the Case Study re-dux 2.0

HISTORY OF THE HOME

World War 1 (1914-18), World War 11 (1939-45)

9 Million Immigrants arrive in the first decade

Influenza Pandemic (1918-20)

Ford Model T (1908), Wired Electricity in Homes (1910’s), and Radio Broadcasting (1930’s)

19th Amendment (1920), the Prohibition (1919-33), and Treaty of Versailles (1920)

Cities Grow, Incomes Rise, Period of Peace and Prosperity (1900’s), Then the Great Depression (1929-39)

Isolated & Functional 1

Formal Gathering and Display 2

Display Social Status and Class 3

World War 11 (1939-45), Cold War (1947-1991)

Birth Rates Skyrocket & Suburbs Boom (post WW2), and the Civil Rights Movement begins (1954-68)

Television became common in Homes (1950’s) and a Pop Culture Boom (1950’s)

Housewives Peaceful Domain in the Nuclear Family 1

Separation of Family and Living Room 2

Gathering Space for the Nuclear Family 4

1 Giltner, D. (2022, August 30). The history of the modern kitchen: History of the kitchen. BAUFORMAT SEATTLE. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www. bauformatseattle.com/resources/2020/8/17/kitchen-history

2 Magnuson, S. (2020, November 11). The warm and fuzzy history of the American “family room”. Apartment Therapy. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www. apartmenttherapy.com/history-of-american-family-room-36840292

3 Baumgarthuber, C., & Baumgarthuber, C. (2020, July 21). A short history of the dining room (part 1). The New Inquiry. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://thenewinquiry. com/blog/a-short-history-of-the-dining-room-part-1/

Vietnam War (1955-75) and Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Civil Rights March (1963), JFK Assassination (1963), EPA & OSHA Created (1970), Water Gate Scandal (1972-74)

Video Games at Home (1972)

Colorful, Functional, & Becoming the Heart of Domesticitity

4 Griffin, M. (2016, February 16). ‘no place for discontent’: A history of the family dinner in America. NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/sections/ thesalt/2016/02/16/459693979/no-place-for-discontent-a-history-of-the-family-dinnerin-america

5 How The family room went public. Herman Miller. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.hermanmiller.com/stories/why-magazine/how-the-family-roomwent-public/

Gulf War (1990-1991), 9/11 (2001), Iraq War (2003-11)

COVID Pandemic (2020-??)

NAFTA (1994) and The Great Recession (2007-2009)

Email (1980’s), Personal Computer (1980’s), Mobile Phones (1980’s), MTV (1981), Internet (1993), Google (1998), WIFI (2000’s), Smart Home Technology (2010’s), Streaming (2010’s), and Social Media (2010’s)

Open,

6 Walton, J. (2023, February 2). Homes through the ages. House Beautiful. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.housebeautiful.com/uk/renovate/design/news/ a104/homes-through-the-ages/

CASE STUDY HOUSE #12

1946

The client’s living pattern was a prominent aspect in the design. The lath house provided openness for the plants throughout the space.

Each portion of the home is purposefully zoned for function. 1

CASE STUDY HOUSE #20

1948

Designed with a prefabricated utility core with ready to use mechanicals.

Mechanical program of the house is built around the core. Modest square footage to meet budget and leaves room for later improvements. 2

1 Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1946, February). Case Study House 12 Arts & Architecture, 44-47.

2 Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1948, December). Case Study House 20 Arts & Architecture, 32-41.

- Whitney R. Smith

- Richard Neutra

CASE STUDY HOUSE #25

1962 - Killingsworth, Brady, Smith + Associates

Light is used as a sculptural element.

The interior contains and enclosed courtyard.

The house was designed to blend in with the surrounding neighbors. 3

CASE STUDY HOUSE #27

1962 - Campbell, Wong + Associates

Designed with precast concrete.

House was designed in the form of units.

Meant to be expanded upon as the user grows. 4

3 Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1962, October). Case Study House 25 Arts & Architecture, 16-29.

