BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA CAMPUS
SUBMITTED TO:
THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE BIT PATNA
DISSERTATION ON
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN SHOPPING MALL
PRESENTED BY:
SUMIT KUMAR JHA B.ARCH/15006/14
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN SHOPPING MALL 1. INTRODUCTION Fire is one of the greatest risks faced by the shopping mall. It may happen at any time, and the effects can be lethal and devastating. There are numerous examples of fires in shopping malls causing extreme damage and even total loss of major buildings. Fires can result from spontaneous, unpredictable events but also through carelessness, criminal intent, neglect, or a lack of awareness and vigilance. Fire safety can easily be compromised by poor management. We must continue to promote a strong fire safety culture throughout the shopping mall.
2. AIM The aim of this dissertation is to study about the fire safety management of shopping mall.
3. OBJECTIVES •
To identify the causes that result in shopping malls setting blaze.
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To study methods of preventing fire in a shopping mall.
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To study methods of controlling fire, if as and when a shopping mall is set ablaze.
4. SCOPE This part of study focus on the requirements for fire prevention, life safety in relation to fire and fire protection of buildings. The Code specifies construction, occupancy and protection features that are necessary to minimize danger to life and property from fire.
5. PURPOSE • •
To prevent accidental or wilful fires from starting within shopping malls. To ensure the safety and wellbeing of all staff, administrator and visitors who are on shopping malls in event of a fire. To minimise damage to shopping malls property in the event of fire, as far as possible without endangering lives.
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6. LIMITATION • •
Limited to basic combustion process & its mechanism not in chemical combustion. Limited to fire protection/ fire safety management in shopping mall.
7. METHODOLOGY • •
Literature study from standard & journal. Internet based case study on fire protection in shopping mall.
BUILDING FIRE HAZARDS Some of these disastrous fires during the last few years like Fire in Winter Cherry shopping centre of Kemerovo city, Siberia (Mar 26, 2018) • Deaths of 64 people in the fire at the Kemerovo shopping centre. • Fire started in one of the cinema halls. • Destroyed more than 1,000 square metres of the centre. • According to news reports, the alarm system did not work and some fire exits were blocked. Television footage showed people trying to break down jammed emergency exits and some jumping out of windows . • Around 120 people had been evacuated from the burning centre. Fire in NCCC Mall of Davao city, Philippines (Dec 23, 2017) • At least 37 people died of suffocation. • Blaze started at the furniture store located in the shopping centre's 3RD floor. • mall's automatic fire suppression system did not function in the third and fourth floors as the valves of the fire sprinkler system were closed. • fire alarm system at the SSI office was defective. • Fire marshal said that the mall had insufficient ventilation and that all the emergency exits in the mall were operational, except for the one in the 4 TH floor. Fire • • • • •
in GV Mall of Boring road, Patna (20 May , 2017) No one was present inside the mall ensuring no casualty or injury to anyone. Fire breaking at the ground floor of the mall due to short circuit. Building had insufficient fire safety equipment installed inside. Crore as nothing could be saved and the building was destroyed too. 30 shops of which none could be saved as the flames spread out to all the five floors of the building very quickly.
source https://www.npr.or g/sections/thetwoway/2018/03/26/59 6921954/hvdh09e.ht ml
Source http://www.china daily.com.cn /a/201712/24/WS5 a3f0e82a31008cf16 da31cc.html
Sourcehttps://timesofindi a.indiatimes.com/c ity/patna//articles how/58759721.cms
LITERATURE STUDY INTRODUCTION FIRE /COMBUSTION PROCESS Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion – a special type of chemical reaction. It occurs between oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel. TRIANGLE OF FIRE The fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature for combustion to occur. The reaction will keep going as long as there is enough heat, fuel and oxygen. This is known as the fire triangle.
Fig 1 - Fire triangle
Fig 2 – cooling
FIRE EXTINCTION METHOD •
Cooling the fuel by removing heat (e.g., by applying water).
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Smothering by cutting off oxygen supply (e.g., by applying foam, carbon dioxide).
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Starving the fire by removing the fuel.(e.g., stopping gas flow during a pipeline fire).
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Inhibition by stopping the chain reaction.(e.g., by applying dry chemical powder).
Fig 3 - smothering
Fig 4 - inhibition
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES On the basis of the type of fuel, fires are classified into the following :• Class A • Class B • Class C • Class D • Class K
FIRE EXTINGUISHER Water extinguisher • Water removes heat and extinguish the fire. • Water must not be used on fires involving live electrical equipment.
