCC should conduct a comprehensive energy audit to identify areas for reducing power consumption and related costs.

• TCC should implement automatic time based dimmers on street light network and ensure that all pumps / motors are energy efficient.

• TCC indicated that leakages in its water supply network are in the region of 25-30%, as against a targeted level of 5-10%, which adds to overall cost of service delivery. A focused study is needed to assess the level of leakages and to recommend measures to minimise the same.

• GoTN should also consider a specific grant / capital subsidy scheme to incentivise energy conservation initiatives for not just TCC, but for all ULBs.

• CMA, GoTN and TNUDF should develop and implement minimum standards related to energy conservation including installation of energy efficient motors, right sized pumps etc.

5.3.3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:

The District Human Development Report of Tiruchirappalli district has made a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects of development activities and outcomes in the district keeping in line with Human Development indicators. The district performed better than the State in terms of the Per Capita Income in absolute terms. The GDDP from the years 2004-05 to 2011-12 showed an increasing trend in absolute terms for all the three sectors, viz., Primary, Secondary and Tertiary, while the share of Primary and Secondary sectors in the GDDP was continuously decreasing. Transformation of the economy is an indication of the development process, but the Primary and Secondary sectors should also be strengthened. The analysis of Tiruchirappalli‘s block rankings in terms of HDI, GII, CDI and MPI reveals that more urbanized regions have been able to perform better and were also better resource endowed than the other blocks in the district.

Overall, what can be said about the economy of Tiruchirappalli is that the bigpush initiated through large public sector investments have not been adequately supported by private initiatives and a large dose of private investment will surely lead to further the development process assisted by the already blossomed public sector industries, in and around Tiruchirappalli.

5.4 SWOT ANALYSIS:

Based on the city profiling and the datum collected, the strength, weakness, threat and opportunities are analysed in this section;

5.4.1

STRENGTH:

(1) Geography and Location:

• Tiruchirappalli presides at the nodal centre of the state and is in close proximity to major urban centres like Tanjore, Nagapattinam, Madurai, Kanyakumari, Bangalore which aids in ease of resource flow.

• The Kaveri Delta begins 16 kilometres west of the city where the Cauvery river divides into two streams the Cauvery and the Kollidam, forming the island of Srirangam, which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation.

• The topology of Tiruchirappalli is almost flat, with an average elevation of 88 metres. A few isolated hillocks rise above the surface, the highest of which is the Rockfort.

(2) Excellent Connectivity:

• Tiruchirappalli sits at the confluence of two major National Highways-NH 45 and NH 67.

• Tiruchirappalli has good rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India.

• The city is served by an International airport, it handles fivefold more international air traffic than domestic services, thus making it the only airport in India with this huge variation.

• Bus stops on all main roads.

• Private roads for the native.

• Scheduled Link roads and Separate Factory link roads.

(3) Adequacy in water supply:

• The city gets its drinking water supply from the Cauvery River and Kollidam River by the means of 11 headworks and the present pumping quantity is at 128 MLD which is sufficient for Tiruchirappalli City Corporation (TCC) to provide 135 lpcd of treated water supply for its residents as per the norms.

(4) Economy:

• Tiruchirappalli is a major engineering equipment manufacturing and fabrication hub.

• Trichy is the home to India's largest public sector engineering company, BHEL has extensive operations in Trichy with three functional plants.

Data Interpretation & Analysis

• The presence of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Golden Rock Railway Workshop, Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT) and a bunch of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city makes it the "Energy equipment and fabrication capital of India" and 'Boiler Capital of Tamil Nadu'.

• The Golden Rock Railway Workshop (Central Workshop) is one of the three mechanical railway workshops serving the southern zone of the Indian Railways.

• The city has a number of retail and wholesale markets - Gandhi Market, flower bazaar, mango market which also serves people from other parts of the district.

(5) Tourism:

• The city is the home of a lot of far-famed religious sites situated all over the city including the celebrated Srirangam Sri Ranganatha Temple, Samayapuram Mariamman Temple , Teppakulam , Lady of Lourdes Church, Uraiyur Vekkaliamman Temple , Thiruvanaikaval Jambukeshwara Temple, St John’s Church, Pannadibee Dargah , St Joseph's Church , Vayalur Murugan Temple , Begam Saiba Masjid , Chowk Maidan Masjid ,Srirangam Singaperumal Koil,Nathar Vali Darghah Masjidh and so on.

