1500
1600
1700
1760
1780
1800
1860
1880
1900
1960
+ 0.6
GEORG AGRICOLA
MATTHEW HALE WILLIAM PETTY
+ 0.4
1972
RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER KONRAD WACHSMANN JOHN MCHALE IVAN LEONIDOV LE CORBUSIER FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
STATIONARY STATE ECONOIMCS
WELFARE ECONOMIST
JOHN STUART MILL
6
+ 0.2
MAX PLANCK ALBERT EINSTEIN
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
ISAAC NEWTON
ERNST HAECKEL ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT
NEO EUGENIC
RENZO PIANO ARUP
RIO EARTH SUMMIT
KYOTO CONFERENCE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTALIST
HANNOVER PRINCIPLES
JEFFREY KENWORTHY PETER NEWMAN
MICHAEL HOUGH
KEN YEANG
PIET VOLLAARD
JOHN THACKARA
LIVE 8 LIVE EARTH JOHANNESBURG EARTH SUMMIT 2005 WORLD SUMMIT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AL GORE EXPO2000 WILLIAM MCDONOUGH MICHAEL BRAUNGART
JEREMY RIFKIN
JOHN FERNANDEZ
NICHOLAS GEORGESCU-ROEGEN
METABOLISTS
D’ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON
ECOLOGIST
EUGENIUS WARMING
GEORGE PERKINS MARSH
ILYA PRIGOGINE HUMBERTO MATURANA FRANCISCO VARELA NIKLAS LUHMANN
CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER LOUIS LE ROY BARRY COMMONER
HOWARD T. ODUM
WILLIAM VOGT
LIEBERECHT MIGGE PATRICK GEDDES
BIOMIMICIST THEO JANSEN
CENTER FOR BITS AND ATOMS
PETER TRUMMER
PERMACULTURIST BILL MOLLISON DAVID HOLMGREN MASANOBU FUKUOKA
KENNETH E. BOULDING
LEWIS MUMFORD
BARUCH SPINOZA
ANTI/NATURE ECOLOGIST
MICHEL FOUCAULT GILLES DELEUZE
DEEP ECOLOGIST
LYNN TOWNSEND WHITE
JOHN BELLAMY FOSTER PAUL BURKETT
ARNE NAESS
JACQUES ELLUL
ECOPHENOMENOLOGIST TRANSPERSONAL ECOLOGIST JAMES LOVELOCK
BIOGENETIC LUDDITE
DERRICK JENSEN
NON ANTHROPOCENTRIC
STEFANO BOERI
JOANNA MACY
JAMES CUTLER LEON KRIER GLENN MURCUTT PETER CALTHORPE CHARLES PRINCE OF WALES SYM VAN DER RYN
VERNACULAR
ALBERTO MAGNAGHI
TERRITORIALIST
THEODOR KACZYNSKI
WARWICH FOX
HANS JONAS
SERGE LATOUCHE
ANARCOPRIMITIVIST
NEO LUDDITE
ERAZIM KOHAK NEIL EVERNDEN
ANTI DEVELOPMENTALIST
SCIENTOLOGY
NEO MILLENARIANIST
SAVITRI DEVI
JULIUS EVOLA
NEW AGEIST NEO-NAZI
NEO NEO-NAZI
FICTION MOVIES BOOKS GAMES THE PERFECT STORM (2000) DER SCHWARM (2004) STATE OF FEAR (2004) THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW (2004) LA POSSIBILITE D’UNE ILE (2005) FREE KARMA FOOD (2006) I AM LEGEND (2007) THE ELEVENTH HOUR (2007) WALL-E (2008) BIOSHOCK (2008) BURN UP (2008)
GODZILLA (1998) ARMAGEDDON (1998)
2000
GATTACA (1997)
ZODIAC (1996) RESIDENT EVIL (1996)
WATERWORLD (1995) 12 MONKEYS (1995)
1996
MARY SHELLEY’S FRANKENSTEIN (1994)
MARS TRILOGY (1992-1996)
1992
JURASSIC PARK (1990) SIM EARTH (1990)
DUNE (1984)
1988
EDGE OF DARKNESS (1985)
PALOMAR (1982) BLADE RUNNER (1982)
STALKER (1979)
1980
THE HITCHHIKER’S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY (1978) CONAN, THE BOY IN FUTURE (1978)
CASSANDRA CROSSING (1976)
ECOTOPIA (1975)
1976
SOYLENT GREEN (1973)
SOLARIS (1972)
DESCHOOLING SOCIETY (1971)
1972
PLANET OF THE APES (1968)
THE BIRDS (1963)
1960
THE WAMTOMG SEED (1962)
1940
GODZILLA (1954) I AM LEGEND (1954)
1900 DE KLEINE JOHANNES (1885)
1880 TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA (1870)
1860 JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH (1864)
1840
CHELLIS GLENDINNING JOHN ZERZAN
MIKE REYNOLDS
RACHEL CARSON
JANE JACOBS
ECO NAZI
WOLFGANG SACHS
EDWARD GOLDSMITH
HASSAN FATHI
WALDEN (1854)
1800
LA GINESTRA (1836)
1780
FAUST (1828)
1760
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
GIACOMO LEOPARDI
FRANKENSTEIN (1818)
1700 ROBINSON CRUSOE (1719)
1600 LA CITTA’ DEL SOLE (1602) THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF DOCTOR FAUSTUS (1604) THE NEW ATLANTIS (1627) DIALOGO SOPRA I DUE MASSIMI SISTEMI (1632)