4 Entenza, J. (Ed.). (1963, June). Case Study House 27 Arts & Architecture, 20-22.

GREAT GOOD FAIR POOR

VERY POOR

KIT HOUSING (1900-1940)

INNOVATIONS/SUCCESSES:

• Mail order made homes extremely accessible and inexpensive.

• DIY assembly meant homes were relatively customizable with obvious limitations.

• 21% of all confirmed homes sold by Sears between 1908 and 1940 in the US are located in Ohio, higher than any other state.

FAILURES:

• Cost of homes was often inaccurate (price only reflected the cost of materials, and the total sum of purchasing land, building a foundation, gaining access to utilities, and potentially labor costs would nearly double the sum total cost of the house).

• Ultimately failed because of economic instability in the 1930s, and the development of more streamlined models for development (i.e. Levittowns and Tract Housing).

GREAT GOOD FAIR

POOR

VERY POOR

TRACT HOUSING (1945-TODAY)

INNOVATIONS/SUCCESSES:

• Largely in response to the establishment of the FHA to meet the large demand for housing following WWII.

• Developers integrated land acquisition, utilities/access road construction into their business model, eliminating the need for buyers to address these issues individually.

• Popularized by William Levit and Joseph Eichler following the introduction of the Case Study House program. Originally focused on the relationship between the architect and developer.

FAILURES:

• Ultimately sacrifices architectural quality for developer-driven design.

• Contributes negatively to car dependency in America.

• Customizability limited by HOAs and developer’s standards.

• Rising labor costs threaten sustainability of this business model, which relies on many individual trades for construction and materials.

ALTERNATIVE HOUSING

FIVE-OVER-ONE (2009-TODAY):

• Densification of residential development from SFH.

• Promotes mixed-use neighborhoods and makes new housing accessible to a wider range of buyers.

• Enabled by IBC updates and greater demand for inexpensive housing during the Great Recession.

MOBILE/MODULAR HOMES (1956-TODAY):

• Constituted approximately 23% of all new construction housing projects in 1973.

• Hyper-simplification of home assembly: pre-constructed modules placed on cement blocks.

• Has fallen off in popularity due to public perception that this type of housing is unsafe, bland, and generally undesirable.

HOME CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES

LOOKING BEYOND THE STATES.

Our intent is to evolve American housing by expanding our idea of American. Due to the diversity of the American people, we believe that there can be no such thing as an “average American”. In this research, we examine the current composition of American households, a cultural analysis of America, the history of cultural influence on American architecture, and housing types found outside of the United States all to allow us to better understand the many narratives of American housing.

timeline of cultural influence on american architectural style.

1600-1720

COLONIAL original immigrant.

1700-1770

1776-1920

1800-1900

GEORGIAN Greece and Rome.

NEOCLASSICAL Greece.

GOTHIC REVIVAL France.

1920-1940

1925-1960

ART DECO Paris.

MODERNIST Britain.

AMERICANS AND THEIR HOMES.

In 1960, family-type households accounted for 85% of all households. Versus, in 2020, family-type households accounted for 65% of all households. The share of family-type households has been decreasing over the past 60 years and is projected to continue decreasing. Many young adults are delaying and/ or foregoing family life, and many project not having children in the future.

In 2021, 25% of young adults (25-34) resided in a multi-generational family-type household, “levels not

International Housing Digital Collage Series.

1. Casa Estudio by Luis Barragan in Mexico merges geometry with nature by using simple forms, light and shadow, mixed with plants, and outdoor spaces.

2. Narrow shophouses in Vietnam are surrounded by neighboring buildings with only the roof and front facade available for design.

3. Apartment houses in South Korea are inspired by Le Corbusier’s, “Radiant City,” and are an appropriate response for a densely populated nation with mountainous terrain.

seen since the Great Depression.” Young adults are being forced to cope with rising student debt and housing costs.

In 2011, only 9.8% of homes were an “aging-ready home”. i.e. housing units that have a step-free entryway, a bedroom and full bathroom on the first floor, and at least one bathroom accessibility feature. The US has already started to experience an increase in its elderly population, and that increase is projected to continue.

