FANJA, HARAT AL-HUJRA. Documentation and Heritage Management Plan by ArCHIAM

FANJA: HARAT AL-HUJRA

This Heritage Management Plan contains a complete vision for the sustainable redevelopment and revitalization for the oasis settlement of al-Hujra in Fanja. Extensive fieldwork campaigns, detailed documentation and analysis of the built environment, as well as in-depth study of historical sources and anthropological data, have been brought together to provide a high-quality multidisciplinary examination of al-Hujraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past, present and potential future. Drawing on previous experience and cooperation between Nottingham Trent University and the Ministry of Heritage and Culture, commissioning body of this study, the results exposed in this third volume aim to set the standard for future public-private partnerships in the field of heritage management.

Salim M. almahruqi Undersecretary for Heritage Affairs

FANJA: HARAT AL-HUJRA

COMMITTEE FOR THE REGISTRATION AND PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDING CLUSTERS

COMMISSIONED BY

MINISTRY OF HERITAGE AND CULTURE SULTANATE OF OMAN COMMITTEE FOR THE REGISTRATION AND PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDING CLUSTERS

DEVELOPED BY

NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF

ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA, ARABIA AND THE MAGHREB

FANJA: HARAT AL-HUJRA

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

© Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Printed and bound in UK by: The Printquarter

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Research Team: PROF SOUMYEN BANDYOPADHYAY Principal Investigator Project leadership, fieldwork, contribution to text

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The ministry would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Nottingham Trent University research team in carrying out the research and documentation leading to this management plan

DR GIAMILA QUATTRONE Research Fellow Project coordination, fieldwork, contribution to text, analyses DR MARTIN S. GOFFRILLER Research Fellow Fieldwork, contribution to text, GIS analyses DR MOHAMMAD HABIB REZA Research Fellow Fieldwork, CAD documentation HAITHAM AL-‘ABRI PhD Student Fieldwork, ethnographic analyses

Special thanks to the following NTU personnel:

• Ann Priest, Head of College Art, Design and the Built Environment • Prof. Marjan Sarshar, Associate Dean for Research, Art, Design and the Built Environment • Peter Westland, Dean of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment • Prof. Dino Bouchlaghem, Head of Architecture • Paul Collins, Head of Engineering

CHARLIE ADAMS SPUR (Scholarship Projects for Undergraduate Researchers) Student Contribution to analyses, 3D modelling CHRISTINA PIERI PhD Student Visualisatio

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

SUMMARY defects present at the settlement as well as a study of the oasis context.

SUMMARY

This Heritage Management Plan for the settlement of al-Hujra in the oasis of Fanja builds upon the extensive fieldwork documentation carried out on site, as well as on the interim field report submitted on December 17th 2012. Alongside providing comprehensive drawn documentation resulting from the survey carried out in October 2012, this report includes a preliminary strategic Master Plan which addresses issues of heritage management, conservation and development, as well as approaches for its implementation. The Master Plan illustrates zones and categories of development and conservation to be carried out, which builds on a statement of significance, and assessment of the state of conservation and the threats to heritage management at Дārat al-Hujra, drawing on the experiences of researching and developing Master Plan for Дārat al-Yemen (2011) and Дārat as-Sulayf (2012). The report also includes a comprehensive inventory of structural and non-structural

The Master Plan is informed by extensive documentation, analysis and interpretation of the settlement structure, morphology, building typology and social conditions of the present and the immediate past. On this basis, a culturally and technically informed development plan is proposed, which advocates a sustainable revitalization centred on re-habitation, heritage tourism, education, training and skill development programmes with emphasis on traditional knowledge of the built environment and the crafts. As already suggested in previous reports for Birkat al-Mawz, Izkī, ΚIbri and Bahlā, here too the intention is to move away from an entirely tourism-focused development and towards a more sustainable alternative. Key zones are identified in the Master Plan for protection, restoration, rebuilding, consolidation and redevelopment.

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction to the project

1.1.

Reconnaissance and fieldwork 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Reconnaissance 2.3. Preparatory work

2.4. Fieldwork

al-ΚAqr: Documentation and Analysis

4.1. Introduction 4.2. Context and topography 4.3. History 4.4. Oasis 4.5. Settlement structure and morphology 4.6. Settlement evolution

Architectural values and threats to site’s significance 4.1. Urban and architectural values 4.2. Historical values 4.3. Social values

4.4.

Threats to site’s significance

Structural problems and states of preservation

Objectives and approaches 5.1. Guiding principles to conservation and rehabilitation 5.2. Guiding principles to repair actions 5.3. Failure analysis and repair guidance 5.4. Guidance notes

6. Principles and Approaches to Heritage Management Plan 6.1. Philosophy of development and conservation: principles 6.2. Approaches to development and conservation 6.3. General policies for development and conservation 6.4. Guidelines for development and conservation 6.5. Additional studies and analyses 7. Precedents

Heritage Management & Development Master Plan

8.1. Introduction 8.2. Master Plan goals 8.3. Fanja oasis development 8.4. Urban design and development 8.5. Agriculture and irrigation 8.6. Phasing and the priority heritage conservation tasks 9.

Appendix a1, Tribal Mosaic

10.

Appendix a2, Bibliography

11.

Appendix a3, Photographic Documentation

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION

This Heritage Management Plan is supported by extensive fieldwork and off-site drawn documentation, and was undertaken to provide integrated conservation and development strategies and a preliminary Master Plan for Дārat al-Hujra in the famous Fanja Oasis. The project was undertaken with funding and logistical support from the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (MHC) of the Sultanate of Oman and Nottingham Trent University to develop such planned strategies for four oasis settlements in the adDākhilīyah and ad-Dhāhirah regions of Oman, including Дārat al-Yemen in Izkī, Дārat as-Sulayf in ΚIbrī, and Дārat al-ΚAqr in the Bahlā World Heritage Site. It aims to maximise tangible impact from sustained highquality research in the field of Oman’s vernacular settlement study undertaken at Nottingham Trent University. This is part of a longer term aim to debate, collaborate, contribute and influence heritage, architecture and urban design policy in Oman at the levels of the government, public and private sectors, charitable organisations and the local stakeholder

communities, with additional benefits becoming available to the UK and international learned bodies, heritage institutions, industries and communities. The work has been undertaken at the Centre for the study of Architecture and Cultural Heritage of India, Arabia and the Maghreb (ArCHIAM), based at Nottingham Trent University, UK, which aims to provide an interdisciplinary research platform for historical and contemporary cultural developments across three interconnected global regions. The Centre consists of an international team of researchers from a variety of academic backgrounds in architecture, social history, architectural technology, archaeology, conservation and digital documentation, among others. In this sense one of the fundamental themes underlying the Centre’s research aims is the multidisciplinary study of how human culture and social practices are expressed spatially, and how in turn space affects the cultural practices of groups and communities.

Figure 1.1 Fanja Oasis as seen from the Sumāyil highway

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN The Ministry of Heritage and Culture, in particular the Committee for the Registration and Protection of Historic Building Clusters, has recently established an inventory of over one thousand vernacular settlements of which 86 have been identified for immediate attention. Heritage Management Plans (HMPs) are the first step in the process. The ArCHIAM projects, beginning with a proposal for Дārat as-Saybanī in Birkat al-Mawz produced in 2011, will deliver detailed models and guidelines relevant to Oman and the Middle East, as well as develop appropriate, costeffective and expedient methods for producing HMPs. While HMPs are fundamental to the shaping of historic settlements by suggesting methods of management and conservation of historic fabric, this research group strongly believes that the success of such approaches is only limited if not fully integrated with addressing developmental needs and aspirations of future generations. By developing new models and methods, the projects aim to contribute extensively to sustainable modernisation in Oman and the Middle East. Findings are to be disseminated also to and via local institutions, stakeholder communities and international presence in Oman. The existing UNESCO HMP guidelines are focused on World Heritage Sites and are mainly Eurocentric, making their approach inadequate for sites of regional and national significance in the Middle East facing significant pressures of development. The project will reshape, refine and adapt UNESCO guidelines and methods for the key aspects of the HMP: a) detailed documentation, b) establishment of significance, c) integrating development and heritage management, and, d) sustainable built environment development guidelines. The contribution will underpin and inform future heritage management policy and budget allocation in the region.

The project’s eventual success will be measurable from its impact on heritage policy, processes and methods, change in socio-cultural attitude and greater awareness of issues related to integration of heritage with development.

1.1 Objectives and approaches The objective is to prepare an HMP for an oasis settlement of importance, possessing significant characteristics, including a distinctive setting, to develop: a. HMP and appropriate management guidelines; b.sustainable guidelines;

built

environment

developmental

c. expedient and cost effective documentation methods and related best practice guidelines. This has been undertaken by, a. conducting fieldwork documentation over two seasons; b. producing relevant drawn documentation (maps, plans and photographic documentation); c. analysing data for establishing significance; d. producing a strategic HMPs as model and guideline; e. considering wider issues of design, culture and society for developing sustainable building and developmental guidelines; f. using alternative, cost effective and expedient methods of documentation.

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK

• the extraordinary picturesque location of the settlement atop the palm groves of the Fanja oasis which could effectively provide an iconic image for the region;

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK

• the still very well preserved oasis and associated palm groves which, unlike at many other oases in Oman, are being tended to with great care and are therefore a heritage site in its own right; • the infrastructural advantages that come from the comparative proximity to both Muscat and the motorway leading to the interior, which may allow for a visitor led development of the site;

This chapter outlines the process and methodologies employed in the documentation process of Дārat al-Hujra in Fanja during the first week of October 2012.

• the sophisticated and well preserved falaj network which collects water from a thermal spring behind al-Hujra. Its responsible exploitation may provide the basis for a hamam in the vicinity or within the settlement;

2.2 reconnaissance

• the interesting and well-preserved defensive setup of the settlement which illustrates socio-political rifts amongst local groups;

2.1 introduction

Following agreement with the MHC a first reconnaissance visit was carried out during the Autumn 2012 fieldwork campaign. During this brief visit the NTU research team observed the general dimensions, location and state of preservation of the hārat in order to more clearly assess the documentation effort that was to be carried out during the Autumn 2012 fieldwork season. The settlement of Дārat as-Hujra was chosen for documentation primarily for the following reasons:

• the famous local al-Azwah celebrations around the time of Eid which annually draw hundreds, even thousands, of visitors are a great attraction in the region and could be showcased and included into the visitor experience.

Figure 2.1 Sultanate of Oman and location of the study area. Source: National Survey Authority with amendments by the authors

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

2.3 preparatory work Extensive preparatory work was carried out at Nottingham Trent University and in Oman during the weeks leading up to fieldwork, to develop a cohesive documentation strategy and implementation procedures. With these aims in mind the following efforts were undertaken: • Preparation of detailed fieldwork documentation and drawing of production guidelines for use on site; • Procurement and preparation of aerial photographs for on-site use;

Figure 2.2 al-Hujra, preliminary fieldwork sketch-plan

Figure 2.3 al-Hujra, on-site unit plan

• Developing inventory data sheets appropriate for use on designated sites drawing on previous work on Oman’s traditional hārat, focusing especially on states of preservation; • Creation of schematic components map including main building types and zoning derived from aerial photographs (Fig. 2.3); • Establishing a data handling and storage strategy, as outlined in the ‘Fieldwork Guidelines 2012’, which was subsequently distributed to our contributors from the MHC to standardize proceedings;

Figure 2.4 al-Hujra, final unit plan

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK • Preparation of detailed fieldwork plan and logistics making provision also for the expected training of ministry employees. A number of aerial photographs were acquired from the NSA (National Survey Authority) by the MHC, with the liaison being carried out by the doctoral student from NTU.

