2021_Arch2058_Guidebook_Colonization_Colonial Buildings in Central by ARCH2058

Colonization:

Central

中環 ARCH2058 Modern Architecture

ASSIGNMENT 3: GUIDEBOOK

| Fall 2021

Colonization: Colonial Buildings in Central Jong Min Jung (3035742384) Mayelle Bernal (3035793400) Esha Vipul Morakhiya (303574069)

INTRODUCTION 5

Central, as the central business district of today has always been one of the most iconic places in Hong Kong. During the colonial rule, Central was at the heart of Victoria City, a place of trade and the administrative capital of Hong Kong. Today, we see remnants of the colonial rule through the array of colonial structures of the Victorian and Edwardian period. Through looking at these sites we understand the history and their significance to both Hong Kong’s past and future. This walking tour takes you to the various colonial landmarks which has both made an impact to and was impacted by Hong Kong’s history. 1. Victoria Prison & Central Police Station 2. Old Dairy Farm Depot 3. Government House 4. Legislative Council Building 5. Flagstaff House Museum Teaware

The Government House Upper Albert Road, Central

Built from 1851-1855, the Government House was the official residence of the Governor during the Colonial era. It was designed by Charles St George Cleverly. The House has undergone multiple modifications reflecting the history of Hong kong. It was first neo-classical in style with colonnaded verandas and balconies (fig.1) However during the Japanese occupation in 1941, it was modified to fit the Imperial Japanese aestethic. The facade was made simpler and Japanese tiled roofs were added. A tower was also added to replicate Japanese castles.

Source: Royal Collection Trust The Government House in 1881

Source: ceo.gov.hk The Government House in 1941

Court of Final Appeal 8 Jackson Road, Central

Completed in 1912, the Court of Final Appeal was originally built to be the Supreme Court. It was designed by Sir Anston Web and E. Ingress Bell, who were also responsible for the facade of the Buckingham Palace. Its neoclassical style, with ionic columns adorned around the exterior of the building, the Court of Final Appeal is one the most iconic colonial landmarks of Hong Kong.

Source: Legislative Council Secretariat

Old Dairy Farm Depot 2 Lower Albert Road, Central

HK Man, January 2, 2010, Flikr, January 2, 2010, https://www.flickr.com/photos/old-hk/4236790765/.

One of the old business buildings that still stands today is Old Dairy Farm Depot. The Old Dairy Farm Depot was constructed in 1892 as a depot for distributing milk from dairy farms at Pokfulam. The business was founded by Sir Patrick Manson, a Scottish surgeon, along with five other businessmen in 1886. The company focused on its objective to improve the health of the public through providing quality milk, importing cattle from overseas to lower the local dairy costs, and raising profit for the shareholders of the company. The building holds its uniqueness as an eclectic style of architecture, a style that rose in popularity during the 19th and 20th centuries. Old Dairy Farm Depot follows this trend and holds a strong influence from Neo-Classism. Despite being made out of bricks, the building hints the inspiration from Greek architecture in its unique proportion of geometry and a modern blend of curvature in its corner of the building.

Flagstaff House Museum of Teaware 10 Cotton Tree Dr, Central

Landmark, n.d., https://www.landmark.hk/en/visit/around-central/flagstaff-house-museum-of-tea-ware.

One of the first colonial buildings that still stands today is the Flagstaff House Museum of Teaware. Formerly known as the Flagstaff House was constructed in 1846 intended to serve as the office and residence of the commander of British Forces in Hong Kong. The building holds uniqueness in its Greek Revival style, a style that boomed in popularity in the first half of the 19th century, as it takes its style from ancient Greek architecture that focuses on symmetry, proportion, and simplicity. Flagstaff House also holds the core characteristics of Greek Revival architecture, as its walls are all white which resembles the marble material used in ancient Greek architecture, along with the pillars proportioned out evenly throughout the building. Suktron, October 16, 2011, Flickr, October 16, 2011, https://www.flickr.com/photos/suktron/6243108474.

