Square One by Arabellah

SQUARE ONE STUDIO 6: CITY WITHIN A CITY Ar abella Hamilton | 2021

C O N T E N T S PA G E

E X P L O R AT I O N

THE ARCHITECTUR E

THE LANDSCAPING

T R A N S F O R M AT I O N O F O R I G I N A L B U I L D I N G S

101

T H E F I N E R D E TA I L S

129

THE NEXT PHASE

139

R EFER ENCES

144

Square One is designed to minimize the current gap in the market which sees people who are looking for longer than short-term accommodation but cannot afford the stabilit y of home ownership and therefore forced to stay in the rental market. The demographics of the 3000 residents is anyone from students who want to live in a share house, to multi-generational families, single-parent families and retirees. The architecture has been designed so that there are both private, communal and public spaces throughout each of the buildings as well as across the entire precinct. Each of the private dwellings cater for each of the demographics yet they can still be easily adaptable and flexible. The communal and public spaces will a l l o w f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s t o g a t h e r a n d c o m e t o g e t h e r. The precinct will have all the required resources and essentials a normal cit y would have. This will achieve a cit y within a cit y that is affordable without it lacking a n y o f t h e a m e n i t i e s o r c o n v e n i e n c e s o f a b i g g e r c i t y.

E X P L O R A T I O N

S I T E P H O T O O F B H P S T E E LW O R K S

THE

SITE

T h e M a y f i e l d N o r t h s i t e , l o c a t e d o n Aw a b a k a l l a nd , w a s the former Broken Hi l l Propr i eta r y Company Limited (BHP) Steelworks site before its closure in 1999. The site is one of historic a l signif ic ance to both Ne wc a stle and greater Austral ia as it was home to one o f A u s t r a l i a ’s b i g g e s t c o m p a n i e s , p r o d u c i n g our biggest exports and in the 1920s was the largest producer of steel and iron ore in the Southern Hemisphere. The steelworks opened in 1915, having originally been located in Broken Hill where the company was founded. The key significant buildings that remain on site are the Administration Building and The Rolling Shed. The site is prone to flooding and has recently undergone remediation. These have been considered in the design of the site.

COMMUNITY Community is about the central communal and public spaces we have created both in the residential buildings and other s e r v i c e s b u i l d i n g s i n t h e c i t y. Th e s e can be used by residents of the cit y and those from outside the cit y visiting.

DEGRO

Degrowth is a planned and resources used a inequalit y and improv

OWTH

d reduction of energ y nd is about reducing ving human wellbeing.

S PAT I A L J U S T I C E S p at i a l Ju s t i ce i nv o l v e s “t h e f a i r a n d equitable distribution in space of socially valued resources and opportunities to use them” (Soja 2009). Spatial Justice takes the rules of social justice and applies it to g e o g r a p hy. Th e f a i r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a c c e s s , resources, and privileges. Space cannot be separated fromhow we experience the world.

IDEAS

M AT R I X

THE

DEMOGRAPHICS

The gap in the market is that there is no accommodation that is longer than crisis accommodation and there is limited housing for those that cannot afford to buy or rent in the c u r r e n t h o u s i n g m a r k e t i n N e w c a s t l e . Pe o p l e who may need this housing are people who need to quickly get out of unsafe circumstances at home, people who want to move to Austral ia b u t w o u l d n ’t n e c e s s a r i l y b e a b l e t o a f f o r d t o buy or rent and for those who cannot afford to buy or rent in the current markets. The housing is suited for a mixture of families, single-parent families, multi-generational families, share housing, singles and couples.

3 x 5 PERSON M U LT I - G E N FA M I L I E S

4 x 4 PERSON FA M I L I E S

1 x 4 PERSON SHARE

3 x COUPLES

2 x SINGLE PA R E N T FA M I L I E S

4 x SINGLES

THE

ARCHITECTUR E

A number of precedents were studied in the process of designing Square One. Modular square form, a timber scaffold l ike s t r u c t u re f o r t h e e x te r i o r, l a r g e a n d s m a l l open spaces between each of the individual apartments and wide balconies were some of the key design features implemented. These p r e c e d e n t s a r e , M a r s A r c h i t e c t s ’ Wo o d e n A p a r t m e n t B l o c k , W M A’s C a n a d a S q a u r e P a v i l l i o n a n d C h r i s P r e c h t ’s Va n k e P a v i l i o n .

