STANCHION | Fourth Issue | March '21 by NIT Patna Architecture Publications

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Innovative Materials

“Nothing is useless in this world. What can be a waste to you is someone else’s asset.” - Binish Desai

ByB.V.S. Chinmayee 2nd Year

India is one of the largest masks and PPE kits producing nation. With production comes the task of disposal. Disposing such large amount of disposable masks and kits without harming the environment is the major challenge. The innovation of P – Block Brick made it easier to dispose non-degradable and non-recyclable waste. This was introduced by Binish Desai known as “Recycle man Of India”. Desai previously introduced P – Block brick 1.0 which was successfully used in constructing households and toilets in several rural areas at low cost with high durability. The non-recyclable waste sludge released by paper mills ends up in landfill in India.

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The waste sludge and the byproduct of chewing gum (one of the binder) are the major ingredients. The mixture is mixed together for around 6 hours then hand pressed into blocks and dried. The P – Blocks are: eco-friendly, cost effective, pest resistant, fire retardant, and suitable for earthquake prone regions, have high compressive strength and can be used as a substitute for wood, cement and concrete. These blocks are twice the strength and size and half the price of conventional bricks. After the success of P-block brick 1.0 he introduced P-block bricks 2.0 which were made using disposed masks and PPE kits. The process started with the introduction of eco bins which collected masks and PPE kits, this bind was transferred to the location where they were left untouched for next 72 hours and then disinfected thoroughly. Next step was shredding the waste then adding paper sludge and binder. The brick contains 52% of shredded PPE and masks, 45% paper sludge and 3 % binder. The mixture is kept for 5 to 6 hours before moulding. Further process of pressing is same as P-block brick 1.0. After moulding the bricks are naturally dried for 3 days then it is available to use. Each brick is of 12 x 8 x 4 inches in size and is more strong and lighter when compared to P-block brick 1.0. The brick can be compared to AAC bricks, pink bricks and P-brick 1.0. P-block brick 2.0 is three times stronger than conventional brick, more sturdy, recyclable, fireplace retardant, absorbs water more than 10% and available at low price. The introduction and use of P Block bricks 2.0 in construction industry would help to eradicate temporary houses and provide people with strong shelter at relatively low cost.

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Green Building Rating Systems

“The best way to predict the future is to design it.” - Buckminster Fuller

ByB.V.S. Chinmayee 2nd Year

The rapid increase in Indian population and growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has given rise to an enormous demand for buildings with a subsequent pressure on availability of resources. Another key challenge for the builtenvironment of Indian cities is the diminishing availability of water for urban areas. In order to be sustainable, the environmental pressures of increased demand for resources coupled with a rapidly changing climate are being addressed by policy makers at various levels. Several policy and regulatory mechanisms to address the urban challenges, implemented through national plans and programmes have been devised.

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Rosewood Tower, São Paulo, Brazil

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The green building concept ensures the minimum wastage in every stage of construction and operation of the new green building. The green building is so planned and design so as to reduce the overall impact of construction material on natural environment and human health by efficiently using energy, water and other resources and also by protecting occupant’s health and increasing the overall productivity of the institution, it also helps in reducing the waste, pollution and environmental degradation.

“The whole concept of green building is to reduce the demand which enables you to use fewer resources to satisfy the demand” - Mark Nuzzolo

GRIHA

IGBC

Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Green Homes is the first rating programme developed in India, exclusively for the residential sector. It is based on accepted energy and environmental principles and strikes a balance between known established practices and emerging concepts. The rating system has been developed based on materials and technologies that are presently available. The rating system has been developed based on materials and technologies that are presently available. Features of IGBC Certified buildings: • Sustainable Architecture and Design • •Site Selection and Planning • Water Conservation • Energy Efficiency • Building Materials and Resources • Indoor Environmental Quality • Innovation and Development

GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment. GRIHA is a Sanskrit word meaning – ‘Abode’. Human Habitats (buildings) interact with the environment in various ways. Throughout their life cycles, from construction to operation and then demolition, they consume resources in the form of energy, water, materials, etc. and emit wastes either directly in the form of municipal wastes or indirectly as emissions from electricity generation. GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s resource consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks. It evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’. The rating system, based on accepted energy and environmental principles, will seek to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both national and international. The system has been developed to help ‘design and evaluate’ new buildings. A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle – inception through operation. The stages of the life cycle that have been identified for evaluation are:

