Migration: Resettlement in Kai Tak

MIGRATION

ARCH2058 Modern Architecture ASSIGNMENT 3: GUIDEBOOK

| Fall 2021

Migration: Resettlement in Kai Tak Chow Wai Yin (3035695426) Maliwat Eloisa (3035697668) Wong Kai Yan Michelle (3035664300)

KAI TAK

Kai Tak is the former Kai Tak Airport site in Kowloon and citizens have been migrating internally in and out of the new town for the past 20 more years. The development plan formulated in 2007 aimed to transform Kai Tak into a new distinguished and comprehensive community with infrastructures and facilities that enfold work, life, recreation, function and circulation. We would like to probe into the work-in-progress resettlement of this redeveloped area and the flow of people in building-scale, community-scale, city-scale through a few major architectures: Kai Ching Estate, Airside, Kai Tak Sports Centre and Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.

1 KAI CHING ESTATE

Kai Ching Estate is a Hong Kong public residential estate located on Mik Hung Street 12 in Kai Tak. It is a completed building in 2013 for the Kai Tak Development, built by the China State Construction Engineering Corporation. It is composed of 6 multi-storey blocks, Hong Ching House, Lok Ching House and Yan Ching House, all in non-standard y-shaped blocks, with Sheung Ching House, Mun Ching House and Yuet Ching House, all in non-standard cross-shaped blocks. These 2 types of blocks contain 5,200 dwellings for 13,300 residents. According to the population by-census by the Hong Kong Government, Kai Ching Estate had a population of 11,881 in 2016 with a median age of 44.3. The median monthly household income in terms of both economically active and inactive households was HK$14,010, in which this number could be define as low-income residents in Hong Kong.

Historically, the concept of low-cost housing program was implemented in 1961 as a policy for resettlement and squatter control.

After the handover of Hong Kong, the planning department has outlined plans to clear nearly all buildings in Kai Tak to rejuvenate the entire ex-airport area. In 2006, this new public rental estate was planned to be built on part of this brownfield site. Similar to the built public estates in Hong Kong, Kai Ching Estate was made of prefabricated components and was designed with workable sustainable strategies such as renewable energy sources and ventilation permeability, which are carried out from the built estates by the government.

Spatially, with the urban micro-climate design strategies, the increase ventilation for both site planning and building design has created many open and public spaces for residents living there. The enlargement of corridors, expansion of the permeability within two blocks and the increase of permeable podium for ventilation flow has led to

bigger public connections and public areas for leisure. Hence, the estate has saved up to 30% green ratio for parks and open spaces, and residents could easily access to all places through these spatious permeable channels.

In addition, the buildings with three identical wings in “Y” shape has shared lifts at the central core, so residents could access to their rental apartments from the center then to the linear sides. The linear blocks include multi-room units where partitions can be set up by the tenants, so there is even more permeability and sharing space on a private scale.

U Park

8. Foot Massage Path 9. Landscape Garden 10. Fitness Area

6

6

Park

Mun Ching House

9

69

Muk Hung Street

Yuet Ching House

Ching Long Shopping Centre

Ching Long Shopping Centre

1. Refuse Collection Point 2. Car Park 3. Community Farm 4. Plant Nursery 5. Kindergarten 6. Community Play Area 7. Badminton Court

9

Hong Ching House

6

10

5 Sheung Ching House

2 Lok Ching House

Yan Ching House

Ching Long Shopping Centre

8

Muk Hung Street

1 2

7 2

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE

2.1 AIRSIDE

Densely populated has been a problem in Hong Kong for years. People are tightly packed into a small area without any spaces for breathing, especially in Kai Tak. The Kai Tak Airport was the previous international airport of Hong Kong from 1925 until 1998, which was shut down later on and replaced by the Chek Lap Kok Airport.

In Kai Tak, the resettling of the space through time has proven how a district needs a great chance to follow the pace of people nowadays.

Airside is situated at a unique and rapidly transforming location in central Hong Kong.

To support the flow and circulation of people in Kai Tak MTR station, the base of the building is designed to serve the heavy pedestrian traffic. It also seems that these commercial spaces are typically designed to have the urban landscape extend into its facilities.

Airside is a mixed-use development project designed by Snøhetta. It has an area of 1.9

million sq. ft with a 47-storey height and expects to be the new Central Business District and the main gateway to the Kai Tak development for the coming future. It consists of offices and an undercover shopping avenue, leading to a brand new multi-storey retail complex.

The architecture is still under construction and is expected to be opened in 2022.

Through the design from the exterior to the interior and landscape design, Airside embraces a new urban lifestyle concept of wholeness. It invites everyone and the community to gather at a place that

connects to others and nature by providing 33% of vegetation and open-air spaces.

In addition, a series of exterior plazas and rooftop gardens offer visitors access to public areas and green parks suited for urban farming, restaurants, events, and recreation. Sustainable green lifestyles are also advocated by automatic bicycle parking bays to encourage green mobility.

The emphasis on openness and lasting connections could be shown in the 200-meter tower with a base in one continuous form.

The construction of fluted glass in the curveshape facade has reminded people of the textile from the historical industry of Nan Fung Group. The unique shape also creates a series of human-scale urban spaces. As for the retail atrium, almost 66,000 square meters of the area are filled with natural light.

2.2 KAI TAK SPORTS PARK

Kai Tak Sports Park was built at the same site as the previous Kai Tak Airport as a multi-purpose sports venue. Kai Tak Sports Park is the largest sports venue in Hong Kong and is located in the northwestern part of the old Kai Tak Airport, where some of the parking stands used to be. The sports park is expected to be completed by 2023.

Kai Tak Sports Park supports the three key Government sport development policy objectives: promoting “Sports for All” in the community, supporting elite athletes and making Hong Kong a centre for major international sports events.

It serves as a space of human vitality that provokes positive social interaction through the power of sports and leisure.

The park has combined the idea of sport, leisure, shopping, and food together as one.

It not only consists of facilities for major sports events but also for the daily exercise of the

citizens. Sports venues, open spaces, park facilities, retail and dining outlets are all aimed to meet the needs of both the public and professional athletes. Surrounding the covered Kai Tak Sports Avenue, an indoor and outdoor pedestrian walkway starts at the Station Square and leads people all the way to the Dining Cove overlooking the Victoria Harbour.

The 50,000-seat “Pearl of the Orient ‘’ themed Main Stadium along with a retractable roof provides a venue that could host various international, regional and local events in any weather. Besides the retractable roof and a flexible pitch surface that can be switched between natural turf to other surfaces, it also has an infinity edge design above the south stand with a vast activity platform that is visually connected to the Victoria Harbour.

While the 10,000-seat Indoor Sports Center provides a multi-purpose space with retractable seating to host major competitions or events, and even sports courts for community use.The Public Sports Ground that consists of 5,000 seats could also host

school athletic events, athletic training and local league games. Other than these, there are more than 8 hectares of open spaces that include the outdoor ball courts, a children’s playground, a health and wellness center, a bowling center and retail and dining outlets.

Within the district, the easy access from the Station Square and the public transport interchanges has also circulated the people.

Only a 10-minute walk from the newly planned Kai Tak and Song Wong Toi MTR stations and

within walking distance of the Kowloon City Ferry Pier. Pedestrian walkways will connect the Sports Park to new developments in Kwa Wan, Ma Tau Kok, Kowloon City and Kai Tak districts. million sq. ft with a 47-storey height and expects to be the new Central Business District and the main gateway to the Kai Tak development for the coming future. It consists of offices and an undercover shopping avenue, leading to a brand new multi-storey retail complex.

The architecture is still under construction and is expected to be opened in 2022.