Victoria Prison & Central TITLE Police Station

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Colonisation: Shaping Central as Political centre of HK Mayelle Andrea J Bernal

Hong Kong is known to be a place where East meets West, where one can find the a fusion of Western and Eastern influences. A city whose diversity has been shaped by its multi-cultural past, from the Chinese immigration to the British colonisation and the establishment of Hong Kong as a special administrative region. Today, remnants of this past is still apparent in the remaining sites of colonial architecture especially in the streets of Central, representing the rich history of Hong Kong. This essay will discuss the role of colonization in shaping the political and historical significance of Central, through considering the history of colonization, Central’s significance and the role of architecture. The colonisation of Hong Kong has played a great role in shaping Hong Kong’s devel-

opment. Hong Kong Island was first occupied by the British in 1841 during the First Opium War. The British recognised the area as a valuable base for trading. Through the treaty of Nanjing, Hong Kong Island was ceded to the British Empire in 1842 and was officially established as a colony a year later1 . The Kowloon Peninsula and the New territories followed years later, to further extend Hong Kong for defence. Hong Kong was then a colony of the British empire for 150 years until 19972 . The initial prioritisation of Hong Kong Island including already signified its potential for development. The British occupation paved way to various economic opportunities for Hong Kong. With the practice of free trade and free port, it allowed low tax and unlimited opportunity for free enterprise. This attracted both Westerners and Chinese people to stay and participate in the economic activities in the area. A city that was once only seen as “barren rock”3, remnant of a city untouched by the

cultural revolution, became a thriving city. The identity of Hong Kong has corresponded with the “Hong Kong legend” in which people acknowledged the real History of Hong Kong to have started at the beginning of the colonial rule. This identification re-establishes the significance of Hong Kong’s colonial past. Central’s presence has been significant since the colonisation to the present day. The central business district as we know today has always been a priority and an interest of the British. In its first occupation of Hong Kong, Central served as a place to house the administrative centre as well as the military services4. This ultimately dictated the important role of Central from the start of the era. Its geographical advantage with the neighbouring Victoria Harbour, helped attract trade and people into the city. With the array of government buildings constructed on the Government Hill and surrounding areas since the Colonial era, Central became the home to the British Government. Central was at

the heart of the Victoria City during the colonial period, the colonisation and its development has helped evolved its place as an economic and administrative centre of power of Hong Kong. To this day, it remains the home of the Hong Kong Government even after the handover. Therefore, even today we can understand Central’s political significance through the influence of colonisation and colonial architecture remaining in the area. Architecture can be used as a representation of the history of a particular place and a means to understand it. Central has been one of the places in Hong Kong, where the influence of the Colonial Era can still be traced. Even with combination of colonial and post-colonial architecture, its corelation to each other and its history is understood. Therefore, also shedding light on the importance of preserving these architectural pieces. The first pieces of colonial architecture constructed on the Government Hill and surrounding areas has given importance to the area as an im-

portant political and historical site. It framed the administrative and government power to be concentrated in that area. Thus, influencing other built works such as the Central Government Offices which housed other governmental departments of Hong Kong. Two examples of Colonial Architecture in the area is studied with more depth to showcase the preserved colonial style and its function: the Government House and the Court of Final Appeal. Though they are both results of different periods of the colonial era both also exhibits western and eastern characteristics showing the rich history and development of Hong Kong. The first example is the Government House located on Government Hill, surrounded with other government buildings such as the Central Government Offices and the Magistracy Building and Police Headquarters etc. The Government House was constructed from 1851 to 1855 during the Victorian period of

the Colonial era. During this period, most of Hong Kong’s early buildings were built by Army’s Corps of Royal Engineers5. The house was designed by Charles St George Cleverly, who was also responsible for the reclamation of the Central area6. The Government House was the official residence of the governor of Hong Kong during the colonial period and is currently the residence of the Chief Executive. The style of the Government House has reflected the history of the events that transpired in Hong Kong. The original structure was of neo-classical style , a movement inspired by Greek and Roman architecture. The exterior of the house had central bays with colonnaded verandas and balconies. The section was symmetrical with a vertical axis on the middle. During the Japanese occupation, the Government House underwent modification to symbolise Japanese imperial power and to blend Western and Japanese styles. The building façade was modified to fit Japanese Imperial style of a simple

façade. Japanese tiled roofs and a tower were also added to replicate Japanese castles. These modifications has been representative of Hong Kong’s multi-cultural past. The second example is the Court of Final Appeal, which was originally the Old Supreme Court Building. The Court of Final Appeal was constructed from 1900 to 1912 during the Edwardian Period of the colonial era7. The building was designed by Sir Aston Webb and E. Ingress Bell, they were the Crown Agent’s architect consultants. Being one of the leading architects of their time, they were also responsible for the design of the Eastern façade of the Buckingham Palace8. Though the function as a government body building was preserves it has undergone quite a few changes throughout its lifetime. It was originally designed as the Old Supreme Court Building in 1912 then it housed the Legislative Council from 1985 to 2011. Lastly, it opened as the Court of Final Appeal after its latest renovation in 20159. Having housed government bodies and