2.4 fieldwork Due to the relatively small size of the settlement it was possible to proceed swiftly with the fieldwork and documentation process. Additional help from ministry workers was very much welcomed and added to the speed with which the project could be carried out. This acceleration of the drawing process meant that more time was available for the study of social factors on site, add a greater degree of detail to the actual sketching process and invest more resources into the training of MHC assistants. The wider context was recorded through a detailed reconnaissance survey, using sketches and photographic recording methods of relevant features to chart the settlement’s relationship with its historic and contemporary surroundings. Apart from the morphology and current state of preservation of al-Hujra, additional attention was given to the recent past of the settlement as well as the ownership of dwellings in relation to their tribal association. In order to achieve this a semi-structured interview was carried out with current inhabitants of the settlement. This clarified also a number of issues regarding water management, such as the original appearance of the falaj channel, bathing zones, and the designation and functions of the many towers in the hārat, as well as the landholdings beyond the settlement’s confines. The interview also brought to the fore a number

of important points regarding the settlement’s history, social structure and morphological evolution.

methods Following reconnaissance involving the entire team, a strategy was worked out to establish how the work would be undertaken within the given time. While Дārat al-Hujra formed the principal focus of the project, it was clear from the outset that special attention would have to be given to the immediate context of the settlement if successful reuse of the site was to be achievable. In particular the preservation of the surrounding agricultural lands as well as the appearance of the wādi and associated modern settlement of al-Hujra

Figure 2.5 On-site documentation in al-Hujra

Figure 2.6 Sketch plan of dwellings C9, C10

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN would have to be institutionally guided to avoid wholesale destruction of the landscape. Taking this eventuality into account this HMP for al-Hujra aims to present a specialised vision for the settlement The following key documentation approaches were adopted during the fieldwork: • Sketching orthographic projections (plans and, where necessary, sections) ; • Measuring, using tape and laser measurers; Figure 2.7 al-Hujra, interviewing erstwhile inhabitants

• Photographic documentation; • Recording state of preservation of buildings on specially devised context sheets; • Recording traces of use; • Semi-structured interviews with erstwhile inhabitants of the settlements using audio and video recorders and transcribed into notes (Fig. 2.10); Due to the lack of recent aerial photographs preparatory work had to be limited to roughly determined zones relevant to the study (Fig. 2.2). Once on site this was refined into a more representative working plan (Fig. 2.3). In cooperation with the members of the MHC on-site trainees it was decided to split the team into groups of two to three people, to begin sketching individual dwellings and then aid each other in taking the measurements. The following approaches were undertaken to

Figure 2.8 al-Hujra, examining the settlement with current inhabitants

physically document the settlements: • Preparation of sketch plans and where necessary sections; both white-paper drawings, as well as drawings aided by graph paper were employed – the latter aiding the representation of proportion in the case of largely orthogonal structures (Fig 2.5); • Taking measurements using tape measures (5m, 7.5m, 30m, 50m, as required); this provided accurate dimensions using methods of triangulation through measurements of sides and diagonals; • Taking measurements using laser measurers; especially at locations where long distances or state of preservation of the fabric made it infeasible to undertake measurement using tape measure – however, a degree of error has to be factored in; • Extensive photographic documentation; taken in sequence and ensuring comprehensiveness but also recording significant elements/objects in detail (Fig 2.7); • Detailed completion of individualised context sheets; these afforded the recording of significant information regarding a building – including its context, ownership, historical and social information, state of preservation, etc.; • Production of section drawings of enclosure-wall and other defensive features, and dwellings, where applicable; this enabled a better documentation of the three-dimensional quality of buildings and structures; • Collection of datable material, such as pottery, lithic materials and organic remains, where possible;

RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELDWORK • Tracing and evaluation of water channels and storm drains, where applicable.

2.5 Training One fundamental aspect of ArCHIAM’s fieldwork effort in the documentation of Дārat al-Hujra was the training of local stakeholders in the current surveying techniques. The aim of this capacity building engagement was to impart to MHC employees the necessary skills for them to be able to carry out basic survey and documentation in an independent fashion. Over the duration of the fieldwork campaign at Fanja a total of three MHC employees were given around 2 days of training in reading and drawing plans and basic sketching techniques for the accurate representation of the built environment. Great attention was given to the establishment of a homogeneous architectural drawing convention, for which a series of guidelines were developed for use on site to establish a standard of representation. This was followed by in-depth analysis of the site’s morphology by accurately determining its geometry with measuring tapes and lasers. In this field the MHC workers were able to assist the ArCHIAM team and substantially accelerated the duration of fieldwork (Figs. 2.9-10). One final aspect of the capacity building exercise undertaken on site was the induction of MHC employees into methods of systematic photographic documentation. Particular emphasis was given here to the creation of a stitchable photographic record that would permit the panoramic visualisation of architectural spaces. It is expected that with the skills imparted by the ArCHIAM team the trainees will be able to assist in future

fieldwork campaigns. While these past experiences can be considered to have been a success in terms of the aims initially set out by the research team, there is clearly great potential in expanding this practice to motivated individuals with a personal interest in the field of vernacular architecture and history. Furthermore, capacity building exercises and outreach projects pose the opportunity to sensitise the local communities to the values of cultural heritage, aid in its preservation and promote a shared identity.

Figure 2.9 al-Hujra, training ministry employees

Figure 2.10 al-Hujra, training of ministry employees

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

3 documentation and analysis

3.1 introduction This chapter outlines the fieldwork process and approach as well as providing a context and historical introduction to the oasis of Fanja and the settlement of alHujra.

3.2 context and topography Located at about 50km southwest of Muscat on the northern part of the ad-Dākhilīyah Governorate, the settlement of al-Hujra lies nestled within the lush oasis of Fanja, sitting atop a rocky plateau within a heavily fortified enclosure. Located within the Wilayat of Bidbid it forms the core settlement of the Fanja oasis, comprised also by al-Sharjah, al-Tasaweer, Seeb Mahri, Jebel al-Ghabra, Tawi Mansoor and Natael, and controlled one of the most important access points to the interior of Oman along the

Sumayil Gap on its seaward side. In addition to its relevance along this important point of transit, al-Hujra itself also controlled the access to the Hamam al-Gharbi spring which apart from its thermal qualities is also said to be the reason for the excellent quality of the date-palms in the oasis which are still actively tended to by the local inhabitants. The Hamam al-Gharbi watered the palm groves and agricultural lands to the west of the Wādi Fanja, while the green zones on the Eastern banks were primarily watered by surface water from the wādi itself, wells and minor falaj from the surrounding foothills. The settlement of al-Hujra occupies a lengthy rocky outcrop that runs almost directly north to south, but of which only the northern half appears to have been permanently inhabited, as the southern portion is too steep for easy access. For this reason it forms the main observational post for the settlement, further enhanced by the construction of two towers (G5, G6) which scan the landscape and approaches from the south, i.e. the interior. Despite its relative proximity to the larger and wealthier centre of Bidbid, Fanja’s strategically advantageous position gave the Oasis of Fanja a position of relevance within the trade convection of northern Oman and in particular its strong defensive disposition and powerful fortifications along a bottleneck in the route is likely to have given its residents some weight in the politics of the region. While al-Hujra is the main settlement of the Fanja Oasis there are a number of smaller ancillary settlements dotted along the banks of the Wādi. These have, unfortunately, been largely subsumed into modern developments which have been springing up in recent decades. A number of dwelling clusters around the foot of the al-Hujra plateau are still extant and inhabited. Also, the construction of the modern

Figure 3.1 hārat al-Hujra, aerial view 1975

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN highway, which now connects the coastal and capital zones to the interior, has also had a disruptive effect on the oasis’ appearance. The climatology of the Fanja oasis is slightly more humid that of the interior as it lies on the northern watershed of the al-Hajjar mountains, therefore receiving a modicum of moisture from the Batinah coast. Precipitation lies at roughly 230mm per year. Temperatures can range quite substantially throughout the year, reaching peaks of around 44C° during the summer months, and dropping to an average low of around 20C° during the winter. Settlements in narrow mountain wādis of the regions are often prone to flooding and destruction during heavy rains. Floods form an important part of the local folklore, with many such events being transmitted in the oral history.

Figure 3.2 Дārat al-Hujra, GIS workspace and 3D terrain model Figure 3.3 Fanja, topographical section across the wādi

documentation and analysis

3.3 history Despite the lack of accurate sources or reliable archaeological data it is probably safe to assume that the hārat of al-Hujra is of considerable antiquity. The local inhabitants of the hārat claim their settlement to date well into the Persian period, or indeed earlier. Considering the antiquity of many of Oman’s vernacular settlements and the ready availability of water in the area, it is very likely that prehistoric communities of the Hafit and Umm anNar periods were already settled in the area. Substantial remains are likely to exist in the area and a more detailed archaeological survey is therefore of the utmost importance.

3.4 intangible heritage: the Al-Azwah festival Heritage Management is not limited to the preservation of architectural and material remains of the past. It should instead be viewed as the cultivation of a way of life which,

by being informed of its own origins and values, can be successfully integrated into modern societies and life styles. In the case of the Fanja oasis and its inhabitants, one of the defining features of the area are the annual al-Azwah celebrations which take place at the time of Eid. The al-Ahwaz festivities consist mainly of a large gathering of the men and boys from the surrounding villages of Fanja within the settlement of al-Hujra. Four groups proceed in procession form various points in the Oasis and converge at the western gate of al-Hujra, where they will only be let into the settlement after elaborate exchanges of pass phrases. The event is accompanied by rifle-shooting competitions, sword fighting, dancing and poetry readings, as well as the firing of Fanja’s ancient canons (Fig. 3.4). The celebrations are characterised to a large extent by the highly ritualised character of many of the traditional customs which form part of these celebrations, and which hint at their extraordinary antiquity.

Figure 3.4 al-Azwah festivities at al-Hujra

While the origins are commonly dated to the 8th century, the occasionally high degree of religious syncretism often Figure 3.5 Дārat al-Hujra, Area G as seen from gate G1

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN observed in Oman suggests that a pre-Islamic origin of the al-Azwah festival is very possible. There have been a number of local publications on the topic of al-Azwah, though a more profound understanding through rigorous ethnographic and historical research would make an invaluable addition to Oman’s historiography.

3.5 settlement structure and morphology Figure 3.6 Дārat al-Hujra, detail of wall decorations in dwelling F3

Figure 3.7 Дārat al-Hujra, Palm groves to the west of the settlement

layout The settlement of al-Hujra was studied in exhaustive detail in order to gain a better understanding of its current form and how this evolved over the centuries. The choice of emplacement of the settlement largely dictated its morphology as he terrain imposed some serious constraints on the builders’ freedom and the potential size of the community. The challenges posed by the terrain were addressed by constructing dwellings on platforms and terraces to create a level surface. This resulted in the somewhat ‘stepped’ aspect

of the settlement as it gradually ascends the slope. Due to its fortifications and sheer cliffs on three sides it is nevertheless a relatively clearly defined and self-contained unit with little to no sprawl beyond its immediate confines. Only on the western side does it appear to have undergone a series of minor expansions outward in the area of A1 (Bab Buwab alGharbi), as here the terrain is relatively level and water from the falaj is readily available. Without significant furtther study it is not possible to date specific expansion events, but considering that increased protection was the most likely reason for the move to higher ground, the first action to be taken upon settling on the alHujra plateau was the closing off of all potential access points. This suggests that the two gates, in particular G1 (Sabah alSharqi), are among the oldest structures at the site, which local inhabitants claim to have a Persian origin. Unit A1, though also a gate, is likely to have undergone substantial expansions and transformations as the community inside alHujra grew. A further reason for the choice of emplacement of the settlement is the proximity of plateau to the spring of the Hamam al-Gharbi, the outflow of which is channelled along the foot of the settlement and therefore well within its defensive reach. Perhaps for reasons of proximity or because of the gradual saturation of the space inside the settlement some families settled immediately adjacent to the settlement or at the foot of the plateau. According to local informants a series of destruction events of the past millennium, ranging from war to natural disaster, resulted in the hārat having to be rebuilt four times, which suggests substantial breaks in the architectural continuity of the settlement. There are, however, a

documentation and analysis comparatively large number of open spaces, squares and a large esplanade in zone G which substantiate the low urban density of the settlement. Much of zone G is still used today during the Eid celebrations which are one of the main attractions of the Fanja Oasis. Hundreds of people, mostly form the oasis, gather in al-Hujra for these celebrations, engaging in target shooting, sword dancing, etc.

Water The main water source of the settlement of al-Hujra is the falaj known as the Hamam al-Gharbi on account of its thermal qualities. It arises from the base of the mountain about 300m south of the settlement, from where it is channelled to a series of pools and then distributed around the palm groves at the western side of the Дārat (Fig. 3.7). The main channel, however, continues along the base of the plateau and flows through the gate A1. Within this gate structure the falaj was again split into two sections with the main one continuing along the outside of the settlement and around the mosque, and the other entering the settlement underground to fill a pool which was once located within zone A. Of this pool unfortunately nothing remains anymore, but its re-construction would be desirable. According to local informants this pool was used for water collection, washing, brick making and also in times of external threats and sieges. The fact that the Hamam al-Gharbi is a thermal source suggest that the water rises from great depth, which is the most likely reason for its extraordinarily steady flow, which appears to have known no drought or major fluctuation in flow. The channels themselves, with the exception of those within the settlement, are still in good condition and remain in use.

A further water-related infrastructural feature at alHujra was a low barrage built across the narrow valley that lay to the west of the settlement, to date almost nothing of this element remains above ground, but according to local informants is it said to have been built before the falaj by as-Sayid Salim b.Sultan. The construction of barrages and dams to create pools is a practice well attested in Arabia going back as far as the 3rd millennium BC (Harrower 2008). Due to the emplacement atop the limestone plateau the digging of wells within the settlement was an impractical solution, but there are remains of one or two smaller wells located along the base of the southern spur. The exact usage pattern of these is unclear as the ground is relatively high at this point, making the water table more difficult to reach than from a lower point close to the spring of the Hamam al-Gharbi. A series of low walls around this well may suggest that it was integrated into the fortified perimeter of the settlements and may have been used to supply it if the Hamam al-Gharbi had been cut off by attackers.

dwellings Дārat al-Hujra was never a particularly grand of overly wealthy settlement in the style of Bahlā, Manah or, indeed, Nizwā. Its comparatively humble and understated nature is clearly reflected in the residential architecture of the site, with most houses having a single floor and displaying no particular signs of wealth beyond the occasional wall panting and interior mouldings on niches and door frames. In some cases, however, these can bee seen to be of high quality craftsmanship and exhibit an attention to detail not often seen in dwellings of the type. A fair portion of the dwellings of al-Hujra remain in

Figure 3.8 Дārat al-Hujra, tower G3

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN use and inhabited, which poses particular challenges and advantages to this heritage management project. One of the prime concerns of the dwellings perched along the edge of the cliff is their collapse due to failing cliff-side foundations. In particular zones B and F have suffered substantially from the down-hill displacement of façades and entire rooms.