Classification of fires
Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher • CO2 extinguishers are mainly used for Class B and C fires. • CO2 extinguish the fire by displacing oxygen in the surrounding air. • CO2 is not suitable for fires involving metals. • It’s principal advantage is that it does not leave any residue. • Can be used on electrical/electronic equipment.
Water extinguisher
CO2 Extinguisher
AFF Foam Type Extinguishers • It has a blanketing effect excluding oxygen from the surface of the fuel as it spreads on the fuel. • Prevents vapour formation from the surface of the burning liquid. Dry Chemical Powder(DCP) Extinguisher • DCP extinguishers puts out fire by coating the fuel surface with chemical powder. • This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air and prevent vapour formation. • chemicals used in DCP extinguishers are sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. Special Dry Powder Extinguisher • Special extinguishing agents are used for extinguishing metallic fires. • Dry powders extinguish the fire by forming a crust on metal surface excluding air and also absorbs heat from the metal surface. • E.g., Blended sodium chloride based dry powder, ternary eutectic chloride(TEC) powder, graphite etc. AFF foam extinguisher
DCP Extinguisher
BUILDING FIRE HAZARDS • • • • • •
Some of these disastrous fires during the last few centuries like: The Great Fire of London in 1666, Great Fire of New Orleans in 1788, The Great Bombay Fire in 1803, The Great New York Fire in 1835, Sansfransico Fire in 1851, Chicago Fire in Oct . 1871. etc.,
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The susceptibility of buildings to fire depends on several factors like: Type and size of building method of construction combustibility of materials of construction the type of occupancy age of the building degree of fire resistance the type of building services fire load of the building fire protection arrangements of the building,
fire hazards in buildings it is common to divide these hazards into: (i) Internal hazards- which arise inside the building and which concern the safety of the occupants and which concerns the safety of the structure and the contents; and (ii) External hazards - which arise as a result of fires in surrounding property
The Great Fire of London in 1666
Chicago Fire in Oct . 1871
Sansfransico Fire in 1851
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION AFP is an integral part of fire protection. It is characterised by items and/or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work. 1. Fire suppression • Fire can be controlled or extinguished, either manually or automatically. • Manual - fire extinguisher or a Standpipe system. • Automatic - fire sprinkler system, a gaseous clean agent, or fire fighting foam system. 2. Sprinkler systems • installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential. • located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source • A typical sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a glass component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head. 3. Fire detection • Fire is detected either by locating the smoke, flame or heat, and an alarm is sounded to enable emergency evacuation. 4. Hypoxic air fire prevention • Fire can be prevented by hypoxic air, also known as oxygen reduction systems. • automatic fire prevention systems that reduce permanently the oxygen concentration inside the protected volumes so that ignition or fire spreading cannot occur. • At lower altitudes hypoxic air is safe to breathe for healthy individuals.
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) PFP is an integral component of the structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fireresistant walls, floors, and doors. Different types of materials are employed in the design and construction of systems for passive fire protection are • Fire-resistance rated walls • Fire-resistant glass using multi-layer intumescent technology • Fire-resistance rated floors • Occupancy separations • Closures • Fire stops • Grease ducts • Cable coating • Spray fireproofing • Fireproofing cladding • Enclosures
Elements of fire safety management in shopping mall
NBC REGULATIONS CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS • Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and passageways shall be not less than 2.4 m. • All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be adequately ventilated. • Internal staircase minimum width shall be 2.0m in all group F building. Pressurization of Staircases protected escape routes against ingress of smoke, especially in high-rise buildings. • air is injected into the staircases, lobbies or corridors, to raise their pressure slightly above the pressure in adjacent parts of the building. • As a result, ingress of smoke or toxic gases into the escape routes will be prevented. The pressurization of staircases shall be adopted for high rise buildings and building having mixed occupancy/ multiplexes having covered area more than 500 m2. ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS Exits shall be so located that the travel, distance on the floor shall not exceed the distance of 30m. In case of all mercantile building. NOTE:For fully sprinklered building, the travel distance may be increased by 50 percent of the values specified. EXTERNAL STAIRS External stairs, when provided shall comply the following: • External stairs shall always be kept in sound operable conditions. • All external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.