Through the design from the exterior to the interior and landscape design, Airside embraces a new urban lifestyle concept of wholeness. It invites everyone and the community to gather at a place that connects to others and nature by providing 33% of vegetation and open-air spaces.

In addition, a series of exterior plazas and rooftop gardens offer visitors access to public areas and green parks suited for urban farming, restaurants, events, and recreation. Sustainable green lifestyles

are also advocated by automatic bicycle parking bays to encourage green mobility.

The emphasis on openness and lasting connections could be shown in the 200-meter tower with a base in one continuous form.

The construction of fluted glass in the curveshape facade has reminded people of the textile from the historical industry of Nan Fung Group. The unique shape also creates a series of human-scale urban spaces. As for the retail atrium, almost 66,000 square meters of the area are filled with natural light.

3 KAI TAK CRUISE TERMINAL

Mutating Kai Tak from an aviation hub to a cruise hub, Hong Kong Government intended to construct the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal on a 76,000m² site at the southern end of the former Kai Tak Airport runway following the surging cruise market in the Asia Pacific Region. The terminal carries on Tai Tak’s tradition of connecting with people such as cruise passengers and local visitors. The terminal has the capacity to accommodate two large 360-metre-long vessels, each with more than 4,000 passengers. As a communication centre between Hong Kong and the world, the flow of people would be huge. We have to contemplate the circulation in the architecture scope, city scope and global scope.

With efficiency and passenger convenience as the design intention in mind, the building layout is designed with a distinct logistical sequence. The terminal has

a linear, wide, rectangular arrangement with three main floors. Services are incorporated with the structure and the different levels are connected with the surrounding pedestrian walkways. The ground floor is mainly for transportation and the arriving passengers with areas such as the baggage handling area, the passenger arrival hall, customs hall and back-office functions while the passenger drop-off area is on the first floor. The services for embarking passengers such as the check-in, waiting areas, public colonnade, shops and cafes are on the second floor.

There is a semi-sheltered public roof garden connecting to the waterfront promenade through a pedestrian walkway. Citizens could enjoy outdoor dining and picnics with the breathtaking backdrop of the city.

With the advance technical innovations, the 42-metre spans are supported by the structure consisting of three connecting decks without any columns.

The spacious interior spans maximise the

spatial and planning flexibilities for an array of functions throughout the year and utilise the off-peak of cruise traffic. By converting the check-in and waiting area for exhibitions, events, conferences and performances, business opportunities and the potential could be attracted with its proximity to all major urban areas of Hong Kong in ten miles.

Thanks to its strategic location in the South China Sea and the remarkable potential of South-East Asia, Hong Kong

has been an attractive destination for international tourists and cruise passengers with more than 50 million visitors per year before the pandemic. With the completion of the world-class cruise terminal with cutting edge facilities and the existing cruise terminal in Tsim Sha Tsui, there are four berths for cruise vessels in Hong Kong that could adjust to the demand for various cruise vessels types and the diverse cruise market segments. This could support Hong Kong’s development as a leading regional cruise hub.

Bibliography

“A New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong.” AIRSIDE. Accessed December 15, 2021. https://www.airside.com.hk/en.

“Airside Hong Kong.” Snøhetta. Accessed December 15, 2021. https://snohetta.com/projects/525-airside-hongkong.

“Airside.” Nan Fung Group, April 8, 2021. https://www. nanfung.com/en/property/hong-kong/airside/.

Arcadis. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.” Arcadis. Improving Quality of Life | Arcadis. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.arcadis.com/en/projects/asia/hong-kong/kaitak-cruise-terminal.

Architectural Services Department. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Building.” Architectural Services Department, HKSAR Government. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www. archsd.gov.hk/media/exhibition/kai-tak-cruise-terminalbuilding/kaitakcruiseterminalbuilding.pdf.

Barrie Ho’s Architecture. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Building @ Kai Tak, Kowloon East.” BHA Opening Flash - Barrie Ho’s Architecture Website. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.barrieho.com/kai-tak-cruise-terminal-buildingkai-tak-kowloon-east.html.

Bouygues Construction. “The Kai Tak Cruise Terminal

Building | Realised by Bouygues Construction.” Bouygues Construction. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www. bouygues-construction.com/en/projet-emblematique/kaitak-cruise-terminal-building.

Energizing Kowloon East. “Green Building.” Energizing Kowloon East. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www. ekeo.gov.hk/en/green_map/building/building_KT_Cruise_ Terminal.html.

Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.” Architectural Design and Engineering Firm | Foster + Partners. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/kai-tak-cruiseterminal/.

Kai Tak Sports Park.” ASM Global. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.asmglobal.com/p/our-portfolio/ stadiums/kai-tak-sports-park.

“Kai Tak Sports Park.” Home Affairs Bureau - Policy Responsibilities - Recreation, Sport and Kai Tak Sports Park Kai Tak Sports Park. Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// www.hab.gov.hk/en/policy_responsibilities/Kai_Tak_Sports_ Park/ktsp.htm.

“Kai Tak Sports Park.” Kai Tak Sports Park - Kai Tak Sports Park. Accessed December 21, 2021. https:// kaitaksportspark.hk/en.

“Kai Tak Sports Park.” Populous, October 18, 2021. https:// populous.com/project/kai-tak-sports-park.

Maunsell Ltd. (Aecom). “Kai Tak Development Engineering Study for cum Design and Construction of Advance Works – Investigation, Design and Construction.” Maunsell Ltd. (Aecom). Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www. epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1382007/ Formal%20Submission%20PDF/EIA/S2_Project%20 Description.pdf.

Ship Technology. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.” Ship Technology. Last modified March 2, 2020. https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/kai-tak-cruise-terminal/.

“Progress Update on Kai Tak Sports Park and ... - Hfc.org. hk.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hfc.org.hk/ filemanager/files/TFKT-01-2021.pdf.

HOW HAS THE RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN KAI TAK DEVELOPED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF MIGRATION UP TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF KAI CHING ESTATE? Kai Yan Michelle, Wong

Kai Tak is district in Hong Kong with a lot of residential memories in the past and will continue to grow its plan on constructing more in the present and future. It has gone through development due to different reasons since the 1900s, including political, social, economic, political factors, and most importantly, migration. Migration is a spatiotemporal process that evolves over space and time—involves the continual reshaping of place as persons move between various origins and destinations.1 Same as for Kai Tak, the massive movement of people has reshaped Kai Tak during modernization. This essay is going to evaluate how the residential areas in Kai Tak has developed in time and how it has evolved into an iconic architecture which represents building for home living in Hong Kong --- Kai Ching Estate.

Historically, immigration and economic development in Hong Kong has transformed the village residential life into a gentrification context in Kai Tak. During the 1911 revolution, there was an influx of immigrants into

Hong Kong that led to a shortage of housing.2 On a business scale, Kai Tak Land Investment Company Limited wished to build an up-scale residential area to attract wealthy immigrants to settle in Hong Kong3, especially the residential area in Kai Tack Bund (Fig. 1) during the first phase of development.4 The plan was not successful at last because of bankruptcy.

After sovereignty of Hong Kong was returned to the British in 1945, tenement houses were built to the south of present-day Kowloon Walled City Park and along Ma Tau Ching Road, Ma Tau Chung Road, Pak Tai Street, Tam Kung Road and Kowloon City Road5 to cater the residential need. Additionally, large number of squatter settlements, built with iron sheets and wooden planks, were also scattered in Kowloon City.