CONCEPT DIAGRA M 1

CONCEPT DIAGRA M 2

CLUS T ER

MODEL 23

CRACKED BUILDING CONCEPT DIAGRA M 3

THE

ARCHITECTUR E

6 main ideas and principles have influenced the design of the architecture and landscaping of the site. These ideas are Commoning, C o m m u n i t y, D e g r o w t h , Mo d u l a r, S p a t i a l Justi ce a nd Pr i vac y Grad i ent s. A l l these i de a s have ensured that each apartment only has the essentials which the users need day to d a y. W h i l s t s p a c e s s u c h a s t h e l a u n d r y, d r y i n g room, circulation spaces, BBQ Areas and other areas can be shared by ever yone in the building. The buildings have been designed to have the apartments all separated with circulation and communal spaces in between. These spaces are then connected to a balcony which surrounds the entire building. This creates an open feel throughout the building also allowing light to filtrate through the levels. The ground floor space is open to the landscaped areas with relaxed and flexible communal spaces.

T H E P HYSI CA L M O D EL M A D E FROM MDF & PLASTER 31

CLUS T ER 32

BUILDINGS

SECTION

PUBLIC

S PA C E S

The public spaces can be used by both re s i d e n t s a n d v i s i to r s to t h e c i t y. Th e s e s p a c e s are scattered on the ground levels of the residential buildings, in the Administration Building, in the Rolling Shed and throughout the landscaped gardens. These spaces include car parking, cafes and restaurants, communal kitchens and BBQ areas and essential and non-essential shops. These spaces have been designed using the precedenst of the N i g h t i n g a l e Wu r r u Wu r r u , L a a k , Ya m b o o k & Ngaw an projects by Breathe Architecture.

C A R PA R K I N G & S TOR AGE

B AT H R O O M ( S )

CAFES & R E S TA U R A N T S

O U T D O O R S PA C E

KITCHEN / BB Q AREA

I N F O R M AT I O N CENTRE

ESSENTIAL SHOPS

N O N-E SSEN T I A L SHOPS

P U B L I C S PA C E S R O O M S C H E D U L E 37

COMMUNAL

S PA C E S

The communal spaces are on each floor of the residential buildings. Some are large open spaces and others are smaller closed off spaces. This is to ensure that anyone can feel comfortable using any of these s p a c e s i n t h e w a y t h e y w i s h . Ho w e v e r, s o m e o f these spaces have been given designated uses such as BBQ and Communal Kitchen areas, Wo r k s h o p s a n d G y m s e t c . T h e p r e c e d e n t s f o r t h e s e sp a ce s i n c l u d e Na n te s S c h o o l o f Architecture and Coop Housing at Spreefield.

CAR / BIKE PA R K I N G & S TOR AGE

B AT H R O O M ( S )

GYM

O U T D O O R S PA C E

KITCHEN / BB Q AREA

R E L A X S PA C E S / LIVING ROOM (S)

C I R C U L AT I O N AREAS

L AU N D RY

WO R K S H O P

COMMUNAL

S PA C E S

ROOM

SCHEDULE 41

THE

GROUND

FLO OR

The Ground Floor has a variet y of commercial, public and communal spaces for both the public who are visiting the site and the residents who live on site. The commercial spaces will be restaurants, cafes and other shops. Ser vices such as Bike Storage a r e a l s o l o c a t e d o n t h e G r o u n d F l o o r.

T H E P HYSI CA L M O D EL M A D E FROM MDF & PLASTER 45

CLUS T ER

FLO OR

PLAN

THE 48

RESIDENTIAL

AREA

C A R PA R K I N G & S TOR AGE

B AT H R O O M ( S )

S T U DY

O U T D O O R S PA C E

KITCHEN / BB Q AREA

LIVING ROOM (S)

D I N N I N G S PA C E

L AU N D RY

BEDROOM (S)