• Trichy does not shorten its list of popular tourist attractions just with religious sites but it extends a wide range of many other tourist options such as Ponnaniyaru Dam , Kallanai Upper Annaicut,Thalamalai Government Museum , Mukkombu picnic spot , Puliancholai picnic spot and a lot of other attractions.

• Trichy is a paradise for shopaholics with Singara Thope , NSB Road , Burma Bazaar in Teppakulam which houses countless small and big sales outlets where one can get anything to everything.

(6) Educational excellence and institutions:

• Tiruchirappalli has been recognised in India as an important educational centre since the time of British rule.

• The city always known for its excellence in school education, already boasts of an Indian Institute of Management (IIM), a National Institute of Design (NID), a National Law School (NLS), a National Institute of Technology (NIT) , Bharathidasan Institute of Management and Anna University of Technology .

• The National Research Centre for Banana (NRCB) was established at Tiruchirapallion the recommendation of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, to undertake basic and strategic research for developing technologies to enhance productivity and utilization of banana.

5.4.2 WEAKNESS:

(1) Congestion:

• The city witnesses congestion in the older parts , within the Rockfort, which is unplanned and hence affects tourists inflow.

• On-street parking is persistent on the major roads thus reducing the stipulated carrying capacity.

• Tiruchirappalli suffers from traffic congestion mainly because of its narrow roads and absence of an integrated bus station.

• Few dead ends • Few roads lacking street lights

• Traffic prone zones and lack of signal in few junctions.

• City pollution is slowly creeping into the area due to traffic.

(2)

Poor commercial spaces:

• Gandhi Market is an ancient market that currently has 680 permanent shops and over 246 pavement temporary shops spread over an area of about eight acres, attracting thousands of traders and consumers every day.

• The major issues in the market are Dilapidated shops, worsening sanitary conditions, poor amenities, indiscriminate and rampant encroachments and the perpetual traffic congestion make a visit to the market a harrowing experience.

• Every day about 230 two-wheelers and an average of 75 lorries passes through this region which is adding more congestion with availability of limited parking space at East Boulevard Road.

(3) Recreational area:

• The city has a very few sources of entertainment. Parks suffer from maintenance issues.

• Private park grounds can be found mostly deserted.

(4) Availability of land:

• Land availability within the corporation area is minimal. The ownership of these vacant land lies in the hands of private parties. Hence the development potential within the city is constrained.

(5) Socio-economic:

• 5-8% of economically weaker population.

• Political partialities between district borders.

• Dense Population lacks service for EWS.

(6) Streetscape:

• Few old structures not renovated.

• Extended factory land not in use

• Wastelands not maintained

• Tiny forest like areas not cleared.

• Destructed structures not cleared.

5.4.3 OPPORTUNITIES:

• The city is heading towards an IT-based development which would lift the economy.

• City's nodal location would serve better economic growth if the commercial space is organized and connected with all sub-nodes.

• Outsiders can make use of the scheduled link roads.

• Perfect circulation can be followed with proper signs

• Can possibly achieve 100% ecofriendly environment.

• Much appealing greenery and vegetation.

• Old structures shall be renovated.

• Increasing public toilets and sanitation

• Enclosing waste sheds.

• Developing link roads.

• More interaction between the open park grounds and residential areas

• Options for recreational activities to take place in park grounds.

• Existing landscapes can be worked upon.

5.4.4 THREATS:

• Disposal of solid waste and effluents into the Cauvery river would eventually destroy the river ecosystem and would have an adverse effect on health of the citizens.

• Lack of public open spaces, increase the suspended particulate concentration in the air.

• Congestion within the city and less tourist amenities deteriorates the tourism sector.

• Less flexible route as it uses state highway.

• Environmental impacts on road facing properties.

• Few roads without dividers resulting in accidents.

• Moderate cultural and religious discrimination

• Local norms affecting neighbourhood areas.

• Inability to align few road networks.

• Dense structures throughout the district.

• Industrial growth along with residential can be harmful to the surroundings.

• Demolishing landscapes to make space for more urban spaces.