Defences Figure 3.9 Дārat al-Hujra, Mosque A3, Masjid al-Jfaina

Figure 3.10 Дārat al-Hujra, Sablah A1

As has already been pointed out above, the settlement of al-Hujra is defended principally by the sheer terrain and cliff upon which it is emplaced. While accessible from two sides, the access routes are laid in such a manner as to make anyone approaching the settlement pass underneath steep stretched of cliff which would allow a defender to engage any potential attacker long before they reached either one of the two gates. This, in turn, made it possible to construct the gates in a relatively weak fashion, relying principally on mud brick construction and timber. al-Hujra’s main gate was the western gate (A1) which was also used during the

main festivities of the year as the main entrance point into the settlement. The more imposing, though also in a worse condition, is the eastern gate which face the oasis in direction of the wādi. An interesting note regarding this gate is that the large doors which block the access reputedly stem from the fortress of Bidbid. According to local informants the doors were torn off the gates of Bidbid Castle during a flood and washed up on the shores of Fanja, whose inhabitants then incorporated them into their main hārat. An essential element of Fanja’s defensive layout were the numerous towers which crested the edges and high-points of the al-Hujra plateau. These towers comprise a range of types including simple lookout posts (G6, G7, G9), artillery and gun platforms (G5, G4), and thick walled bastions (G3). Most of these towers are built from mud-brick in varying consistencies, with the exception of G5 which, though recently restored, was originally plastered in white sarooj. Most of Fanja’s towers date back several centuries but are periodically rebuilt as they fall into severe disrepair when not in need in times of peace. The towers, as they stand today, date mostly to around eighty years ago, and were rebuilt by the heads of the local tribes and families. Due to Fanja’s relatively cohesive tribal set-up, they functioned as a closed integrated system looking outwardly, rather than against other factions from within the oasis, as was the case in, for example, Izkī. Further defensive features of al-Hujra are the perimeter walls which provided an elevated and strengthened platform from which to engage assailants, and the cliff-top houses, which in some cases formed part of the fortificatory system. In addition to the static defences which protected the inhabitants of Fanja, al-Hujra boasts a set of three cast iron canon oriented towards the wādi. The largest of these is

documentation and analysis reputed to be of Portuguese origin and therefore of substantial age. The canon are still fired to mark the beginning and the end of the Eid festivities.

public spaces and structures mosque

Located immediately outside the Bab Babuab al-Gharbi (A1) stands al-Hujra’s only mosque Masjid al-Jfaina (A3). this comparatively small structure is currently is a collapsed state but was originally square in plan and had a beamed roof supported by two arches and a large octagonal column in the centre of the space. The qibla wall and roof have collapsed downhill and practically all interior furnishings have been destroyed. An interesting feature of this little mosque is the integration of the falaj which splits into two channels in the space prior to the mosque. From here one channel winds around the mosque on the streetward side, while the other crosses underneath it, servicing a Sh’aria which was located on its opposite side. Sbal and meeting halls

A number of important families and tribes resided within the hārat of al-Hujra, it is therefore to be expected for there to have been a number of public and private meeting halls (Sbal) dedicated to he reception of visitors and the discussion of inter-tribal matters. The most prominent of these structures is likely to have been the Sablah atop the western gate (A1), which was probably used as a public sablah (Fig. 3.10). The other sbal were privately owned and directly associated with the dwelling of a given family or individual.

The sablah of Shaikh Nassir b.Mohammed b.Saif Al-Farsi (A9) was associated with this individual’s residence (A8) but forms a free standing structure and distinct architectural unit, suggesting that it was built at a later date than the rest of the dwelling. Similarly the Sablat al-Madafu’ (B1) was also a free standing building, originally associated with the home of Shaikh ‘Ulama Hamad b.Zuhair Al-Farsi (B2). Straddling the edge of the settlement on its western side, this structure displays the often peripheral character of meeting halls. Standing out in this respect is a further Sablah (D1), belonging to Abdullah b.Mohammed b.Yahya Al-Hadabi and attached to the dwelling of Khalid b.Salim b.Abdullah Al-Farsi. Other sbal are likely to have existed atop the two gates, although in the case of G1 practically no remains are still visible. squares

The settlement of al-Hujra counts with a large number of open spaces that were used for public functions and daily interactions. As mentioned above the esplanade in zone G sees yearly usage during the al-Azwah celebrations, while many of the smaller zones in the settlement itself served more functional purposes. The small open space between zones A and C held a pool which supplied water to the local residents, while the little square adjacent to D4 is still used for its tanoor and for the drying of dates. Other zones have begun opening up recently with the collapse of buildings (C) and the gradual death of the many mulberry trees that once grew within the settlement. For the purposes of this HMP re-greening the settlement is a suggested priority action

Figure 3.11 Fanja Oasis and its still well-preserved palm groves

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 3.12 Дārat al-Hujra, Architectural plan of settlement

documentation and analysis

Figure 3.13 Đ&#x201D;Ä rat al-Hujra, zoning plan

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 3.14 Дārat al-Hujra, dwelling accesses

documentation and analysis

Figure 3.15 Đ&#x201D;Ä rat al-Hujra, settlement accesses

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 3.16 Дārat al-Hujra, settlement components plan

documentation and analysis

Figure 3.17 Đ&#x201D;Ä rat al-Hujra, tribal distribution mapping

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 3.18 Дārat al-Hujra, dwelling ownership status

documentation and analysis

Figure 3.19 Đ&#x201D;Ä rat al-Hujra, falaj network and distribution

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

4 ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

The following discussion addresses the key aspects of the settlement’s architectural values and some of the primary issues that threaten its significance.

4.1 urban and architectural values • Among al-Hujra’s defining feature is its location on the limestone plateau dominating the Fanja Oasis. Its skyline, dominated by the hārat’s defensive walls and towers, is visible from afar and serves as a recognizable marker that readily identifies the site. • The site displays a sophisticated approach to dealing with highly complex terrain, not just from an architectural point of view in terms of the layout of dwellings and other structures, but also in making the settlement accessible without compromising its defensibility. This was achieved by winding access

routes around the base of the plateau to force any would-be assailants to expose their flanks to the defenders for as long as possible prior to reaching any one of the gates. • The large open spaces within the enclosure of alHujra permit are central to the settlement’s social role in the Eid festivities and other local functions. • Al-Hujra’s powerful defences in the form of towers, gates and walls are a testament to the high protective requirement that came with the properties watered by the Hamam al-Gharbi. The wealth of the surrounding lands was clearly a product of this water source and would therefore have been a coveted source of wealth, explaining the ubiquity or fortifications in the area, not only within the settlement quarter itself. • Of interest in the case of al-Hujra is the water supply which irrigated the surrounding palm groves and provided water to the villagers. The pool, once located in zone A and which once supplied the settlement, is therefore a feature which should be rebuilt. The associated channels are largely still extant and would require only minor improvements to be functional again. • The hārat’s small mosque would likely have been a comparatively rich structure, though in its current state this is not evident. • The various sbal or meeting halls, which complement the urban structure and highlight the tribal variety of the settlement. • finally, one of the most important features of alHujra are the extraordinary views of the entire

Figure 4.1 al-Hujra, gate G1

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN Fanja Oasis which the high plateau provides. Some of the open spaces located in zone E, C and B would lend themselves ideally as points of attraction for visitors and tourists.

4.2 historical values Political role in expansion of centralised power The settlement played an important role in the relationship between the coast and the interior region. The expansion of control of the interior groups during the Ya’aribah period and later in the Al Bu Sa’id reign had involved Fanja and BidBid into various deliberations. Figure 4.2 al-Hujra, area G with tower G3 and ancient cannon

Defensive prominence The prominent and protected location of Fanja had resulted in a number of well documented confrontations between the residents of the harah and external forces.

4.3 social values Social cohesion Like many other settlement quarters of the adDākhilīyah Governorate, the core settlement complex illustrates a mixture of tribes – of complementary and opposed political affiliations. However, this has been given added cohesion by the prominent and constrained location of the harah. Social Diversity Unlike at the core of the ad-Dākhilīyah area, there is a greater mixture of tribal groups with long-standing presence in Oman and those that arrived subsequently and settled along the coast. Also, given its proximity to the main connection with the Sharqiyyah area, there is a prominent presence of the tribal groups from that region. Ibadism and the development of Islamic thought Fanja was a recognised centre of Islamic learning. The ideals of Ibadism, which have influences throughout the parts of the Arab world, are reflected in the fabric of the harah through the simple and quiet dignity of its mosque. • the al-Azwah festival, which takes place at alHujra annually, is a living demonstration to Oman’s attachment to its ancestral practices and traditions

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

4.4 threats to site’s significance Both, human and environmental action, are having a destructive impact on al-Hujra’s architectural fabric. The following describes a list of primary threats that are likely to adversely affect the settlement’s significance: • Heritage should be regarded as a living entity and not as a mere object of preservation. There is strong reason to believe that the object of heritage management in Oman has, so far, been the latter. • The settlement is currently largely uninhabited. This is a result of demographic shift, both generally from the predominantly rural interior to larger urban centres in the region, as well as towards the capital, Muscat. There is also a general lack of interest in living within traditional environments resulting from significant social change and ‘modernisation’. Depopulation and abandonment rather than overcrowding is the problem of Omani vernacular settlements. This Management Plan proposes to address this problem by broadening the usage focus of the site and by introducing a range of accommodation types of contemporary relevance. • The continued lack of day-to-day maintenance and conservation arising from the above situation is a significant threat. To address this, the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (MHC) has taken the first step by commissioning and supporting work on this documentation and management plan. • Tourism activity is hampered primarily by the difficult access and relative anonymity of the site. Small numbers of visitors (25-50 p/d) could be easily

integrated into the Дārat without disrupting daily life in a meaningful way, provided they are given adequate facilities and amenities such as eateries, coffee houses and short stay accommodation. These would in turn provide an additional source of income to local inhabitants and encourage the younger generation to return to their ancestral homes. • The wide range of constructional, structural and architectural issues arising from neglect poses an extremely important threat. Structural failure arises from unchecked weather and bacterial action on the built fabric, as well as altered levels of stress and strain on building materials and components resulting from fluctuating levels of humidity and collapsed structures. Key architectural features of the settlement are being lost through erosion and collapse. In addition to the decay of structures due to the eroding action of the elements (Fig. 4.3), abandonment and resulting dilapidation, the inevitable loss of the richness and cultural/material value of the earthen architecture is caused by repair/ maintenance malpractices. This report provides a comprehensive understanding of the extent of constructional problems. • A great danger to the architectural value of Дārat alHujra is posed by the sub-standard new development and building that has taken place there (Fig. 4.4). • Figures 4.6 4.7 respectively describe and map the state of preservation of the settlement by broad categories, by: • indicating the degree of preservation of the building units;

Figure 4.3 al-Hujra, modern development and collapses (C3, C4)

Figure 4.4 al-Hujra, modern development (C4) and dead vegetation

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN • showing it by means of sample photos; • suggesting actions to be implemented; • identifying and quantifying the building units falling into each preservation category. They show that the majority of the mud brick structures which have not been intervened upon for repair/restoration purposes are in a state of significant damage and would need immediate attention. • Al-Hujra’s extraordinary potential as a repository and showcase for Oman’s architectural and social traditions has come under threat by the modern developments of some of its current inhabitants. Modern building techniques and design should be made to integrate traditional materials and forms. Approaches to development within heritage contexts have been elaborated upon in detail in Chapters 7 & 8.

Figure 4.5 al-Hujra, tower G4 in advanced state of deterioration

Figure 4.6 al-Hujra, state of preservation table (next page)

• The late adoption of heritage management and development strategies for the settlement has intensified deterioration and continues to threaten the wider significance of the site. This Management Plan aims to address this problem by establishing specific strategies and detailed approaches, which require integration with broad economic, social, cultural and spatial development framework. • The local residents and especially the younger generation do not feel the sense of ownership they once had. This is due to a socio-cultural shift resulting from a particular kind of ‘modernisation’ that has moved the new generation away from a deep and continued understanding of vernacular

environments. New urban development has paid very little regard to the existing vernacular environments. This, again, the development plan aims to address through concrete propositions. • There is a lack of available contemporary alternatives for intervening within such historic fabric to bring it back to use within the modern context. It is important that such international approaches and precedents are studied with care and with a view to adapting these to the Omani context. This appears in Chapter 7. • The Royal Decree 6/80 establishes foundation and provides guidance regarding the importance of conserving built heritage. MHC is working towards overcoming the challenges in extending, developing and coordinating the institutional framework required for dealing with a complex phenomenon. It is important that other governmental bodies work closely with MHC to coordinate policies at national and local levels to address integration of heritage management with planning and development. A robust tourism policy is again critical to the sustainable management of the historic built fabric. • In the short term, pending the development of wider coordinated policy, the present pressures on land for developing new housing, and economic, social and civic infrastructure is likely to lead to further deterioration of the settlement, and in particular the oasis.

ARCHITECTURAL VALUES AND THREATS TO SITE’S SIGNIFICANCE

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 4.7 al-Hujra, State of preservation mapping

STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION

5 STRUCTURAL FAILURES AND STATES OF PRESERVATION

5.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES TO CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION The following complementary and interconnected precepts must guide any intervention to be carried out on the earthen built fabric of the settlement for conservation and rehabilitation purposes: • authenticity, in both material and form, which means that in the work of conservation of a structure which is part of a group, partially or fully, not only must the total authenticity not get diminished but the overall integrity of the group has to be enhanced too; • neutrality, which means that in the work of conservation of a structure its character must be neither enhanced nor degraded. Once a structure has been restored and, thus, rehabilitated the best way to preserve it from future deterioration is to

use it. Its continued utilization, even if for a new purpose, will pose a need for regular upkeep, which should in turn discourage neglect. The alteration and extension of a building structure for its adaptive reuse require a degree of spatial flexibility which earthen construction has, given its informal and plastic nature. If reuse builds upon these intrinsic characteristics, earthen structures are able to meet the requirements and standards of present-day uses without losing their essential qualities.