Goals: The main ideology behind the organisation is to minimize building’s resource consumption. Also, it aims to reduce waste generation and overall ecological impacts under certain limitations and ratings norms. GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s resource consumption, waste generation, and overall environmental impact by comparing them to certain nationally acceptable limits and benchmarks. It does so, adopting the Five ‘R’ philosophy of sustainable development, namely • Refuse – to blindly adopt international trends, materials, technologies, products, etc. especially in areas where local substitutes/equivalents are available

• Reduce – the dependence on high energy products, systems, processes, etc. • Reuse – materials, products, traditional technologies, so as to reduce the costs incurred in designing buildings as well as in operating them • Recycle – all possible wastes generated from the building site, during construction, operation and demolition • Reinvent – engineering systems, designs, and practices such that India creates global examples that the world can follow rather than us following international examples. Going by the old adage ‘what gets measured, gets managed, GRIHA attempts to quantify aspects, It is taken from an ancient Indian document which is among the oldest extant texts of any language in the world – the Rig Veda. Features of GRIHA Certified buildings: Save Minimum 25% -50% less water than conventional buildings. • Use less water for construction • Follow mandatory provisions of ECBC (In case of air conditioned buildings) • Reduce energy consumption by minimum 10% -50% in comparison to conventional buildings. • Provide 1% equivalent, connected load of lighting and HVAC through renewable energy for nonresidential projects. • Recycle waste water and reuse at least 25%-75% of treated water. • Segregate and resource recovery from waste in such a manner that only that minimal or zero waste goes to landfill

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• Pre-construction stage: intraand inter-site issues like proximity to public transport, type of soil, kind of land, where the property is located, the flora and fauna on the land before construction activity starts, the natural landscape and land features. • Building planning and construction stages: issues of resource conservation and reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well-being). The prime resources that are considered in this section are land, water, energy, air, and green cover. • Building operation and maintenance stage: issues of operation and maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of energy consumption, and occupant health and well-being, and also issues that affect the global and local environment.

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16 LEED

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. Available for virtually all building types, LEED provides a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green buildings. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership. The system includes both ‘qualitative’ and ‘quantitative’ measures, ‘prescriptive’ as well as ‘performance’ measurement criteria, giving more weight to decisions affecting building operation. The sum total of credits obtained in all six categories determines the level of certification achieved and rates a building’s performance in terms of environmental sustainabilitycertifications are awarded according to the following scale: Certified (40-49 points), Silver (50-59 points), Gold (6079 points) and Platinum (80 + points). Goals: • To reverse contribution to global climate change. • To enhance individual human health and well-being. • To protect and restore water resources. • To protect, enhance, and restore biodiversity and ecosystem services. • To promote sustainable and regenerative material resources cycles • To build a greener economy • To enhance social equity, environmental justice, community health, and quality of life Features of LEED Certified buildings: LEED promotes a whole building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in 5 key areas of human and environmental health: • Sustainable site development • Water savings • Energy efficiency • Material selection • Indoor environmental quality

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CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad

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C hicago

of the Desert

“The oldest skyscaper city in the world” - Shibam

ByNutan P. Nimje 2nd Year

Shibam is a town located in hadhramawt district in yemen. The city marks its significance from 4th century bc. The city is surrounded by clay-brick walls. These walls act as a guardian for the settlements. Due to presence of these fortified walls the city is also referred as “the walled city of Shibam”. The city consists of many old structures, and has approximately 7000 inhabitants. The city owns 5 masjids, and the east part of Shibam are filled with muslim style of architecture. The city exhibits traditional vernacular style of architecture. It is one of the first, oldest, and best urban planned cites based on the principle of vertical construction.