6. NEEDS & PROBLEMS

6.1 NEEDS & PROBLEMS:

Based on the previous chapter – Data interpretation & analysis, the city will utilize the strengths and potentials for its development to make it more livable and sustainable. To improve livability in the city, Trichy will develop a sustainable model for urban transformation. The focus will be on improving prosperity, safety and equity for the citizens along with sustainable measures to regenerate the city as a whole.

6.1.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT:

• Due to the increasing population and the proportional waste generation, the availability of storage bins, vehicles and workers was inadequate.

• Poor maintenance of the vehicles during the transportation of MSW towards the dumping yard was practiced.

• At the dumping yard, serious health risks to the populace, trespassers and rag pickers were observed due to microbial pollution of air, soil and MSW.

• The service of private organizations was effective only in the areas where high-income earning people are residing.

• It is evident from the present study that rag-pickers remove the recyclable wastes from the solid wastes by rummaging.

• The number of covered community bins needs to be increased in each sector and placed at suitable locations with regular monitoring.

• As the vegetative/putrescent matter was considerable and the vermicomposting technology is indispensable, generation of revenue from the compost is also a distinct possibility.

6.1.2 SANITATION:

TOILET

Political challenges-

• Political interference in appointment of caretakers in TCC toilets.

• Local politicians pressurising TCC officers not to transfer ‘free-to-use’ toilets to ‘pay-and-use’ CMTs.

• Providing sanitation services to people living in unapproved slum communities – no community toilets have been built in these communities as this is considered illegal. In some cases, community toilets have been constructed nearby to these unapproved communities.

Administrative challenges-

• Delays in TCC decision making and frequent change of officials.

• Inadequate processes for TCC to monitor the growing number of CMTs.

• Getting the balance right between constructing new ISCs under the TNUDP and renovating abandoned TCC toilets.

Technological challenges-

• Introducing innovative and energy efficient technology in CMTs to save costs.

• Managing sewage and improving the open drainage system throughout the city to maximise health outcomes of CMTs.

• Shifting of focus from open defecation free areas to totally sanitised areas which would involve tackling problems of solid waste management and waste water.

Social challenges-

• Managing resistance from sweeper communities, whose livelihood opportunities with the TCC are being reduced by CMTs.

• Backward caste users are refusing to share community toilets with scheduled caste (SC) users.

• Drug addicts and dealers use community toilets as a base and frighten away people who want to use the toilet.

Financial challenges-

• High household connection fee for water and sewage (Rs. 9,000) preventing people in slum communities from having a private household toilet.

• Transferring of responsibility for sweeping streets around toilets from TCC to SHE teams.

• Financial viability of CMTs with less than 500 users per month.

In the past couple of years, Trichy has been facing water shortage during summer months. As a result, water-related expenses such as motor repair, hiring of private water tankers etc. go up during these months, making it financially difficult, particularly for those under the community-led model. Some SHE teams end up taking loans to tide over the deficit.

The existing CT/PT containment emptying service by TCC could be fine-tuned to prioritise those toilets with high frequency of containment getting filled. Simultaneously, actions should be undertaken to address CTs/PTs having improper or under-sized containment structures through retrofitting or alternative design options.

Maintaining the cleanliness of the CTs/PTs was yet another challenge across all toilets. Despite following a cleaning schedule, users leaving behind a dirty toilet and improper waste disposal results in clogging of toilets contributing to increase in maintenance cost. Incinerators to dispose of the sanitary napkins are available in a small number of CTs/PTs, although their usage/operation is less than optimal. Therefore, a pragmatic sanitary waste disposal mechanism is needed.

While record-keeping is mandated as per ULB rules, it was found to be not uniform across the CTs/PTs, making it difficult to track income and expenses. There are also larger questions raised about the financial viability of the community-led management model, especially where the average number of users is below 250. With the large number of toilets in the city built over different timeframes, periodic renovation or refurbishment is required. Currently, this is taking place in an ad-hoc manner but a more systematic approach is required so that sufficient funds are allocated through the ULB budget or alternative means.

6.1.3 SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE TOURISM:

Culture and heritage forms the backbone of Tiruchirappalli-TCC which showcases the uniqueness in the identity of the city.

1. Revival of religious tourism sites by undertaking beautification and improving their access roads.

2. Development of historic tourism circuit using public transportation by employing the citizens from backward sections of the society which will promote pro-poor tourism.