Figure 5.1 al-Hujra, example of adequate preservation

With reference to the degrees of preservation of the settlement, conservation strategies will have to meet the following: • structures in “adequate” state of preservation: refurbishment alterations will be carried out in a way that respects the scale, massing, form, materials and the social status of the structure as well as the architectural composition and skyline of the cluster it belongs to (no new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed, art.6 The Venice Charter 1964) (Figs 51., 5.2); • structures in “adequate”, “acceptable” and “inadequate” state of preservation: the original fabric will be retained as much as possible to be consolidated, restored, renewed and refurbished; • structures in “acceptable” and “inadequate” state of preservation: missing elements - walls, floors, roofs, staircases - will be replaced with new elements clearly distinguishable by material, form, texture, grain and construction from the original structure

Figure 5.2 al-Hujra, example of adequate preservation

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN (replacements of missing parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but at the same time must be distinguishable from the original so that restoration does not falsify the artistic or historic evidence, art. 12 of The Venice Charter 1964; any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp, art. 9 of The Venice Charter 1964) (Figs. 5.3, 5.4);

Figure 5.3 al-Hujra, example of acceptable preservation

• structures in “inadequate” and “ruinous” state of preservation: consolidation will be carried out by employing the most suitable available technologies at the time of intervention (where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the consolidation of a monument can be achieved by the use of any modern technique for conservation and construction, the efficacy of which has been shown by scientific data and proved by experience, art. 10 of The Venice Charter 1964) (Figs.5.5-5.9) .

5.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES TO REPAIR ACTIONS The following methodological criteria must be met in implementing the general repair measures: Figure 5.4 al-Hujra, example of acceptable preservation

• repair must be necessary, reversible, the minimum required to achieve the proposed result and compatible with the original fabric; • repair must be preceded by investigation of the reason for failure, so that recurring failure can be prevented by appropriately dealing with the causes of damage and making good effectively; • repair must be preceded by investigation into

construction aspects - soil content, clay type, pH value, mud composition in bricks, mortar and plaster, strength of materials - climate aspects relative humidity and temperature both inside and outside the building units - environmental aspects thermal conductivity of mud walls and temperature of floors - use aspects - changes made to the structure which might have caused failure; • repair must take into account the results of recording and documentation in terms of historical background, social status, spatial organization and construction of the structures; • repair must take into account social, cultural and economic driving factors such as the need for local employment, maintenance of tradition and training; • repair must achieve a balance between the materials required for the intervention and the requirements of tradition; • repair must be fully documented and archived throughout works.

5.3 FAILURE ANALYSIS AND REPAIR GUIDANCE An analysis has been carried out of failure types affecting the 9 mud brick structures that still retain their original fabric. Out of a total of 44 building units that make up the settlement, those intervened upon for repair/ restoration purposes and those built out of concrete have been excluded from the analysis. Structural and non-structural pathologies affecting the mud brick envelope of the above mentioned units have been

STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION identified, listed and analysed under broad categories in order to accordingly devise conservation and rehabilitation strategies and understand why they occurred, how they developed and what kind of repair actions could be carried out. Pathologies identified are the result of the combined action of “anthropic” and “natural” degradation factors. The former consist in the physical transformation of the original built fabric, e.g. through addition, juxtaposition and superimposition of new build made of modern materials concrete blocks, cement plaster, aluminium sections - and substitution to the original built fabric made of mud bricks, mud mortar and palm tree wood beams and woven mats. The latter include the action of rainwater, wind, water runoff, water stagnations and infiltrations around the buildings and on the roofs, which then lead to erosion of wall tops and bases, wall surfaces and roofs.

5.4 GUIDANCE NOTES 1. For the purpose of having a complete mapping of failure types, these have been identified wherever present, that is in all affected building units, irrespective of their state of preservation and the feasibility and/or expediency of repair. 2. Only building units where failure is clearly visible and unequivocally classifiable have been indicated. 3. Presumably all mud brick building units underwent a stage where each failure occurred, even though at present there is no clear evidence of it. 4. Based on the above analysis, the following failure types have been identified:

a. SURFACE EROSION “A” (caused by water penetration from the head of a wall or through a roof): • the saw-toothed clefts which are typically produced by this type of failure are rarely present. However, they presumably developed at some point due to faulty wall capping, and when superficial erosion at wall heads got deeper they faded into the surrounding eroded wall surface; • wall heads that are still capped, that is those that were cemented over, show less and minor sawtooth serrations;

Figure 5.5 al-Hujra, example of inadequate preservation

• both external and partition walls are affected, irrespective of their height, and sometimes both faces of the same wall (Fig. 5.9). b. SURFACE EROSION “B” (caused by water runoff from the roof): • deep channels run down external and partition walls, presumably caused by water runoff. Lacking any evidence of gargoyles it is hard to tell whether the runoff occurred when the roof was still in place, due to faulty water spouts, or as a consequence of the roof collapse; • deep channels also run down the walls, below niches and openings, which constitute weak construction points (Fig. 5.10). c. with reference to SURFACE EROSION “C” (caused by water capillary rise): • the vast majority of wall surfaces are affected; • undercuts are particularly visible at the base of partition walls, where in most cases stone foundations are lower or non existent, and at the

Figure 5.6 al-Hujra, example of inadequate preservation

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN bottom of doorways (Fig. 5.11). d. SURFACE EROSION “D” (caused by loss of surface coatings): • all units are, to a different extent, affected; • external wall surfaces are generally more deeply affected than partition walls due to prolonged exposure to wind and rain action;

Figure 5.7 al-Hujra, example of ruinous preservation

• the degree of erosion of mortar and mud bricks varies greatly, ranging from surfaces which look like amorphous earth masses to surfaces where bricks are exposed and clearly legible (Fig. 5.12). e. DETACHMENT OF COATINGS “A” (caused by water penetration) • all units are, to a different extent, affected; • on walls that are still protected, though partially, by roofs the peeling off produced by this type of failure is more accentuated that on walls that are exposed to the weather;

Figure 5.8 al-Hujra, example of ruinous preservation

• both external and partition walls are affected, though the defect is more common amongst the latter (Fig. 5.13). f. DETACHMENT OF COATINGS “B” (caused by incompatibility between the earth core and the applied surface): • walls rendered over in cement are affected as well as the majority of walls rendered in mud-straw mortar, which in most of the interiors is, in fact, missing at the base of walls (Fig. 5.14); • this failure type is present in units where the mud brick wall capping has been replaced with cement

rendered concrete block courses and where stairs and walls have been rendered in cement mortar. g. WALL CRACKS (caused by expansion and contraction): • wall cracks are generally marked at wall junctions and around openings and niches; • in addition to standard vertical cracks horizontal cracks can be found above door lintels, presumably due to low static and mechanical resistance, where they have taken on a stepped configuration (Fig. 5.15). h. BRICK LOSS (caused by fall due to differential movements within the masonry): • loss of mud bricks occurs particularly above and around door lintels. i. COATING CRACKS (caused by unbalanced water-soil ratio in the mud mix or quick drying): • cracking of wall coatings occurs due to shrinkage following rapid moisture loss (Fig. 5.6).

STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND STATES OF PRESERVATION

Figure 5.9 al-Hujra, surface erosion “A”

Figure 5.12 al-Hujra, surface erosion “D”

Figure 5.15 al-Hujra, Wall cracks

Figure 5.10 al-Hujra, surface erosion “B”

Figure 5.13 al-Hujra, detachment of coatings “A”

Figure 5.16 al-Hujra, surface cracks

Figure 5.11 al-Hujra, surface erosion “C”

Figure 5.14 al-Hujra, detachment of coatings “B”

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 5.17 al-Hujra, mapping of failure types

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

6 PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Principle number P1 P2

Description of Principle Minimum intervention Reversibility Retention of buildings, settlements

and context: conserve vistas, views, spaces and enclosures and sensitively interpret as necessary Anthropological (i.e., people centred)

Introduction In accordance with the Venice Charter on Conservation (1964) and the ICOMOS Conservation Charter (2004) this chapter sets out the ways in which the significant values of the settlement, its integrity, and the heritage and material culture are to be safeguarded within a context of sympathetic development. Following the establishment of a broad philosophy, a set of general policies for development and conservation are discussed. This is followed by a set of detailed guidelines for restoration, consolidation, rebuilding and redevelopment measures (cf. definitions below).

6.1 PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION: PRINCIPLES The following are 10 key principles the Heritage Management Plan and associated Master Plan intend to embrace and develop further with special reference to the harah (Table 6.1):

approach to heritage management and reuse Integration of the younger generation

through reuse and interpretation of the site Private and public sector engagement

P6 P7 P8 P9 P10

–

organisational

and

individual

stakeholder cooperation A combined bottom-up and top-down approach Introducing functional diversity – possible/ compatible uses for existing buildings through innovative thinking Sustainable management and conservation New buildings not copy, replica or pastiche but interpretation: buildings ‘of their time’

Table 6.1 source: Venice Charter on Conservation 1964, and Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage - 1999

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.2 APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION 6.2.1 That all significant aspects of the settlement morphology, fortification,

and all interventions. An experienced multi-disciplinary team, which will draw from latest methodology and techniques, should be entrusted with addressing all aspects of development, conservation and heritage management.

townscape, structures (institutional and

6.2.3 All new-build and extension should be

residential), irrigation and agriculture

clearly distinguishable from existing and

be retained, safeguarded, consolidated,

‘authentic’ building and settlement fabric.

restored and wherever appropriate rebuilt,

All alterations and additions should reflect the culture of its time and therefore should employ materials and construction systems relevant to the present. Hybrid systems engaging traditional materials and methods may be introduced to allude to the complex culture of today. The materials and construction methods chosen for new-builds and extensions should explore the full range of opportunities presented by the juxtaposition of traditional and modern contexts, as long as it does not compromise with the essential integrity of the traditional settlement and its fabric.

to preserve the identity, integrity and authenticity of the site.

The identity of the settlement depends on the retention of all significant material, socio-cultural and historic characteristics amidst development that is both necessary and inevitable. Development should not overwhelm the past; rather, development needs to be carefully managed and integrated with heritage to retain the identity of al-Hujra. The significant aspects have been identified in earlier chapters (3 & 4). However, further issues are expected to emerge from the necessary additional studies/ analysis identified below to extend our knowledge of the infrastructural and sociocultural aspects (§6.5). 6.2.2 That all new development should be sympathetic to the cultural and material heritage of the settlement.

All development should respect and remain subservient to the rich cultural and material heritage of al-Hujra. Development should not in any way become overbearing – urbanistically, architecturally and otherwise visually. Further studies identified below (§6.5) are crucial to establish a comprehensive picture of the dynamic nature of this heritage. This will demand a knowledge-based yet creative approach to establishing policies, strategies, master plan

6.2.4 The use and application of traditional methods and techniques of construction and use of materials and building components are to be encouraged.

This should especially be the case where a ‘significant’ component or fragment is required to be rebuilt or where the character and integrity of the structure would be lost through the use of new materials and/ or construction systems. It would also be possible to employ new techniques of construction to traditional materials or in some cases, employing traditional construction methods to modern materials. Salvaged building materials and architectural components, wherever possible and relevant, should be reused. Such hybrid construction would still allow for making the clear distinction required under §6.2.3.

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.2.5 A link needs to be established between

sustainable future which is in sympathy with

modern-day aspirations and continuation of

the past.

age-old methods of livelihood and culture.

New programmes would need to establish the fine balance between the continued and very welcome existence of traditional life and those demanded by the globalised environment and societal change. Continued sustenance of the traditional ways of life gives the settlement its character and identity and is clearly an important socio-cultural and economic resource. Requirements emerging from societal changes driven by shifts in the globalised culture and economy, on the other hand, demands careful attention from the developmental perspective. Economics, employment, education, cultural and social development should be considered. Wherever feasible, traditional industry and economic methods should be safeguarded (e.g., agriculture, crafts, infrastructure – irrigation systems and tertiary sectors dependent on traditional economics and modes of production). The nature and scale of new programmes to be introduced should be considered carefully – what size of production, its appropriateness, etc. A large scale ‘modern’ industrial production is certainly inappropriate for a small settlement such as al-Hujra; however, a scaled down and modified or partial production might work, with a larger industrial component situated outside the vernacular environment. Decoupling of industrial production with careful consideration of impact of specific components of the processes might need to be carefully and creatively thought through. Cross programming should be considered to avoid zoned restrictions. 6.2.6 A holistic approach to development should be adopted to achieve a balanced and

Such studies should take the entire oasis and its setting into account. Development needs, therefore, would have to be established for the entire oasis and not for a constituent settlement – such as al-Hujra– in isolation. In the light of the research being currently conducted, the present report thus calls for a revision of existing regional planning strategies and policies to integrate heritage management as a crucial component of development. A regional approach should be adopted for the establishment of use patterns for settlements. An adDhāhirah wide plan is needed to consider the range and hierarchy of settlements for reuse. The strategy should be drawn up keeping significance and aspirations in mind. A regional significance hierarchy should be established to ascertain the importance of settlements and should be aligned with national and regional development policy and growth plans. Regional development plans, therefore, should include a comprehensive understanding of the extant historical settlements and fabric. The region-wide strategy will help avoid duplication and repetition of provisions (e.g., too many museums). It will avoid stresses and strains on limited infrastructure and resources. 6.2.7 A full evaluation of all conventionally available and standardised strategies should be undertaken before embracing any of those as acceptable approaches.