SINGLES

COUPLES

M U LT I - G E N E R AT I O N A L FA M I L I E S

FA M I L I E S

STUDENT SHARED LIVING

R E S I D E N T I A L A PA R T M E N T S R O O M S C H E D U L E S 51

SINGLES & COUPLES A PA R T M E N T F L O O R P L A N 52

SINGLES & COUPLES A PA R T M E N T S E C T I O N 54

SINGLES & COUPLES A PA R T M E N T F L O O R P L A N 56

SINGLES & COUPLES A PA R T M E N T S E C T I O N 58

FA M I LY A PA R T M E N T FLO OR PLAN 60

FA M I LY A PA R T M E N T SECTION 62

I N T E R N A L O F A N A PA R T M E N T 65

FA M I LY A PA R T M E N T FLO OR PLAN 66

FA M I LY A PA R T M E N T SECTION 68

S H A R E A PA R T M E N T FLO OR PLAN 70

S H A R E A PA R T M E N T SECTION 72

M U LT I - G E N E R AT I O N A L FA M I LY A PA R T M E N T F L O O R P L A N 74

M U LT I - G E N E R AT I O N A L FA M I LY A PA R T M E N T S E C T I O N 76

T H E P HYSI CA L M O D EL M A D E FROM MDF & PLASTER 79

THE

ROOF

GARDEN

The Roof Garden has been designed to have a variet y of spaces for all residents to c o m e a n d e n j o y. Th e s e s p a c e s c re a te smaller private spaces within the bigger communal area. A series of structures outline the outdoor dining spaces, with some of them having a closed roof and some having a BBQ & Outdoor Kitchen. All roof gardens also have landscaped areas and bathrooms.

THE 82

ROOF

TOP

GARDEN

T H E P HYSI CA L M O D EL M A D E FROM MDF & PLASTER 83

THE

MASTERPLAN

THE

LANDSCAPING

The landscaped area is a dynamic garden space with the experience of the environment changing throug h the sea sons. The Hunter native plants are a mixture of different sizes, leaf densities, seasonal colours and flower in different seasons which reflect the changing nature of the gardens. The gardens consist of flower meadows, grassed meadows and thick bushed a r e a s t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e o c c u p a n t ’s d i f f e r i n g needs and to encourage circulation around the site. Sports facilities such as a sports field and basketball and tennis courts, a playground and BBQ and Outdoor areas have also been incorporated in the design of the landscaping.

SP O RTS FI ELD

BA SKE T BA LL & T EN N I S C O U RTS

P L AY G R O U N D

B B Q & O U T D O O R S PA C E S 89

THE

LANDSCAPING

PLAN

EVER GR EEN FLOWER GAR DEN TA L L & T H I C K P L A N T S A U T U M N TA L L & T H I C K P L A N T S W I N T E R TA L L & T H I C K P L A N T S S P R I N G TA L L & T H I C K P L A N T S S U M M E R GR A S S GA R D EN AU T U M N GRASS GARDEN WINTER GRASS GARDEN SPRING GRASS GARDEN SUMMER FLOWER GA R D EN AU T U M N FLOWER GAR DEN WIN TER FLOWER GAR DEN SPR IN G FLOWER GAR DEN SUMMER

GARDENS

Summer Swamp Banksia

Crimson Bottlebrush

Tu c k e r o o

EVERGR EEN

Ye l l o w B u t t o n s

Nat i v e Fu c hs i a Mountain Devil

Autumn

Wi n t e r

Spring

Autumn

Wi n t e r

Spring

GRASS

Summer B a r b e d Wi r e G r a s s

Short-Haired Plume

Kangaroo Grass

Christmas Bells

A soft rustling of grass swaying in the wind and a light scent of lemon emitted from the barbed wire grass. This is a garden space to be walked through or laid in. During Summer the Christma s Bel l s’ yel low and red f lowers create bursts o f l i f e i n t h e b r o w n a n d d r y K a n g a r o o G r a s s a n d B a r b e d Wi r e G r a s s g a r d e n s .