3. City beautification using landscaping and colour-schemes throughout the circuit.

4. Heritage cum Tourism promotion - Conserving the rich heritage of the temples and promoting religious tourism within the city would boost tourism led growth.

5. Improvement of accessibility to the tourist spots would further improve the tourism within the city.

6.1.4 ECONOMIC PROGRESS:

Economical progress paves the way for better-quality of life standards and infrastructure.

1. Emerge as the regional growth center by increasing its capacity to do business related to goods and services.

2. Establishment of Individual Growth Centre which would strengthen institutes to increase digital learning. Promote skill development programs to use latest technologies for improved work force.

3. Regularize unauthorized/ informal business through smart infrastructure and services.

4. Dynamic Economy – Inclusive growth of economy by providing opportunities to all sectors through skill development and improvised amenities.

5. Tiruchirapalli ’s strong industrial and commercial base attracts business from its surrounding areas. Vibrant economy in this area is obtained through provision

of amenities that would boost the economic development. This is obtained through retrofitting interventions in the core commercial centres.

6.1.5 MOBILITY:

Mobility is the heart of the city’s infrastructure and has a major role in shaping everyday life of the citizens.

1. Develop improved roads and junctions with traffic management system and traffic rule enforcement system.

2. Ensure ease of access to parking facilities at major nodes.

3. Strengthen city’s public transportation with ease of travel through improvised smart travel stations with real time information.

4. Adopt a new street design which is inclusive for all citizens from pedestrians to disabled.

5. The citizens of Trichy would have better access and connectivity to various places in a regional scale. This is achieved through technological solutions that support the existing transport network and also creates a breakthrough in the traditional mobility patterns

6.1.6 INFRASTRUCTURE:

Building smart infrastructure systems to provide 24x7 essential services at present without compromising over the needs in future. Robust infrastructure with the influx of ICT would improve the city’s basic infrastructure pattern and also reduce the carbon footprint.

1. Invest in smart infrastructure for providing affordable uninterrupted basic services to all the citizens

2. Incorporation of technology to improve the efficiency of services such as water supply, waste disposal etc.

3. Provide access to free Wi-Fi at public places to improve communication between the government and citizens.

4. Place for all – Incorporation of all citizens from different walks of life like slums, physically disabled and elderly.

6.1.7 HEALTHY AND CLEAN ENVIRONMENT:

Vibrant place making with healthy communities would elevate the city’s status on the grounds of livability.

1. Developing harmony with nature to boost citizen’s pride and belongingness.

2. Utilize the public spaces for retreats, gatherings and creating a vibrant place.

3. Enriching the waterfront development with landscaping so as to create a breathing buffer zone.

4. Reduction in pollution by using non-renewable energy sources.

5. Vibrant Communities - Communities are cleaner, greener, safer and accessible all the citizens hence improving the aesthetics of the city

6.1.8 SLUM DEVELOPMENT:

The necessary development plans for slums can be proposed. Prioritization of slums can be carried out to make government to start up development activities. Slum relocation studies can also be carried by studying the existing slums. These slum models make the system so sophisticated and, easier for the users to update the necessary features. It also provides facilities to identify the problems during the operation and to rectify the problem by obtaining all the require.

6.1.9 CITIZEN-CENTRIC CITY:

The city would transform as citizen-centric and people would feel a sense of identity and place.

6.2 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGY:

• TCC should moot development of a comprehensive Land Use Master Plan

• TCC should augment its own resources through PPPs developing remunerative projects. The practice of insisting on commitment through pre-construction deposits for remunerative projects is a good first step in this direction. However, it is necessary to encourage a deeper involvement of private sector (beyond financing) in the areas of design, development and operation of infrastructure. PPPs have been found to be very effective in addressing efficiency and asset management (through pre-defined service levels and accountability for operations and maintenance) aspects of infrastructure development.

• TCC should develop its proposed remunerative projects namely, a) slaughter house, b) bus stand, c) commercial complex d) Marriage Halls and e) Integrated market complex through private participation.

• TCC should actively encourage corporate / NGO partnerships for city beautification projects including bus stops, street lighting, parks

• TCC should consider implementation of pay-and-park zones in congested high traffic areas in the city.

• CMA, GoTN should develop a framework for PPP including specific policies and guidelines.

• TNUIFSL should provide comprehensive assistance covering necessary capacity building (in terms of evaluating mechanisms - BOT, SPV etc) and financing for developing projects through private sector participation.