Fig 1. Kai Tack Bund, before 19426

Fig 2. The Squatter settlements grew up around the Kowloon Walled City7

Fig. 3 Willage houses in Ma Tau Chung Village8

To improve the living standard, the village life transitioned into urbanization with resettlement blocks and housing estates9 being built in East Kowloon. In the 1950s, the Government planned to resume land in Kowloon City and surrounding areas for building housing estates, but an inter-village alliance, Shap Sam Heung, was formed by at least thirteen nearby villages to protest against the Hong Kong Government’s policy.10 More public rental estates were popularized with the initiation from the government in the 1960s, thus the horizontal spread of squatter settlements and tenements were starting to grow on a vertical direction.

The establishment of Kai Tak Airport from the Second World War to 1997 was a pivotal period when local residents internally resettled from Kai Tak to other residential

districts in Hong Kong, while an influx migration of Vietnamese people due to the Vietnam War in the mid 1970s in Kai Tak occured. Politically, during the Second World War when Hong Kong was occupied by Japan, the Japanese army planned to build an airport by removing infrastructures to remain debris for the new airport.11 The airport was completed in 1962.

At this point, Kai Tak was transformed from a residential based district for permeant living into a global cultural exchange area, mainly for temporary living and tourism. (Fig. 4)

Fig. 4 An old map showing a new runway was built in the Kai Tak Airport after the Second World War, 194712

380000 residents of Kai Tak Airport were in a thorny issue of living under the noise of airplanes as high as 100 decibels every day, even late night.13 Furthermore on a social context in 1939, planes were landing hazardously close to 13 Streets residential buildings and

pedestrian roads on the way to the 13/31 runway, which was named the most dangerous runway in history called the “Kai Tak Heart Attack”.14 The Tong Lau and other residential buildings in Kowloon City and Nhau Tau Kok, which were neighborhood areas to Kai Tak, had a 13-storey building height restriction.15 Yet, the restriction law was questionable with the unpredictability of plane flights. The great nuisances have caused residents to displace from their homes to other residential areas such as Shep Kip Mei and Diamond Hill. On the other hand in the 1970s, Kai Tak East Camp was set up to house an estimated 10000 for Vietnam refugees during the Vietnam war. Therefore, most local residents internally emigrated from Kai Tak, but at the same time refugee immigrated in Kai Tak from the external of Hong Kong. Overall, this spatio-temporal process was continually reshaping the movement of residents and their displacements of residential areas due to political, economic, and social influence.

The historical context mentioned before has transformed the residential life in Kai Tak from a horizontal dispersion to a vertical one with the push factors of migration and urbanization. After 1998, Kai Tak Airport was removed, including the whole land in Kai Tak. The government commissioned a new development in East Kowloon in 2004, and residentially, construct public and private housing on 328 hectares of Kai Tak for 136,700 people.16 To increase land supply for this high demand, the government has escalated the building density to resettle new coming residents who may resettle internally, including newly-weds, single elderly people or low-income families.

The government has saved more land for disadvantaged groups, prioritizing the use of existing residential land. In the second stage of conceptual planning, already 25.5% of the

residential land was zoned for public rental housing, which was enough to build 13,300 units and for 34,000 people to live17 due the building’s-controlled size and increase gross floor area. After the supply was larger than its demand due to the economic downturn and the decrease in demand for residential land related to investment and speculation, the government has finally decided to convert their emphasis on the recreational buildings than on the planning of residential land and the number of units to be built.

As mentioned in the previous paragraph about public housing, they were in higher demand than private ones such as Sky Tower and Grand Waterfront18, with only 10,000 middle to high-income residents in lane for settlements. This was why Kai Ching Estate was one of the most prominent public rental estates in Kai Tak for this group of newly resettled residents, after its construction was completed in 2013. By the time in 2013, Kai Ching Estate has already established 5,200 dwellings, ready for 13,300 residents. In

early January 2013, the Housing Department carried out procedures for settling new residents in Kai Ching Estate. However, this arrangement in April to May of the same year was delayed19 until August, which was 4 months later than the original date of occupation.20 According to the Census and Statistics Department in 2016, new immigrants from the Mainland, Macau and Taiwan who lived for 7 to 9 years in Hong Kong have proposed to resettle in Kai Ching Estate21, and they were one tenth of the new migrant population who wanted to apply for public rental housing, which was ranked the second highest after Caide Village and Caiying Village. These low-income residents have an average $11,000 to $14,000 income per month, which meant Kai Ching Estate was positioned at the 502nd out of the 510th in house estate income ranking in 2016.22 Nevertheless, even with the process of gentrification or urbanization development in Kai Tak, the concept of having low-cost housing program in Kai Ching Estate was

still a shadow from the 1900s to 1980s, when people in Kai Tak lived in villages, squatter and tenement houses. The community was still connective as in the past with open areas such as parks, neighborhood circulation, yet through the modernization processes, materials from iron and wood was revolutionized into prefabricated components worked from sustainable strategies proposed by the government such as the renewable energy sources. Kai Ching Estate was a present symbol, representing the residential image in Kai Tak history.

In conclusion, internal and external migration and residential resettlement in Kai Tak from 1900 to today has been both a spontaneous and guided process that demanded lots of development time. In terms of migration and resettlement, it was a process of massive population movements in and out of Kai Tak internally within Hong Kong, and there were also external influences such as war. Politically, the government of Hong Kong have continuously rejuvenated for more

spatial capacity, and they have been coping with housing problems for the disadvantaged people with better design, which was still a problem today with public estates such as Kai Ching Estate. In terms of the economy, individual businesses and private owners were also involved in the process of developing the residential areas. Socially, people have been affected by the political and economic alterations through the process of modernization, moving in and out like the establishment of the Kai Tak airport. Therefore, Kai Tak has been through many spatial changes and human shifts, yet still, Kai Ching Estate was a representation of how Hong Kong has been like by reflecting the image in the past and also representing a modernized era.

Notes 1. ”Geography of Migration.” Obo. Accessed December

22, 2021. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199874002/obo-9780199874002-0038.xml.

2. “The Inheritance.” Kai Tak Development. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/publiccreatives/en/ the_inheritance.html.

3. “The Inheritance.” Kai Tak Development. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/publiccreatives/en/ the_inheritance.html.

4. “Kai Tak River.” Kai Tak Development. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/kaitakriver/txt/tchina/history.html.

5. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

6. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

7. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

8. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

9. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

10. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

11. “The Inheritance.” Kai Tak Development. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/publiccreatives/en/ the_inheritance.html.

12. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

13. “都 市 的 迴 響.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/tc_chi/annualrpts/textonly/annual_rpt2000/ch8_1.html.

14. “Living in Hong Kong | Guide to Living and Working in Hong Kong | HK Life | Localiiz.” Localiiz. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.localiiz.com/post/cult”ure-history-kaitak-airport-hong-kong.

15. PolyU Institutional Research Archive. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/69923/1/Guo_Jian_2017.pdf.

16. 香港特別行政區立法會 - 首頁. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/chinese/panels/dev/ papers/dev1208cb1-243-21-c.pdf.

17. 香港特別行政區立法會 - 首頁. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/chinese/panels/dev/ papers/dev1208cb1-243-21-c.pdf.

18. “Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

19. “启晴邨.”

Wikiwand.

Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.wikiwand.com/zhcn/%E5%95%9F%E6%99%B4%E9%82%A8.

20. 歡迎光臨 區議會網頁. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/kc/doc/2012_2015/sc/ committee_meetings_doc/4HIC/3217/KCHIC13_51cp.pdf.

21. 梁逸風. “城市數據新移民住哪？啟晴、德朗十分一人為 居港7至9年新移民.” 香港01. Last modified March 28, 2018. https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%9 6%B0%E8%81%9E/172179/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6 %95%B8%E6%93%9A-%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0 %91%E4%BD%8F%E5%93%AA-%E5%95%9F%E6%99%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%97%E5%8D%81%E5%88%86%E4% B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%82%BA%E5%B1%85%E6%B8%A F7%E8%87%B39%E5 22. “最新全港屋苑收入排行榜 - 香港經濟日報 - IMoney - 政 經 - 社會.” IMoney 智富雜誌. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://imoney.hket.com/article/1958887.

