AFI Changemakers at the UN DESA Global Policy Dialogue

1

AFI变革者—— 未来人口增长

© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ARIEL FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL 2022 ISBN: 978-1-7375204-4-3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Editors Dr. Ariel Rosita King Rehman Hassan Abigail Oppong Cai Wei

Cover Pages Artist Chen Lu

AUTHORS Joleen Bakalova, USA "Population Decline in East Asia: Geopolitical Tensions and Youth" Austin Dowling, Bermuda "Population, Environment and Climate Change" Jason Eappen, USA "Population Growth Effects on Education" Moses Ekwere, Nigeria "Population Growth's Impact on Children" Rehman Hassan, USA "How Population Growth Impacts Healthcare" Yuxin Liu, China "The Impact of Population Growth on Economy in China"

人口增长对中国经济的影响

Kushani Kaushalya Manathunga, Sri Lanka "Sri Lanka Population History and Current Condition" Opeyemi Omoyeni, Nigeria "Population Growth and Out of School Children in Nigeria" "Idagbasoke Olugbe ati Jade Awọn ọmọde Ile-iwe ni Nigeria ti a kọ nipasẹ Opeyemi Omoyeni"

AUTHORS Abigail Oppong, Ghana "How the Ban on Child Marriage Can Help Reduce High Population Growth for Development in Africa" Bukola Omolona, Nigeria "The Future of the World Population Growth, Economic Growth and Job Availability" Cai Wei, China "Coping with Population Growth and Crossing the Middle-income Trap"

跨越人口增长可能带来的中等收入陷阱 Tianyi Zhang, China "China’s Population History and Current Condition"

中国人口的历史与现状分析 Yifei Zhu, China

"Why Promote Universal Higher Education?"

为何要提倡普及高等教育 ? 朱怡菲

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................ 1 Population Decline in East Asia: Geopolitical Tensions and Youth................. 2 Population, Environment and Climate Change................................................... 4 Population Growth Effects on Education............................................................ 6 Population Growth's Impact on Children........................................................... 8 How Population Growth Impacts Healthcare.................................................... 12 The Impact of Population Growth on Economy in China................................ 14

人口增长对中国经济的影响 .................................................................................... 16 Sri Lanka Population History and Current Condition..................................... 17 Population Growth and Out of School Children in Nigeria............................. 19 Idagbasoke Olugbe ati Jade Awọn ọmọde Ile-iwe ni Nigeria ti a kọ nipasẹ Opeyemi Omoyeni................................................................................................. 21 How the Ban on Child Marriage Can Help Reduce High Population Growth for Development in Africa.................................................................................. 23 The Future of the World Population Growth, Economic Growth and Job Availability........................................................................................................... 25 Coping with Population Growth and Crossing the Middle-income Trap........ 27

跨越人口增长可能带来的中等收入陷阱 ................................................................. 29 China’s Population History and Current Condition......................................... 31

中国人口的历史与现状分析 ................................................................................... 34 Why Promote Universal Higher Education?..................................................... 36

为何要提倡普及高等教育 ?.................................................................................... 38

1

INTRODUCTION Ariel Foundation International Changemakers are young leaders from all over the world participated in the United Nations “The Future of the World Global Population Policy Dialogues.” Thirteen AFI Changemakers from Asia, Africa, North America and the Caribbean share their views on the dialogue.

During the dialogue, the experts examined the latest findings from UN DESA's new report, Global Population Growth and Sustainable Development, launched at the event.

The Changemakers, young leaders from Ariel Foundation also share their views in Three languages across intersections of Climate Change, Child Marriage and Population, Population's History and current conditions, Population Impacts on healthcare, and more.

Enjoy reading our reflections on Population Growth Future.

2

POPULATION DECLINE IN EAST ASIA: GEOPOLITICAL TENSIONS AND YOUTH By: Joleen Bakalova, USA

In many areas of the world, population decline is seen as an issue of the future. As discussed by experts at the UN DESA Global Population Growth Forum, conversations surrounding Earth’s population trends tend to coalesce around mitigating increases. However, as one expert briefly touched upon, population decline is also a significant trend the global dialogue should include and prepare for, as it has a great impact on the future geopolitical tensions of our world. This decline can already be seen in East Asia, compounding tensions in the region, and the pressure of continuing the strength of each nation squarely falls upon the shoulders of youth. The combination of a nation’s declining population with East Asia’s strongly-imbued social values pushes great pressure and expectations on the new generation.

Though women in the region are more socially empowered, as indicated by giving birth later and at lower rates, than in previous eras, traditional family values strongly persist (“ASEAN Gender Outlook”). The collectivist societies of Korea, Japan, and China are still shaped by the ingrained Confucian filial expectations of bearing children and, thus, carrying on the legacies of one’s ancestors. Now that the millennia-old pursuit of education has finally been achieved by almost all of the population, the modern conflict between filial responsibility and contemporary pursuits, especially for women, is severely apparent in the region (“Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment”).

Japan is now in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model, when the death rate is higher than the birth rate, a stage that China and Korea will soon enter (Ashlyn and Mason and Tomoko). In such filial-centric societies, the answer identified by government leaders has been attempts at increasing the size of youth cohorts, from Japan’s AI Matchmaking to China’s Three-Child Policy to Korea’s taxi discounts for mothers, but the pressure to continue each country’s population is nearly impossible for the new generation (“Cities Get Creative” and “Japan to Fund”). The gleaning appeal of emigration, the severe economic burden of having children, and the intense demands of East Asia’s workplace cultures make the expectation of having more children almost completely unachievable.

Population decline is a pressing concern amongst government leaders, some of whom have pursued a policy of more extreme diplomatic actions in order to combat the impending concern about their nation’s people. More often than not, the respective country’s public seems to support those pursuits.

In the East Asia region, national pride is a common aspect of life, and youth are not immune to patriotic identities, which can be reflected in discussions of global politics on social media platforms.

Through the world of knowledge the Internet provides, youth are acutely aware of foreign policy tensions, particularly within the region, and the pressure to carry their countries and societies through whatever policy pursued is ever-present.