7. RECOMMENDATION:

7.1

DESIGN RECOMMENDATION:

7.1.1 HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT:

• Creation of a Heritage Tourism Tour Circuit to enlighten tourists on the various hotspots available.

• Eco-Friendly mode to reach Rock fort and other tourist area.

• Provision of signage stating the historical significances of the site.

• Erection of Culture cum heritage centre at Purathana Park to emphasize the significance of various monuments within the city.

• Smart urban streetscaping of the historic tourism route.

• Creation of Cauvery River Promenade (River Front Development) around the famous Amma Mandapam Bathing Gates

• Urban Square - Public spaces and pedestrianisation around the temple tank area with facilities such as street furniture, LED lighting, fountains and landscaping.

• Religious Tourism Hub with Sign-posted Heritage Route through key sites to reveal hidden cultural identity.

• Setting up of Culture Centre at Puradhana Park to bring out the historical significance of Tiruchirappalli.

7.1.2 ECONOMY & INFRASTRUCTURE:

• Retrofitting interventions in the core commercial centres.

• Retrofitting the Gandhi Market

• Modernisation of the Gandhi wholesale market

• Separate Lorry loading & Unloading Bays

• Provision of separate bus bays

• Retrofitting Chatram Bus Stand with Commercial Spaces

• Modernised bus Shelters with Real Time Information.

• Creation of blue and green corridor will help in building sustainable and aesthetically pleasing urban environment, reducing disaster risks, managing storm water, stabilizing soil, recharging groundwater table and reducing the pollution levels in the city.

• Green infrastructure components like Bioswales, Pervious Paving, Rainwater

Harvesting Green streets will be incorporated as part of smart urban form.

• Leftover spaces to Public Places - Transform leftover spaces in the area into universally accessible Smart Hubs through Public Art, Graffiti, Urban Design

• Landscaping Thepakullam with fountains on the sides of the pond and setting up laser shows.

• Pay-and-park zones

• Restoration of Parks and Open Spaces with hosting cultural fest.

• Individual Growth centre

7.1.3 MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY:

• Technological solutions that support the existing transport network and also creates a breakthrough in the traditional mobility patterns.

• Excellent connectivity of roads and footpaths with mixed use spaces

• Intelligent traffic management including traffic calming measures, traffic safety

• Improvement of pedestrian infrastructure viz. pavement quality, roads/ street scape etc.

• Increased connectivity & accessibility by interlinking all modes of transport in the city through people -friendly streets.

• Pedestrianisation in the most congested and narrow streets of the fragile heritage zone around Rock Fort

• Enhancing Chatram Bus Stand with modern facilities and parking,

• Multilevel car parks at Trichy club house serving Rock Fort, Purathana Park and two wheeler parking ar the Gandhi Market Area.

• Reinventing several parks/open spaces.

• Creating footpaths around Thepakullam.

• On-Street Parking above canal at Thillai Nagar North with parking sensors

• Mono rail/ metro connecting important part of the city.

• Integrated bus terminal in Mannarpuram

• Restoration of parks and open spaces.

7.1.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT:

• Storm water Management.

➢ 100% Coverage of Storm Drains

➢ Efficient Contour based design integrated with canals. ➢ Reuse of storm water. ➢ Rain water harvesting system in all the buildings. ➢ Decentralized wastewater treatment system.

➢ Underground Drainage.

➢ Sewage Treatment plant.

• Solid Waste Management

➢ Relocation of Ariyamangalam dump yard

7.1.5 URBAN SERVICES:

• 100% coverage of well-maintained street lighting facilities with energy efficient technology

• 100% coverage of basic facilities with respect to water supply, sewerage, SWD, SWM and roads

• Improved area under green open spaces.

7.1.6 CITIZEN-CENTRIC CITY:

• Redesigning street patterns with differently-abled friendly

• Provision of LED Displays and signage.

• Development of a comprehensive Land Use Master Plan

• Integrated market complex

• Relocation & Development plan for slums

7.2 SITE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Based on priority, the site for proposal is recommended. The selected site is located on the core of the Tiruchirapalli corporation.

The total area of the site is about 7 sq.km which is 4.2% of the total area of the city. The approximate population on the site is 1.72 lakhs which is 18.8% of the city’s total population.