Bibliography

“Geography of Migration.” Obo. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199874002/obo-9780199874002-0038.xml.

“Historical cum Social Study on Kowloon City district in connection with Kai Tak area.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/doc/conserve/kowlooncityfinalreport.pdf.

“The Inheritance.” Kai Tak Development. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/publiccreatives/en/ the_inheritance.html.

“Kai Tak River.” Kai Tak Development. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/kaitakriver/txt/tchina/history.html.

“Living in Hong Kong | Guide to Living and Working in Hong Kong | HK Life | Localiiz.” Localiiz. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.localiiz.com/post/cult”ure-history-kai-takairport-hong-kong.

PolyU Institutional Research Archive. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/69923/1/ Guo_Jian_2017.pdf. “启晴邨.”

Wikiwand.

Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.wikiwand.com/zhcn/%E5%95%9F%E6%99%B4%E9%82%A8.

“最新全港屋苑收入排行榜 - 香港經濟日報 - IMoney - 政經 - 社 會.” IMoney 智富雜誌. Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// imoney.hket.com/article/1958887. 梁逸風. “【城市數據】新移民住哪？啟晴、德朗十分一人為 居港7至9年新移民.” 香港01. Last modified March 28, 2018. https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%9 6%B0%E8%81%9E/172179/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6 %95%B8%E6%93%9A-%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0 %91%E4%BD%8F%E5%93%AA-%E5%95%9F%E6%99%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%97%E5%8D%81%E5%88%86%E4% B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%82%BA%E5%B1%85%E6%B8%A F7%E8%87%B39%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%BB%E 6%B0%91. 歡迎光臨 區議會網頁. Accessed December 22, 2021. https:// www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/kc/doc/2012_2015/sc/committee_meetings_doc/4HIC/3217/KCHIC13_51cp.pdf. “都 市 的 迴 響.” Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www. epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/tc_chi/annualrpts/textonly/annual_ rpt2000/ch8_1.html. 香港特別行政區立法會 - 首頁. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/chinese/panels/dev/papers/dev1208cb1-243-21-c.pdf.

EVALUATING THE REALIZATION OF THE KAI TAK RESETTLEMENT PROJECT AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE KAI TAK CRUISE TERMINAL Wai Yin, Chow

Affected by the epidemic, the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal has not docked for months.

Although the terminal resumed cruise lines since July to a limited extent for passengers participating in Seacation, which is also called “cruise-to-nowhere”1, the stream of people in the terminal is scarce. Having the terminal as one of the crucial construction, Kai Tak development progress fails to meet the objectives of the Kai Tak Outline Zoning Plan (Kai Tak OZP) as well with delays and tender failure of projects2. There is a long period of debate on the implementation of this massive resettlement project and whether the cruise terminal is a white elephant construction.

This research essay evaluates the realization of the Kai Tak development in terms of urban planning and architectural design with the performance of the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal as the main example after 14 years from the formulation of the Kai Tak OZP3. It will first discuss the objectives of the development compared with the current progress, then reflect on the reasons that lead to the

present situation and review the proposed solutions by the government or other parties.

Kai Tak OZP’s vision is to foster Kai Tak into a new distinguished and comprehensive community with infrastructures and facilities that enfold work, life, recreation, function and circulation4. Brenda Au, Head of Energizing Kowloon East Office, HKSAR Government, raised that Kowloon East will be remodelled as the second core business district (CBD2) of Hong Kong reinforced by the Kai Tak development5. Being one of the prime projects of the development, the cruise terminal is a miniature and metaphor of the whole Kai Tak development alongside internal migration. In terms of internal circulation, the transportation network of the district could be aligned with the internal circulation of the cruise terminal.

The building layout of the terminal is carefully designed with a calculated arrangement on account of passenger accessibility and efficiency6. Services are integrated with the structure and different services are allocated

to each floor. The second floor consists of the administrations for embarking travellers such as the check-in, waiting zones, open colonnade, shops and cafes whereas the traveller drop-off zone is on the primary floor7.

The ground floor is primarily for transportation and the arriving travellers with zones such as the baggage handling zone, the traveller entry lobby, customs lobby and back-office capacities. Conversely, the internal circulation of Kai Tak is inadequate for an aspiring CBD. Following the Government’s decline of the proposed HK$12 billion elevated monorail8, which was planned to connect the whole development area, the current franchised bus and green minibus routes are insufficient to the transportation network for this comprehensive town. There is only one roadway on the former runway connecting to the terminal that makes the terminal9 become remote from the urban area and lower the attractiveness to citizens to visit the terminal.

Furthermore, there is a coordination between the infrastructure of both the terminal and the

entire Kai Tak area. Synchronizing with the district, the cruise terminal is lacking transit facilities with only 120 parking lots for private cars10. About a year after the completion of the terminal, over two thousand visitors embarked from RMS Queen Mary 2 were stuck at the terminal waiting for taxis for more than two hours11. This caused damage to the image of Hong Kong as a welcoming and efficient city.

Not only does the transportation fail to keep up with the development, but communal facilities are also falling behind the completion of the residential building such as Kai Ching Estate and Tak Long Estate12. These brought inconvenience to the new migrates’ daily lives.

With the paralleled evaluation of the internal circulation of Kai Tak and the cruise terminal, it is found the deficiencies in infrastructures hinder Kai Tak to pursue being a CBD.

It is also possible to analyze the flow of people and the capacity of the Kai Tak area and the cruise terminal side by side since they are dependent on each other. The new

Kai Tak Cruise Terminal covers 76,000m² of land with the capacity to berth two massive 360-metre-long vessels, each with more than 4,000 passengers and over 2,000 crew, as well as foreseeing the requests of the next era of larger ships13. It was aimed to support Hong Kong to be a leading regional cruise hub14 and provided the city with additional annual revenue15. On one hand, the entire Kai Tak development areas are covers 76,000m² of land and provide flats for almost 90,000

new migrates16. A total gross floor area of 230,000 square metres for “edutainment” facilities, hotels, shops and offices will be provided17. However, the authentic numbers of visitors and residents underperformed drastically. According to the Census and Statistics Department, the population of the Kai Tak New Area is around 31,000, which is only one-third of the estimated number18.

These could be taken into account to the under-construction residential buildings such as a new public housing and some private housing19. Moreover, the number of visitors arriving at the cruise terminal slightly increased from about 800,000 in 2016 to almost 870,000 in 201820, which was below expectation. Compared with the over 50 million visitors to Hong Kong in 2016, cruise passengers accounted for only 1% of that21. A few individuals of the tourism industry censure that the cruise terminal, which costs more than HK$6.6 billion to construct, has fizzled to realize financial benefits22. Additionally, there is intense external competition with

neighbouring cruise terminals in Southeast Asia such as Chan May Port in Vietnam, Phuket Port in Thailand, and Marina Bay Cruise Center in Singapore. Due to the instability caused by Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement, the number of cruise visitors drop lower than the first-year number in 201923. As a consequence of the breakout of the pandemic in 2020 and the banning of the cruise ship, the cruise passenger numbers reach the lowest at less than 68,00024. With the absence of trading business by cargo and business passengers like the airport, the cruise terminal could not sustain its performance with the high-end leisure passages under the pandemic. Considering the economic and social factors mentioned, Kai Tak has not yet realized its full potential and the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal still has a long way to reach the regional cruise hub status.