Roughly 60% of adults claim to prefer living in a community with larger, spaced-out homes that are farther from amenities. i.e. “classic” American-suburban neighborhoods with large homes, lawns, and driveways where residents are unable to rely on public transportation and must own a car. This preference amongst adults has increased atleast 8 percentage points across all groups (political parties, ethnicities, ages, and educations) since prior to the pandemic.

2020 CENSUS DATA.

% OF YOUNG ADULTS (25-34) LIVING IN MULTIGENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS.

TOTAL DESIGN RESEARCH

THE STATEMENT:

the home will be designed with intention of total design. design will be concentrated down to every intense point. prioritizing packing, hyper-innovations, and flexibility will drive the design to be at its totality.

DEFINING RADICAL DESIGN BY:

walls program furniture environment

total design is...

total design is...

adding movable partitions that breakup spaces

transformative furniture

compact proportions with versatility

functional convenience in design

total design

all design is total design assembly of parts

segmented arrangement of program division between interior and exterior

total design is...

total design is...

efficiently packing programming into a single space

flexibility in space

relating the interior to the exterior

RADICAL DESIGN RESEARCH

the home will be designed with intention of radicality. not conformed by predetermined notions about what a house should be. prioritizing the client and their opinions, while challenging them and breaking the standard.

DEFINING RADICAL DESIGN BY:

walls program furniture environment

radical design is...

radical design is...

planes that create diverse relationships in space

miscellaneous paraphernalia

how can we question the original narrative?

blurring the lines of defined space

appreciating the in between fulfilling peace between the interior and exterior

how to make design for a niche market catered towards a larger pubic multi-focal relationship to outside defining the radical

expand and contract spatial depth fold large ideas into logically compact designs

blurring the use of functions

radical design is... a home with no program

radical design is... a fluid journey through air

The definition of “house” evolves because, people and conditions evolve. There’s never a final version of a designed house. Therefore, flexibility is a must. The solution that is found should be adaptive to the changing conditions of the world, as well as having practicality for the future.

These homes should also take new materials and building techniques into consideration, especially if the only reason to use traditional methods is because they are regarded as “safe.”

CONDITIONS AND CONCEPTIONS CHANGE, SO SHOULD ARCHITECTURE.

We begin our proposals with a focus and constraint of using CLT panels that are 9:50—our reasons behind using CLT is the sustainability for our environment and the technical advancements to the construction process. Other materials may be considered; however, we think it leads to a conversation of how the CLT panels are used, measured, and displayed.

“FOR OURSELVES, WE WILL REMAIN NONCOMMITTAL UNTIL ALL THE FACTS ARE IN. OF COURSE WE HAVE OPINIONS, BUT THEY REMAINED TO BE PROVED.”

a standardized 9:50 blank will allow for guaranteed freight delivery to the site.

a common language allows for us to measure and evaluate performance.

why 9:50? Jennifer Bonner speculates that the clt panel should be standardized. manufactures determine the dimensions and properties of clt blanks. blanks can range from “1’ - 10’ in width and 39’ - 52’, while the laminate ply has a varying thickingess of 4”, 7” and 11”, depending on the specs for each lamination.

clt options

because clt is engineered, that means we can create panels with varying lumber sizes and special laminations.

clt is usually constructed in 3, 5, 7 and 9 ply thicknesses.

most common

an engineered wood product

clt is an engineered wood product that consists of dimensional wood lumber, that’s oriented at right angles to one another and then glued.

purchasing clt

when clt is purchased, buyers purchase an entire blank. usually, clt is created strictly from 2x6 dimensional lumber; however, special arrangements can be made to create custom blanks.

homemade CLT recipe

Serving size: 5 2’x6’ homemade CLT panels.

here’s our step by step process:

glue is applied on the top of face, as each layer is stacked.

melanine is used to keep each layer square before tightening.

bolts will be tightened to help the clt bond under pressure.

ingredients (estimate)