ME AD OW

Hedgehog Grass

TREES

Summer Spotted Gum

K u r r a j o n g Tr e e

GARDEN

Pr i ckl y-Le aved Pa p e r b a r k

Swamp She-oAK

Autumn

Wi n t e r

Spring

FLOWER

1. Sorr y Day Flower 2 . Va r i a b l e B o s s i a e a

4. Hakea Bakerianna

5 . Ta s s e l C o r d R u s h 6. Pine-Leaved

ME AD OW

3. NSW Coral Heath

Bottlebrush 7. White Correa 8. Pink Spide Flower 9. Drumsticks

1 0 . R u s t y Pe t a l s

C OLO UR S SEASONAL FLOWER 96

Summer Sorr y Day Flower

Coral Heath

Ta s s e l C o r d R u s h

White Correa

Drumsticks

Autumn

Wi n t e r

Spring

Va r i a b l e B o s s i a e a

Pine-Leaved Bottlebrush

Wi n t e r

Spring

SEASONAL

Hakea Bakerianna

Autumn

FLOWER

Summer

Pink Spider Flower

C OLO UR S

R u s t y Pe t l s

VIEW

FROM

THE

BALC ONY 99

100

T H E T R A N S F O R M AT I O N O F THE OR IGINAL BUILDINGS

101

T H E A D M I N I S T R AT I O N B U I L D I N G T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u i l d i n g i s t h e ‘ h u b’ o f t h e c i t y. A l l t h e s e r v i c e s a n d n e c e s s i t i e s n e e d e d i n a cit y are all in the one place and are easily accessible for all residents and those who visit t h e c i t y. Th e s e r v i c e s i n c l u d e a s u p e r m a r k e t , n e w s a g e n t , p h a r m a c y, d a y c a r e f o r c h i l d r e n 0-2years, a preschool for children 2years – 5years, office spaces, functions rooms and aged c a re s e r v i c e s . Fo r e l d e r l y p e o p l e w h o re q u i re aged care ser vices there are ‘independent living’ rooms with full-time on call nurses and hospital rooms for 24/7 obser vation. The original internal court yard has been designed to be a space which connects the original basement of the building to the ground level using tiered levels. Court yards have also been designed around the outside of the building to allow the aged care rooms to have access to the outdoors before a series of sloping hills link the court yards to the landscaped gardens. The shared transport ser vices come into and leave the cit y from the Administration Building.

102

SITE PHOTO OF THE A D M I N I S T R AT I O N B U I L D I N G S

103

AGED

CARE

SERVI CE S

The Aged Care ser vices is for any elderly p e r s o n l i v i n g i n t h e c i t y. Th e s e p e o p l e m a y b e living in small apartments or with other family members in multi-generational homes. The Aged Care Ser vices are made up of two t ypes of ser vices and care. These are Independent Living and 24/7 Obser vation. The Independent Living allows the elderly to have their own room, which opens out onto a court yard, and bathroom whilst sharing communal spaces with other residents such as lounge and dining spaces. Aged Care nurses support the residents just as they would in an Aged Care centre. 24/7 Obser vation means that the residents are moved into a hospital room where they will be offered full medical ser vices from doctors and nurses. This allows residents to not have to be immediately taken to an offsite hospital when they can have the immediate care and o b s e r v a t i o n n e e d e d . To p a y f o r t h e s e r v i c e s , t h e residents can sell back their propert y to cover the costs of care. The average cost of care is $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 a y e a r i n Au s t r a l i a . Wi t h t h e d a y c a r e and preschool being in the same building as the aged care ser vices, inter-generational play and connect groups are a part of the day-today activities. This is an important activit y for both generations to ensure development, understanding and education in the younger generation and to lessen deterioration, isolation, and loneliness in the older generation. 104

T H E A D M I N I S T R AT I O N BUILDING 105

E L D E R LY RESIDENTS CAN SELL BACK P RO P ERT Y TO COVER COSTS OF CARE

106

SERVI CE S H O U SED WITHIN THE A D M I N I S T R AT I O N BUILDING

INDEPENDENT LIVING WITH ON CALL NURSES

H O S P I TA L C A R E AVA I L B L E I F REQUIRED

INTERG E N E R AT I O N A L P L AY A N D C O N N E C T GROUPS WITH D AY C A R E A N D PRESCHOOL CHILDEN

107

108

A variet y of precedents were studied and obser ved and their principles have been implemented into the design of the Aged Care ser vices. These precedents are Elderly Care Campus by Areal Architecten, Nursing Home Santa Katharina by Roeck Architekten, Ha inburg Nursing Home by Christian Kronaus and KnowSpace, Nursing Ho m e Pa s s i v h a u s b y C S O A rq u i te c t u r a a n d Nu r s i n g Ho m e b y Ga r t n e r + Ne u r u r e r.