1500 UTOPIA (1507)
°C
1000
WOLFGANG GOETHE
WILHELM MEISTER’S APPRENTICESHIP (1795)
MILLENARIANIST
CANDIDE OU L’OPTIMISME (1759) EMILE, OU DE L’EDUCATION (1762)
- 0.8
BILLION
MORAL
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
STEWART BRAND WENDELL BARRY IAN MCHARG
EBENEZER HOWARD
RALPH WALDO EMERSON HENRY DAVID THOREAU
ROMANTIC
$
JOHN RUSKIN
ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI
RUDOLF BAHRO
IVAN ILLICH
MURRAY BOOKCHIN JACQUES ELLUL
ECO MARXIST
VANDANA SHIVA
ECO-ANARCHIST
LUDDITE
POOR KONRAD
LUCIEN KROLL
PAOLO SOLERI
ALEKSANDR BOGDANOV
GENERAL LUDD CAPTAIN SWING
ANTIESSENTIALIST
RAYMOND DASMANN
BIOREGIONALIST
WILLIAM MORRIS
DOCTOR FAUSTUS (1947)
ROBIN HOOD
PETER BERG
REKOMBINANT NEUROGREEN
ARTURO ESCOBAR
CAROLYN MERCHANT
FRANCOISE D’EAUBONNE
HANNAH ARENDT
PETITE COSMOGONIE PORTATIVE (1950) PAINC IN THE STREETS (1950)
20
POLITICAL
THEODOR ADORNO MAX HORKHEIMER
ECO-SOCIALIST
FRANKENSTEIN (1931) BRAVE NEW WORLD (1932) KING KONG (1933) SAN FRANCISCO (1936)
- 0.6
FELIX GUATTARI
THE FRENCH GROUP
DECONSTRUCTIONIST JACQUES DERRIDA ECO-FEMINIST
DER GOLEM, WIE ER IN DIE WELT KAM (1920)
2
SLAVOJ ZIZEK TIMOTY MORTON
POST STRUCTURALIST
- 0.2
- 0.4
BIONIC TOWER SHANGHAI (2015)
MASDAR (2007-2023)
SKY CITY 1000 (1989)
R128 (2000) DUTCH PAVILION AT HANNOVER EXPO (2000) SHIMZU MEGACITY PYRAMID (2004) LONDON GATEWAY CPUL (2005) THE EDEN PROJECT (2005)DONGTAN (2005-2040)
LINZ DESIGN CENTER (1994)
LA BOLLA (1992) MENARA MESNIAGA BUILDING (1992)
BIOSPHERE 2 (1991) JEAN MARIE TJIBAOU CULTURAL CENTER (1991-1998)
LIGHT URBANISM (1996)
BJORN LOMBORG
GLENN REYNOLDS
SYSTEMS THEORIST
0
40
2040
GLOBAL WARMING CONSPIRACY THEORIST MICHAEL CHRICHTON GLOBAL WARMING DENIALIST PATRICK MICHAELS
ALTERNATIVE TECHNO ECOLOGIST
HERMAN DALY
BIO ECONOMIC
NORBERT WIENER JOHN VON NEUMANN LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY GREGORY BATESON MARGARET MEAD
CHARLES DARWIN
4
2020
IGNACY SACHS
CYBERNETIC
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
EVOLUTIONIST
60
2000
FREE MARKET ECOLOGIST
LIVE AID BRUNTLAND COMMISSION
FRITZ SCHUMACHER
CECIL PIGOU
RUDOLPH CLAUSIUS
GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ
1996
NEO MALTHUSIAN
GARRETT HARDIN CLUB OF ROME KENNETH BOULDING STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE JOHN MCCONNELL EARTH DAY BARBARA WARD MAURICE STRONG
GIFFORD PINCHOT
WILLIAM STANLEY JEVONS
PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE
1992
RONALD BAILEY
PAUL EHRLICH
HANS CARL VON CARLOWITZ WILHELM GOTTFRIED MOSER
MECHANICIST
1988
LIBERTARIAN TRANSHUMANIST
THERMODYNAMIC
RENE DESCARTES GALILEO GALILEI FRANCIS BACON
1980
OTTO FREI
KARL W. KAPP
80
1976
TECHNO-UTOPIST
AUGUSTE COMTE
THOMAS MALTHUS
8
ARK BIOSHELTER (1976)
SPACIAL CITY (1958)
1940
MALTHUSIAN
100
GREEN BUILDING (1990)
GEODESIC DOME OVER MANHATTAN (1962) INVENTORY OF WORLD RESOURCES (1963) BIOS 1-3 (1965-1972) DROP CITY (1965) GEODESIC DOME AT EXPO67 (1967) WHOLE EARTH CATALOGUE (1968) ARCOLOGY (1969) ARCOSANTI (1970) LIZ CHRISTY COMMUNITY GARDEN (1970) OLDMAN RIVER CITY PROJECT (1971)
SUN SPAN HOUSE (1949)
VICTORY GARDENS (1940-1945)
BROADACRE CITY (1932) SABAUDIA (1934) TALIESIN WEST (1937)
DYMAXION HOUSE (1928) POTATO PATCHES (1929)
WELVYN GARDEN CITY (1920)
LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY (1903)
PULMANN CITY (1880)
1840
POSITIVIST
VOLTAIRE
ENLIGHTED
+ 0.8
FOREST HILLS GARDENS (1908) HELLERAU (1914) LIBERTY GARDENS (1915-1918)
GREAT CONSERVATORY CHATSWORTH (1837)
GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RECORD
WORLD POPULATION
OIL PRICES
1000
ARCHITECTURE PROJECTS TECHNOCRATICAL BEAUROCRATICAL ECONOMICAL BIOPHYSICAL
2020
2040