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The city has a unique form of high rise housing, high density, narrow streets and spacious public spaces. The city has some of the world’s tallest mud structures. All balanced in a significant way to with stand the harsh climatic conditions. In the urban plan city there exists two spacious social squares and road that have dictated the general pattern of the city planning. No main streets are built in the eastwest direction. Due to extreme temperature. The houses in the settlement are built of mud bricks. The buildings in the settlements appears rising out of the cliff, hence it is known as “the Manhattan of the Desert” or “the Chicago of the Desert”. The incredible feature of these settlements are high rise mudbrick structures. The height of the structures varies from 7-12 storey. Due to the harsh climate the mud built structures need regular maintance. The houses do not have and air conditioning system rather prefer passive form of air conditioning. There are connecting passage between houses on the upper floor built for defensive purpose, and also to allow women to go between houses without descent into the street. These connecting passage provide addition shading for the streets. The urban planning has a good influence on thermodynamic environment. The high rise buildings and normal buildings stand together and form a high roughness air surface, which enhances air turbulence and strengthens vertical air movement. The narrow zig-zag streets slow down wind speed in ground level. The high density layout and narrow streets are effective to cooling effect. The building material i.e mud brick offers better insulation.

Wind mainly influence directions of streets and buildings. In the cold area, blocking prevailing winter wind as well as heat insulation is the major need, while a rational layout of highrise buildings leading to a good performance of street level wind environment. In cold winter the layout of high-rise buildings should prevent high speed wind in street level, which is important for exterior area. As for solar radiation, sun height angle, latitude, air transparency and cloud, these are elements influence radiation. Different radiation influence city layout and building group composition. In 1982 the city was enlisted with the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 2015, UNESCO listed the city as “Cultural Heritage at Risk.” Due the Yemen civil war, which caused severe damage to the city.

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Film-making

After Architecture

“The only job that was ever of interest to me other than film-making is architecture.” - Christopher Nolan

BySangam Kumar Patro 4th Year

Architects in film industry now a days are not a big deal. The important thing is what to do in films after having a architecture degree? Well there are lot of answers to this question but lets start from the beginning. To understand this first we have to know what the field of Architecture teaches us. If you’ve studied an architecture degree, you’ll have developed a range of very desirable creative, visual, practical and designbased skills. Although most architecture graduates will be looking to becoming chartered architects to practice professionally, there are plenty of other options for you to consider one of them can be in the film industry,like a scenic designer and illustrator, set designer,production designer,animation creator,art director and many more creative jobs.

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Product Designer- the production designer is the individual responsible for the overall aesthetic of the story. Production design is the creation and organization of the physical world surrounding a film story. production designers have a key creative role in the creation of motion pictures and television. but the exact responsibilities of a production designer inevitably vary from film to film. In some cases, the production designer is almost completely responsible for the overall look of a film; in others, particularly when working with directors with strong visual styles, a designer’s contribution tends to be much more limited. During the studio era, production designers, as opposed to art directors, were the exception. Production designers decide the visual concept and deal with the many and varied logistics of filmmaking including, schedules, budgets, and staffing.

Art director- Art direction and production design often overlap, although credit for production design is seen as more inclusive. Art directors manage the process of making the visuals, which is done by graphic designers, set designers, costume designers, lighting designers, etc. Art director is the title for a variety of similar job functions in theater, advertising, marketing, publishing, fashion, film and television, the Internet, and video games. It is the charge of a sole art director to supervise and unify the vision of an artistic production. In particular, they are in charge of its overall visual appearance and how it communicates visually, stimulates moods, contrasts features, and psychologically appeals to a target audience.

“It is important to see the space through the lens.” - Ar. Angelika Vasileiou

Set decorator- The set decorator is the head of the set decoration department in the film and television industry, responsible for selecting, designing, fabricating, and sourcing the “set dressing” elements of each set in a Feature Film, Television, or New Media episode or commercial, in support of the story and characters of the script. The set decorator is responsible for each décor element inside the sets, from practical lighting, technology, art, furniture, drapery, floor coverings, books, collectables, to exterior furnishings such as satellite dishes, Old West water troughs, streetlamps, traffic lights, garden furniture and sculptures.They also do scheduling,budgeting,collaboration and staffing. Graphic designer- A graphic designer is a professional within the graphic design and graphic arts industry who assembles together images, typography, or motion graphics to create a piece of design. A graphic designer creates the graphics primarily for published, printed, or electronic media, such as brochures (sometimes) and advertising. They are also sometimes responsible for typesetting, illustration, user interfaces, and web design. A core responsibility of the designer’s job is to present information in a way that is both accessible and memorable. Current graphic designer jobs demand proficiency in one or more graphic design software programs. A common software package used in the graphic design industry is Adobe Creative Cloud. This software package contains the three main programs used by graphic designers, which are Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign.