With the concern of population decline in East Asia, social duties are not solely relegated to continuing the legacies of ancestors; there is now an increased sense of duty in continuing the strength of one’s nation. In this new generation, this feeling of responsibility is not due to wartime deaths or for helping facilitate the upward development of their nation like in previous generations.

Rather, this new sense is part of an overall impending dread of the effects of the natural progression of human civilization.

3

For youth, the current threefold pressures of social responsibility, including ingrained East Asian filial culture, modern pursuits like economic mobility and stability, and seemingly impossible expectations to combat population decline, is a crushing, yet normalized, weight. How the new generation of East Asia will meet these threefold pressures is yet to be fully seen, but as the future leaders of the region and the world, their new solutions and innovations are anticipated as humanity progresses into a new era.

Works Cited “ASEAN

Gender

Outlook.”

UN

Women

Data

Hub,

27

Feb.

2021,

https://data.unwomen.org/publications/asean-gender-outlook.

Ashlyn, Ina. “Japan Time Bomb.” ArcGIS StoryMaps, Environmental Science Research Institute, 21 Oct. 2020, https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/3374a2d2a4944f7f8722b497e038f27a.

“Cities Get Creative with Incentives to Boost Birthrate.” Korea JoongAng Daily, 30 Sept. 2021, https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/09/30/national/socialAffairs/birthrate-aging-incentivepolicy/20210930192136302.html#:~:text=The%20new%20incentives%20package%20will,eligible%20for%2 0the%20cash%20bonus.

“Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Asia and the Pacific.” United Nations Economic and Social

Commission

for

Asia

and

the

Pacific,

United

Nations,

15

Dec.

2017,

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/publications/B20%20Gender%20Equality%20Report%20v10-3E.pdf.

“Japan

to

Fund

AI

Matchmaking

to

Boost

Birth

Rate.”

BBC

News,

8

Dec.

2020,

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55226098.

Mason, Andrew, and Tomoko Kinugasa. “East Asian Economic Development: Two Demographic Dividends.”

Journal

of

Asian

Economics,

U.S.

National

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634856/.

Library

of

Medicine,

Nov.

2008,

4

POPULATION, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE By: Austin Dowling, Bermuda It is undeniable that today, we as an international community are more aware of our effect on the environment than ever before. We understand the issue burning fossil fuels presents as a large contributor to human carbon emissions. We also understand that our irresponsible habits of waste disposal have caused marine ecosystems to struggle. As climate change becomes a larger issue, there is evidence that natural disasters such as heatwaves, droughts and floods could become more frequent leading to flagrant devastation of susceptible countries and coastal communities.

Given our knowledge, it is important to understand precisely how our population contributes to the crisis in order to reduce the problem in a timely and economically viable manner. According to Population Matters, “industrial development and consumption patterns in the Global North are primarily responsible for the crisis we are in today” (Population Matters). This validates the notion that increased energy productivity has unfortunately had an inverse effect on our climate. While there have been numerous advances in engineering to build environmentally friendly, sustainable energy resources, population growth may nullify those advances. Research published by Doja Seal evaluated 44 countries and found that increasing emission that facilitated population growth nullified two thirds of the reduction caused by new energy efficiency (Doja Seal). This is troubling because it suggests that as we grow as a population, we become more dependent on fossil fuels than other initiatives such as solar panels and wind turbines.

5

Consequently, this research suggests solar panels and wind turbines are not effective enough to support our rising population. Also, wind turbines and solar panels present their own problems such as noise pollution, environmental change (in large solar panel farms birds have been killed from the heat generated), and the fact that these are weather dependent energy sources. Therefore, as we continue to grow as an international community, we should seek unorthodox ways of reducing carbon emissions that are realistic. For example, because transportation accounts for one fifth of global carbon emissions, we can change from regular gasoline and diesel vehicles to hybrid and electric (Our World In Data). It would also be helpful to cut down on plastic usage by using substitutes and reusing plastic waste for community development such as in roads. Overall, because our population growth has a negative effect on our climate, we as a community must find innovative ways to reducing carbon emissions while increasing our energy efficiency.

Works Cited “Climate Change.” Population Matters, 8 Nov. 2021, https://populationmatters.org/climate-change.

Ritchie, Hannah. “Cars, Planes, Trains: Where Do CO2 Emissions from Transport Come from?” Our World in Data, Hannah Ritchie, 6 Oct. 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport.

Samways, David, et al. The Journal of Population and Sustainability, Doja Seal, 21 Jan. 2022, https://www.whp-journals.co.uk/JPS/.

6

POPULATION GROWTH EFFECTS ON EDUCATION By: Jason Eappen, USA

Throughout the 21st Century, the UN estimates that the global population will increase from a population of 7.7 billion in 2019 to 10.9 billion. This population spike comes with many benefits along with many harms. With more people on the planet, great minds are born everyday. However, with many being born to stable households, many around the world will struggle to find food and water. One of the most important assets a person can hold is education. Education can be a lifeline for many. Whether that be escaping an abusive relationship, or being able to climb the income ladder. Education can be the key to unlocking a greater life. The population of Earth is growing at an exponential rate, which has resulted in many schools being overcrowded, lack of funding, and widespread teacher shortage.

First, when schools are built in different regions of the world, they are only built to hold a maximum number of occupants. When schools experience an increase of population in the surrounding district it can result in this number being exceeded. This can strain the school not only of their resources, but increase the danger level to all students. Moreover, aside from more structural constraints of the school, this can cause negative feelings among the students and teachers who have to navigate this school. An important factor when deciding which school to attend is the student teacher ratio is to see how much individualized attention a student may receive. Students in overcrowded schools will see a massive decrease in attention from their teachers; this can have a multitude of negative consequences.

From falling grades, to mental health constraints; students will have to brace the impact of overcrowded schools. Many times the solution is to build more schools. However, this costs money that most school districts do not have, resulting in loans as a last resort to building a new school, which may not be optimal in the long-run.

Second, schools need monetary support in order to establish an education system and framework.