An example of this would be the often uncritical adoption of tourism as a universal panacea for heritage settlements. While this sector is certainly to play an important role, on its own it will fail to ensure sustainable heritage management. Less direct tourism might be worth considering – resulting in

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN more ecologically and socially appropriate tourism. Tourism need to be also considered in terms of its very local nature – not just as international or Arab regional tourism (GCC/ Arab world); this is often overlooked. Increasing sensitive and sustainable local tourism (even within the governorate of e.g., ad-Dhāhirah) would introduce a rich palette of experiences across visitor groups.

and structures that are historically important. Such highvalue structures and zones indicative of key phases of development need to be given action priority. Approaches to conservation and development (§6.2.6) have to be established in accordance with the priority list and the value assigned to structures. 6.3.3 Establish a phasing plan for the development and conservation of

6.3 GENERAL POLICIES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION The following general policies are envisaged to form the basic framework for development planning and conservation initiatives in al-Hujra. 6.3.1 Establishment of a Buffer Zone to safeguard the settlement, its integrity and its visual appearance.

This would ensure that the settlement retains its traditional context or limits/ prevents any further damage to it. Additionally, all significant visual corridors need to be conserved, retained and/ or opened up to optimise the significant character of the settlement. A detailed survey needs to be undertaken to identify all significant structures (mosques, sbal, dwellings, water and agricultural infrastructure, etc.) located within the Buffer Zone. Conservation and developmental policies and guidelines established for the settlement will apply to the Buffer Zone to retain integrity. 6.3.2 Prioritise action on zones and structures according to historical and strategic importance to settlement.

Settlement analysis and the Statement of Significance have identified important phases of settlement development

structures. The phasing plan will take into account the physical state of structures, priorities, approach and available resources.

The phasing plan needs to take into account the established priority zones and structures. However, a key issue in that is the physical state of individual structures, their ownership and approaches to conservation and development those would demand. Together, the phasing plan, required approaches and available resources would provide the premises of the Master Plan. 6.3.4 Establish specific guidelines for conservation and development within settlement giving consideration to ownership.

Detailed conservation and development guidelines will have to take into account the ownership and nature of occupation of all structures concerned. A few important issues of ownership and occupation may be highlighted here: • Mosques (s. masjid, pl. masajid): While the mosques are used for prayer and congregation by the neighbourhood and the community, its day-to-day running is entrusted with the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs. However, physical upkeep of any mosque more than 100 years old falls within the purview of the Ministry of

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN Heritage and Culture. All extant traditional mosques are in use and are in an acceptable state of preservation. • Meeting halls (s. sablah, pl. sbal) and communal facilities: Male meeting halls are normally owned by a particular tribes. However, in this harah there is also another distinctive type: those associated with dwellings as private reception lounges (s. majlis, pl. majalis) and under private ownership but also used by the tribe, of which there were comparatively few in al-Hujra. While these lie in a state of disuse and dereliction, the socially and historically perceived and actual ownership issues are important considerations in the acquisition of these properties and in the preparation of guidelines and Master Plan. The ownership of other communal facilities, such as roasting pits (tannur), water access and bathing points along the falaj channels, etc., again, needs to be established. • Dwellings: the majority of dwelling in al-Hujra are still standing to roof height, with about half of them being locked or inhabited. Throughout the remainder of the settlement, however, the majority of dwellings have suffered partial or total collapse due to the rotting of roof supports and the basal erosion of load bearing walls. In some zones (such as C and B), formerly built up spaces have been partially cleared to create open spaces that are publicly accessible. The status of these zones will have to be re-addressed in the course of Phase-II development.

6.3.5 Ministry of Heritage and Culture to establish policy and strategy for the acquisition of all relevant land and properties currently under private ownership. Acquisition could work in tandem with a strategy to involve the private sector.

Acquisition of important properties is critical to the successful application of the Master Plan and phasing programme. All possible strategies and approaches related to acquisition, including a range of incentive measures, need to be given consideration. While acquisition is important for the early phase of the project, it should form part of a broader policy that incorporates the involvement of the private sector, the community and individual residents. 6.3.6 Conservation approach should be consistent with international approaches and guidelines and should be consistent with the philosophy of development and conservation established for as-sulayf.

Consistent with international guidelines and definitions for conservation and development within historic contexts, the conservation and development proposal will adopt the following distinction in approaches: • Restoration: Those structures or components of structures that will need careful attention to return it to its original condition and appearance. In alHujra this approach will need to be revised as a substantial part of the hārat has already undergone intervention prior to documentation. • Consolidation: Physical addition and the application of adhesive or supporting material

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN to retain the architectonic, visual and structural stability of the ensemble. It will also involve the removal of all debris and organic and inorganic waste deposited on site. Usable and significant architectural and constructional components will be salvaged and treated for reuse. • Rebuilding: Considerable reconstruction based on available documentation and conjecture to give the structure its earlier and more authentic appearance. • Redevelopment: New build with an established and restricted context of architectural operation. In al-Hujra this should be directed towards either, i) sites presently lying empty and earmarked for development or, ii) properties in such a state of severe dereliction so as to demand immediate clearance and redevelopment.

6.4 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION All guidelines for development and conservation have been developed consistent with the development and conservation philosophy and policies established above. The settlement has not been treated as a mere assemblage of built structures and artefacts, but specific attention has been given to the present state of life and future aspirations of the inhabitants, ownership status of structures and the opportunity for public-private partnership. The guidelines are put forward with a view that the private sector, owneroccupiers and individuals with ownership of properties within al-Hujra will take an active interest and part in the development and conservation initiative to move towards the holistic goal. A set of general guidelines for development

and conservation in the hārat is followed by a set of more specific developmental/ design guidelines applicable to specific sites, buildings and structures to be redeveloped or rebuilt. The dwellings are given special attention in the light of their numerical dominance, the opportunities these present, the concerning state of preservation, and the range of development and conservation possibilities that can be envisaged. It is envisaged that the guidelines will be held under regular review and refinement as the project progresses. 6.4.1 General Guidelines

The following general guidelines will be applicable to all development and conservation measures: • The morphology of the original phase of the features, or the phases deemed to be of most significance, will be safeguarded and/ or highlighted to preserve the identity, integrity and authenticity of the site. • All reasonable attempts will be made to ensure the appropriate, and if possible, authentic reuse for any redundant components and features. It will be ensured that the new or continued inauthentic use of features does not distort or distract from the identified significance of older features or the wider traditional assemblage. • Traditional materials will be used wherever and whenever practicable during construction works within the settlement, whether the aim is to consolidate and/or to rebuild existing traditionally constructed buildings or in the construction of new buildings for domestic or commercial purposes. • Where rebuilding is required to preserve a building or structure of significance, all attempts should be made to clearly distinguish those reconstructed

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN elements which are based on accurate archaeological and architectural documentation and those which are merely founded on conjecture. • Maximum understanding of the architectural features and social values will be achieved prior to any intervention – whether the aim is to consolidate, rebuild or redevelop – and that this intervention will always be reserved to the minimum required to achieve those aims. Where analysis dictates that preservation in situ of a traditionally constructed building is unwarranted; then it will be preserved by record. This documentation will be approached as though one was recording an archaeological monument. • All measures will be taken to remove debris, hazardous construction and organic and inorganic waste from site. Adequate measures will be taken to prevent any future disposal of such waste on site and to manage and safely dispose of all household and commercial waste in future. All reusable building material and architectural components will be salvaged, catalogued and stored for reuse. • Any development in the area shall be according to the approved Master Plan. 6.4.2 Design Guidelines for redevelopment

The following general Design Guidelines will be adopted for all redevelopment within Дārat al-Hujra: • All efforts will be undertaken to ensure that existing vistas are retained and not blocked with any new construction. • Any new development should respect and respond to the topographic conditions. Inappropriate cut

and fill of the site shall not be allowed. • All defensive features and traditional open spaces next to defensive features shall be retained. • All existing dead end alleys and internal courtyards shall be retained and no encroachments will be allowed. • The traditional sinuous building line shall be maintained wherever possible. • No development shall be higher than the property it is attached to or 8 metres whichever is lower. • The height, scale and composition of any new construction should be in conformity with the compositional order and rhythm of the adjoining buildings, unless photographic and other forms of documentation suggest otherwise. • The traditional palette of materials and construction systems will be restricted to those found within alHujra, such as the following: 1. Stone for foundations; 2. Mud brick for walls; 3. Mud plaster (clay/sarooj) for external and internal rendering; 4. Clay/stone flooring; 5. Timber or date palm beams, reed/date-palm matting, consolidated mud for composite flooring and roofing; 6. Terracotta or wooden water spouts; 7. Local timber for door and windows;

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN 8. Traditional water proofing and protective materials. • Modern materials such as steel/aluminium/glass, etc., may be judiciously and appropriately used along with traditional materials in the development of proposed facility buildings. However, such design shall in no way distort the traditional setting, and the identity, integrity and authenticity of the area. • For all buildings chosen for restoration, consolidation or rebuilding, care should be taken while positioning the doors and windows. In dwellings facing each other windows should be staggered so that no window opens facing another window. Similar principle may be adopted for the relative positioning of doors to ensure that no doors are directly facing each other and views in from one dwelling to another is restricted. • Traditional arched recess or arched opening employing traditional decorative elements may be adopted in traditional dwellings. Timber doors and windows of appropriate traditional design and construction may be used. • Any ventilation and/or air conditioning equipment should not in any way impinge upon the visual integrity of the dwellings. Air-conditioning and ventilation equipment should be suitably obscured. 6.4.3 Design Guidelines for communal facilities. The general approach to all extant communal buildings and structures or for which some physical evidence (e.g., foundation, ruins, etc.) exist, will be as follows:

• All extant significant components and elements which have suffered deterioration are to be restored and/ or consolidated. • All significant components and elements which have suffered significant damage or have disappeared but for which documentary evidence exists, are to be rebuilt. • All other components are to be rebuilt using either traditional materials or making clear their conjectural nature through the use of adapted traditional/modern materials/constructional systems, as deemed appropriate. • All communal structures for which some physical evidence exists, the remains will be retained and consolidated. • All communal buildings and structures are to be reused for communal or touristic purposes with appropriate programmatic strategy for adaptive reuse. • All communal facilities within al-Hujra will be covered in Phase-1 of the HMP proposal and will have elaborate guidelines and constructional directives through the Tender Documents. 6.4.4 Design Guidelines for dwellings

The following approach is to be adopted for the various categories of dwellings. Clear guidelines will be established for all dwelling types. Traditional construction (vacant and/or derelict) MHC should establish policy and strategy for acquisition or ownership of all relevant properties under this category for consolidation and adaptive reuse. Phasing will

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN be taken into account to establish whether the structures are to be demolished, receive façade treatment or have internal restoration and rebuilding.

6.5 ADDITIONAL STUDIES AND ANALYSES The following additional studies will be necessary to complete our understanding of al-Hujra. This is crucial to a holistic approach to addressing development and conservation within the settlement suggested earlier. For this, it is also important to undertake relevant studies on the entire oasis of Fanja.

Study

Outline A detailed study of the Buffer Zone identified

for al-Hujra to retain its traditional context and integrity. A study of the existing infrastructural provisions

(water, electricity, waste, waste water, sewage, etc.) and their capacity. A detailed study of traditional materials and their

sourcing, as well as an analysis of constructional systems. A update study of the Hamam al-Gharbi and associated traditional water supply system. This

has to be dovetailed into an analysis of agricultural land within the harah and its revitalisation and optimal utilisation. Detailed socio-cultural, anthropological and archaeological studies to arrive at a more in-depth

understanding of life within the settlement and how changes in the economy and world view have affected age old practices. A continual study of and the creation of a database

on the tourism factor and its impact on traditional life. Using such studies to update the development and conservation policies and the Master Plan. The creation and continual updating of a central

database logging all relevant academic and professional studies of the settlement (al-Hujra) and the oasis (ΚIbrī). Revision of Regional Development Plan to

integrate heritage management as a crucial component of development in the light of this present research.

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Case A: Guidelines for vacant sites

6. Architectural Elements: All individual architectural elements, such as carved doors, surface decoration, decorative motifs – internal and external – need to be carefully noted and restored/retained.

The conservation measures to be adopted for such buildings shall be determined on the basis of the extent of dereliction. If the building is of low heritage value and of high dereliction, it may be demolished and the land subjected to redevelopment. Otherwise the building may be consolidated or rebuilt.

Case C: Buildings (vacant/derelict) identified to be consolidated

Case B: Buildings (vacant/derelict) identified to be rebuilt

1. Footprint: The footprint of the building shall follow the existing plot boundary and shall not exceed the area of the existing building.