(One man thinks so. Ben West is creative director at Framestore in Los Angeles. Framestore is a London-based VFX company employing more than 1,000 people that has won Oscars for films such as Gravity. After graduating in architecture in Sydney in the late 1990s, Mr West combined regular architecture work with a sideline in his true passion - film and animation. This passion culminated in the awardwinning short film Fugu & Tako - a buddy movie with a twist. Two Japanese salarymen’s lives are transformed forever, when one of them eats a live puffer fish in a sushi bar, with surreal VFX-laden consequences. “The reality, apart from a few extremely talented individuals, is that architecture has become very utilitarian in its focus,” says Mr West. “I aspired to more creative pursuits and my talents were better suited to film making, so I have no regrets.” With Framestore he has directed effects on Beyonce videos and Super Bowl half time shows. Mastering the software was the easy part for an architect, says Mr West. “Good architecture strives to relate to the human condition and tell a story, so, too, do good filmmakers.) The mantra at architecture school was always ‘form follows function’, now it’s more about the picture serving the story.” Undoubtedly this is because both professions make use of similar software products. Architects understand the structure of real-world built environments. They also bring a knowledge of the history of architecture and how certain features reflect the time or culture of buildings. All of these things bring a sense of believability to a computer-generated environment that allows an audience to engage with the story. Digital, it seems, has helped build a two-way street between architecture and film.

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But is it really that easy to build a film career from architectural foundations?

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Sc i n t i l l a t i n g Spiti Valley

“Build your architecture from what is beneath your feet” - Hassan Fathy

ByShreya Sinha 2nd Year

Spiti, the untouched cold desert mountain valley, is located high in the Himalayas. It is marked in the north- eastern part of Himachal Pradesh i.e., Lahaul and Spiti district, India. “Spiti” means “the middle land”, as it lies between India and Tibet. The valley lies between latitude 31° 42’N to 33°N and longitude 77° 37’E to 78° 35’E. It is at an altitude of 9,680–13,450 ft above sea level and covers an area of 7,589 sqkm. Starting with the climatic aspects of Spiti valley, followed with the cultural and social aspects, the architectural features of the valley will be focused in this article.

Key Monastery

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Spiti valley, due to its extreme cold climate, is a spellbind for many. It lies in the rain shadow area of Trans Himalayas, therefore, receives negligible rainfall i.e., less than 17 mm so vegetation is less. It has mainly two seasons, namely the short summers and the long winters. Snow falls from September to April, dipping the mercury to -20°C, and even -30°C during extreme snowfalls. Kaza is the sub-divisional headquarter of Spiti valley. It is situated along the Spiti river at an elevation of about 12,500 feet above the sea level. Spiti valley is divided into three regions: Tud, the upper valley containing high mountainous terrain; Bhar, the middle region which extends to the river side terraces; Sham, the lowest region from Bhar to Sumdo where Parechu river joins Spiti river having some vegetation like fruit trees. People of Spiti are having Mangoloid but well-built characteristics. The women are strong and hard working. They are divided by caste system and follow a system of primogeniture for inheritance. They follow Buddhism from the time of Ashoka empire in the 3rd century B.C. As the rainfall is negligible, people of Spiti have a unique irrigation system utilizing Khuls (channels). They celebrate a lot of fests and festivals with singing, dancing and merrymaking to overcome the extreme cold.