Historically, communities that have experienced a population growth period without economic growth may find funding education not a priority. This has a cascade of negative effects. Lack of funding of enrichment and extracurricular activities to the students can deprive them of learning necessary life skills. When kids are not exposed to the possibilities of future careers they can never dream of it becoming true. Other than funding of enrichment programs, a bigger problem of lack of funding of the school system is that schools may also find a lack of supplies to cover the students in need. In many school districts, students may not be able to have funds to buy school supplies so they rely on the local school to help. But when the school does not have the funding to provide for its students, it decreases students' quality of education.

Third, one of the most fundamental parts of any education system is the teachers. The higher the population of school, there has to be a parallel increase in the amount of teachers. This can place a strain on an already overtaxed system. Currently, we can already see a trend where many teachers are moving to different professions in order to find a job that pays more. While many teachers are shifting professions, many that stay are overburdened with the ever increasing number of students. Teachers have already been dealing with parental obligations, so if the school systems are dumping hundreds of more work duties it continues to derail present teachers and deters future teachers from entering the profession.

7

In conclusion, with the population growing it has been able to benefit the plant in a plethora of ways it will continue to strain the education system unless a sustainable change were to occur. We need to make sure education is protected at all costs. The only way the next generation can continue to innovate and provide a sustainable future is they have education. Just because the population is growing does not mean that the educational system can not keep up or exclude some. It means that governments around the world have to be able to help maintain high education standards.

8

POPULATION GROWTH'S IMPACT ON CHILDREN By: Moses Ekwere, Nigeria

The ages at which women birth children have significant ramifications for the world’s population’s future growth and age structure. In regions and countries where fertility is still high, an increase in the ages women birth children would hasten progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those relating to reproductive health, education, and women’s empowerment. Such a move would also limit the population’s future growth and modify its age structure to promote economic development.

Impact of Rapid Population growth in developing countries – Rapid population increase is a crucial contributor to Third World poverty and underdevelopment, particularly in African nations, which have the world’s highest population growth rates. Several causes blame the rapid growth: lower mortality rates, a younger population, higher living standards, and attitudes and behaviours that encourage high childbearing.

Africans perceive prominent families as an economic benefit and a mark of dignity and prestige, and parents see it as security in the old life. In Africa, a family of 5 to 7 children is desirable. It is challenging to slow the fast growth due to its complicated causes. In addition to strategic challenges, population strategies also face resistance, particularly from religious organisations. So, to achieve acceptance, population initiatives must be linked with current community development activities.

Family planning is more critical than ever, despite widespread resistance, since fast population expansion creates an explosive situation. Rapid growth has resulted in unregulated urbanisation, which has resulted in overcrowding, deprivation, crime, pollution, and political upheaval. Rapid expansion has outpaced gains in the food supply, and population pressure has resulted in the misuse and loss of arable land. Rapid growth has also delayed economic progress and resulted in significant unemployment. Kenya’s workforce is 45% unemployment. Finally, rapid expansion has undermined people’s quality of life.

Ongoing and implications of the slow development progress – more significant investments are required merely to maintain existing capital per person as populations grow. It further jeopardises the balance of natural resources and people and causes severe economic and social difficulties in metropolitan areas. Alternative mechanisms for disadvantaged families to obtain the benefits of big family size must be given by public policy. Governments must produce solid proof that having fewer children is indeed in parents’ best interests. More knowledge and access to fertility control are also essential. Fertility has declined faster than social and economic growth would predict when family planning options were widely available and cheap. Immediate action is required to enhance women’s status and provide education, family planning, and primary health care. Although economic and social advancements aid in slowing population increase, high population growth hinders or slows development progress.

Third, one of the most fundamental parts of any education system is the teachers. The higher the population of school, there has to be a parallel increase in the amount of teachers. This can place a

9

strain on an already overtaxed system. Currently, we can already see a trend where many teachers are moving to different professions in order to find a job that pays more. While many teachers are shifting professions, many that stay are overburdened with the ever increasing number of students. Teachers have already been dealing with parental obligations, so if the school systems are dumping hundreds of more work duties it continues to derail present teachers and deters future teachers from entering the profession.

In conclusion, with the population growing it has been able to benefit the plant in a plethora of ways it will continue to strain the education system unless a sustainable change were to occur. We need to make sure education is protected at all costs. The only way the next generation can continue to innovate and provide a sustainable future is they have education. Just because the population is growing does not mean that the educational system can not keep up or exclude some. It means that governments around the world have to be able to help maintain high education standards.

Impact of Child Marriage on population growth – Child marriage contributes to greater total fertility because women who marry younger have children earlier and have more children during their lifetime than women who marry later. All other things being equal, an analysis of fifteen nations finds that, near the end of their reproductive lives, women who married at the age of thirteen have 26.4% more live births than women who married at the age of eighteen or later. Even marrying at seventeen vs marrying at eighteen or later had a significant impact on overall fertility in all nations studied. If the harmful practice of child marriage were abolished, national fertility rates would be reduced by onetenth. In several nations, annual population growth rates are of a similar order of magnitude: In Niger, for example, avoiding child marriage and early childbearing would lower population growth from 3.9 per cent to 3.5% (across countries, most early childbirths are linked to child marriage).

Impact of Family Planning – Family planning programs, which provide couples with various contraceptive options, have resulted in significant increases in contraceptive use in developing countries. Since the mid-1960s, this tendency has significantly impacted fertility rates. Taking economic growth into account, which tends to lower fertility in and of itself, it has been estimated that family planning programs were responsible for around 43% of the drop in global fertility between 1965 and 1990. Furthermore, effective family planning and economic growth work synergistically to increase the contraceptive prevalence and lower fertility. The reductions of infertility due to increasing contraceptive usage have been linked to various favourable consequences, both for developing and developed nations.

Fertility and Mortality, a significant driver on population growth – Fertility and mortality are two of the most critical factors influencing population increase (or its inverse). Fertility is often stated in terms of populations rather than individuals, using the proxy measure of birth rate, which can be crude or normalised for age and gender. There are significant variances in birth rates throughout the world.

The effect of mortality on population structures reduces the population component in which the mortality occurs. In the past, the most difficult eras were childhood and old age (variously reckoned according to circumstances). Furthermore, several infectious illness outbreaks (e.g., Spanish flu) had the highest mortality among young people, whose immune systems were under-primed. Immunisation has decreased the bulk of contagious illnesses in early infancy, while improved diet and cleanliness have made childhood safer. Antibiotics, the welfare state, and advancements in medical, surgical, and palliative care have resulted in significant gains in life expectancy in the developed world, with life expectancy currently in the middle the to upper 70s or lower 80s and growing year after year. This effect is to raise the population in the upper age groups substantially.