1. 27 - 1x3x8 dimensional lumber

2. 8 - non-galvonized c-channels

3. 16 - washers

4. 16 - bolt

5. 8 - rods

6. 1 - bucket of titebond

7. a numerous amount of tools

creating a jig clt panels are pressed to an immense amount of pressure. our version uses non-galvanized c-channels, that will allow us to tightly squeeze our 1x3 lumber, into a functioning 2’-0” x 6’-0” blank.

japanese joinery

clt joinery is tricky. in order to be precise, joinery must be done by milling and must be pre-planned. connections can be strengthened using rods, nuts and bolts. the possibilities of joinery are endless. here is a small sample.

hardware joint

screw butt joint rabbited joint

interior facing supplies

half lapped joint

single surface spline

single internal spline

hyrbid

clt+steel clt+brick

traditional stud frame post+beam hidden steel connections shell exclusively clt blanks kit of parts post+panel

schindler shelter

the schindler shelter uses the idea of symmetrical housing which can rotate about a core with a series of modular parts to create a home. the units are comprised of only 9 panels, constraining the design to work within a 4’ grid, while also providing endless combinations of layouts. with the access to clt as a reliable, accurate resource in which parts are fabricated before arriving to the site, the can construction times and labor costs can be streamlined while not sacrificing flexibility in design.

cost

1Tower Within A Tower. (n.d.). kwongvonglinow.com. Retrieved from http://www.kwongvonglinow.com/projects/towers-within-a-tower.

2Gili Merin. “AD Classics: Habitat 67 / Safdie Architects” 09 Feb 2023. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 Feb 2023.

3“Bay Window Tower House / Takaaki Fuji + Yuko Fuji Architecture” 29 Nov 2022. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 Feb 2023.

4Sears Catalog Homes. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.dghistory.org/Sears-Catalog-Homes.html

5Park, J.-H. (2004). An integral approach to design strategies and construction systems R. M. Schindler’s “Schindler shelters.” Journal of Architectural Education, 58(2), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1162/1046488042485376

6Kit houses from Sears, Roebuck. Old House Journal Magazine. (2021, July 1). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www. oldhouseonline.com/house-tours/kit-houses/

7Bonner, J., & Kara, H. (2022). Blank: Speculations on Clt. Applied Research and Design Publishing. 8Timber product mapping, Gray Organschi Archtiects, Timber City

between 1908 and 1942, sears sold around 75,000 homes that were advertised in this manner, showing plans and amenities that the kit included.

this is an example of a sears home that still survives today, unlike a large amount of them which were left abandoned. after the war began, the price of lumber no longer allowed for sales of homes like this one.

3

this is a panel-post construction example, which was the main driver to schindler’s pre-fab homes. The bottom of the image shows a computer generated model of a similar construction.

all of the pre-fab homes that were conceived were based on a 4’ x 4’ grid, which he said related to the human body scale as well as common construction materials available at that time. the system was known as the “space referance frame.”

1 - sears catalog home advertisement

2 - “ohio bungalow” by sears, robuck

- schindler shelters study models

4 - schindler plan drawing

examples of prefabricated or catalog homes have been attempted in the past, but were limited by the materials used. we believe CLT can be the saving grace for this idea.

1 - bay window tower house the levels are designed with different program ideas and share very similar form. the building reduces the need for air conditioning by observing stimulations of light, wind and heat.

2 - tower within a tower

a new take on the typical residential tower, splitting the units into vertical stacks. options consist of single units, couple units and family units, allowing inhabitants to choose exactly what they may need.

3 - habitat 67

a clustered approach to prefabricated housing, using a majority concrete. offers amenities normally found in single family homes.

4 - bathroom concept 01 larger bathroom with a rectangular layout, consisting of 64% of a blank.

5 - bathroom concept 02 smaller bathroom with a square layout, consisting of 56% of a blank.

6 - bedroom concept 01

owner bedroom, typical punch windows and utilizing 96% of a blank excluding window cutouts.

7 - bedroom concept 02 owner bedroom, with floor to ceiling window utilizes 95% of a blank.

modularity for our case study home, can allow for custom applications created off site. clt has inherent modular characteristics, allowing for a successful material for modularity

10’ x 6’ footprint

12’ x 12’ footprint 14’ x 10’ footprint