Owing to the sparse visitor flow and economic downfall discussed in the previous paragraph, businesses in both the

cruise terminal and Tai Kai redeveloping area slumped. All the shops in the terminal have closed down and there is no planning on reopening. Similarly in the district scale, the purchase of serval commercial land lots such as New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 6615 at Kai Tak Area 2A Site 4, Site 5(B) and Site 10 were rejected by the Government due to the fact to tendered premiums did not meet the Government’s reserve price for the Site25.

Responding to the latest economic situation, the market reaction in tandem with the public’s expectation of increasing urban housing, the Government proposed to withdraw some commercial and institutional land lots such as offices26, hotels27 and schools28 and rearrange them as permanent and transitional housing. This move might be the indication of Kai Tai rebranding and stepping back from pursuing as the CBD and tourism node. With the switching direction of the development, the demand for infrastructures such as transportation and hospital would be soaring which will overwhelm the existing

insufficient capacity. Expansion of the road on the former runway will be needed to meet the high transportation flow. A transport professionals’ group, district councillors and residents desired the reconsidering of the Kai Tak elevated monorail project29, which has 12 stations connecting to the whole Kai Tak development area. The monorail could alleviate the heavy road transport load. Besides, for the cruise terminal, the innovative building design of over 42m

spacious interior spans without any columns provided spatial and planning flexibilities for a wide range of functions during the downtime of the cruise traffic30. The check-in and waiting zones could be transformed into a venue for exhibitions, events, conferences and performances, business opportunities that could increase local visitors. However, the last events held that the terminal was already more than one year ago31. In contrast, Osanbashi International Passenger Ship Terminal in Japan is currently holding the Yokohama Cross Night Illumination32 utilizing the public spaces created by its columnfree, long-span, arched steel structure33.

Kai Tak Cruise Terminal could draw on the experience of the Japan terminal to hold attractive events during the off-peak of cruise traffic. In light of the diminishing influx of people to both the district and the terminal, replanning and adopting the flexibility of the design could be carried out to captivate visitors and regain revenue for Hong Kong.

After evaluating the realization of the Kai Tak development and Kai Tak Cruise Terminal regarding their internal and external circulations, it is found that their recent position is far behind or maybe even astray from its vision of being the CBD and tourism node given the lack of infrastructure and economic recession. Nonetheless, the upcoming Kai Tak Sports Park, the New Acute Hospital and Airside and other infrastructure might bring new opportunities and potentials to the Kai Tak area.

Notes

1. Website designed by FirmStudio - www.firmstudio. com, “Resumption of “cruise-to-nowhere” Itineraries - Tourism Commission, Hong Kong SAR,” Tourism Commission, last modified November 9, 2020, https:// www.tourism.gov.hk/en/resumption_of_cruise-tonowhere_itineraries.php.

2. 敏欽 余, “地產新聞及樓市分析,” 地產新聞及樓市分 析 | 地產站 Property Station, accessed December 22, 2021, https://ps.hket.com/article/2642105/%E5%95%9 F%E5%BE%B72A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C %B0%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%99%E6%94%B6%E5%A0 %B4%20%20%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%A7 %E5%8D%80%E5%85%A7%E7%AC%AC3%E5%B9%8 5?mtc=60055.

3. Civil Engineering and Development Department, “Overview of Kai Tak Development,” Civil Engineering and Development Department, HKSAR Government, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.ktd.gov.hk/ eng/overview.html.

4. Cushman & Wakefield, “Developing Kai Tak As the Next Commercial Hub in Hong Kong,” Cushman & Wakefield, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www. cushmanwakefield.com/en/singapore/insights/blog/ developing-kai-tak-as-the-next-commercial-hub-inhong-kong.

5. Cushman & Wakefield, “ Developing Kai Tak As the Next Commercial Hub.” 6. Architectural Services Department, “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Building,” Architectural Services Department,

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

HKSAR Government, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.archsd.gov.hk/media/exhibition/kai-takcruise-terminal-building/kaitakcruiseterminalbuilding. pdf.

Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com, “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal,” Architectural Design and Engineering Firm | Foster + Partners, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/ kai-tak-cruise-terminal/.

Cannix Yau, “Transport Experts Urge Hong Kong Government to Rethink Scrapping Kai Tak Monorail,” South China Morning Post, last modified December 13, 2020, https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3113722/dismayed-transport-experts-district-councillors-residents. 經一編輯部, “【啟德變了樣】「未來貝沙灣轉眼 變深圳！」 網民狠批啟德區三大中伏位：本世紀 最大騙案,” 經濟一週, last modified July 7, 2021, https://www.edigest.hk/%e6%a8%93%e5%b8%82/%e5%95%9f%e5%be%b7%e8%b2%9d%e6%b2%99%e7%81%a3%e6%b7%b1%e5%9c%b3-%e7%b6%b2%e6%b0%91%e7%8b%a0%e6%89%b9-%e4%b8%ad%e4%bc%8f%e9%a8%99%e6%a1%88-298861/3/?utm_campaign=ED_ContentCopy&utm_source=Web-inventory&utm_medium=Content-Copy_ED. 香港特別行政區立法會, “香港特別行政區立法會,” 香 港特別行政區立法會, last modified March 17, 2021, https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr20-21/chinese/counmtg/ hansard/cm20210317-translate-c.pdf. 太陽報, “民調：郵輪碼頭混亂 商經局塞責,” 太陽報, accessed December 22, 2021, https://the-sun.on.cc/

cnt/news/20140407/00410_020.html.

12. 凱文, “重申對啟德發展計劃的幾點批評,” 評深宜論, last modified January 14, 2009, https://pingsum.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_14.html.

13. Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com, “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal,” 14. Maunsell Ltd. (Aecom), “Kai Tak Development Engineering Study for cum Design and Construction of Advance Works – Investigation, Design and Construction,” Maunsell Ltd. (Aecom), accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1382007/Formal%20Submission%20PDF/ EIA/S2_Project%20Description.pdf.

15. Arcadis, “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal,” Arcadis. Improving Quality of Life | Arcadis, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.arcadis.com/en/projects/asia/hong-kong/ kai-tak-cruise-terminal.

16. Civil Engineering and Development Department, “Overview of Kai Tak Development.”

17. Fanny Fung, “Future Hong Kong Vision: Kai Tak Tourist Hub Moves Closer to Reality,” South China Morning Post, last modified September 30, 2015, https://www. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/1862582/ future-hong-kong-vision-kai-tak-tourist-hub-movescloser.

18. Census and Statistics Department and Census and Statistics Department, “2016 Population By-census (Centamap),Kai Tak New Area(CHMA)’s Major Street: Shing Kai Road,Muk Hung Street, Muk Chiu Street,Concorde Road,Kai Fuk Road(Kai Tak New Area Section),Shing Fung Road,” Census and Statistics Department and Census and Statistics Department, accessed December

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

22, 2021, https://census.centamap.com/hong-kong/ Kowloon%20City/CHMA/Kai-Tak-New-Area.

Energizing Kowloon East, “Public Housing Development at Kai Tak Site 2B2,” Energizing Kowloon East, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.ekeo.gov. hk/en/green_map/building/building_KTS2B2.html.

Statista, “Hong Kong: Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Inbound Visitor Arrival Number 2020,” Statista, last modified February 19, 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079255/hong-kong-inbound-visitor-arrival-number-at-the-kai-tak-cruise-terminal/. 東方日報, “郵輪碼頭淪三低 基建多少大白象,” 東方日 報, last modified April 27, 2017, https://orientaldaily. on.cc/cnt/news/20170427/00186_001.html.

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, “LCQ17: Plans to Revitalise the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal,” The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, last modified January 17, 2018, https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201801/17/P2018011700419.htm.

Statista, “Hong Kong: Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.”

Statista, “Hong Kong: Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.”