courts, it strengthens the idea that conservation of the building is of high importance. The style of the building is neoclassic, similar to the features of neoclassical buildings, the plan makes use of a rectangular pattern and is symmetrical. It has a monumental portrait. It makes use of architectural designs similar to that of Rome and Greece during the classical antiquity with ionic style columns surrounding the building arranged symmetrically. The Building also resembles a similar style with the Old Bailey in London, this was a common occurrence during the colonial period, in which many of the colonial buildings resembled built buildings in the British empire. Apart from the western style, Chinese characteristics were also implemented into the design. The design included hip roofs covered by double layered Chinese tiles and eaves supported in a Chinese Traditional manner. The building stands on reclaimed land whose foundation is formed by mixing Chinese Fir tree trunks and reclama-

tion materials to achieve an effect of a floating building10. The building design becomes an example of the fusion of east and west. The colonisation has shaped Central as a place of both political and historical importance. The early days of the colonial era, sought the potential of Central’s development. This has placed Central as the administrative centre of Hong Kong and has situated Central for the historical sites known to us today. Numerous governmental bodies are housed in Central through this influence of colonial rule and tangible examples of this influence remains in the streets of Central. The colonial architecture, such as the Government House and the Final Court of Appeal, left behind in Central is a not only as a symbol for the historical events that took place in Hong Kong but also the fusion of Western and Chinese cultures of the city. Overall, with the colonisations’ position in forming Hong Kong’s identity and real history, it has also influenced Central’s significance as the administrative capital.

Notes 1 John Carroll, A Concise History of Hong Kong (Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) 2 John Carroll, “Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place,” Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (2006), 518. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876493. 3 Carroll, “Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place,” 532-533 4 Ming Chan, “The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong: A View from Hong Kong,” The China Quarterly, no. 151 (1997), 573-575. http://www.jstor.org/stable/655254. 5 Hoiyin Lee, “Hong Kong Colonial Architecture 18411997.” Lecture, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, March 23 , 2015. 6 Carroll, “Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place,” 520-25 7 Lee, “Hong Kong Colonial Architecture 1841-1997” 8 Legislative Council Secretariat, “Information Note: Legislative Council Building” IN26/02-03, 1 9 Karen Cheung, “Court of Final Appeal moves into former legislative Council Building,” Hong Kong Free Press, September 7, 2015, https://hongkongfp.com/2015/09/07/ court-of-final-appeal-moves-into-former-legislative-council-building/ 10 Legislative Council secretariat, “Information Note: Legislative Council Building,” 4

Steps into Colonization Jung, Jong Min

Colonization is a tragic part of history that comes from war and results in regional/cultural disputes and division. Hong Kong is no exception as it still faces problems such as intense protests from the public in its resistance against the return of Hong Kong to China. However, it is an inevitable fact that the colonization of Hong Kong had huge impacts in areas of education, industry, infrastructure, and architecture, making Hong Kong one of the leading global cities in the world. It all started with the Opium War, where the British initiated illegal trades of opium in return for silver bars which were used again to trade tea herbs from China. This illegal cycle continued for decades, and soon enough it grew to a point where it caused social and economic disruption in China. The Chinese government unpleased by the situation threw away 20,000 chests of opium illegally smug-

gled into the country, marking the start of the Opium War in 1839. Considering the immense power Britain held at the time as the leading country in the world, China had to negotiate terms with the British resulting in the Treaty of Nanjing. The treaty states that China had to give up many things including the lease of a small fishing village for 99 years, now known as Hong Kong. At first, the colonization only included the Hong Kong island; however, after the Second Opium War in 1856, the Treaty of Tianjin gave further control of the Kowloon Peninsulas to the British Empire. In order to control Hong Kong as one of their colonies, the British started bringing in British systems, starting off with the government. The foundations were laid with the Letter of Patent and Royal Instructions. The Letter of Patent formed the constitutional basis while the Royal Instructions dealt with the government. This laid to a system of the government in which the governor appointed by the British Monarch to become the head of the government that held power over the British

military stationed in Hong Kong, along with the power to appoint the legislative council and executive council. The public still remained to be counseled with the Chinese bureaucracy that existed before the colonization. The judicial system was also brought in from the British law; however, at first, it only held responsible for foreigners, and locals were subjected to Chinese customary law. The establishment of such systems made the control over a growing city with an overpopulation of locals against the British possible. Due to the immense difference in the population of locals compared to the British in Hong Kong, the British government started to draw their own borders around the city separating them from the locals. This development centered around central and mid-levels, explaining the immense amount of old European-styled buildings in Central that dates back to Queen Victoria’s rule. One of the first colonial buildings that still stands today is the Flagstaff Museum of Teaware. Formerly known as the Flagstaff