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The external stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials. No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater than 45° from the horizontal. External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm wide with 250 mm treads and risers not more than 190 mm. The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight. Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000 mm and not exceeding 1200 mm. There shall be provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm. spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building not exceeding 9 m in height. A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1500 mm in diameter
HORIZONTAL EXITS For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors, The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings. a) For floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m — One refuge area on the floor immediately above 24 m. b) For floors above 39 m — One refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 m and so on after every 15 m. Refuge area provided in excess of the requirements shall be counted towards FAR. Where there is a difference in level between connected areas for horizontal exits, ramps, not more than 1 in 10 m slope shall be provided; steps shall not be used. Doors in horizontal exits shall be openable at all times from both sides.
LIFE SAFETY General Exit Requirements • Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits. • Every exit, exit access or exit discharge shall be continuously maintained free of all obstructions. • Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach the exits shall be clearly marked and signs posted to guide the occupants of the floor concerned. • Fire doors with 2 hours fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route. • An exit may be a doorway; corridor passageway to an internal staircase, or external staircase or horizontal landing.
Group F - Mercantile Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail. Mercantile buildings shall be further sub-divided As follows: • Sub-division F-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area up to 500 sq m. • Sub-division F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area more than 500 sq m. • Sub-division F-3 Underground shopping centres.
Fire Zone No. 1 — This shall comprise areas having residential (Group A), educational (Group B), institutional (Group C), and assembly (Group D), small business (Subdivisions E-1 ) and retail mercantile (Group F) buildings, or mess which are under development for such occupancies. Restrictions on the Type of Construction for New Buildings. Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall conform to construction of Type 1, 2, 3 or 4. For buildings 15 m in height or above noncombustible materials should be used for construction and other material of construction with minimum of 2 h rating. A high rise building during construction shall be provided with the following fire protection measures, which shall be maintained in good working condition at all the times: a. Dry riser of minimum 100 mm diameter pipe with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed with a fire service inlet to boost the water in the dry riser and maintenance should be as per the requirements laid down in good practice. b. Drums tilled with water of 2000 litres capacity with two fire buckets on each floor; and c. A water storage tank of minimum 20000 litres capacity, which may be used for other construction purposes also.
Note 1. 2. 4. 10. 11.
Buildings above15m in height not to be permitted for occupancies A-1 and A-2. Required to be installed in basement if area of basement exceeds 200 sq. m.. Additional value given in parenthesis shall be added if basement area exceeds 200 sq.m. To be installed in entire building. To be installed in all floor sat appropriate places and in consultation with local fire authorities.
ming to banglore' The (&,))) m CASE STUDY
ON FORUM MALL, BANGLORE
INTRODUCTION
The Forum is a popular shopping mall located on Hosur Road in Koramangalam, Bangalore, Karnataka, The Forum was Bangalore's first full-fledged mall with a multi-story book store, 12 cinema halls and other entertainment facilities. The mall is popular among the youth in Bangalore. The shopping mall houses 72,000 m2 (780,000 sq ft) of shops over five levels.
FACILITIES • • • • • •
The Forum houses a multiplex, PVR, with 11 screens It has 9 restaurants and 65 world class shopping centre. The size of the shop varies from 400 sqft to 1000 sqft . Land mark owns the biggest shop of an area of 40000sqft. There are 3 atriums to ensure good natural lighting inside the building. It has 12 escalators and 6 stair cases.
ps over !ve levels' . e mall is the BUILDING FACTS
Period of contractions-it is constructed in 2002 Architect and builder – Thomas associates Extent of site and building – 3.25 acres of land. Estimate - 500cores Land use – land is used only for parking and shopping mall. Structural engineer- Larsen & turbo construction.
MATERIALS • • •
Materials used for construction is steel,glass,concrete. The facing material of this building is aluminium composite panels & glass. Glass and steel have been used extensively inside the building.
FIRE SAFETY • • • • •
The complex has 8 wet riser shafts to fight fire in case of emergency. Automatic water sprinklers are provided in the parking area and are attached to fire detectors. Extinguishers are provided all over the building. It also has fire detectors all over the building. It has fire escapes that directly leads outside the building.
CONCLUSION •
From the above study it can be concluded that fire safety is of utmost important and should be considered while planning and designing of any type of building.
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Fire safety provisions should be as per the NBC rules.
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There is a need to develop consciousness among owners, architects, engineers and users that, there is genuine because for concern about the prevailing situation in legislation regarding fire prevention.
REFERENCE •
http://www.iitb.ac.in/safety/sites/default/files/Fire%20Safety_0.pdf
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http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/F05.pdf
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https://www.libertyonesteel.com/media/1920/fireguide_shopping0601.pdf
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National Building Code- 2005
THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY:
SUMIT KUMAR JHA B.ARCH/15006/14