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, “Tender Result for Government Sale Site in Kai Tak Announced,” The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, last modified May 13, 2020, https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202005/13/P2020051300560.htm?fontSize=1. 九龍城區議會, “啟德發展進一步檢討硏究,” 九龍城 區議會, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www. districtcouncils.gov.hk/kc/doc/2020_2023/tc/dc_meetings_doc/19393/KCDC21_70cp.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1uX-

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

d0jCn3SI_3zFpRtvXbVz1gmUbOrGR88AAlp7i2CMTFbq11q2JDDH1Y. 商務及經濟發展局, “立法會三題：啟德郵輪碼頭的交 通和住宿配套設施,” 商務及經濟發展局, last modified March 17, 2021, https://www.cedb.gov.hk/tc/legco-business/questions/2021/pr17032021c.html.

On.cc東網, “啟德校舍地擬改建過渡房屋 或增跨 區學童 運房局被轟零諮詢,” On.cc東網, last modified November 17, 2021, https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/ cnt/news/20211117/bkn-202111171202583881117_00822_001.html.

Cannix Yau, “Transport Experts Urge Hong Kong Government to Rethink Scrapping Kai Tak Monorail,” South China Morning Post, last modified December 13, 2020, https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3113722/dismayed-transport-experts-district-councillors-residents.

Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com, “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.”

Kai Tak Cruise Terminal, “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal MICE Venues,” Kai Tak Cruise Terminal, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.kaitakcruiseterminal.com.hk/ mice-venues/.

Time Out Tokyo, “See a Yokohama Park Transform into a Futuristic World at This Winter Illumination,” Time Out Tokyo, last modified December 2, 2021, https:// www.timeout.com/tokyo/things-to-do/yorunoyo-yokohama-cross-night-illumination.

Albert Ferre, Tomoko Sakamoto and Michael Kubo, The Yokohama project. (Barcelona: Actar, 2002), 43-45

Bibliography

Arcadis. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.” Arcadis. Improving Quality of Life | Arcadis. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.arcadis.com/en/projects/asia/hong-kong/kaitak-cruise-terminal.

Architectural Services Department. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Building.” Architectural Services Department, HKSAR Government. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www. archsd.gov.hk/media/exhibition/kai-tak-cruise-terminalbuilding/kaitakcruiseterminalbuilding.pdf.

Census and Statistics Department and Census and Statistics Department. “2016 Population By-census (Centamap),Kai Tak New Area(CHMA)’s Major Street: Shing Kai Road,Muk Hung Street, Muk Chiu Street,Concorde Road,Kai Fuk Road(Kai Tak New Area Section),Shing Fung Road.” Census and Statistics Department and Census and Statistics Department. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://census. centamap.com/hong-kong/Kowloon%20City/CHMA/KaiTak-New-Area.

Civil Engineering and Development Department. “Overview of Kai Tak Development.” Civil Engineering and Development Department, HKSAR Government. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ktd.gov.hk/eng/overview. html.

Cushman & Wakefield. “Developing Kai Tak As the Next Commercial Hub in Hong Kong.” Cushman & Wakefield.

Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.cushmanwakefield.com/en/singapore/insights/blog/developing-kaitak-as-the-next-commercial-hub-in-hong-kong.

Energizing Kowloon East. “Public Housing Development at Kai Tak Site 2B2.” Energizing Kowloon East. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/green_map/ building/building_KTS2B2.html.

Foreign Office Architects. The Yokohama Project. Actarbirkhauser, 2002.

Foster + Partners / www.fosterandpartners.com. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.” Architectural Design and Engineering Firm | Foster + Partners. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/kai-tak-cruiseterminal/.

Fung, Fanny. “Future Hong Kong Vision: Kai Tak Tourist Hub Moves Closer to Reality.” South China Morning Post.

Last modified September 30, 2015. https://www.scmp.com/ news/hong-kong/economy/article/1862582/future-hongkong-vision-kai-tak-tourist-hub-moves-closer.

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “LCQ17: Plans to Revitalise the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.” The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Last modified January 17, 2018. https:// www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201801/17/P2018011700419. htm.

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. “Tender Result for Government Sale Site in Kai Tak Announced.” The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Last modified May 13, 2020. https:// www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202005/13/P2020051300560. htm?fontSize=1.

Kai Tak Cruise Terminal. “Kai Tak Cruise Terminal MICE Venues.” Kai Tak Cruise Terminal. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.kaitakcruiseterminal.com.hk/mice-venues/.

Maunsell Ltd. (Aecom). “Kai Tak Development Engineering Study for cum Design and Construction of Advance Works – Investigation, Design and Construction.” Maunsell Ltd. (Aecom). Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.epd.gov. hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1382007/Formal%20 Submission%20PDF/EIA/S2_Project%20Description.pdf.

On.cc東網. “啟德校舍地擬改建過渡房屋 或增跨區學童 運 房局被轟零諮詢.” On.cc東網. Last modified November 17, 2021. https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20211117/bkn20211117120258388-1117_00822_001.html.

Statista. “Hong Kong: Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Inbound Visitor Arrival Number 2020.” Statista. Last modified February 19, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079255/ hong-kong-inbound-visitor-arrival-number-at-the-kai-takcruise-terminal/.

Time Out Tokyo. “See a Yokohama Park Transform into a Futuristic World at This Winter Illumination.” Time Out Tokyo. Last modified December 2, 2021. https://www.timeout. com/tokyo/things-to-do/yorunoyo-yokohama-cross-night-illumination.

Website designed by FirmStudio - www.firmstudio.com.

“Resumption of “cruise-to-nowhere” Itineraries - Tourism Commission, Hong Kong SAR.” Tourism Commission. Last modified November 9, 2020. https://www.tourism.gov.hk/ en/resumption_of_cruise-to-nowhere_itineraries.php.

Yau, Cannix. “Transport Experts Urge Hong Kong Government to Rethink Scrapping Kai Tak Monorail.” South China Morning Post. Last modified December 13, 2020. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3113722/dismayed-transport-experts-district-councillors-residents.

Yau, Cannix. “Transport Experts Urge Hong Kong Government to Rethink Scrapping Kai Tak Monorail.” South China Morning Post. Last modified December 13, 2020. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3113722/dismayed-transport-experts-district-councillors-residents. 九龍城區議會. “啟德發展進一步檢討硏究.” 九龍城區議會.

Accessed December 22, 2021. https://www.districtcouncils. gov.hk/kc/doc/2020_2023/tc/dc_meetings_doc/19393/ KCDC21_70cp.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1uXd0jCn3SI_3zFpRtvXbVz1gmUbOrGR88AAlp7i2CMTFbq11q2JDDH1Y.

余, 敏欽. “地產新聞及樓市分析.” 地產新聞及樓市分析 | 地產站 Property Station. Accessed December 22, 2021. https://ps.hket.com/article/2642105/%E5%95%9F%E5%B E%B72A%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5 %81%E6%A8%99%E6%94%B6%E5%A0%B4%20%20%E5 %B9%B4%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%A7%E5%8D%80%E5%85%A7%E7%AC%AC3%E5%B9%85?mtc=60055. 凱文. “重申對啟德發展計劃的幾點批評.” 評深宜論. Last modified January 14, 2009. https://pingsum.blogspot. com/2009/01/blog-post_14.html. 商務及經濟發展局. “立法會三題：啟德郵輪碼頭的交通和 住宿配套設施.” 商務及經濟發展局. Last modified March 17, 2021. https://www.cedb.gov.hk/tc/legco-business/questions/2021/pr17032021c.html. 太陽報. “民調：郵輪碼頭混亂 商經局塞責.” 太陽報.

Accessed December 22, 2021. https://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/ news/20140407/00410_020.html. 東方日報. “郵輪碼頭淪三低 基建多少大白象.” 東方日報.