House was constructed in 1846 intended to serve as the office and residence of the commander of British Forces in Hong Kong. The building holds uniqueness in its Greek Revival style, a style that boomed in popularity in the first half of the 19th century, as it takes its style from ancient Greek architecture that focuses on symmetry, proportion, and simplicity. Flagstaff House also holds the core characteristics of Greek Revival architecture, as its walls are all white which resembles the marble material used in ancient Greek architecture, along with the pillars proportioned out evenly throughout the building. The building was actively used as the residence of the commander until 1978. Then the British Forces returned the Flagstaff House to the Hong Kong Government and it went through re-development in the early 1980s. Different government departments proposed several ways to put the building into use; however, Dr. Lo, founder of Vitasoy Group, was able to convince the government, and the building was given to the Urban Coun-

cil in 1981. The Urban Council planned to transform the space into a thematic museum of Chinese tea culture, and this resulted in what was once known as the Flagstaff House being renovated and re-established as the Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware. With the active contribution from the Hong Kong Jockey Club and Dr. Lo who donated around 600 pieces of valuable teaware collection from the Sotheby auction, the museum was opened to the public to share the beauty and history of the culture in tea. It holds significance in that one of the representational and signature colonial buildings from the British colonization is now used to represent the culture of tea, as tea is also one of the main reasons the British caused the Opium War resulting in the colonization of Hong Kong. Despite the establishment of British systems in Hong Kong, it was not enough to retain the instability caused by the Opium War and the recent change in government. It led to increasing crime rates as the city also holds a history of piracy. This also led to outbreaks

of rebellion against the British government. The British knew Hong Kong cannot be contained just from the military power. They had to take a step further to contain the problem, and one of their solutions was to develop in areas of social infrastructure and connect the people to British culture and systems. The British had different takes in solving this problem. They established British styled education system that introduced western-style philosophy, science, history, and technology which later embedded into the culture. They also established the University of Hong Kong, in order to provide a standardized structure that passes on for generations to come as people of Hong Kong further adapted and molded into the English education system. Furthermore, the British had bought change even to the landscape of Hong Kong. Streets, hills, bays, harbors, and rivers were all changed into British names. These changes were centered around Central, Hong Kong, and it further developed into areas such as industries, as foreigners

brought in changes in commercial activities through establishing shops and businesses around Central and expanding off to the Hong Kong island and Kowloon peninsula, leading to the boom in the economy of Hong Kong. One of the old business buildings that still stands today is Old Dairy Farm Depot. The Old Dairy Farm Depot was constructed in 1892 as a depot for distributing milk from dairy farms at Pokfulam. The business was founded by Sir Patrick Manson, a Scottish surgeon, along with five other businessmen in 1886. The company focused on its objective to improve the health of the public through providing quality milk, importing cattle from overseas to lower the local dairy costs, and raising profit for the shareholders of the company. The building holds its uniqueness as an eclectic style of architecture, a style that rose in popularity during the 19th and 20th centuries. Such eclectic styles of architecture were prominent at the time in Western societies. Many new architectural materials such as cast iron, steel, plate glass emerged from industri-

alization, and many architects used these materials to revive traditionally styled buildings using such new materials, also known as the revival movement. Old Dairy Farm Depot follows this trend and holds a strong influence from Neo-Classism. Despite being made out of bricks, the building hints the inspiration from Greek architecture in its unique proportion of geometry and a modern blend of curvature in its corner of the building. The Old Dairy Farm Depot was abandoned in the 1970s as the company moved, and the Hong Kong Fringe Club acquired the building in 1984 to be renovated and now used as a place for contemporary arts, connecting modern to traditional. Hong Kong has gone through colonization for a century, and now it has evolved the city into an international hub connecting western and eastern cultures. From this comes its uniqueness and value no other cities in the world have. Colonization is not a pleasant or bright history; however, it is important to realize and study how such historical events impacted growth in the cities and the living of people

inside in order to exert such knowledge and utilize into shaping better cities in the future.