Figure 7. 1\ Selected site area in Trichy City Corporation

The important areas on the sites include:

• Rockfort

• Gandhi market

• Thillai nagar

• Woraiyur

• Thennur

• River cauvery

• Thepakulam

• Chatram bus stand

• Natharvali Durgah mosque

• Our lady of Loudes church

• Rani Mangammal church

• Amma mandapam

Figure 7. 3\ Site boundary & Features

Figure 7. 2\ Site Boundary & Connectivity

8. CONCLUSION

8. CONCLUSION:

This study sought to understand the process by which urban area has been transformed. The research adopted a chronological perspective that traces different eras of regeneration over time. It was useful to think in terms of sequences of regeneration stages and examine their context and the major developments that took place over that period of time.

The research of urban regeneration has identified three major distinctive eras of transformation as discussed earlier. These eras of regeneration reflect the complexity of the numerous processes that drive the physical, social and economic change of the urban. Although the city was able to certain degree to control the process of urban regeneration through urban governance and the adoption of a number of key strategies and policies such as the SRF and SIF, these eras of regeneration, however, were driven largely by global and national economic trends and policies that were often beyond the city’s ability to control.

This study also reveals the need to repair the area’s infrastructure, conserve it built heritage and prepare it for private investment. The city has realised that it cannot sustain its future urban growth without offering more inducement for private investment. The city has become less the result of design and more expression of economic and social trends. In general, the complexity of urban regeneration issues throughout the transformation of Trichy demonstrated that no single authority can control the form of the emergent urban landscape whereas what defines it is a mixture of bureaucracy and market forces.

This research does not call for certain models of urban regeneration to be followed, rather, it strongly argues to ensure an inclusive and a complex process of urban transformation based on urban design agenda and public-private partnerships. The complexity and the inclusiveness of the process of regeneration is a key in gaining positive outcomes and securing distinctive, genuine and imaginative urban identity. The study concludes by various design recommendations based on the interpretation and analysis of data through various data. The priority of the city’s area is concluded and implementation of design recommendations based on the needs and problems of the city Trichy in its own way tends to react with the design by social interference on economic, social and environmental conditions.

Finally, the process of urban transformation is everlasting; cities are dynamic and they need to evolve and change through the time in order to secure their urban growth. “nothing is immune from either the external forces that dictate the need to adapt or internal pressures that are present within urban areas and which can precipitate growth or decline”.

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APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION-1

General Observation:

1. Ward number: 2. Name of colony: 3. Type of income group: a. Very high b. High c. Medium d. Low 4. Type of housing: a. New b. Old c. Planned d. Mixed e. Unplanned f. private g. Government h. Authorized i. Jhuggi j. Industrial

5. Open spaces/Green space in the area: a. Yes b. Vacant land c. No 6. Mohalla is in : a. Muslim dominating area b. Hindu dominating area c. Mixed dominating area

7. General environment:

I. Clean a. Yes b. No II. Overcrowding a. Yes b. No III. Road facilities a. Kachcha b. Pucca c. both IV. Water facilities a. Yes b. No If yes: a. private b. public

8. Drainage in the Ward. a. Exists b. Does not Exists 9. If exist, in which type of drainage: a. Open b. Closed

10. Water logging conditions in the Ward: a. Yes b. No If yes a. Rainwater only b. Waste Water c. both

11. Garbage in the Ward: a. Spread everywhere b. Not seen

12. If Spread everywhere: a. In huge quantity b. In small quantity c. Negligible

13. Solid Waste Collection a. Bins b. Allotted open space c. Nearby place

Profile of the Respondent:

1. Name of the Respondent :

2. Age (yrs)a. 15-24 b. 25-34 c. 35-44 d. 45 & above

3. Sexa. Male b. Female c. Other

4. Religiousa. Hindu b. Muslim c. Christian d. Others

5. Castea. FC b. BC c. MBC d. SC e. ST

6. Educational status of the Respondenta. Educated b. Uneducated

7. If educated , a. Primary / middle b. High school c. Intermediate d. Graduate e. Post graduate f. Professional g. other

8. Occupational Structure of the Respondenta. Housewife b. Service c. Business d. Labour e. Other

9. Monthly income of the Respondenta. Below 3,000 b. 3,001 – 5,000 c. 5,001 – 10,000 d. 10,000 – 20,000 e. 20,000 – 30,000 f. Above 30,000 e. no income