Last modified April 27, 2017. https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/ news/20170427/00186_001.html. 經一編輯部. “【啟德變了樣】「未來貝沙灣轉眼變深圳！ 」 網民狠批啟德區三大中伏位：本世紀最大騙案.” 經濟 一週. Last modified July 7, 2021. https://www.edigest. hk/%e6%a8%93%e5%b8%82/%e5%95%9f%e5%be%b7%e8%b2%9d%e6%b2%99%e7%81%a3%e6%b7%b1%e5%9c%b3-%e7%b6%b2%e6%b0%91%e7%8b%a0%e6%89%b9-%e4%b8%ad%e4%bc%8f-

%e9%a8%99%e6%a1%88-298861/3/?utm_campaign=ED_ ContentCopy&utm_source=Web-inventory&utm_medium=Content-Copy_ED. 香港特別行政區立法會. “香港特別行政區立法會.” 香港 特別行政區立法會. Last modified March 17, 2021. https:// www.legco.gov.hk/yr20-21/chinese/counmtg/hansard/ cm20210317-translate-c.pdf.

CONNECTIVITY OF KAI TAK THROUGH OPEN SPACES: THE MIGRATION JOURNEY FROM QUIET TO VIBRANT Eloisa, Maliwat

The resettlement of Kai Tak revolves around changing the purpose of lands. Kai Tak started as an international airport with a runway extending towards the ocean located in Kowloon City. The area was originally bought by businessmen Ho Kai and Au Tak, who opened the Kai Tak Investment Company.

Later on, the land became a well-known airport. Therefore, the name of the airport indeed originated from the name of the land.

This centre of transportation declined, then was redeveloped into an epochal landmark, achieving the revitalization of Kai Tak.

The answer is through the displacement and migration of people and architecture. Not until the government had approved the “Kai Tak Development Plan ‘’, and work commenced on the new Kai Tak district, gradually achieving the migration and resettlement1. The term “migration of architecture” is the movement and flow of humans and spaces. The idea and concept of migration link each place together and showcase different aspects and ways to see through architecture. Hence, the migration of architecture influences the idea of spatial2.

Surrounded by various buildings and infrastructure, including shops, government, work, life and play facilities, Airside is indeed the center of the movement and flow of humans and spaces3. Nowadays, the emphasis on the concept of sustainable development has become more significant, that even the commercial buildings and shopping malls could play an important role. Airside is the first complex architecture with a multi-storey

shopping mall and Grade A office in Kai Tak4, it shows the concept of wholeness through the connecting of both human and community, integrating with nature thoroughly. Through the showcase of the brand new city living style, the architecture rejuvenates the area from an old airport to a significant spot.

Airside not only responds to the concept of wholeness but also adds the element of nature into the event spaces for both visitors and occupants. The regeneration of the space

brings up to 33% of the green areas5, along with the facilities ranging from green floors, sky gardens to green walls6. Airside originated from the idea of the fabric concept. So when considering the flow of people in designing, the landscape of the Airside mainly consisted of the built-in granite surface on the ground level7. It creates a close bonding responding to the flow of humans and the Kai Tak river that connects people and architectures from private to public8. Gardens that are located at the rooftop of the building with covered seating areas. With the natural light during daytime, the plazas and the rooftop gardens could be a visual pleasure, feeling the takeoff and landing experiences of the old airport9.

This iconic landmark is sparkling to the neighbourhood but takes the surrounding environment into consideration at the same time. To accomplish the migration within the architecture, open space is constructed on the journey where people travel from one shopping mall to another, creating a

balance between spatial areas10. In terms of the external migration of the architecture, it mainly discusses both internal and external transportation of Kai Tak. In Kai Tak, the resettling of the space through time has proven its possibility to become the second Central Business Center(CBD 2.0). The lowcarbon transportation network, including buses, MTR, whereas from Kai Tak station to Central is only approximately 15 minutes11.

Not far from the Airside, the Cruise terminal aims at the international destinations that would be the external migration towards the globe.

Walking down from the Airside, it would be the major pedestrian connection and leisure area of the Kai Tak area. Kai Tak Station Square is an open space surrounded by the Kai Tak Sports Centre, the residential and business areas, and parks. It filled up the open areas between different buildings with recreational facilities, acting as a connecting walkway between the Kai Tak Station and other destinations12.

The Station Square has around 12 hectares of open space, whereas the total open space in Kai Tak is around 100 hectares.

The Square has joined most of the recreational areas together, for instance, the Hoi Sham Park, Sung Wong Toi Park, Metro Park, etc.

Such kinds of urban spaces could act as the major axis that connects the Kai Tak Sports Center and the Airside13.

The closer to the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal, the quieter it will be. The planning of the overall layout allows pedestrians to experience from quiet to vibrant, where they could enjoy under the canopy of trees, then to the river, lastly to the areas of civic activities14.

Connectivity is shown through the covered walkway with tilted lawn, with the water features, it only further implies the element of nature. Thus, different activities are arranged along the axis to ensure the smooth flow and circulation of people within the Kai Tak area.

Hence, it also acts as an interchange between buildings and roads.

Walking along the Kai Tak Station Square, there is another paradigmatic architecture beside - Kai Tak Sports Park.

Considering the urban design, the park was planned to be a place for sports and recreation that enhances the prestige of Hong Kong as an international city15.

The Main Stadium is a distinctive spot in Kai Tak, where it allows visual connectivity to the harbour and the city. Responding to Hong Kong as the “Pearl of the Orient”, the stadium took it as the design theme to

and circulation of the pedestrians. Providing a safe environment without any barriers will also facilitate the flow of people18. Besides, the development of a “green spine” network across the open spaces provides up to 30% of greenery in the area, opening up the areas as leisure spaces for citizens.

Within the district, the easy access from

portrait and reminisce the glory of Kai Tak airport. The composition of the southern glazed wall allows the audience to enjoy the scenery while seating inside the architecture.

In addition, the construction of the different layers of paths allows the inner pathway in the podium to act as an alternative route for people leaving or entering the park. Hence, to ease the flow of the audience16.

In Sports Avenue, the orientation of the north-south axis allows the construction of the pedestrian network from the outback to the coastal area. This not only advocates the idea of migration but also provides brand new experiences for users. Implying the concepts of wayfinding and connectivity, the journey has become even more vibrant and enjoyable17. On the other hand, the Indoor Sports Centre, the Public Sports Ground and the surrounding buildings are framing the entrances that interweave the Sports Avenue, Pier Plaza Walk and Main Plaza. This further emphasises the consistency of the design

the Station Square and the public transport interchanges has also circulated the people.

Only a 10-minute walk from the newly planned Kai Tak and Song Wong Toi MTR stations and within walking distance of the Kowloon City Ferry Pier. Pedestrian walkways will connect the Sports Park to new developments in Kwa Wan, Ma Tau Kok, Kowloon City and Kai Tak districts19. Therefore, it would not only add to the connectivity not only within Kai Tak but also outside but also reveal the success of having another iconic spot in Hong Kong.

The resettlement of the transportation facilities is undoubtedly the most important factor to the success of the rejuvenation in Kai Tak. The unusual experiences created throughout these open spaces connectivities, from subtle to vibrant, could also make a great difference. At this moment, Kai Tak is no longer the cast-off or abandoned area where it has poor circulation for both vehicles and pedestrians. But a contemporary and modern space that blends the elements of nature into the site, achieving the ultimate aim of the rejuvenation and revitalization of Kai Tak.

Notes

1. “The Kai Tak Legacy - Airside – a New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong,” AIRSIDE, accessed December 21, 2021, https:// www.airside.com.hk/en/story.