Building art is a synthesis of life in materialised form. We should try to bring in under the same hat not a splintered way of thinking, but all in harmony together. - Alvar Alto

Spiti valley has a unique treasure of architecture. There are many ‘gompas’ (monasteries) and are centers of cultural heritage. One can find different styles of architecture near the valley like the mud architecture, kath kuni, koti banal and dhajji diwari. Some of the famous architecture of Spiti valley are: Tabo monastery, also known as “Ajanta of Himalayas” was built in 996 A.D. by Rinchen Zangpo on behalf of king Yeshe-Ö. The complex holds 9 temples, 23 chortens, a monk’s chamber and nun’s chamber. It is built entirely with mud and is a National Historical Treasure of India and protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Key monastery is a pasada style architecture. It is at an altitude of 13,668 feet above sea level. It was founded by Dromtön. Kungri monastery in Pin valley was built in 14th century. It has three rectangular blocks facing east. Dhankar monastery located at an elevation of 12,774 feet above Dhankar village. It has view of confluence of river Spiti and Pin which is world’s most spectacular settings for a gompa. Tangyud monastery is built like a fortified castle having mud walls. It is one of the highest gompa having altitude of 14,830 feet.

Kungri Monastery

Tabo complex of Mud

©indiantourmate

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©thinkingparticle.com

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The houses in Spiti uses mud for walls and timber for floors, roofs, doors and windows as construction material. For foundation natural stones are used. Houses are generally rectangular with two to three storeys having bushes projecting outward as sunshade. Spiti valley has the world’s highest post office and polling station in Hikkim village at an altitude of 14,400 feet. The Komic village at an altitude of 14,830 feet is one of the world’s highest village. Kaza is the only place in the valley where fuel station, cyber cafe is found with ATMs in both Kaza and Tabo.

Kath Khuni Architecture

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Buildings covered with white snow, green grasses on hill sides, and watching snow leopards and wolves are the ultimate attraction of the valley. Spiti valley is the heritage of India and has a lot more to explore.

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Your

Architect

Pritzker ‘20 Laureates: Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara

ByB.V.S. Chinmayee 2nd Year

Name- Yvonne Farrell Born- 1951 (age 68–69) County Offaly, Ireland Nationality- Irish Alma mater- University College Dublin Occupation- Architect Awards- Pritzker Architecture Prize Notable work-The Röntgen Building

Name - Shelley McNamara Born- 1952 (age 67–68) Lisdoonvarna, Ireland Nationality- Irish Alma mater- University College Dublin Occupation- Architect

Practice- Grafton Architects Notable Work- Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología

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Awards- Pritzker Prize Royal Gold Medal others

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Yvonne Farrell and Shelly McNamara became the first ever female duo to be honoured with the Pritzker Prize. The duo was selected as 2020 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureates. They became the 4th and 5th female laureates after Zaha Hadid, Kozuyo Sejima and Carme Pigem. Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara together graduated from University College Dublin in 1974. After graduation they started teaching at University College Dublin in 1974. Yvonne Farrell became a visiting professor at Architecture Academy in Mendrisio in Switzerland since 2008. She presented several lectures in various architecture institutes around the world, including Oslo, Stockholm, Berlage and St. Louis. Currently she teaches in EPFL [École Polytechnic Fédérale de Lausanne], a research institute and university in Lausanne, Switzerland. She was one of the founder of Group 91 whose Temple Bar architectural frame work was widely appreciated as the visionary approach for creating new “Cultural Quarter “ for Dublin. Shelley McNamara became a visiting professor at Oxford Brookes University and at EPFL and later became a full time professor at Mendrisio in Switzerland. The duo established Grafton Architects in 1978, successfully completed several significant projects. Some major projects of Grafton Architects include Universita Luigi Bocconi School of Economics, University of Limerick Medical School, Solstice Art Centre, Offices for department of finance in Dublin, Loreto Community School, Urban institute of Ireland, north King Street Housing and many more.

The duo approach a project in response to the location of the site and setting of the city thus maintaining the spirit of the place by enhancing the local culture, the purpose of the building and kind of inhabitants residing in building. The duo approach a project in response to the location of the site and setting of the city thus maintaining the spirit of the place by enhancing the local culture, the purpose of the building and kind of inhabitants residing in building.