10

Access to education and healthcare for women and children – Education reduces birth rates and decreases population growth. Despite significant and overwhelming evidence that billions of humans have harmed almost every aspect of our planet, governments and global health organisations have embraced the need for action to stop humans from destroying the world while ignoring calls for similar intense action to combat overpopulation. One issue they would be unable to overlook is the impact of an increasingly overpopulated globe on children’s health, as children are the group most affected by environmental change and overpopulation. As a sentient species, care for the health and welfare of future generations of our children should be the most potent guide to our moral compass. Putting future children’s health and wellbeing at the centre of the need to combat overpopulation offers a compelling moral case for overpopulation to be handled seriously. Appropriately addressing overpopulation does not have to be contentious. Providing men and women with free, non-coercive, easily accessible, culturally acceptable, and locally sensitive family planning education and services can be viewed as addressing a human right.

Such services allow men and women to have the family size they choose and have been proven to correlate strongly with reduced fertility rates in several low- and middle-income nations. Declining fertility rates can be predicted to minimise sickness and death in children by reducing the number of children per family (assuming that mortality rates rise with an increasing number of children per family) as well as inside societies (given that low- and middle-income countries are unable to provide a healthy environment for current numbers of children and will be less able to cope with increasing numbers). This is expected to prevent the deaths of millions of children throughout the rest of the century. It will also aid in the reduction of environmental harm as well as population growth.

Social welfare infrastructures – The rapid population expansion in Southern Africa, along with pervasive poverty, has significant repercussions for the region’s social welfare infrastructure. Because all resources aim to expand availability, significant increases in the school-age population have hindered attempts to enhance education quality.

An estimated 50,000 more classrooms would be required to attain a teacher-pupil ratio of 1:40 at the primary level and 1:35 at the secondary level. Access to health care, adequate drinking water, and sanitation is also compromised by high fertility. In Mozambique, for example, where just 30% of the population has access to health care, the under-five death rate is 297/1000 live births, and the physician-to-population ratio is 1:37,970. Substandard housing, homelessness, traffic congestion, declining public services, pollution, and crime are prevalent in cities. Female education is the single most successful tool for reducing population growth in Southern Africa. Women without a secondary education have seven children on average; if 40% of women attend secondary school, this number lowers to three. As a result, governments must prioritise gender equality in development planning and guarantee that women are included in this process. Property and inheritance regulations that raise the financial requirement for early marriage should be abolished. Public health programs, including family planning, must be expanded.

Impact of the pandemic on the global population growth, environmental, sustainable economic development on children – The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality rates among the worldwide population and risk factors for children’s healthy growth and development.

Some of the causes identified in the research include an increase in parental stress, the suspension of school activities, social isolation measures, dietary concerns, children’s exposure to toxic stress, particularly in previously unstructured families, and a lack of physical activity. In the face of the pandemic, the development of activities to promote health and healthy development, as well as to prevent toxic stress, becomes a priority to improve the individual health of children and adolescents

11

and their families, the health of the community, and the intellectual and working capacity of these individuals in the long term with positive economic and social impacts for each nation, to ensure that the SDGs are fulfilled.

References: Clausen

AW.

Population

growth

and

economic

and

social

development.

J

Econ

Educ.

1985

Summer;16(3):165-76. PMID: 12280490.

DaVanzo, Julie and David M. Adamson, Family Planning in Developing Countries: An Unfinished Success

Story.

Santa

Monica,

CA:

RAND

Corporation,

1998.

https://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP176.html.

Peter Le Souëf, Why Protecting Child Health Means Ending Population Growth. Population Matters, 2021.

https://populationmatters.org/news/2021/04/why-protecting-child-health-means-ending-

population-growth Quentin

Wodon.

Child

Marriage,

Family

Planning,

Population,

and

Development.

2017.

https://www.cfr.org/blog/child-marriage-family-planning-population-and-development United Nations. World Population Prospects 2019. Online edition. New York: United Nations, Department

of

Economic

and

Social

Affairs,

Population

https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Fertility/

Division.

Available

online

at:

12

HOW POPULATION GROWTH IMPACTS HEALTHCARE By: Rehman Hassan, USA The Problem Population growth is often a term that gets thrown around to describe the increase in people over time.

Many people fail to consider how detrimental population growth can be to society and the world as a whole. As the world continues to age and grow, access to healthcare is a significant issue that hasn’t been explored extensively. The UN predicts that by the mid 2030s, the world will be home to over 8.6 billion people [1]. With this population increase, it is important to consider how this growth will impact people’s ability to receive adequate and affordable healthcare.

The world already has large disparities in terms of access to healthcare and the quality of available healthcare. Every day, billions of people are left without access to healthcare, and with population growth, occurring mainly in developing nations, even more, people will be unable to receive necessary medical interventions. Today, physicians are in short supply all around the world, especially in the developing world. Population growth only seems to exacerbate this issue by increasing the number of people needing medical attention and the constant care that pregnant individuals require.

Moreover, aging populations also significantly impact healthcare systems around the world.

Noncommunicable illnesses often appear in the elderly. Diseases like cancer, caused by a buildup of mutations within cells, and heart disease occur at significantly higher rates in older people. With life expectancies going up, these diseases are becoming more prevalent which leads to more of a need for healthcare. This ultimately leads to less medical care, especially primary care, for patients due to reduced access to medical providers. Thus, it is imperative that population growth is controlled to ensure that people around the world are able to receive the medical care that they need.

Syria For example, Syria is a country that has one of the highest growth rates over the last years. The ongoing Syrian civil war has taken over 600,000 people, yet the population still continues to grow at an alarming rate [2]. This population growth within the context of the civil war has only sought to increase tensions within Syria. The COVID-19 pandemic has exponentially increased tensions on the Syrian healthcare system with most people being left without access to these vital needs [3]. In fact, the average life expectancy has decreased nearly 20 years since the onset of the civil war. Many pregnant women have no access to neonatal care and are forced to turn to giving birth at home. With population growth, healthcare workers like physicians and nurses are in short supply with many people with debilitating diseases being left without care. Even as the political situation improves, population growth continues to add pressure to the already damaged system.