10. Marital status a. Married b. Un married

11. Status of the familya. joint b. nuclear

12. No. of families living in the house? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. >3

13. Total no of persons in the. house? a. <5-5 b. 6-9 c. 10-14 d. 15 & >15

14. No. of the persons in respondent family a. < Or 3 b. 4 – 6 c. 7 – 9 d. 10 & >10

14. No. of children in Respondent family.

S.no Age Sex Educated Working / Not

AIR QUALITY:

1. How do you feel about air quality of your locality?

2. Is there frequent exchange of fresh air in your locality?

3. Do you sense odor or eye irritation, or suffocation etc. due to air pollution?

4. If yes, in which season and during which period of day this feeling is stronger?

5. How do you feel about air quality inside your home? 6. Is there suffocation in your home?

7. If yes, is it due to fuel or lack of good ventilation?

8. How do you rate ventilation in your home?

9. What type of fuel do you use for cooking, heating water and warming house (in winter)?

CROWD AND CONGESTION: 10. Do you feel that your locality is congested? 11. Do you feel that there are living more people in your locality than there should be?

12. Is ventilation in houses of your locality affected by congestion (closeness of houses)? 13. Is exchange of fresh air is restricted by the congested in your locality?

14. When you come out of your home, how do you feel in your locality due to congestion, population density, traffic etc?

NOISE AND TRAFFIC:

15. How strongly do you feel about noise pollution in your locality? 16. Is it more irritating in day or in night?

17. In your opinion, what is the major source of this annoying/irritating or unbearable noise?

WATER SUPPLY AND ITS QUALITY:

18. Sources of water supply for domestic and drinking purpose in your home? a. Piped b. Hand pumps c. Tube wells d. Public hydrants e. Wells f. Rivers g. Tanks h. Canal 19. Are you satisfied with the volume of water you receive? 20. Are you satisfied with the period of running water supply?

21. Satisfaction level with the period and amount of water supply during a. Winter b. Summer c. Monsoon 22. Are you satisfied with the quality of water in terms of taste, odour, colour and as perceived cause of disease? 23. Are you satisfied with the quality of water during monsoon?

SOLID

WASTE AND WATER STAGNATION:

24. How do you dispose off your household garbage?

a. Dump on the road b. Dump on the space

c. Collected by municipal worker d. Disposed in garbage bins provided by municipality

25. How much are you satisfied with the method of garbage or house hold waste disposal in your locality?

26. In how many days in the month the garbage/household waste is disposed off in your locality?

27. Are you satisfied with the frequency of garbage disposal by municipal workers from your locality?

28. What is mode of excreta disposal in your household?

a. Defecation in open space b. Defecation on the side of the road

c. Discharge into the drains d. Service latrine e. Septic tanks f. Sewer line 29. Are you satisfied with the excreta disposal system in your locality? 30. Is there water pooling or water stagnation during in your locality? 31. Are drains and Nullahs in your locality Pucca or Kachcha? 32. Does waste water and sludge overflow from the drains etc? 33. Do you experience flooding of your home?

I. If yes, then how many days in a year? 34. Are you satisfied with the drainage system of your locality? 35. Are drained etc. of your locality are frequently cleaned, disinfected and dechocked? 36. How strongly are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the care taken of the drainage system of your locality by the municipal worker?

AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRICITY: 44. How many hours you receive electricity? 45. Are you satisfied with this situation? 46. How strongly do you feel above electric supply in your locality?

48. How strongly are you satisfied/dissatisfied with the street and road electrification in your locality?

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION:

50. What environmental situation /condition/object including relations with neighbours is most attractive to you in your locality?

51. What environmental situation/object including relations with neighbours is most repulsive to you in your locality?

52. As a whole, are you satisfied with the environment of your locality? 53. To what degree you are satisfied with the environmental quality (taking into consideration waste disposal, water supply, parks, greenery, drainage, noise, air, aesthetic etc)?

AIR QUALITY:

1. If you feel that air of in your locality is polluted/not clean, how to improve or avoid it?

a. To resettle in other cleaner other locality.

b. To restrict vehicular transport in your locality.

c. To relocate the major source of air pollution (factory/karkhana etc). d. To decongest your locality.

e. To minimize use of wood and other organic fuel. f. Open blind alleys; widen roads/ lanes for frequent exchange of fresh air.

g. To plant trees and provide open spaces.

h. Any other suggestion.