Notes

1. Chan, Ming K. “Hong Kong: Colonial Legacy, Transformation, and Challenge.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 547 (1996): 11–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048360. 2. “Dairy Farm Building - Fringe Club & FCC [1892].” Gwulo. Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// gwulo.com/node/5015#15/22.2847/114.1584/ M a p _ b y _ E S R I - M a r k e r s / 1 0 0 . 3. “Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware.” Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware, Hong Kong Tea Museum. Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// w w w. c h i n a h i g h l i g h t s . c o m / h o n g - k o n g / a t t r a c ti o n / fl a g st aff- hou s e -m u s e u m -o f -t e a -w a re .h tm. 4. “Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware: Hong Kong Tourism Board.” Discover Hong Kong. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.discoverhongkong.com/in/interactive-map/flagstaff-house-museum-of-tea-ware.html. 5. FORMAN, ROSS G. “Hong Kong, 1898.” Victorian Review 36, no. 1 (2010): 45–49. h t t p : / / w w w. j s t o r. o r g / s t a b l e / 4 1 0 3 9 1 0 6 . 6. Hohenadel, Kristin. “Greek Revival Architecture Explained.” The Spruce. The Spruce, March 6, 2020. https://www.thespruce. com/greek-revival-architecture-4770079. 7. Landmark Hong Kong. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.landmark.hk/en/visit/ around-central/flagstaff-house-museum-of-tea-ware. 8. Lawrence Wai-Chung Lai. “Reflections on the Abercrombie Report 1948: A Strategic Plan for Coloni-

10.

11.

12. 13.

14. 15.

al Hong Kong.” The Town Planning Review 70, no. 1 (1999): 61–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40113529. Muscato, Christopher. “Eclecticism in Architecture: Definition & Meaning.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://study.com/academy/lesson/eclecticism-in-architecture-definition-meaning.html. “Neoclassical Architecture.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassical-architecture. “Old Dairy Farm Depot in Hong Kong, Hong Kong.” GPSmyCity. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/old-dairy-farm-depot-5287.html. “Opium Wars.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars. Staff, Reuters. “Chronology: Timeline of 156 Years of British Rule in Hong Kong.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, June 27, 2007. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-anniversary-history-idUSSP27479920070627. “Understanding - Heritage.gov.hk.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/ en/doc/conserve/Chapter2-Understanding.pdf. “香港記憶: Hong Kong Memory.” 香港記憶 | Hong Kong Memory. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.hkmemory.hk/MHK/collections/Soya_Bean_Milk/ks_lo_ and_flagstaff_house_museum_of_tea_ware/index.html.

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giatet alisquia sunt aribeatiis il imoluptur? Social the quantity andsequas Et veliscapital dem refers eatur,toomnis consere quality of social interactions and molupta sperio. Luptatet utatisq uassint. relationships within a community. The higher Sa quate simus ni occateceat volupicae repthe social capital the greater the social tibus sedit peribea rchilit iiscid eostint estiae network and relationships developed, it enetur? Quidus net aut qui dolut quo tem encourages social solidarity and creates an dit, tecatem ut int aut venis quoditatur sequo inclusive Through debis sumenvironment. quam evelent ipsa estobservation, ut peles dis the Central district possesses levelsdoof eum ilis di debit hilitemquost lower hil eaquia social in comparison to siminus other districts lorem.capital Sedis eos sit quo blam autatthat utilise traditional urban planning.

ure site nonem re nos et dolo volent estions

equias dit plandi dolorepudant venda id uteSpace allocated for social activities is mquia nos ape recus, omnimendem facipsam essential in building the social capital within sitatiandit esciae plique parumquis eriande an urban area. Inhabitants should have the libeatem quam, ea vellor simi, sae ped quos option to engage in social activities to andelli genienis aut venihil lupist ist laborae riencourage interaction and solidarity. The tiam voluptam aut quia id quam venet apistio. South Wan Chai district of Hong Kong is Adignim enecusam eossint, sinient. organised in a mannereum encouraging Re eos nus minum quo enis esti bearum int spontaneous meetings and informal dere porae around pa santiae custrumquas debexchanges the residential andet public isci enitaepudi odi di sit imint aute non plispaces. Contrastingly, in the modernist

districtexplaut of Central functions tatem eiusthe resdivision dollent,ofipsapel ist is within a city, decreases the possibility maximperion nis quo dusam, occullab of ilitium integrated neighbourhoods and therefore ent aut exerfer spitaturia cuscipit unt dolupsocial capital.

ta erovitae. Nam remposamus est et iditiae.