2. Stefanie Bürkle Prof. Dr. Stefanie Bürkle is a berlin based artist and Professor of Visual Arts at the Technical University in Berlin. Her artistical practice reaches from painting, “Migrating Architectures by Stefanie Bürkle,” Transfer, March 29, 2020, http://www.transfer-arch.com/delight/migrating-architectures/#:~:text=Migration%20signifies%20not%20only%20 the,place%20is%20linked%20to%20another.

3. “Airside Hong Kong,” Snøhetta, accessed December 15, 2021, https://snohetta.com/projects/525-airsidehong-kong.

4. Airside - beam plus online exhibition, accessed December 22, 2021, https://greenbuilding.hkgbc.org.hk/ projects/view/216.

5. “Welcome to Airside - Airside – a New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong,” AIRSIDE, accessed December 21, 2021, https:// www.airside.com.hk/en/about.

6. “Top-Rated Green and Smart Grade-A Office & Retail Development at Kai Tak by Nan Fung Group,” Arup, accessed December 21, 2021, https://www.arup.com/ projects/nan-fung-airside.

7. “Snøhetta Reveals Images of Mixed-Use ‘Airside,’ to Be Its First Built Project in Hong Kong.” designboom, December 14, 2021. https://www.designboom.com/

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

architecture/snohetta-airside-hong-kong-mixed-usekai-tak-airport-11-24-2020/.

“A New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong,” AIRSIDE, accessed December 15, 2021, https://www.airside.com.hk/en.

Maggie Hiufu Wong and Francesca Street, “Site of Hong Kong’s Former Kai Tak Airport Set for Huge Transformation,” CNN (Cable News Network, November 28, 2020), https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/ kai-tak-skyscraper-airside/index.html.

“Airside,” Nan Fung Group, April 8, 2021, https://www. nanfung.com/en/property/hong-kong/airside/.

“Top-Rated Green and Smart Grade-A Office & Retail Development at Kai Tak by Nan Fung Group,” Arup, accessed December 21, 2021, https://www.arup.com/ projects/nan-fung-airside.

“Kai Tak Station Square: Mes Group,” Building Information Modeling - BIM, accessed December 21, 2021, https://www.mesgroup.asia/eng/kai-tak-station-square.

“Phase I of Kai Tak Station Square and Kai Tak Avenue Park to Open Tomorrow (with Photos),” ­“´ä¬F©²¸ê°T¤¤¤ß, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202112/06/ P2021120600629.htm.

“TFKT-06-2017 - Kai Tak Station Square,” accessed December 21, 2021, https://www.hfc.org.hk/filemanager/ files/TFKT_20170224_ppt_item3.pdf.

“Kai Tak Sports Park,” Populous, October 18, 2021, https://populous.com/project/kai-tak-sports-park.“Kai Tak Sports Park,” Populous, October 18, 2021, https:// populous.com/project/kai-tak-sports-park.

“Progress Update on Kai Tak Sports Park and ... - Hfc.

org.hk,” accessed December 21, 2021, https://www. hfc.org.hk/filemanager/files/TFKT-01-2021.pdf.

17. “Kai Tak Sports Park Project Is Awarded Beam Plus Neighbourhood Platinum and the China 3-Star Green Building Design Label,” Kai Tak Sports Park Project is awarded BEAM Plus Neighbourhood Platinum and the China 3-Star Green Building Design Label - Kai Tak Sports Park, accessed December 22, 2021, https:// kaitaksportspark.hk/en/news/kai-tak-sports-park-project-is-awarded-beam-plus-neighbourhood-platinumand-the-china-3-star-green-building-design-label.

18. “Kai Tak Sports Park,” ASM Global, accessed December 22, 2021, https://www.asmglobal.com/p/our-portfolio/stadiums/kai-tak-sports-park.

19. “Kai Tak Sports Park,” Populous, October 18, 2021, https://populous.com/project/kai-tak-sports-park.

Bibliography

“Airside Hong Kong.” Snøhetta. Accessed December 15, 2021. https://snohetta.com/projects/525-airside-hongkong.

“Airside.” Nan Fung Group, April 8, 2021. https://www. nanfung.com/en/property/hong-kong/airside/.

Chan, Man. “The Hong Kong Airport Story: Then, Now and the Future.” Discovery, August 3, 2020. https://discovery. cathaypacific.com/hong-kong-airport-story-now-future/.

“Hidden Hong Kong: A History of Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong’s Inner-City Runway.” Localiiz. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.localiiz.com/post/culture-history-kaitak-airport-hong-kong.

“The Kai Tak Legacy - Airside – a New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong.”

AIRSIDE. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www. airside.com.hk/en/story.

“Kai Tak Sports Park.” Kai Tak Sports Park - Kai Tak Sports Park. Accessed December 21, 2021. https:// kaitaksportspark.hk/en.

“Kai Tak Sports Park.” Populous, October 18, 2021. https:// populous.com/project/kai-tak-sports-park.

“Kai Tak Station Square: Mes Group.” Building Information

Modeling - BIM. Accessed December 21, 2021. https:// www.mesgroup.asia/eng/kai-tak-station-square.

“A New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong.” AIRSIDE. Accessed December 15, 2021. https://www.airside.com.hk/en.

“Progress Update on Kai Tak Sports Park and ... - Hfc.org. hk.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hfc.org.hk/ filemanager/files/TFKT-01-2021.pdf.

“Snøhetta Reveals Images of Mixed-Use ‘Airside,’ to Be Its First Built Project in Hong Kong.” designboom, December 14, 2021. https://www.designboom.com/ architecture/snohetta-airside-hong-kong-mixed-use-kai-takairport-11-24-2020/.

Stefanie Bürkle Prof. Dr. Stefanie Bürkle is a berlin based artist and Professor of Visual Arts at the Technical University in Berlin. Her artistical practice reaches from painting.

“Migrating Architectures by Stefanie Bürkle.” Transfer, March 29, 2020. http://www.transfer-arch.com/delight/ migrating-architectures/#:~:text=Migration%20signifies%20 not%20only%20the,place%20is%20linked%20to%20 another.

“TFKT-06-2017 - Kai Tak Station Square.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hfc.org.hk/filemanager/ files/TFKT_20170224_ppt_item3.pdf.

“Top-Rated Green and Smart Grade-A Office & Retail Development at Kai Tak by Nan Fung Group.” Arup.

Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.arup.com/ projects/nan-fung-airside.

“Welcome to Airside - Airside – a New Shopping & Office Landmark at Kai Tak: Nan Fung Group: Hong Kong.”

AIRSIDE. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www. airside.com.hk/en/about.

Wong, Maggie Hiufu, and Francesca Street. “Site of Hong Kong’s Former Kai Tak Airport Set for Huge Transformation.” CNN. Cable News Network, November 28, 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/kai-takskyscraper-airside/index.html.

Wong, Maggie Hiufu. “20 Years on: Remembering the Glory Days of Hong Kong’s Old Kai Tak Airport.” CNN. Cable News Network, June 12, 2013. https://us.cnn.com/ travel/article/hong-kong-kai-tak-airport/index.html.

The Modern Architecture Guidebook Hong Kong’s built environment represents a unique site of inquiry in the global history of the Modern Movement. The Modern Architecture guidebook series draw from an inter-disciplinary toolkit of knowledge, references, and field studies to understand the processes at work in the built environment. Each walking tour in the series begins with one of the 98 MTR stations in Hong Kong as the meeting point.

First opened in 1979, this modernist infrastructure has produced a city rationalized around transportoriented development. Organized around key themes (industrialization, colonization, environment, internationalization, migration, decolonization, counterculture, and globalization), the guidebooks present a critical yet open perspective towards the implications of large-scale modernist schemes on the environment and community.

© ARCH2058 Eunice Seng 2021