1. Footprint: The footprint of the building shall follow the existing plot boundary and shall not exceed the area of the existing dwelling. 2. Façade: The façade of the dwelling shall follow the line of the line of the previous structure on the main street frontage. 3. Internal Spatial Configuration: The internal spatial configuration should be sympathetically retained wherever possible. For buildings subjected to adaptive re-use an indication of the original spatial configuration should be maintained with appropriate architectural treatment. 4. Material of Construction: Modern materials such as steel/aluminium/glass etc., may be judiciously and appropriately used along with traditional materials. However, such design shall in no way disturb the traditional setting and the identity, the integrity and the authenticity of the area. 5. Height: The height of the new building shall not be greater than the height of the original structure and if appropriate consistent with the height of the neighbouring dwellings.

2. Structural Members: Structural elements employed for the consolidation of the building should be judiciously used so as not to impinge upon the visual integrity and authenticity of the building and the area.

Traditional construction (owner-occupied) An incentive-based approach has to be adopted to deal with and encourage maintenance and appropriate extension and rebuilding of the small number of traditional properties under continued ownership (owner-occupied/ absentee landlord). However, extension or rebuilding should be of traditional construction and guided by the following set of criteria. Traditional construction (rented) An incentive-based approach has to be adopted to deal with and encourage maintenance and appropriate extension and rebuilding of traditional properties under ownership. This approach will have to take into account and offset the discouraging effect of the present poor level of rent.

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Case D: Modification/Extension of traditional mud structure Proposals for the modification or improvement of traditional buildings through extension or enlargement shall be permitted if the plans do not detract from the character of the harah and strictly adhere to the following design criteria: 1. General: The proposed extension should not lead to net loss of agricultural land nor should it lead to the demolition and/or damage of any adjoining traditional structure. 2. Location: The proposed extension shall be located at the rear or side of the dwelling 3. Height: the proposed extension should not be higher than any of the neighbouring buildings or 8 metres whichever is lower. 4. Floor Space: For single storey extensions, the additional floor space to be created shall not be more than 50% of the existing ground floor area. However, for two-storey extensions, the floor area shall represent not more than 50% of the net are of the upper and lower floors. 5. Faรงade Treatment: The position and form of external features and openings within the proposed extension including the faรงade, walls, doorways, windows, floors and roofs shall be of a similar design and finish to the existing structure to limit visual intrusion. Any ventilation and/or air conditioning equipment should not in any way impinge upon the visual integrity of the dwellings.

6. Building Permits: In considering building permits for extension to existing dwellings the policies under Case B shall apply.

Case E: Redevelopment Building activity will only be permitted within defined zones and under strict development guidance. Defined zones shall be identified through study of available/ cleared property (existing) and the ones thought to be beyond repair and of low heritage value. Any new building shall be constructed as per the following rules: 1. Footprint: The footprint of the dwelling shall follow the existing plot boundary. 2. Height: The new building shall not be higher than the property it is attached to or 8m, whichever is lower. 3. Material of Construction: Modern materials such as steel/aluminium/glass etc. may be judiciously and appropriately used along with traditional materials in the development of proposed facility buildings. However, such design shall in no way disturb the traditional setting and the identity, integrity and authenticity of the area.

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

PRECEDENTS

7 PRECEDENTS

a wide variety of locations comprising the Maghreb, SubSaharan Africa and the Middle East which visualise the great range of architectural possibilities inherent in this kind of setting. They also put into evidence the broad spectrum of opportunities afforded by an open and responsible approach to heritage development, in particular in relation to public/ private partnerships. All precedents here presented have been carried out with a view towards minimum government involvement and the aim to maximise community participation and long term economic sustainability. While Tourism is given varying degrees of importance at sites such as Siwa and Ouarzazate, the ultimate aim is always the development of the cultural heritage to include the stakeholder communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aspirations and desires for the future.

The following pages contain examples of design precedents used here to illustrate various approaches for the Master Plan. The case studies highlight the importance given to a range of issues concerning conservation, restoration and rehabilitation. These precedents are grouped into two primary approaches and settings. The first group comprises mostly Western examples which are drawn from a building-specific approach by illustrating architectural techniques such as adaptive reuse, extension, encapsulation, juxtaposition and incorporation of the architectural fabric. The second group of design precedents applies more specifically to case of Oman as it exemplifies a much broader approach to conservation by addressing entire settlements and concentrating primarily on earthen construction. This second set of examples contains a number of World Heritage Sites and oasis settlements from

The value of these precedents is to be understood in a suggestive sense and in no way stringent. Further exemplary design and approaches are integrated into Chapter 8, aiming to serve as exemplary cases in which heritage and modern development have been successfully combined.

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HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

8 HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

into the country’s urban landscape as active participants in its economy. In the long term tourism, energy production, agriculture, as well as a host of associated creative industries, can ensure not just the survival of these ancient towns and villages, but also their sustained growth over future ages into a post-oil economy. Their varied nature in terms of morphology, location and size demands a high degree of adaptability in the measures proposed for their revitalisation, the foundation of which must lie in a clear understanding of their past usage and their individualised future potential. The future sustainable economic and social development of the Fanja Oasis and al-Hujra is expected to settle on three key pillars of activity:

Heritage tourism

8.1 introduction This chapter summarises the rationale and principal approaches suggested for the adoption of the Heritage Management Plan. The concluding sections of the chapter include a concise and comprehensive Master Plan which illustrates the full scope of interventions to be carried out on the settlement itself (Fig. 8.20). The concept here presented takes a holistic approach to development and conservation in al-Hujra keeping in mind an even broader context of the need to consider such issues for the entire oasis of Fanja and current approaches being adopted within the ad-Dākhilīyah and ad-Dhāhirah Governorates (e.g., in the Bahlā WHS, Nizwā, Manah, etc.) as a whole. The phasing plan takes into account the established priority action zones and structures. Furthermore, a key issue is the physical state of individual structures, their ownership and the diverse approaches to conservation and development those would demand. The eventual expectation for the future of the millenary settlements of central Oman is their re-use and reintegration

In the case of the Sultanate of Oman heritage, and its successful preservation and integration into the country’s modern development, is a matter of national import which has been recognised by His Majesty Sultan Qaboos on a numerous occasions. It is, nevertheless, an unfortunate reality that in emerging economies tourism is often regarded as a panacea for safeguarding one’s culture in times of great material growth and social change. This view, however, disregards the basic fact that culture has to be lived in order to be preserved, otherwise it runs the risk of becoming a mere exhibit devoid of meaning and, indeed, relevance. This Heritage Management Plan, therefore, takes a holistic view of heritage management and development not just on a settlement scale, but on a nationwide one, as what is ultimately needed is a cohesive national strategy of complementary measures. The piecemeal approach to individual sites, hitherto taken in isolation and without a supra-regional outlook necessarily results in redundancies and overlaps in terms of functionality.

Figure 8.1 The tower of Husin Fanja (G5)

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN infrastructural nodes or provisions at strategic locations – and possibly somewhat removed from the key heritage locations – might ensure distributed access to such facilities, safeguarding heritage settlements of higher significance (e.g., Bahlā WHS) from over exploitation and irreversible damage. There is also the need for, and opportunity to, conserve craft traditions and create appropriate, innovative products for the contemporary market and use. Short-stay accommodation, craftsmanship and the gastronomic sector, as well as guided experiential and interpretive tours and associated businesses will ensure a seasonal influx of capital. A partial, though not exclusive, focus on tourism it is therefore to be encouraged. In the case of al-Hujra the additional aspect of the intangible heritage comes into play in an important way via the alAzwah celebrations. This event has the potential to become a landmark festivity known also to an international audience, presenting an ideal opportunity to showcase Oman’s living culture.

Agriculture

Figure 8.2 Traditional photovoltaics potential. Source: DESERTEC Foundation

There is no doubt, however, that the heritage tourism sector shows enormous growth potential, evidenced by the sharp rise in tourism interest, both international and domestic. While Oman’s built heritage and natural assets are significant, the tourism infrastructural provision is at an early stage of evolution. Settlement quarters of significance, such as Дārat al-Hujra, provide both heritage assets to a reasonably high level, as well as an armature for developing tourism infrastructure. The economic viability of locating major

This sector has been consistently emphasised by the general strategies for national development and policy makers. Oasis settlements are holistic environments for inhabitation, in which agriculture, animal husbandry and related activities have played a critical role in organising livelihood and existence in an environment of restricted land and water resources. A greater reliance on local produce through the exploration of alternative methods of agriculture could contribute to a greater degree of self-sufficiency, lower food costs and the continuation of ancient traditions in conjunction with modern techniques. Much work has been undertaken in other countries on alternative, smallscale methods of agricultural production, which could be emulated and adapted to the Omani context.

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Energy and clean technologies The vernacular settlements offer excellent solar energy harnessing potential. Indeed, Central Oman has one of the highest potential solar power generation capabilities on the planet, with around 2800 kWh/m² per year. In particular the potential of Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV) is positively enormous (Figs 8.2, 8.3) as the less sandy regions of adDākhilīyah and ad-Dhāhirah Governorates provide a much more stable and less abrasive environment than that of UAE or large tracts of Saudi Arabia where recently large scale solar projects have gone online. Greater reliance on this infinite energy source, and associated research and technological developmental opportunities, will encourage the creation of a new technological knowledge base and reduce unnecessarily heavy reliance on fossil fuel, freeing up significant quantities of reserves for export. All three approaches can, if implemented responsibly, afford a substantial source of revenue for the local communities and also act as a business primer for many associated industries. In particular domestic tourism is expected to contribute greatly to al-Hujra’s future due to the site’s picturesque location and proximity to Muscat but its success will be measured by the oasis’ ability to successfully combine modern technologies with traditional values of natural balance and measured exploitation. An example for a successful heritage management implementation in a traditional oasis context is that of Siwa Oasis in Egypt, where an ancient settlement has been revived to showcase traditional lifestyles, as well as embracing modern sustainable technologies of water management and energy production (Figs. 8.11, 8.17). Challenging environments such as deserts offer unique design and technological possibilities which can be addressed, or indeed embraced, with modern techniques, as has been achieved at the Amangiri Resort in

the Utah Desert (Fig. 8.9).

8.2 Management PLAN GOALS Any projects undertaken on the architectural and cultural heritage of the Sultanate of Oman will have to be approached with a view towards strict fiscal responsibility, aiming for a high degree of economic sustainability by relying extensively on public/private partnership. In this sense the

Figure 8.3 Concentrated photovoltaics potential. Source: DESERTEC Foundation

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN aim is not the wholesale reconstruction of entire settlements in a pseudo-high fidelity manner simply to showcase their supposed original appearance. Such a practice is necessarily economically prohibitive in the long term and does not serve the desired outcome of reinstating authenticity or revitalizing uninhabited settlements. It will also be noted that ‘revitalization’ is by no means limited to the immediate urban confines of a given settlement; much rather it is proposed here that successful re-habitation is only possible by addressing an oasis as a whole, including infrastructure, agricultural lands, palm groves, falaj networks, etc. The following aims are therefore proposed as defining the urban future of Oman’s rural districts: 1) Revitalization of Oman’s architectural heritage by:

• Providing the necessary infrastructural improvements to allow for the development of ancient sites: water, electricity, sanitation, communications, health and safety, etc.; • Doing so in a sustainable and cost effective manner through public/private partnerships and developing a business-friendly legal framework: private contractors competing for certain projects, opening the real estate and property market to foreign investors, etc.;

2) Job creation in the private sector by:

• Providing economic incentives in tourism, agricultural and energy production, and related industries, will add value to the region; • Create the necessary economic climate and legal framework for the revitalisation to effectively pay for itself; • Diversifying local economies importing modern technologies and job opportunities as has been achieved, for example, at Ksar Aït Ben Haddou in Ouarzazate, Morocco, where the local community has been closely involved in the revitalisation of their ancient town (Fig. 8.14). • Providing communities with the possibility of contributing towards sustainable energy production and responsible consumption will not only add value to the communities but will eventually contribute towards optimisation of the domestic use of natural resources (oil and gas), with the potential to significantly increase export volumes. 3) To protect, preserve and expand the cultural heritage of Oman by:

• Promoting a modern identity with strong traditional roots;

• Inclusion of the local communities and stakeholders at all levels of development, giving them a say in the development of their own home;

• Cultivating music, arts and traditional crafts will provide touristic incentives, as well as aiding in the preservation of traditional ways of life;

• Instilling a sense of pride of ownership and belonging among the locals, encouraging entrepreneurship and self-reliance to develop and maintain their cultural heritage.

• Cooperation in research and study with national and international institutions to further global understanding and interest in Oman’s great heritage. The infrastructural improvements required for the

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN development of Oman’s traditional settlements must go beyond the immediate urban confines of the settlement and encompass the oases as a whole. Key infrastructural points which require addressing are the following:

Energy Of around 915.000 bpd of crude produced by Oman in 2012 about 20% were consumed domestically. Projections suggest that domestic oil consumption will continue rising over the following years significantly limiting the country’s export volume. Reduction of domestic consumption of fossil fuels must therefore be of paramount importance to ensure the current levels revenue, increased resilience against market fluctuations as well as the foundations of a solid post-oil economy. Further points of relevance are: • Decentralizing energy production and integrating it into urban and architectural designs providing a higher degree of self-sufficiency and lower government subsidies; • Reducing energy dependence: solar water heating, biomass usage, limited photovoltaic subsidies, etc.; • Increasing reliance on renewable energies to free up large amounts of oil for export contributing substantially to revenues; • Expanding solar and wind energy sector to open up new zones of technological expertise and employment opportunities; • In conjunction with water production, solar energy has the potential of dramatically reducing the cost of desalination.