Optatibus doluptur? Quidist im etur re corae Residents theestinvenesti district, spend time rem. Ecaturofalia cusgreater non consein theirommolor commute maio. or workplace, with very little quam, Itas vitatque perrum time spent in their neighbourhood, foregoing qui aut mint vel magnam aliam quis eum, iur thevoloreribus opportunitydic to build and engage with as tem adis ea veles niatur relationships within the community. Without simi, seque volupta quibuscius, velitatus et attachment to their community, it eliminates aciis re sitemqui as dolorero et officip iention the need to support the society. Theque Central sequam, ipsandunt mo il minverum con district is known as the political, et ent quam, quia voluptat odi dit audi natus administrative and ﬁnancial of Hong etur, nobitia turions equiae hub evelest am sunKong,nduciature thus, mostpor people working.

dige sam are lacerro vitaquiame

la qui aut imperit pra voluptatiae nis et, nim The Central Police Station and Victoria Prison aut omnis etur, sedi quiam, officab orenis are examples of leisure spaces transformed sunt voluptas eratectur rehentio. Nam que into a space for social activity to occur, and porepellam invendendios minihil il iniminu llitherefore helps to increase the social capital. quisintur maximpelit, quo ilibus, suntem sin It now houses an exhibition space, bars, reptati busdaer spiendel esti dolupta temrestaurants and local shops. qui beatur? Qui tem quid quos sitaturem il

ipsamet, qui cuptiae pelicia diti officil modi

Environment am quam, consequas si nescimustio corios

Concrete is a quis very aut prominent materialea within doluptat rem as eiunditatur, eum, Modernist and audis has been sae laccumarchitecture earum velisint ipicaesequi employed to produce majority ouromni built arum quossi con rem the netum sam,of que environment, however, this is incredibly blaborrume molest, to te ditature conet eadamaging to the Cement,tquias tet que volut autenvironment. aut minvelis dolupta which is an important ingredient used oreium to non ea et et quatur solorehent eicimol make 8% of the global la asperiaconcrete nihillautproduces volorro dellum seraepre total carbon dioxide content per year.

velendandam sum dolum estrum quasimolor

aut di berchil luptat occulpa volorep erspeThe of et concrete is aﬀecting the dios production explam, con utem qui int voloratent. environment but is also miliasint forcing sand supplies Videlent vit expersped molutemque to deplete, and increased consumption of et sum exeruptas porestibust, sam arum escid water supplies. Moreover, the usesequas of steeleum des eaquas conecab oremquam, used in reinforced concrete further adds to dolum simos autecabo. Nam quis ape velecus the environmental Tai esecullamus, sectedamage. num que Similarly, volorem poribus. Kwun’s block 4 will be restored using Ferunti orepuda quodipi cietur? Caeces eoreinforced concrete structural framing, the sam faccaecte cusanih iliquassi tet untur, to use of cement within the predominantly brick etus ipsuntia dolupta nonseria debit fugit buildings.

poreres sinctaerro moluptio cusam inctate

verios reptate ctures is escil ipsunda ndaeren Modernist architecture embraced ditaeptaese pro nossequi soluptati quia minamalism, andque analytically designed cus placerum faccabo. Ut plic te si conseri debuildings centred around function. By les mil excerum illenti ossitat emporeculpa eliminating ornament, it strictly emplohyeddolor acium ainnovation sunda destthrough harum eum dolorerrore structural its use of

modern materials: reinforced concrete, steel porruptatur, odi que con plibus endelique frames, curtain walls andItation ribbonsequia windows.

anis essenditiae denem. volor etur aboribus, ab ipsaperi berem reptur est Conclusion

aspeliq uatquat empores equibea temporera volupturibus quo ereptae sam consequ atta In conclusion, prevalence of modernism empor ant odis the idusa es aped qui consenimus withinsithe Central district’s environment inum, omniment officiatembuilt facest, si as sint. integrates with the colonial architecture, Epelicimus. Axim a quis duciam quodit es senhousing Hong Kong’s da cus ium fuga. Upta cultural suntiur memory, aut etum ulpa history and politics. The Modernist ipsum fuga. Aborem re, cuptat quateurban min cus planning method employed by Hong Kong aceate sintemporem hic tem velit, ipsandam eﬀectively complement its landmarks eseque vendisin rem que in cus, ilia quam rediscussed withinfugit this fugia essaycon such nimintius estrum eosas: eaThe porpor Victoria Prison and the Central Police aut porerum iur, quam volorepel modi soloreStation.