109

BA SE MEN T FLO OR 110

Wa l k w a y Entrance Stairs to Ground Level Contour Lines of Hill Down to Lower Level Court yard Staff Room Court yard Contour Lines of Hill Down to Lower Level Court yard Hospital Rooms for Aged Care Residents Te a R o o m Pharmac y Nurses’ Station Dining Room

Commercial Kitchen Entrance Stairs to Ground Level Wa l k w a y Multi-Level Court yard to Ground Level Reception Lounge Room Nurses’ Station Court yard Independent Residential Aged Care Apartments Contour Lines of Hill Down to Lower Level Court yard Lounge Room Lower Level Court yard Entrance Stairs to Ground Level Contour Lines of Hill Down to Lower Level Court yard Wa l k w a y Contour Lines of Hill Down to Lower Level Court yard

111

GRO UND FLO OR 112

Wa l k w a y

Entrance Stairs to Ground Level

Lower Level Court yard Contour Lines of Hill Down to Basement Court yard Prescho ol Daycare Dayc a re & Prescho ol Staff R o om

Wa l k w a y Entrance Stairs to Ground Level O r i g i n a l E n t r n a c e Fo y e r Multi-Level Court yard to Ground Level Office Soaces Reception

Lower Level Court yard Supermarket Ne wsa gent Contour Lines of Hill Down to Basement Court yard Lower Level Court yard

Entrance Stairs to Ground Level Contour Lines of Hill Down to Basement Court yard Wa l k w a y Contour Lines of Hill Down to Basement Court yard

113

FIR S T FLO OR 114

Balcony

Store Room O r i g i n a l Fo r m a l B a l l R o o m Commercial Kitchen

Office Spaces

Balcony Male Bathrooms Original BHP Board Room Fe m a l e B a t h ro o m s Reception

Office Spaces Multi-Purpose R oom

Balcony

115

TE T E VIGN

I N T E R N A L C O U R T YA R D I N T H E A D M I N I S T R AT I O N B U I L D I N G 116

117

118

THE

ROLLING

SHED

The Rolling Shed is a multi-purpose building. The greenhouse t ype building will have produce growing for residents as well as communal, educational, and commercial spaces. Both residents and visitors to the cit y can enjoy the cafes, restaurants and multilevelled green spaces in the building. A key precedent for the design of the Rolling Shed w a s t h e Da y l e s f o rd L o n g h o u s e b y Pa r t n e r s Hi l l .

119

120

THE

ROLLING

SHED 121

THE ROLLING SHED 122

A XO N O M E T R I C O F T H E ROLLING SHED 123

THE ROLLING SHED FLO OR PLAN 124

125

THE 126

ROLLING

SHED

127

128

THE

FINER

D E TA I L S

129

130

THE

FINANCIAL

MODEL

Referred to a s shared ow nership, this f inancia l model is currently used by the British and US governments to create affordable housing. Fi n a n c i a l l y, t h e m o d e l b e s t s u i t s l o w - i n c o m e e a r n e r s t h a t re c e i v e c o n s i s te n t p a y. In t h e Austral ian market this model would reduce the size and length of debts whilst still giving people a sense of ow nership, initia l source of equit y and entr y into the housing market. The 75-25 split of capital gain between the housing association and the buyer helps to prevent s p e c u l a t i o n o n t h e p r o p e r t y ’s f u t u r e v a l u e , reduce mortgage rates and limit propert y value to keep it affordable for future buyers.

131

1. 50/50 OWNER SHIP

132

2. MINIMAL M O RTGAGE

3. ADJUSTMENTS ALLOWED

4. UNLIMITED O C U PAT I O N

5. C A P I TA L GAIN SPLIT 75/25

6. 50/50 OWNER SHIP

133

U NE M PLOY MEN T

S U P P O RT

The unemployment support provided in the cit y allows residents to defer mortgage repayments. There are also job opportunities provided within the cit y that are accessible to residents.