Water With an average consumption of 180 l/p/d Oman lies about 40 litres above the world average, consuming significantly more water than the average Japanese or Scandinavian person. The scarcest resource in Oman is also the most energy intensive to produce and, in comparison with energy, the water problem will pose some substantial technological challenges to overcome. It is expected that by 2014 the total domestic water production will rise from 88 million cubic metres in 2007 to a projected 236 million by 2014, an average annual increase of 15% per year (AlBarwani, 2012). Domestic consumption is estimated to account for just 5% of all water demand in Oman. Industrial demand for water is less than 5%. The greatest consumer of water in Oman is therefore agriculture. It consumes over 90% of renewable freshwater resources and contributes about 2% to GDP at current prices. Production is projected to rise to 197 million cubic metres during the first half of 2013 and demand for water is expected to double over the next 7 years, and without significant improvements in energy efficiency in desalination this will result in a significant increase in fossil fuel consumption otherwise available for export. While a number of issues regarding production and efficiency are currently being addressed, the potential of cost reduction is still enormous. Potential improvements in water catchment and management are the following: • Restoration and modernisation of falaj networks will reduce water loss and allow for greater irrigated zones amplifying habitable space and productive lands as well as attracting a greater number of visitors; • With modern techniques up to 100% of urban waste water can be recycled and re-used, again reducing

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN dependence on fossil water sources.

8.3 hārat al-Hujra preservation and development

Figure 8.4

Fanja Oasis as seen from tower G3

As already outlined in ArCHIAM’s previous Development Master Plans the conservation and revitalisation of most Omani harahs requires a phased approach beginning with the cleaning of the site, provision of utilities and waste management systems, and finally a targeted and precise development strategy aimed at minimising costs, minimising impact on the resident population (if present) and providing development catalysts to encourage residents and local stakeholders to invest into the settlement. At all costs must it be avoided to lunge headlong into the peculiar restoration practise of wholesale rebuilding without a final outcome in mind. This approach, implemented for example at Manah, ΚIbri and the Bahlā Fort, only results in

Figure 8.5 Palm groves watered by the Hammam al-Gharbi

a multiplication of costs and produces results which have to then be re-adapted to actual use by integrating the necessary facilities. This Management Plan proposes that the most successful and sustainable development and preservation strategy is the inclusion of the inhabitants into the decision making process and regarding them as partners rather than as clients. Conservation and development do therefore not necessarily have to be regarded as distinct processes as development can occur within the spirit of cultural conservation. New development, though embracing the broad palette of modern technologies and materials, must conceptually remain grounded in the local culture.

Priority works and interventions Дārat al-Hujra is currently home to around three families living in buildings of various types and sizes, with their houses being maintained by their owners but not permanently inhabited. These residents are expected to form part of the future communal landscape of the settlement and are therefore encouraged to stay and, if possible, participate in the development discourse. Independent of whether full scale development of alHujra will ever be carried out a series of basic improvements will need to be put into place as a matter of basic human dignity. As already ascertained during the interviews with the inhabitants the priority improvement required on site include the following points: • clearing of debris and household rubbish from the various dumps located around the settlement; • provision of a garbage disposal system for residents;

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN • consolidation of structures in danger of collapse and ‘safing’ of dangerous zones; in particular zone B, the most visible from the main road and parking lot, must be addressed immediately; • safing cliff edges by the construction of a low parapet or balustrade; • creation of an efficient and visually sensible stormwater runoff system to protect building foundations and streets. Rock-cut channels may be an efficient strategy; • re-establish the falaj entry into the settlement and restore the small collection pool in zone A; • ensure that no sewage is discharged into the falaj; • restoration, reconstruction and development can and must only be initiated in zones that have already been provided with power and running water

Infrastructure

The first step in the development of al-Hujra must be provision of the necessary infrastructure to act as an investment motivator for private enterprises. Water, electricity, telecommunications and wherever possible, sanitary lines will need to be placed underground in order to retain the cityscape. Where trenching is not possible due to the nature of the bedrock, waterless composting toilets are to be considered. The following concerns will have to be taken into account:

• Water: A combination of strategies are to be put in place to ensure safe and sustainable supply of water for the

range of demands within the settlement. The hot mineralised waters of the Hamam al-Gharbi would be ideally suited to supply a Hammam bath, which could in turn act as a business primer for the hārat. The system would need to be restored and extensively cleaned up to ensure safer water supply. It is envisaged that localised water purification systems are to be put in place to purify falaj water for consumption. In addition, water from wells may be used, in conjunction with readily available mains water supply. Grey water will be collected in treatment basins located outside the settlement to then be reused in irrigation or in domestic situations, depending on the level of purity achieved. Storm water will be collected in large settling and storage tanks located outside the harah. Combined with the use of composting toilets, aerator taps and low-flow showers, water consumption could be brought down significantly below Oman’s average.

• Electricity: While mains power will need to be provided to motivate initial investors, alternative methods of generating electricity using photovoltaic systems are to Figure 8.6 al-Hujra, debris and rubbish in zone B

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN be considered, while solar water heaters should be made mandatory to further reduce power consumption. Early consideration of available options would ensure that these are suitably integrated into the architectural designs. These measures would further diversify the local economy and introduce new skill sets. Following the Scheer model (Scheer 2006), excess power production may be fed back into the grid at fixed prices providing added revenue for the community and setting a precedent for a new industrial sector in Oman.

• Garbage disposal: While ultimately recycling of all synthetic waste would be desirable, in the short term organic waste should be collected for energy production in microbiogas plants and/or small-scale fertilizer production.

Access

Figure 8.7 al-Hujra, structure requiring immediate attention

To retain the urban layout and spatial appearance, the internal streets of al-Hujra will not be directly accessible to cars. Instead a series of smaller residential parking zones will have to be established at various points around the hārah. Under all circumstances should it be avoided to construct a single gigantic parking lot as has been done at Bahlā, ΚIbrī, Jabreen, etc. These large expanses of exposed tarmac are a blight on the townscape of these sites and do not measurably improve accessibility as they concentrate all vehicular traffic on a single point of access leading to high levels of congestion at peak times. Additionally they contribute measurably to substantial increases in the local temperature. Wherever necessary, the paths will be paved in locally available stone, aiding storm water drainage and safe access. It may be necessary to shape the existing bedrock appearing on the surface to provide accessible steps and

ramps.

These measures are to implemented with the partial cooperation of the current inhabitants of the hārah and not as a ‘top down’ directive. It is suggested that a meeting of all inhabitants and owners is to be organised at which these measures are to be discussed. Their successful implementation will not only result in an immediate increase in the local quality of life but will also improve the visitor experience, gradually opening up avenues for potential future investment.

Cadastral and property assessment While this HMP has addressed the social make up of Дārat al-Hujra in trying to determine the tribal settlement pattern within the settlement, this is in no way reflective of the actual ownership status of a given plot or architectural unit. It is therefore essential to determine the position of individual owners regarding intervention on their property. The overall plan for Дārat al-Hujra must be explained to these individuals and their participation and input welcomed. While monetary incentives may be given for the responsible reconstruction and re-use of dwellings, fines should be imposed on those owners/inhabitants who continue to let their properties decay or do not comply with the restoration guidelines. It will be necessary for the relevant local authorities to determine the exact ownership status of the real estate to move ahead with targeted intervention. Public spaces (streetscapes, squares, city walls, gates may be tackled first to showcase the aims of the project and visualise the final outcome to the local stakeholders.

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Outlining investment zones

dedicated project.

The aim of this HMP is the gradual and sustainable revitalisation of Дārat al-Hujra without leading to the displacement of the current inhabitants of the hārah. While it is argued that an over-reliance on tourism necessarily leads to the ‘museumification’ of the heritage, a modicum of visitor-centred development is to be encouraged.

The proposed strategies are geared towards an ecologically sustainable future of the settlement and fully embraces the potentials that come with modern technologies and building materials.

It is strongly suggested that for the purposes of reducing costs for the relevant authorities in charge a degree of foreign private investment should be permitted to act as a catalyst for local business. A small number of buildings, perhaps 2 or 3, could be selected for foreign investment. In particular the tourism industry will profit greatly from a degree of outside input in the form of short stay accommodation in particular. The opening of the real estate market to outside capital not only provides an influx of resources, but also acts as a business primer and inspirer to locals. This approach, taken throughout Europe’s major centres of tourism such as Mallorca, the south of France and more recently implemented in Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey, has ensured a gradual raising of the standard of living and reinforced the cultural self-confidence of the residents. Suggested zones of potential use for the purposes of outside investment are proposed in the Master Plan, but their ultimate location will have to be determined by local support.

Restoration and conservation Plan The following development is to an extent suggestive and in no way final. It should be made clear that a detailed phase II design and implementation roadmap does not fall within the remit of this document and would require a

In terms of approach it is suggested that after the implementation of the priority measures discussed above a systematic approach should be taken towards the development of the settlement, addressing specific zones of the hārah in sequence. Reference will also be made to architectural design precedents as they have been applied elsewhere in the world. These precedents have been chosen due to their international value and broad applicability in terms of heritage management and modern design as well as their specific applicability in the case of Fanja.

Figure 8.8 Hotel Tierra, Atacama, Chile

In order to safeguard the architectural values of the settlement a number of measures will need to be carried out: • conserve and partially rebuild the gateway structures into the Дārat: Sabah al-Sharqi (G1)

Figure 8.9 Amangiri Resort, Utah Desert, USA

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN and Bab Babuab al-Gharbi (A1), along with their associated structures such as mosques, wudu, aflaj, sablah and defensive features; • restore the defensive elements such as towers and walls in area G; • restore the falaj system within the hārah to its original setup, not only within the settlement but also beyond its a walls. Associated features such as wudu and water access points on streets must be conserved and restored; • the open area of zone G is to be consolidated and paved in order to provide an improved venue for the al-Azwah celebrations; • the large open spaces within the Дārat are to regain their social function as meeting places by the provision of shading and benches.

All restoration activities must be carried out with strict adherence with the heritage management guidelines outlined in Chapter 7 of this volume.

Figure 8.10 al-Hujra, west gate A1

8.4 targeted development zones As a result of extended fieldwork on site and long term observation of behavioural patterns amongst both local residents and foreign visitors a number of propositions can be made to cater to both interest groups within the settlement of al-Hujra. It should be pointed out that these are currently to be taken as suggestive and subject to refinement during any future phase II projection. All development is to be carried out in an ecologically sustainable manner and in agreement with the local residents, with strict consideration towards their own input. In order to raise the quality of life within al-Hujra and incentivise the rehabitation of the settlement improvements such as eateries, stores and public health facilities will need to be provided. These will also be available to visitors who, in addition to attracting business, will require public toilets and short stay accommodation. Due to its proximity to Muscat and ideal location along the Sumayil pass Fanja offers great opportunities for becoming a destination of cultural interest for tourists and locals. This HMP proposes a two-fold approach, on the one side guaranteeing the retention and preservation of Fanja’s ancient heritage and way of life, while simultaneously encouraging the taking root of more inclusive and contemporary attitudes towards the cultural discourse. The latter is to be achieved by devoting a specific area of al-Hujra (mostly zones F and G) to events such as exhibitions, lectures, open air theatre/ cinema. Depending on the reception of the local residents events could take place on a more or less regular basis or at specific times of the year.

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN The main focus of development within Đ&#x201D;Ä rat al-Hujra is to be centred around the retention of the intangible heritage aspects which the settlement is known for. This is to cultivate and enhance in particular the al-Azwah festivities which, through sensible promotion, have the potential of becoming a showcase event of Omani culture. It must be borne in mind, however, that the al-Azwah celebrations occur for only four days a year, therefore making a productive usage of the open spaces devoted to this event a matter of great relevance to the resident community. It is proposed that both accesses to the settlement are restored or partially rebuilt, and that the access footpath leading towards G1 is to be paved with local stone, but otherwise retained in its current shape and form. The towers of area G are also to be consolidated or partially rebuilt, clearly distinguishing original from restoration fabric. As part of these initial works to gradually prepare the site for visitors it is essential to consolidate all internal paths, in particular those leading up the mountain towards towers G5 and G6, as well as construct a low parapet along cliff edges. It is proposed that all harah walls and associated facilities (falaj channels, and defensive and architectural features, etc.) are restored and all remains are consolidated. It would be necessary to identify the zones that would require attention, distinguishing between: 1. where the wall largely exists and would need restoration; 2. where it partly exists and would need partial rebuilding to provide sense of lost scale and physical presence; 3. where the wall has wholly disappeared and would require a full rebuilding.

Bab Buab al-Gharbi and area A

This area, being the main access into the settlement ,gives a representative character which is to be maintained under all circumstances. Its, in general, relatively good state of preservation provides a useful baseline from which to conduct an further development. In particular it is suggested that the Mosque (A3) is to be partially restored and provided with a wudu connected to the falaj which already runs past it. A reconsecration of the mosque could provide a useful social focus to the settlement and successfully contribute to the re-habitation of the settlement. Inside zone A a point of relevance is the restoration of the pool which once existed there adjoining area C. It is proposed that this falaj pool be openly and publicly accessible, but covered by a free standing roof to inhibit excessive evaporation and algae growth.