Potential Solutions and Implications The demographic transition model outlines a series of steps by which a developing country eventually becomes a developed country through an initial increase in population and low death rates and then the eventual decrease in population growth followed by negative population growth, a trend found in countries like Japan. Thus, it is important to note that although population growth can be extremely dangerous, sometimes it can also serve as a catalyst for economic and social development. The following, are methods of decreasing population growth while also ensuring that countries can still

13

grow sustainably.

Female education and empowerment can serve to reduce family sizes and allow women to feel like they have a great voice with what goes on within their families. By given women a means to pursue education and have access to affordable contraception, these women are able to prevent themselves from being taken advantage of and be able to determine their own futures [6].

Reducing the price and improving availability of contraceptive devices can allow families who do not want children to be able to use contraceptive devices and prevent pregnancies. To continue, reducing stigmas associated with using birth control can have a huge impact on whether a partner uses these methods during intercourse. Often, in theocratic countries like Iran, contraceptive endorsement by religious leaders can go a long way to encouraging people to take conception into their own hands [6].

References: [1]https://population.un.org/wpp/ [2]https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/10/31/ten-years-of-war-in-syria-and-the-current-situation-i/ [3]https://www.mei.edu/publications/ravaged-war-syrias-health-care-system-utterly-unpreparedpandemic [4]https://www.who.int/health-cluster/countries/syria/en/ [5]https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-andmaps/thompson-warren-s [6]https://populationmatters.org/solutions

14

THE IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON ECONOMY IN CHINA By: Yuxin Liu, China

It has to be said that this is a very macro topic, and it involves many aspects, which cannot be fully elaborated in a short article. Therefore, this paper only discusses the impact of population growth on China's economy from two aspects of labor supply and savings.

Labor supply One of the widely accepted core factors about China's sustained economic growth in the past four decades is the transformation of demographic dividend into productivity through reform and opening up, with a growing working-age population, adequate labor supply, improved return on capital and total factor productivity. However, the theory of demographic transition tells us that "demographic dividend" is only an inevitable stage in the process of a national demographic transition, in other word, when the birth rate has not significantly decreased, but the death rate has significantly decreased.

As far as China is concerned, began to implement the family planning policy in the 1970s. With the implementation of the policy, China's annual average population growth rate gradually slowed down.

As time goes on, the population of China is becoming increasingly "small children" and "aging", thus increasing the social burden. In the long run, China's policy of allowing two-child policy and encouraging three-child policy can increase the working-age population and relieve the social and economic pressure caused by "fewer children" and "aging" to a certain extent without considering the desire to have children.

Chinese Premier Keqiang Li delivered a report on the economic situation at the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Trade Unions. He said that China has 900 million workers and 170 million people with higher education or professional skills, a huge human resources unmatched by any other country in the world. The Chinese people are not only hard-working and intelligent, but also resilient. China's 40 years of reform and opening-up have improved the quality and skills of its workforce. The shift from demographic dividend to talent dividend is accelerating. This is the strongest underpinning of China's development. I agree with Premier Li Keqiang that the increase of labor supply can promote economic development, but we should pay more attention to high-quality human resources. High-quality talents can play a solid role when the country faces both opportunities and challenges.

Institute of population and Labour economics Fang Cai, director of the speech, the population factor's contribution to the economic and social development, the speech argued that with the ageing of the population age structure changed. In fact, it is only the "first demographic dividend", which is mainly manifested as abundant labor force, light population burden and high savings rate, making additional contribution to economic growth. However, in this advantage gradually disappear at the same time, we still have a chance to get the "demographic dividend" for the second time, in the case of an aging population structure, individuals and families save for a rainy day can produce a new savings motive, forming a new source of savings, its investment in the domestic and international financial markets can also reap the benefits. Moreover, the experience, skills and other human capital of healthy elderly population can also expand the supply of human resources and prolong the demographic dividend.

15 From two aspects of labor supply and savings, population growth has significant impact on China's

economy and on the one hand can ease the population aging, increase the working age population, on the other hand, when the first demographic dividend disappears, we still have a chance to get a second demographic dividend, under the trend of population aging open new savings motive.

人口增长对中国经济的影响

16

By: Yuxin Liu, China

不得不说，这是一个非常宏观的话题，它涉及了许多方面，不是一篇简短的文章能够全面阐述的。因此，本文 仅从劳动力供给、储蓄两个方面浅谈人口增长对中国经济的影响。 劳动力供给 中国近四十年来经济持续增长，其中一个被广泛接受的核心因素是改革开放使得人口红利转化为生产力，劳动 年龄人口不断增长，劳动力供给充足，资本回报率和全要素生产率提高。但人口转型理论告诉我们 “ 人口红利 ” 期 只是一国人口变迁过程中的一个必经阶段，即当人口出生率尚未显著下降，而死亡率明显下降的阶段。 就中国而言，从上世纪 70 年代开始实施计划生育政策，随着政策的实施，中国每年平均人口增长率逐渐减缓。 随着时间的推进，中国人口 “ 少子化 ” 、 “ 老龄化 ” 特征加剧，社会负担也随之加重。从长期来看，在不考虑生育意 愿的情况下，中国开放二胎鼓励三胎的政策能够使劳动年龄人口增加，在一定程度上可以缓解 “ 少子化 ”“ 老龄 化 ” 所带来的社会经济压力。 2018 年 10 月 24 日，来自中国的李克强总理应邀在中国工会第十七次全国代表大会上作经济形势报告时说，中国 有 9 亿劳动者， 1.7 亿受过高等教育或有专业技能的人才，这是世界上任何国家都无法比拟的巨大的人力人才资 源。中国人不仅勤劳智慧，而且有韧性。中国 40 年的改革开放使广大劳动者的素质持续提升，技能水平不断提 高。 “ 人口红利 ” 加速向 “ 人才红利 ” 转变，这是中国发展的最大 “ 底气 ” 。我非常认同李克强总理的观点，劳动力供 给的增加确实能促进经济的发展，但是我们应该更加重视高素质高质量的人力人才资源。高质量人才更能在国 家面临机遇和挑战的时候发挥坚实的作用。 储蓄 高储蓄率也被认为是解释中国经济高速增长的一个主要因素。老年人口的迅速增加以及劳动年龄人口的快速减 少，成为推动抚养比上升的主要因素，也是导致储蓄率下行的重要推手。同时，人口出生率的增加也会推动抚 养比上升，储蓄率下降。 但 2008 年 10 月 23 日，国家人口计生委和中国社会科学院举行改革开放与人口发展论坛当中，中国社会科学院人 口与劳动经济研究所所长蔡昉的演讲《人口因素对经济社会发展的贡献》当中提到，随着人口年龄结构变化即 老龄化而式微的增长源泉，实际上只是 “ 第一次人口红利 ” ，主要表现为劳动力丰富、人口负担轻从而储蓄率高， 对经济增长做出额外的贡献。但是，在这个优势逐渐消失的同时，我们还有机会获得 “ 第二次人口红利 ” ，即在人 口结构趋于老龄化的情况下，个人和家庭的未雨绸缪可以产生一个新的储蓄动机，形成一个新的储蓄来源，其 在国内、国际金融市场上的投资还可以获得收益。并且，健康老年人口的经验、技能等人力资本，也可以扩大 人力资源的供给，延长人口红利。 从劳动力供给和储蓄两个方面来看，人口增长对中国经济的影响是显著的，一方面可以缓解人口老龄化，增加 劳动年龄人口，另一方面当第一次人口红利消失，我们还有机会获得第二次人口红利，在人口老龄化的趋势下 开辟新的储蓄动机。