CROWD AND CONGESTION:

2. If you feel that your locality is too crowded and congested to live, how to improve it?

a. To ban number of stories of houses /apartments to two.

b. To decongest and de-crowd the locality a number of houses be demolished and households be rehabilitated in suitable and wholesome areas in or on the periphery of the city.

c. Shops should be moved to the existing market or a new market complex be developed near the locality.

d. The houses should not be partitioned or given on rent.

e. Migration to the city is stopped till housing demand is met.

f. Squatters and Jhuggi/jhopris be removed and their residents he given livable accommodation.

g. People living in the locality due to the proximity of workplace should be accommodated away from the city is nearby small houses with guaranteed cheap transportation with satisfactory frequency for commuting.

h. Any other suggestion.

NOISE AND TRAFFIC:

3. If you are not satisfied with the noisy environment and traffic chaos or problem in your locality how to improve it.

a. Noise pollution law should be effectively be effected and frequency of vehicular traffic be regulated.

b. Vehicular traffic should not be allowed in the residential areas.

c. There should be parking lots for near the residential areas for private vehicles (cars/buses etc)

d. Road be broaden and traffic be regulated.

e. No factory /karkhana be allowed to be located in the locality and the existing factories/karkhana he located some type of industrial estate away from the residential areas.

f. There should be effective ban on the use of loudspeaker, high volume music in house, restaurants etc.

g. Houses should have acoustic screens to reduce outside noise, if it is a solution according to house type.

h. Any other suggestion.

WATER SUPPLY AND ITS QUALITY:

4. If you are not satisfied with the water supply and its quality, do you propose?

a. The municipal water supply should be increased and water should be thoroughly treated at source before supply.

b. Sewar lines and water supply lines should not be closed and criss crossed.

c. All the households should be given connection for municipal water supply.

d. Rainwater should be harvested at community level and be used after treatment for biotic and abiotic pollutants.

e. Local community should be allowed to maintain its own water supply by developing ground or surface.

f. Storm runoff be tapped in tanks, cleaned, treated and be used for non-consuming uses.

g. Any other suggestion.

SOLID WASTE AND WATER STAGNATION:

5. If you are not fully satisfied with the solid waste management in your locality, do you propose?

a. Local community should hire workers or make a cooperating working team to collect, sort and dispose off solid waste in a land fill or a vacant place away from the residential areas.

b. Above work should be taken seriously by municipality itself and members of the community should supervise it.

c. Individual households should do it themselves or hire someone to do for them.

d. All the houses should covered by sewer network for excreta disposal

e. House should build flush toilets bear cost of connecting it with the main sewer lines.

f. There should be separate community toilets, for men and women in the local community and it connected with the sewer line

g. Individual households should take care of the open drains to dechoke them, to clean them and disinfect them along the length of their houses themselves or by housing someone to do it for them.

h. This work should be organised on the community level on the cooperative basis.

i. The municipality should take stringent measures for cleaning and dechoking the open drains.

j. The water stagnated due to waste water it accumulation of rainwater should be prevented by leveling depressions, and widening drains open/underground.

k. The improvement of drainage system and leelling of depression should be carried out each households in the length of its house.

l. The work should be organized and supervised by the local community to its satisfaction.

GREEN AND OPEN SPACE:

6. If you are not satisfied with the level of greenery do you suggest that your locality should have a. A garden b. A park c. A grove d. An area planted by trees *if your answer in a to d and there in no land for their in your locality how far it should be situated from the centre of your locality e. trees along roads in your locality f. Each house should have at least one tree in its premise.

7. If you are not satisfied with the open space in your locality do you suggest your locality should have a. Play ground b. stadium c. open chowpal d. A ground for community meeting and other socio- political and cultural function e. A swimming pool f. A clean pond /small lake

8. If land is not available for any of your preferences, how far would you like your preference should be located from the centre of your locality? If your opinion which one of the facilities/utilities is most needed in your locality? a. Garden b. Park c. Stadium d. Playground e. Community Meeting Place f. Community Bathroom g. Swimming Pool h. H.Pond Or Lake i. Cinema Hall j. Health Club

k. Akhara (Wrestling Enclosure) l. Dispensary m. Hospital