In projects like North King Street housing, the inner courtyard offers interlude from the streets of the city. The work of “crafted skin” is visible in Urban Institute of Ireland project where they created interesting visuals through change in materials in response to opening, folds, lighting etc. They have used compositions of various shapes and volumes to create human scaling which is visible in University campus UTEC and Universita Luigi Bocconi School of Economics. Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara win the 2020 Pritzker Prize.

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They create spaces in such a way that the deep interior spaces could visually connect to the exterior principality with natural light reaching the intimate corners of the interior spaces and practise environmental control methodologies for efficient and sustainable buildings. They follow the unique style of multicultural while retaining the uniqueness of a place and maintaining the building modern.

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This university complex was inspired by cliff which define the character of Peruvian capital. This was the winning design of Royal Institute of British Architects international prize in 2016. The conception of the project started with cliff that defined the boundary of the sea and the city. The northern boundary acts as the cliff and has main façade facing towards traffic and busy road, the southern side faces a cascades as a series of gardens with prow of the campus facing the sea. The strategy of the building works in vertical layers connecting various levels. Large volumes of space are placed close to the ground; teaching, professors’ office and administration placed at higher levels; the roof has linear loggia which has library embedded in it thus enjoy panoramic views over the city and sea; the laboratories are placed in the heart of the building which were involved in the daily schedule of the campus life; the large dining spaces are placed to face west; the lifts and the staircase constitute the movement in the building from main arrival with a ramp connecting the actual ground to the new.

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Interview Ar. Prathyushus M. Joseph 2K14 batch, Department of Architecture, NIT Patna Architect, Photographer, Videographer Internship from Industrial Design Firm - BR Architects & Engineers Pvt. Ltd. JP Nagar, Bangalore Working in Uravo Eco. Ltd., Wayanad, Kerala – Bamboo Architecture What issues confronted because of this pandemic?

ByInterviwer- Ishika raj 4th Year Editor- B.V.S. Chinmayee 2nd Year

How would you describe experience in the college?

I was working in Kaninadu with my friend on projects, this pandemic halted all our attempts and that was the breakdown.

your

As I was from Kerala, the primary issue that I confronted was language. Since I could not comprehend Hindi, I quit attending classes. Yet, my companions and seniors helped me a lot. In our college relation of seniors and juniors is too good which consistently helps in our field and to acquire knowledge on things apart from studies which are valuable for our career. How was Experience after passing out from college? After graduating, few days were excessively troublesome yet friends helped me to start my work, I began working with one of my friend on his project and later we started getting more projects. As I was interested in photography I did architectural photography for architect’s portfolio as well. The primary concern that I found in this field was our college work, which are incredible. I haven’t seen such fine works, nowhere except from our college.

However, my dad upheld me and I began spending time with him and afterward I gave presentation in Uravo eco ltd. where I got an opportunity to work in the field of Bamboo Architecture. Current circumstance because of which impending understudies will endure. It is going to be excessively troublesome as getting job will be some way or the other simple yet getting paid will be troublesome as currently companies are in misfortune i.e. deficiency of work and money. As of now similar to engineering there are heaps of architecture colleges which expand rivalry in the field, so u should be more proficient in your work. Guidance for your juniors. Best thing to do is try to learn more and more things. Grab opportunities whatever you get like photography, art, videography and it truly helps for your future. Try to complete your work on right time as that gives good impression. TIME IS IMPORTANT All the best for your future.

Interview Ar. Shubham Jaiswal Co-Founder at NAAYAAB [Co-Labs] Graduated in – 2019 Dept. Of Architecture, NIT Patna

1. How would you describe your journey of transition from being an architecture student to a practicing professional? Ans. – I was very much interested into practical work along with the theoretical knowledge and I started practicing from the very 3rd year of college in firms nearby to know the reality of our field. So, it wasn’t an abrupt transition from student life to professional practice. 2. What different experiences have you gained from working through different firms with differing ideology and working environment as an intern or graduated architect? Ans. – As an intern I worked in BIOM Environmental solutions lead by Ar. Chitra Vishwanath whose focus area of interest is Urban sustainability and urban housing. I learnt many other aspects of sustainable projects and their execution on ground. I worked for few months in Studio Sthala (Patna) before working as freelance architect in Kolkata. Recently I started a collaboration studio NAAYAAB [Co-Labs] with one of my batch mate Rishav and we have been working on various architectural, interior design as well as few installation projects. One thing which remains common in each firm is management of project, you need to know how to manage the capital, workflow and execution on site.