17

SRI LANKA POPULATION HISTORY AND CURRENT CONDITION By: Kushani Kaushalya Manathunga, Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is an island country located off the southern coast of India. It is also known as Ceylon and many more. It is about 28km off the south eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million. Sri Lanka is ethically, linguistically and religiously diverse. It gives the country a multicultural and multi ethnic identity. This island located in the Indian ocean has approximately 65,610 square kilometers of coastline. The amount of area available calculated in relation to the number of people residing in this country gives us an average population density of approximately 319 individuals per square kilometer.

Population History of Sri Lanka In 1800, the population of the island of Sri Lanka was approximately 1.2 million. This figure would begin to grow following the island’s complete annexation into the British empire with the end of the second Kandyan war in 1815. Population growth then increased much faster towards the end of the 19th century, as child mortality rates dropped and large numbers of Indian migrants were imported to work on British plantations. These migrants were largely Tamil migrants from southern India, and by 191, this group would make up almost 13 percent of the island’s population. Population growth would expand rapidly in the years immediately following the island’s independence from the British empire in 1948. However, this growth would slow in the 1950s, as legislation passed by the Sinhalese dominated government immediately following independence resulted in the removal of citizenship for an estimated 700,000 Indian Tamils, and the deportation of over 300,000 to India over the following three decades.

Growth would slow even further after the ethnic clashes of a civil war in Sri Lanka which would last from 1983 to 2009 and result in the death of over 80,000 people, and displacement of an estimated 800,000. Also, Sri Lanka’s population was further reduced by natural disasters such as the 2003 floods that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless, the 2004 tsunami that killed more than 30,000 people, and the 2011 floods that affected millions. However, Since the end of the civil war in 2009, Sri Lanka’s population has continued to grow, surpassing Sri Lanka’s population of over 21 million by 2020.

Current Situation of the Population Sri Lanka is currently facing the Covid 19 epidemic. With the current flag situation, there is a decrease in the number of migrant workers leaving the country. In 2014, about 300,000 people left the country for foreign employment, but by 2019 it had dropped to around 200,000. during the covid epidemic by the year 2020, only Fifty-five thousand people had gone abroad for employment. Then about one and a half million people who were about to leave the country for employment will stop in this country. Also, with the Colombo port city project, foreign workers can come to Sri Lanka for employment in the future. and then they can settle around that area. Therefore, that population also adds up to the population of our country. Also, the life expectancy of the people in our country has increased.as a result, the aging population in the country is increasing. However, the majority of total deaths from covid19 infection are in people over 60 years of age. Although, the majority of deaths are old age, they do not affect the size of the total population. but, the aging population could

18

be declining. Another factor is that the birth rate has increased as a large number of marriages have place during this period. Although the mortality rate in Sri Lanka has increased due to the Covid epidemic due to the above-mentioned factors, there has been a population growth.

According to that the current population of Sri Lanka is 21,563,331 in today. It is equivalent to 0.27% of the total world population. Sri Lanka ranks 58th in the list of country by population.

Problems related to the population of Sri Lanka ·Although the life expectancy in Sri Lanka has increased, a question has now arisen as to whether that increased life expectancy can be lived healthily. ·Job shortage ·Land fragmentation of agricultural lands. ·The government has to spend a lot of money on welfare services. ·Difficulty in adequately supplying basic needs. ·Increasing urban population. ·Increasing the number of adult dependents. ·Need to look for alternatives to depletion of natural resources. ·Obstacles to the quantitative and qualitative development of education Strategies to avoid problems caused by population growth in Sri Lanka ·Improving the quality of life of Sri Lankans. ·The facilitate public access to information on population and family planning and to improve communication. ·Developing employment potential in agriculture, industry services and sectors to accommodate the growing work force. ·Formulate appropriate laws and regulations to protect natural forests and prevent their depletion. ·Providing technical and vocational training and higher educational qualifications for young people at the university level.

19

POPULATION GROWTH AND OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA By: Opeyemi Omoyeni, Nigeria

According to United Nations-World Population Prospects, the current population of Nigeria in 2022 is 216,746,934, a 2.53 % increase from 2021. 10.5 million of the Nigeria’s children aged 5-14 years are not in school (UNICEF). Only 61 percent of 6-11 year-olds regularly attend primary school and only 35.6 percent of children aged 36-59 months receive early childhood education. This alarming number of out of school children in Nigeria is more than the population of Republic of Togo. According to UNICEF, in the northern part of Nigeria, the result is even bleaker, with more than 900,000 children out-of-school with a net attendance rate of 53%. The education deprivation in northern Nigeria is driven by various factors discouraging formal education especially for girls. In the South-East, the number of boys out of school is also increasing while only few transit to Junior Secondary Schools.