pedis maio quatest que cumet lis de etur moles

mos ma sumquunt audit ut venient quiat opBy exploring the question: To what extent tatur? Quis eum, omnis nihici blacea di berordoes the implementation of large-scale ro idebis eligenis eatusam faceatius sequam modernist schemes impact the environment, ea placcul paribus magnit eatia quia nulpa community, and social capital, we’ve been nost es dit, vendaec erepror eperum que doable to identify how the approaches of urban lorepudae doluptatur quuntotat. aﬀectedres themaxim community in planning have Uga. Ratur? Am ipsum re, cum volore, omHong Kong through segregation and social nis alias Even untiunt, aliquithe quevision nate for corian cor sint. capital. though, urban Fersperum sitiam was quatur bla sin Modernist utopia seenmaximinci as appealing,

there bridge toerionsed connect min the ex eapraturiremains conemanatenda community and overall society. Furthermore, tectur magnistiunti solupta volore magnaItur believe the government must sunti that volenderchit a sum sit autconsider ped qui the psychological welfare of its residents consecturis sed et etur as comnimus as ariwell as rae the social aspects which aerum pella doluptaturio eosare id etur, sitransformed theipsanimporro city is segregated mustrum nietwhen estios volor into rem zones of leisuresinum and workplace.

quatemporem laborro voluptat aut qui veniendanis cuscius elit, num, voluptatet auditaquo blaudit isitatq uoditiame voloribus quisincto moluptia natiis porpore rchitiis nis maio dolest, ius natatam inverum qui aboresc iduntibeatur aut officta sperspe liatibus. At utesto te nonempore labo. Os etus sequi doluptatur, nist essi beatem quibusci ut ad qui adi quis et voluptataese con nonem quis volupit res adi ut ut rem ipsunt quatur, aut quunt, odigenest atem que dentias imaximp errumenis alitatur re recti si officiet quia vollant labo. Ovidendae estem es alit esci dernate moluptis exerorem que cum ide late peliquos es est lita consequ isciist ommo occabore dolorerro et ipsam, ut fuga. Ed es a dus ditisim harior aut quo consequam ea evelit doluptatur a nos vendam

NOTES

inctio que laborestibus iduciaspe magnis dolectescias enist ut atium voluptatur am ea quoditatur? Otatus vidunt, cone molu“Building the Modern World: Concrete and

tatem volorro restestrum il ium di beriaerat. Our Environment.” n.d. Science Museum.

Faccuptiunt quam aut pratiAccessed December 22, 2021. https:// bus nos con nis quideratus. www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-andDemposs imporit ionseque rerume dolorstories/everyday-wonders/building-modernruptati core voloruntur magnis earchic aborworld-concrete-and-our-environment.

ibea vent est, netus endit, idis aut doluptae. Ut essit que volora voluptio blantium que “City Walk: Colonial Buildings in Central

consequamus, quosame molorem porrum Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.” n.d.

reic tem facerum doluptat is eture aliam aut GPSmyCity. https://www.gpsmycity.com/ que solorit faccusam iuntia nis esequatiniae tours/colonial-buildings-in-central-hongpa dollaccum dolupturis doluptatem nossita kong-1348.html.

vendam repudae mincide liciant que volum es et quide endem utem voleseque pre intis “Construction Updates | Tai Kwun.” n.d.

idunt est assum volum quist magnimus, voWww.taikwun.hk. Accessed December 22,

lor re voluptatur repudias magnimagnat que 2021. https://www.taikwun.hk/en/taikwun/ et eaqui acia solessectur, et vollorro inctem. heritage_conservation/construction_updates.

Itata quiaecti di renihil inveliq uidunt et fugiatet hictis alis consernatis qui re consendant “Modernist Model | Urban Planning |

fuga. Ectusae sequam ullupidel ilit reperae. Britannica.” n.d. Www.britannica.com.

Natesto con re prem ea consectas molorumet Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// perferspid maios autae pore, quo vendestio www.britannica.com/topic/modernist-model.

Notes

Oxford Languages. 2021. “Oxford Languages and Google - English.” Languages.oup.com. 1. LoremUniversity ipsum dolor Press. sit amet, 2021. consectetur adipiscing elit. Oxford https:// 2. Donec odio velit, suscipit ut odio ut, dignissim languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.

3. scelerisque nulla. Donec eu magna mollis, bibendum

4. urna et, vulputate ante. Maecenas porttitor eleifend 5. euismod. id laoreet nibh. Quisque erat diam, RIBA. 2019.Praesent “Modernism.” Architecture.com. 6. hendrerit non nulla a, pulvinar ullamcorper erat. Donec Riba. 2019. https://www.architecture.com/ 7. pretium sodales dui non vulputate. Mauris interdum explore-architecture/modernism.

8. vestibulum elit, at hendrerit sapien luctus posuere.