134

D E F E R R E D R E PAY M E N T S

CIT Y E M PLOY M EN T

135

T R A N S P O R T A T I O N The transport offered within the cit y is a ride share system. The electric vehicles are located outside the Administration building and are booked by residents on a time basis to use. There are also emergency vehicles provided f o r e m e r g e n c i e s w i t h i n t h e c i t y.

136

RIDE

VEHICLES PROVIDED

20% FOR UNEXPECTED NEEDS

SYS T E M

80% BOOKABLE

137

138

THE

PHASE

139

140

S q u a r e O n e ’s d e s i g n a n d p r i n c i p l e s c a n e a s i l y be replicated and applied to other suburbs in Ne wc a stle or area s in other cities and tow ns. This system on a large scale will become more p o p u l a r, c h a n g i n g t h e d e m a n d f o r t r a d i t i o n al t ypes of housing such as houses on quarter acre blocks of land and will therefore change w h e t h e r h o u s e s c o n t i n u e to b e a c o m m o d i t y.

141

POSSIBLE LOAC TIONS FOR THE NE XT PHA SE OF DEVELOPMEN T 142

143

A rc h Da i l y. ( 2 0 2 1 ) . C o o p Ho u s i n g a t R i v e r S p re e f e l d / C a r p a n e to A rc h i te k te n + Fa t k o e h l A rc h i te k te n + B A R a rc h i te k te n . R e t r i e v e d 2 8 O c to b e r 2 0 2 1 , f ro m h t t p s : / / w w w . a rc h d a i l y. com/587590/coop-housing-project-at-the-river-spreefeld-carpaneto-architekten-fatkoehl-architekten-bararchitekten A rc h Da i l y. ( 2 0 2 1 ) . E l d e r l y C a re C a m p u s / A re a l A rc h i te c te n . R e t r i e v e d 2 8 O c to b e r 2 0 2 1 , f ro m h t t p s : / / w w w . a rc h d a i l y.c o m / 4 9 8 9 1 7 / e l d e r l y - c a re- c a m p u s - a re a l - a rc h i te c te n ? a d _ s o u rc e = search&ad_medium=search_result_all A r c h D a i l y . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . H a i n b u r g N u r s i n g H o m e / C h r i s t i a n K r o n a u s + K N O W S PA C E . R e t r i e v e d 2 8 O c to b e r 2 0 2 1 , f ro m h t t p s : / / w w w . a rc h d a i l y.c o m / 6 1 1 1 5 / h a i n b u r g-n u r s i n g- h o m e- c h r i s t i a n kronaus-erhard-an-he-kinzelbach?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all A r c h D a i l y. ( 2 0 2 1 ) . Nu r s i n g Ho m e / Gä r t n e r + Ne u r u r e r. R e t r i e v e d 2 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 2 1 , f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . a rc h d a i l y.c o m / 4 3 6 9 4 6 / n u r s i n g- h o m e- g a r t n e r -n e u r u re r ? a d _ s o u rc e = s e a rc h & a d _ medium=search_result_all A rc h Da i l y. ( 2 0 2 1 ) . Nu r s i n g Ho m e Pa s s i v h a u s / C S O a rq u i te c t u r a . R e t r i e v e d 2 8 O c to b e r 2 0 2 1 , f ro m h t t p s : / / w w w . a rc h d a i l y.c o m / 9 3 8 6 9 1 / n u r s i n g- h o m e- p a s s i v h a u s - c s o - a rq u i te c t u r a?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all A rc h Da i l y. ( 2 0 2 1 ) . Nu r s i n g Ho m e S a n t a K a t h a r i n a / R o e c k A rc h i te k te n . R e t r i e v e d 2 8 O c to b e r 2 0 2 1 , f ro m h t t p s : / / w w w . a rc h d a i l y.c o m / 9 3 3 1 8 9 / n u r s i n g- h o m e- s a n t a - k n t h a r i n a -ro e c k - a r chitekten?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all A r q u i t e c t u r a Vi v a . ( 2 0 2 1 ) . N a n t e s S c h o o l o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , N a n t e s - L a c a t o n & Va s s a l . R e trieved 28 October 2021, from https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/escuela-de-arquitectura-de-nantes-2 Austral ian Government. (2021). Aged care. Retrieved 27 October 2021, from https://w w w. h e a l t h . g o v. a u / h e a l t h - to p i c s / a g e d - c a r e

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