What this means is that, the 10.5 million Nigerian children out of school will grow up on the street with the risk of sexually harassed, sexual exploitation and raped, become victims of sexual violence, forced in child marriage, denied rights to make vital decisions about their bodies, wellbeing and future which turns them to prostitutes, grow up with no marketable skills, become potential kidnappers, bandits, terrorists, drug traffickers, armed robbers, pipeline vandals, human traffickers.

According Section 18(1) and Section 18(3) of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution: Section 18 (1) of the 1999 Constitution states, “Government shall direct its policy towards ensuring that there are equal and adequate educational opportunities at all levels.”

Section 18 (3) states that “Government shall strive to eradicate illiteracy; and to this end government shall as and when practicable provide (a) free, compulsory and universal primary education; (b) free secondary education; (c) free university education.”

The Constitution states that Nigerian Government has the responsibility of educating every Nigerian child irrespective of many factors; tribal and economic, social and religious beliefs being responsible for the proclivity of some parents to keep their children out of school. However, despite this Constitution, it is perturbing that the authorities in charge appear unbothered. The nation is living on a future time-bomb as over 10.5 million future Nigerian youth will be uneducated and vulnerable to violence. In 2000, 6.4 million Nigerian children were out of school and today we have 10.5 million Nigerian out of school which is about 62% increase (UNICEF). There are no adequate measures put in place to stem the terrible tide or even reversed the alarming trend. If nothing urgent is done to curb this anomaly, there may be a time where the number of children out of school will surpass the number of children in school.

The Solution Despite the Nigerian Constitution put in place to educate all Nigerian child, there is need for an urgent Public policy that must translate to action and if possible, an alternative policy to solve the problem of the alarming rate of out of school children in Nigeria.

20

The UNICEF’s education programme aimed to support the Nigerian government in achieving SDG 4 by 2030 through improved planning and by addressing some of the systemic barriers that hinder the implementation of an effective education strategy will be of great impact. The expected outcome of the programme is that all children access and complete quality education, within a safe learning environment, gaining the skills and knowledge for lifelong learning.

This work will be achieved by creating an enabling environment for education, improving the quality of education, increasing demand for education, and humanitarian assistance, including through ensuring: ·The education system at federal and state levels has strengthened capacities to deliver quality basic education. ·More teachers have core knowledge and competencies to use proven teaching methodologies to deliver appropriate quality education. ·Parents and communities have improved knowledge and commitment to contribute to enrolling children at the right age in quality learning in safe and protective school environments. ·Children in humanitarian situations have timely and sustained access to quality education services.

21

IDAGBASOKE OLUGBE ATI JADE AWỌN ỌMỌDE ILE-IWE NI NIGERIA TI A KỌ NIPASẸ OPEYEMI OMOYENI By: Opeyemi Omoyeni, Nigeria

Ni ibamu si United Nations-World Population Prospects, awọn olugbe Naijiria lọwọlọwọ ni 2022 jẹ 216,746,934, ilosoke 2.53 % lati 2021. 10.5 milionu ti awọn ọmọde Naijiria ti ọjọ ori 5-14 ko si ni ileiwe (UNICEF). Nikan 61 ogorun ti awọn ọmọ ọdun 6-11 nigbagbogbo lọ si ile-iwe alakọbẹrẹ ati pe 35.6 ogorun nikan ti awọn ọmọde ti o wa ni omo osu 36-59 gba ẹkọ ọmọde. Nọmba ibanilẹru yii ti awọn ọmọde ti ko ni ile-iwe ni Nigeria jẹ diẹ sii ju awọn olugbe Republic of Togo lọ. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àjọ UNICEF ṣe sọ, ní apá àríwá orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà, àbájáde rẹ̀ tilẹ̀ burú gan-an, pẹ̀lú àwọn ọmọdé tí ó lé ní 900,000 tí wọn kò sí ní ilé ẹ̀kọ́ pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n iye àwọn tí ń wá sí ìpín 53%. Ilọkuro eto-ẹkọ ni ariwa orilẹede Naijiria ni ọpọlọpọ awọn nkan ti n ṣe irẹwẹsi ẹkọ iṣe deede paapaa fun awọn ọmọbirin. Ni GuusuIla-oorun, iye awọn ọmọkunrin ti o jade kuro ni ile-iwe tun n pọ si lakoko ti awọn gbigbe diẹ si awọn ile-iwe atẹle Junior.

Ohun ti eyi tumọ si ni pe, awọn ọmọ Naijiria 10.5 milionu ti o wa ni ile-iwe yoo dagba ni opopona pẹlu ewu ti ipalara ibalopọ, ilokulo ibalopo ati ifipabanilopo, di olufaragba iwa-ipa ibalopo, fi agbara mu ni igbeyawo ọmọde, ti a kọ ẹtọ lati ṣe awọn ipinnu pataki nipa ara wọn, alafia ati ojo iwaju ti o sọ wọn di aṣẹwo, dagba laisi awọn ọgbọn ọja, di awọn ajinigbe ti o pọju, awọn ọlọṣà, awọn onijagidijagan, awọn olutọpa oogun, awọn adigunjale ologun, awọn onijagidijagan opo gigun ti epo, awọn olutọpa eniyan.

Gege bi Abala 18(1) ati Abala 18(3) ti Ofin orileede Naijiria 1999: Abala 18 (1) ti Orilẹ-ede 1999 sọ pe, “Ijọba yoo ṣe itọsọna eto imulo rẹ lati rii daju pe awọn anfani etoẹkọ deede ati deedee wa ni gbogbo awọn ipele.”

