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Speech Disorders Adapted from Hallahan, D.P., J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2012). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education (12th ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Definition Speech Disorders are impairments in the production and use of oral language. This includes disabilities making speech sounds, producing speech with a normal flow and producing voice.

Prevalence Concluding prevalence for speech disorder is difficult as it is extremely varied and difficult to identify as it comes as a part of other disabilities. Approximately one out of five who receives special education, gets speech therapy.

Speech Disorders Adapted from Hallahan, D.P., J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2012). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education (12th ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Speech Disorders 1. Phonological Disorder •

Occurs to children younger than 9 years old.

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Speech sound created will defer from children of same age.

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There is a poor understanding of the sounds of language.

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Phonological awareness which is the understanding of sound structure of language is affected.

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Learning and retrieval of words is affected. This also affects the speech sound production and literacy.

2. Articulation Disorder •

Articulation Disorder involves errors in producing speech sounds.

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Missing, substituted, added, or poorly produced sounds can make a speaker difficult to understand or even incomprehensible.

Speech Disorders Adapted from Hallahan, D.P., J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2012). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education (12th ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Speech Disorders 3. Voice Disorder •

Voice Disorders involves characteristics of pitch, loudness and/or quality of speaker's voice which are abusive of the voice box.

The three primary categories are: •

Functional disorders are a result of damage to the larynx.

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Organic disorders are physical condition that affects the structure or function of the larynx.

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Neurological disorders are results of nervous system dysfunction.

Speech Disorders Adapted from Hallahan, D.P., J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2012). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education (12th ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Speech Disorders 4. Fluency Disorder •

Most frequent type of Fluency Disorder is stuttering.

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Stuttering can consist of related secondary behaviours that are intended to avoid or escape the dysfluency (eg.

Gestures, head nods and eye blinks).

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Many children quickly outgrow their childhood dysfluencies and will generally use regular and effortless dysfluencies.

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Persistent stuttering that goes untreated can result in a lifelong disorder that affects the ability to communicate, to develop positive feelings about oneself, and to pursue certain educational and employment opportunities