3. How has the ongoing pandemic affected the workflow and how is it going to affect the design process in nearest future? Ans. – Abrupt changes in Transportation has adversely affected the flow of materials as well as mobility of labours from outskirts of city to project sites in many cases. Another important factor which is dramatically affecting the workflow is rise in cost of materials due to shortage, increasing the total project cost as compared to the quotations submitted before pandemic which is trouble for both the clients and contractors. Design changes : Talking about interior design, due to covid-19 situation, a majority of population has realised the importance of organised workspace in their houses and are acting accordingly for redesigning. Architecturally people have understood the importance of open and semi open spaces in residences for interaction with neighbours through balcony’s and rooftops. 4. What advice would you give to upcoming batch of Fresher architects regarding field and practice? Ans. – Frankly speaking, a drop in employment is going to be there, same as every other sector because we are facing the worst global economic crisis since the Great depression. But there’s no need to worry, life is giving you an opportunity to discover other aspects of life, architecture and design.

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ByInterviwer- Chetan Siddharth 5th Year

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Competitions

This section includes in brief about selected upcoming Architectural Competitions.

ByShreya Sinha 2nd Year

ARCHMELLO – THESIS OF THE YEAR AWARD: • Thesis is the most important part of an architecture student’s life as it provides an opportunity to the students to explore a particular design category, address a social – cultural issue through design or work on the futuristic theme. • The “Thesis of the Year Award” is our small attempt to honour some amazing thesis works. • REGISTRATION: August 15, 2021 • SUBMISSION: August 18, 2021 • WEBSITE: http://archmello.com/thesis

15 MINUTE CITY - URBAN DESIGN COMPETITION 2021: • Before the lock-downs around the world, our lives were plagued by long commutes, leaving us with little time for ourselves, our families and our friends. The switch to “working from home” made us question the futility of multi – hour commutes. • The idea behind a 15-minute city – a way to make urban living less stressful and more sustainable. It has affordable, accessible and adaptable housing for households of all sizes and ages. • Where everything is 15 minutes away – by foot, bicycle or public transit. • REGISTRATION: 31 May 2021 • SUBMISSION: 30 Jun 2021 • WEBSITE: https://thecharette.org/15minute-city/

ETHIOPIAN SATELLITE PRESCHOOLS COMPETITION: • Archstorming is launching a new competition where we will look for designs for the future schools of the NGO Abay Ethiopia, an organization founded in Spain in 2009 that operates in Walmara, Ethiopia, with the aim of fighting against poverty and promoting equal opportunities, mainly through the development of Education, Health and Community support projects in general. • The main challenge in the current competition is to ensure that the model that is developed can be adapted to the different places where Abay wants to build schools.

BERLIN TECHNO BOOTH: • Berlin is the home of techno music, and even though it originated in Detroit in the 1980s, techno music found its true home in Berlin in the 1990s. • Techno music clubs and raves have felt the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with venues quickly being shut down to limit the spread of the coronavirus. • For this competition, participants are being asked to design a temporary structure that could accommodate a single dancer, allowing them to dance and enjoy Berlin’s best techno music, all while social distancing. • REGISTRATION: July 6, 2021 • SUBMISSION: August 31, 2021 (11:59 p.m. GMT) • WEBSITE: https:// architecturecompetitions.com/ berlintechnobooth

ROMANTIC CABIN FOR TWO: • “The Romantic Cabin for Two” competition is the second in a series of architecture competitions in partnership with Earth Energies New Zealand. For this competition, Earth Energies New Zealand is looking to complement its existing cabin with the development of a second accommodation structure. • It is important that participants ensure their designs reflect the best green building practices so that the cabin can be constructed and operated without having a negative impact on the local environment. • REGISTRATION: July 14, 2021 • SUBMISSION: September 8, 2021 (11:59 p.m. GMT) • WEBSITE: https:// architecturecompetitions.com/ cabinfortwo