9. Etiam pharetra sit amet purus at interdum. Nullam 10. tincidunt velit ac orci ullamcorper, vel convallis eros Rowe, Hayley. 2011. “The Rise and Fall of dignissim. Aenean eget rutrum felis, ac accumsan ipsum. Modernist Architecture.” 3 11. Nam suscipit elementum Inquiries accumsan. Journal Pellentesque quam, consectetur ac sem in, molestie (04).magna http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/ 12. maximus sem. Nunc enim nisl, egestas sed semper id, 1687/the-rise-and-fall-of-modernistdignissim sit amet tellus. Proin vitae consequat tellus. architecture.

13. Maecenas tempor massa eget blandit ornare. Nullam

14. iaculis sem in euismod scelerisque. Suspendisse iaculis 15. leo fermentum aliquam nec. Duis Siu, Kintellus, Wai vel Michael, andsapien Yi Hua Huang. 16. commodo erat in neque molestie condimentum. Nullam 2015. “Everyday Life under Modernist 17. bibendum odio erat, nec hendrerit tortor facilisis sit amet. A Study of an Ever-Transforming Planning: 18. Proin molestie rhoncus ligula, sit amet pretium urna 19. tempus a. Orci varius natoque magnis dis Urban Area in Hong Kong.”penatibus URBANetDESIGN parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Ut ullamcorper, International 20 (4): 293–309. https://doi.org/ 20. nisl eu tincidunt molestie, ipsum neque tempor 10.1057/udi.2015.16.

magna, eget condimentum lacus risus eu nisi. Proin

auctor turpis a leo fringilla, nec posuere enim convallis.

21. Integer quis ornare lectus, ut euismod nunc. Ut molestie rhoncus tortor vitae molestie. Cras at arcu fermentum,

22. pellentesque orci non, molestie justo. Fusce ac ligula turp-

is. Donec non mauris semper rhoncus. Mauris “The Questa magna to ‘Liberate’ Architecture from condimentum odio id odio commodo iaculis. Maecenas Modernism’s Evils: An Interview with Nikos sodales odio a consequat hendrerit. Nam hendrerit meSalingaros.” 2013. ArchDaily. July 8, tus tristique elit dictum rhoncus. Aliquam erat2013. volutpat. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. https://www.archdaily.com/397653/meet23. Donec odio velit, suscipit ut odio ut, dignissim the-man-liberating-architecture-from24. scelerisque nulla. Donec eu magna mollis, bibendum modernism-s-evils.

25. urna et, vulputate ante. Maecenas porttitor eleifend 26.

euismod. Praesent id laoreet nibh. Quisque erat diam, 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

hendrerit non nulla a, pulvinar ullamcorper erat. Donec pretium sodales dui non vulputate. Mauris interdum vestibulum elit, at hendrerit sapien luctus posuere. Etiam pharetra sit amet purus at interdum. Nullam tincidunt velit ac orci ullamcorper, vel convallis eros dignissim. Aenean eget rutrum felis, ac accumsan ipsum. Nam suscipit elementum accumsan. Pellentesque magna quam, consectetur ac sem in, molestie maximus sem. Nunc enim nisl, egestas sed semper id, dignissim sit amet tellus. Proin vitae consequat tellus. Maecenas tempor massa eget blandit ornare. Nullam iaculis sem in euismod scelerisque. Suspendisse iaculis leo tellus, vel fermentum sapien aliquam nec. Duis commodo erat in neque molestie condimentum. Nullam bibendum odio erat, nec hendrerit tortor facilisis sit amet. Proin molestie rhoncus ligula, sit amet pretium urna tempus a. Orci varius natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Ut ullamcorper, nisl eu tincidunt molestie, ipsum neque tempor magna, eget condimentum lacus risus eu nisi. Proin auctor turpis a leo fringilla, nec posuere enim convallis. Integer quis ornare lectus, ut euismod nunc. Ut molestie rhoncus tortor vitae molestie. Cras at arcu fermentum,

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The Modern Architecture Guidebook Hong Kong’s built environment represents a unique site of inquiry in the global history of the Modern Movement. The Modern Architecture guidebook series draw from an inter-disciplinary toolkit of knowledge, references, and field studies to understand the processes at work in the built environment. Each walking tour in the series begins with one of the 98 MTR stations in Hong Kong as the meeting point. First opened in 1979, this modernist infrastructure has produced a city rationalized around transportoriented development. Organized around key themes (industrialization, colonization, environment, internationalization, migration, decolonization, counterculture, and globalization), the guidebooks present a critical yet open perspective towards the implications of large-scale modernist schemes on the environment and community.