Figure 8.11 al-Hujra, view across Fanja from B4

Further development in area A must comprise the restoration of the Sablah above the gate, and part of dwelling A2, which may be developed to become an information point for visitors. Area B

This area, comprising roughly the northern point of alHujra, is partly inhabited and must therefore be approached with care. it is proposed that the large open area around B1 is to remain largely untouched except for the securing of the cliff edge and installation of utilities. Sablah B1 is to be restored and could serve as a meeting point for the local women who at present appear not to have a covered congregational space. It is further proposed to plant more trees in this area in order to provide additional shading and comfort. Dwellings B4, B5 B8 are in an advanced state of decay

Figure 8.12 al-Hujra, dwelling B5

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN and largely ruinous, though due to their location at the cliff edge they have great potential for development. The site offers excellent views across the entire Oasis of Fanja and as such could be seen as the ideal spot for a mid-range short stay accommodation. This is to be accessed from the rear of B6 so as to not disturb the local residents and insure their continued privacy.

Figure 8.13 Darhi Hotel, Tunisia

Adjoining the hostelry area, coinciding with dwelling units B9 and the adjoining open space, it is suggested to install a café and/or restaurant to cater for locals and visitors alike. A shaded area would need to be provided towards area E and the use of a roof terrace could further enhance the appearance of the structure while also providing additional business space. Area C

Figure 8.14 Hammam Aire de Barcelona, Spain

Figure 8.15 Hammam Aire, Sevilla, Spain

Located at the core of the settlement this character zone is unfortunately in a very advanced state of decay and currently completely uninhabited. It is therefore proposed to re-develop this important area around the valuable waters of the Hamam al-Gharbi, which may be used to supply a thermal bath associated with a high-level hostelry establishment. Structured around a porticoed courtyard with a partial covering the outflow from the small pool in zone A would be channelled into area C to a larger pool for bathing. Around this feature rooms for guests may be arranged to occupy the available space and delimit private and public zones. Precedents for such developments are well established throughout much of the Islamic world and in Spain, providing excellent examples for a successful integration of such features into traditional environments (Figs 8.13-8.15).

Area D

Area D is one of the smaller dwelling clusters in the settlement of al-Hujra, but its central location and already extant public features give it the potential of once again becoming a focal point for the resident community. It is proposed to re-surface the small square (D4) and restore the tanoor, while the street-facing rooms of D3 may be used as spaces for food preparation and public facilities. The open space located between zones D and E is to be re-planted with mulberry or acacia trees as it was in the past. The additional shading will encourage use of this space and enhance the experience of this section of Дārat al-Hujra Area F

Comprising one of the larger character zones within the hārah area F opens up a number of development opportunities in relation to community involvement and heritage preservation. In line with the cultural development of al-Hujra and the creation of a centre of supra-regional interest it should be considered of value to provide exhibition and congregational facilities. The large open space between zones D and F lends itself ideally towards the construction of a gallery space in which to showcase elements of Fanja’s history and culture, potentially placing particular emphasis on the annual Eid celebrations and associated traditions. Structures F1 and F2 are to be tastefully converted into a function hall at the disposal of the residents for weddings and other occasions, while it could also be used as a lecture hall for presentations, conferences and talks. The open space outside F will need substantial shading which may be achieved either artificially, by the construction of a portico or the planting of trees. Integrated into F1 and F2 are to be two public toilets accessible from zones F and G.

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN Dwelling F3, with is excellent views across the Fanja Oasis, offers an excellent opportunity for a well-lit gallery space to be used for permanent and temporary exhibitions in conjunction with the ancillary chambers which surround the projected courtyard. The HMP envisages events of the likes of the Muscat Festival showcasing traditional and modern cultural aspects of the region. Area G

In terms of development and reuse the area comprised today by the main defences and the large open space within the wastern gate is probably one of the most promising in al-Hujra. Due to its importance in the annual festivals this area is proposed to retain its open and unobstructed nature in order to provide a flexible space for large congregation of people. A priority measure will, of course, need to be the securing of the cliff edge which in its present state poses a significant danger, in particular to children. A low wall or mud-brick parapet is proposed to provide the necessary security.

Figure 8.16 Taormina Film Festival and open air cinema

Figure 8.17 Sunrise Amphitheatre, Colorado, USA

In addition to the securing of edges it will also be necessary to consolidate and grade the various paths and accesses, in particular those leading up towards the top of the spur. Retention and shoring of the path should be done with the use of local stone and gravel in a visually sensible manner. In a second step it will be necessary to address structures G1 and G2 which will have to be partially restored. G2 may be converted into a coffee house, and utilised partially as storage for al-Azwah related affairs. A proposed feature for this area is the construction of a theatre/auditorium space to be integrated into the side of

Figure 8.18 al-Hujra, Fanja, proposed creation of performance space

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN the slope on the west side of the settlement (Fig. 8.18). Its size should be commensurate with the overall proportions of the development area, making space for the seating of one hundred people the maximum projected capacity. At the foot of the cavea, on level ground, the construction of a small scenery would be ideal for poetry recitals, concerts and theatrical performances, and provide seating during the al-Azwah festival. Installation of a large dismountable screen, back-projected from the roof of G2, would provide Fanja with a small but unique open air cinema which could be used to show films and even sporting events to both local residents and foreign visitors.

Figure 8.19 Дārat al-Hujra, Proposed Master Plan

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

APPENDIX 1: TRIBAL MOSAIC

a1 tribal mosaic

Zone & Number

Interviewees: 1. Shaikh Khalfan b.Mohammed b.Mansur Al-Farsi 2. Hmoud b.Mohammed b.Mansur Al-Farsi 3. Hmoud b.Ahmed b. Hmoud Al-Farsi 4. ‘Eissa b. Hmoud b.Mohammed Al-Farsi 5. Duraid b. Hmoud b.Mohammed Al-Farsi 6. Shaikh Mohammed b.Hamad b.Zuhair Al-Farsi 7. Nasib b.Mousa b.’Othman Al-Harthi

Date: 02, November 2012 Location: Harat al-Hujra, Fanja Interviewer and note recorder: Haitham Al-Abri Video recording: Dr.Giamila Quattrone and Habib Riza

Nr. of

sablat al-Madafu’

Shaikh ‘Ulama HaDwelling mad b.Zuhair Al-Farsi

Inheritance of Shaikh ‘alim Salim b.Fraish Al-Shamsi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Shaikh ‘alim Salim b.Fraish Al-Shamsi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Mohammed b.Hmoud b.Mohammed AlFarsi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Khalfan b.Mohammed Al-Hadabi

Inheritance of Khamis Dwelling b.Nasib Al-Harthi

Bab Buwab al-Gharbi

Gate and Sablah

Mohammed b.Ahmed b.Hmoud Al-Farsi

Dwelling

Masjid al-Jfaina

Mosque

Sharifa b.Ismail b.Ali Al-Harthi

Mubarak b.Khamis b.Suwaid Al-Hadabi

Abdullah b.Mohammed b.Yahya Al-Hadabi

Abdullah b.Saoud b.Hashil Al-Harthi

Abdullah b.Musoud b.Hashil Al-Harthi

Shaikh Nassir b.Mohammed b.Saif Al-Farsi,

Time period: 71:33 min

Dwelling

Sablah

Zone B

Floors

Zone A

Interview in Дārat al-Hujra, Fanja:

Owner

Structure type

Sablah

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN B10

Inheritance of Khalfan b.Mohammed Al-Hadabi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Abdullah b.Mohammed b.Khalaf Al-Hadabi

C10

Inheritance of Abdullah b.Mohammed b.Khalaf Al-Hadabi

Zone C C1

Mubarak b.Khamis b.Suwaid Al-Hadabi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Hamad b.Salim b.Sa’id AlHadabi

Inheritance of Nassir b.Hamad Al-Hadabi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Hamad b.Zuhair al-Farsi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Sulaiman b.Salman AlHadabi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Sulaiman b.Salman AlHadabi Inheritance of Sulaiman b.Salman AlHadabi

Dwelling

Zone D

Inheritance of Hamad b.Salim b.Sa’id AlHadabi

Dwelling

Abdullah b.Mohammed b.Yahya Al-Hadabi, Khalid b.Salim b.Abdullah Al-Farsi

Khalid b.Salim b.Abdullah Al-Farsi

widows of Hamad b.Salim b.Sa’id AlHadabi

Dwelling

Inheritance of Shamsa b.Sulaiman b.Salman Dwelling Al-Hadabi

Inheritance of Abdullah b.Nassir b.Mohammed AlFarsi

Sablah

Dwelling

Inheritance of Abdullah b.Nassir b.Mohammed AlFarsi

Dwelling

Inheritance of ‘Ulama Mansur b.Nassir b.Mohammed AlFarsi

Dwelling

Inheritance of ‘Ulama Mansur b.Nassir b.Mohammed AlFarsi

Dwelling

Mohammed b.Hassan b.Ali Al-Batashi

Dwelling

Nasib b.Mousa b.’Othman Al-Harthi

Dwelling

Zone E

Inheritance of Nassir b.Hamad Al-Hadabi

Zone F

E1 Dwelling

Inheritance of Nassir b.Hamad Al-Hadabi

Dwelling

Zone G

APPENDIX 1: TRIBAL MOSAIC G1

sabah al-Sharqi

Gate and guard room

Inheritance of Saif b.Ahmed b.Nassir AlSabti

Dwelling

Qal’at al-Hujra, Mudfa’ al-Sharmi, Mudfa’ Sunbara, Mudfa’ Abu as-Salasil

Tower

Burj Sour al-Hujra

Tower

Husin Fanja

Tower

Husin Fanja

Tower

Part of Husin Fanja

Tower

Part of Husin Fanja

Tower

Part of Husin Fanja

Tower

100

ДĀRAT Al-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

APPENDIX 2: PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

a2 Photographic documentation

This section contains a complete and exhaustive photographic catalogue of each architectural unit in Đ&#x201D;Ä rat al-Hujra. Photographs were taken, where possible, in sequential order and stitched together to provide panoramic impressions of the interior and exterior spaces within each unit.

101

102

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: A1

unit: A2

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: A3

unit: A4

103

104

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: A5

unit: A6

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: a7

unit: A8

105

106

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: A9

unit: B1

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: B2

unit: B3

107

108

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: B4

unit: B5

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: B6

unit: B7

109

110

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: B8

unit: B9

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: C1

unit: C2

111

112

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: C3

unit: C4

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: C5

unit: C6

113

114

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: C7

unit: C8

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: C9

unit: C10

115

116

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: D1

unit: D2

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: D3

unit: D4

117

118

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: E1

unit: E2

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: E3

unit: E4

119

120

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: F1

unit: F2

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: F3

unit: F4

121

122

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: F5

unit: F6

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: G1

unit: G2

123

124

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: G3

unit: G4

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: G5

unit: G6

125

126

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

unit: G7

unit: G8

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

unit: G9

unit: G10

127

128

ДĀRAT AL-HUJRA, FANJA: DOCUMENTATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

APPENDIX 3: BIBLIOGRAPHY

a3 bibliography

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52(1): 67-73. ___. 2010. Conflation of Celestial and Physical Topographies in the Omani Decorated MiΉrāb. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40: 29-40. ___. 2008. From Another World! A Possible Būyid Origin of the Decorated MiΉrāb of Central Oman? In Olijdam, E. & Spoor, R. (eds.) Inter-cultural Relations between South and Southeast Asia, Studies in Commemoration of E.C.L. During Caspers (1934-1966). British Archaeological Reports International Series 1826: 372-382. Oxford: Archaeopress. ___. 2006. Interpretation of Heritage Sites and Assessing Cultural Significance: the Enclosed ZaraΚ of Дārat al-Bilād (ManaΉ Oasis). In UNESCO World Heritage Centre (eds.) Conservation of Earthen Structures in the Arab States: 7587. Grenoble: CRATerreENSAG. ___. 2005. The Deconstructed Courtyard: Dwellings of Central Oman. In Edwards, B., Sibley, M., Hakimi, M. & Land, P. (eds.) Courtyard Housing: Past, Present and Future: 109-121. Abingdon (Oxon) & New York: Taylor & Francis.

Al-Barwani, H, 2012. Seawater Desalination in Oman, Universität Karlsruhe, Germany

___. 2005. Diversity in Unity: an Analysis of Settlement Structure of Дārat al-ΚAqr, Nizwā (Oman). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 35: 19-36.

Atkins, W.S. International. 2003. BaΉlā Fort and Oasis World Heritage Site Management Plan. Unpublished draft report (4 volumes). Muscat: Ministry of Heritage and Culture.

___. 2004. Дārat al-Bilād (ManaΉ): Tribal Pattern, Settlement Structure and Architecture. Journal of Oman Studies 13: 183-263.

Avrami, E., Hubert, G. & Hardy, M. eds., 2008. Terra Literature Review An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.

___. 2002a. The Roots of Omani Decorated MiΉrāb. PDO News April 2002: 22-28.

Bandyopadhyay, S. 2011. Spatial Implications of Omani Tribal Dynamics: Дārat al-Bilād in ManaΉ Oasis. Orient

___. 2002b. Problematic aspects of Synthesis and Interpretation in the Study of Traditional Omani Built Environment. Global Built Environment Review 2(2): 1628.

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___. 1983. Religious Knowledge in Inner Oman. Journal of Oman Studies 6(1): 163-172.

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FANJA: HARAT AL-HUJRA

Salim M. almahruqi Undersecretary for Heritage Affairs

FANJA: HARAT AL-HUJRA

COMMITTEE FOR THE REGISTRATION AND PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDING CLUSTERS