THE BREWED BAR - An Urban Coffeehouse Design Challenge: • Coffeehouse, its primary purpose is to serve a good cup of coffee& they have always served as a place for people to come together and have a stimulating conversation. • The challenge is to design an urban coffee house having a mix of open, semi-open & closed spaces. The aim of the competition is to design a new “Hangout” space, a place where people can come together with friends or family to have a good cup of coffee and discuss anything from art to politics & global issues and a space which also acts as co-working space for freelancers. • REGISTRATION: 10 May - 2021 • SUBMISSION: 23 May - 2021 • WEBSITE: https://archmello.com/

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• REGISTRATION: May 12, 2021 11:00 PM • SUBMISSION: May 12, 2021 11:00 PM • WEBSITE: http://www.archstorming. com/info

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The

Modernist Architecture “Modernism is about space, Postmodernism is about communication, You should do what turns you on.” - Robert Venturi

ByYatish Asthana 4th Year

Emerged with the onset of 20th century, the architectural style brought large scale changes in both technology and society. Focussed on the functionality of buildings and spaces, the ornamentations and decorations were eliminated giving way to rational use of materials and innovation in structural design. Modernism not only affected architecture but all the fields of human life and society. The use of materials like concrete, glass and steel made the buildings look entirely different and spectacular. Architects adopted ideologies bringing out the truth of the structure rather than covering them up with ornamented façades.

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Modernism encompasses many different variations, including Futurism, Constructivism, brutalism, De Stijl, Bauhaus and many others. Though modernist architecture cannot be given a particular start point, there were a number of idealogies and philosohies framed out by architects which acted as foundation of the modernist architecture. “Form follows function”, the famous quote by Architect Louis Sullivan was one of the basic idealogies focussing on designing the buildings inside out i.e., the essential structure of the built space should dictacte the form. ‘Ornament and Crime’ by architect Adolf Loos who believed that the decoration of functional objects was inefficient and wasteful, became a key modernist text, in which he argued that avoiding ornament was ‘a sign of spiritual strength’. European architects Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were two of the most important faces of the modernist architecture. The first was the leader of Bauhaus in Germany while the other took inspiration for his buildings and urban designs from modern engineering developments such as passenger jets, cruise liners, automobiles, grain silos, and so on. In his most famous book, ‘Towards a New Architecture’, he argued that ‘a house is a machine for living in’. The United States attracted many progressive modernists away from Europe during the 1930s, and Modernism became synonymous with the rise of America as the world’s new super-power, with highways, skyscrapers and vast urban landscapes.

To be modern is not a fashion, it is a state. It is necessary to understand history, and he who understands history knows how to find continuity between that which was, that which is, and that which will be. - Le Corbusier

Modernist architecture continued in various guises around the world, eventually being replaced as the dominant style by Postmodernism in the 1970s and 80s. One of the principles was that building form should have a simplicity and clarity, with the elimination of unnecessary detail. There was also the concept of ‘Truth to materials’, which held that rather than concealing or altering the natural appearance of a material, it ought to be visible and celebrated. Some of the main characteristics of modernist buildings are as follows: • Components positioned at 90-degrees to each other and an emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines. • The use of reinforced concrete and steel. • Visual expression of the structure rather than hiding structural elements. • Following the ‘machine aesthetic’ in the use of materials produced by industrial processes. • Rectangular, cylindrical and cubic shapes • Asymmetrical compositions. • A lack of ornament or mouldings. • Large windows set in horizontal bands. • Open plan floors. • White or cream facades.

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The Chicago School of Architecture was established in the wake of this architectural migration by the likes of Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius, as they educated young architects in much the same way as in the Bauhaus. Modernism developed further in the 1960s, as architects such as Louis Kahn and Eero Saarinen began to react against the International Style, disenchanted by the sterile aestheticism of much postwar urban design. Kahn introduced principles from the Beaux Arts style, while Robert Venturi encouraged the study of the vernacular and commercial landscapes. Gradually, these developments gave rise to Postmodernism as the most dominant style in the United States by the early-1980s, with many countries around the world following their lead.