Abala 18 (3) sọ pé “Ìjọba yóò làkàkà láti fòpin sí àìmọ̀ọ́kà; ati si opin yi ijoba yio bi ati nigbati o ṣee ṣe pese (a) free, dandan ati gbogbo jc eko; (b) Ẹ̀kọ́ girama ọ̀fẹ́; (c) ẹkọ ile-ẹkọ giga ọfẹ." Òfin náà sọ pé Ìjọba Nàìjíríà ní ojúṣe láti kọ́ gbogbo ọmọ Nàìjíríà láìka ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nǹkan sí; ẹya ati aje, awujo ati esin igbagbo jije lodidi fun awọn idi ti diẹ ninu awọn obi lati pa awọn ọmọ wọn jade ti ileiwe. Bibẹẹkọ, laisi ofin t’olofin yii, o jẹ aibalẹ pe awọn alaṣẹ ti o wa ni ipo naa ko farahan. Orile-ede naa n gbe lori bombu akoko-ọjọ iwaju bi diẹ sii ju 10.5 milionu awọn ọdọ Naijiria iwaju yoo jẹ alailẹkọ ati ipalara si iwa-ipa. Ni ọdun 2000, 6.4 milionu awọn ọmọde Naijiria ti ko ni ile-iwe ati loni a ni 10.5 milionu Naijiria ti ko ni ile-iwe ti o jẹ iwọn 62% ilosoke (UNICEF). Ko si awọn iwọn to peye ti a fi si aaye lati dena ṣiṣan ẹru naa tabi paapaa yi aṣa ti o dani pada. Ti a ko ba ṣe ohunkohun ni kiakia lati dena aiṣedeede yii, akoko kan le wa nibiti nọmba awọn ọmọde ti ko ni ile-iwe yoo kọja nọmba awọn ọmọde ni ile-iwe.

Ojutu naa Pelu Ofin orileede Naijiria ti a gbe kalẹ lati kọ gbogbo awọn ọmọde Naijiria, iwulo fun eto imulo gbogbogbo ti o ni kiakia ti o gbọdọ tumọ si iṣe ati bi o ba ṣeeṣe, eto imulo yiyan lati yanju iṣoro ti oṣuwọn iyalẹnu ti awọn ọmọde ti ko ni ile-iwe ni Nigeria.

Eto ẹkọ ti UNICEF ni ero lati ṣe atilẹyin fun ijọba orilẹ-ede Naijiria ni iyọrisi SDG 4 nipasẹ 2030 nipasẹ eto imudara ilọsiwaju ati nipa sisọ diẹ ninu awọn idena eto ti o ṣe idiwọ imuse ilana eto ẹkọ ti o munadoko yoo jẹ ipa nla. Abajade ti a nireti ti eto naa ni pe gbogbo awọn ọmọde wọle ati pari etoẹkọ didara, laarin agbegbe ẹkọ ailewu, nini awọn ọgbọn ati imọ fun ẹkọ igbesi aye.

Iṣẹ yii yoo waye nipasẹ ṣiṣẹda agbegbe ti o muu ṣiṣẹ fun eto-ẹkọ, imudara didara eto-ẹkọ, alekun ibeere fun eto-ẹkọ, ati iranlọwọ eniyan, pẹlu nipasẹ aridaju:

22

• Eto eto-ẹkọ ni Federal ati awọn ipele ipinlẹ ti mu awọn agbara lagbara lati fi eto ẹkọ ipilẹ ti o ni agbara.

• Awọn olukọ diẹ sii ni oye pataki ati awọn oye lati lo awọn ilana ikọni ti a fihan lati fi eto ẹkọ didara to yẹ.

• Awọn obi ati awọn agbegbe ti ni ilọsiwaju imo ati ifaramo lati ṣe alabapin si iforukọsilẹ awọn ọmọde ni ọjọ ori ti o tọ ni ẹkọ didara ni ailewu ati awọn agbegbe ile-iwe aabo.

• Awọn ọmọde ti o wa ni awọn ipo omoniyan ni akoko ti akoko ati idaduro si awọn iṣẹ ẹkọ didara.

23

HOW THE BAN ON CHILD MARRIAGE CAN HELP REDUCE HIGH POPULATION GROWTH FOR DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA By: Abigail Oppong, Ghana

Child marriage is defined as the formal or informal union between a girl below 18 and a partner to live as a married couple. When talking about high population growth in Africa, child marriage can never be ignored from the topic. According to the new world bank report launched in 2018 ahead of the African Union Commission's summit on ending child marriage, it was noted that child marriage could cost African countries tens of billions of dollars in "lost earnings and human capital". In the "Educating Girls and Ending Child Marriage" report, it was noted that more than one-third of girls marry before getting to 18 years in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sub-Saharan Africa region is noted to have the most cases of child marriage around the world. Child marriage which leads to a high fertility rate, also leads to high population growth. According to (Peterson and E. W. F. (2017), High-income countries with a low growth population are anticipated to have problems socially and economically, while high population growth in low-income countries may retard the growth of their development as they will be better off if the population growth is low. "Forty-three percent of the population in sub-Saharan Africa, where the population is growing 2.7% per year, is under the age of 15 while only 3% is over 65", the effect of this on the economic growth of the region tends to be appalling as many of the working class will be dependent meaning the larger the number of children in Sub-Saharan Africa, the slower the growth unless they reach the labor force stage.

According to UNICEF, Africa's population is expected to increase from 275 million to 465 million in 2050; hence immediate and effective actions are needed to help cut off the number of girls that enter child marriage. Government and Non-Governmental Organization's actions to help reduce child marriage has been positive but not enough as it is noted that 42% of the married girl-child would come from Africa by the middle of the century, which also means high population growth. Meanwhile, "High population growth rates mean that the average age of a population will be young and there will be high dependency rates."

According to (Ahonsi et al., 2019), below are some of the courses of child marriages in Ghana.

Reasons for early child marriage Poverty: This stems from the parents' socio-economic status. Many parents give out their girl-child into marriage when the child starts demanding things they cannot afford. Hence, they see marriage as a form of financial insecurity to their child as they rely on the child's partner for income as a source of living. For them, they are not heartless in giving out their child for marriage but doing that to get away from the cruel condition.

Teenage pregnancy: Teenagers who turn to parents are normally forced to enter early marriages with the hope that they will stay together and take care of the child. At that moment, what they needed was an education to help them comprehend the consequences of bearing more children.

Teenagers below 18 years are most likely to depend on their parents for survival as they are below the labor force. It is also known in society that respect is given to married women.

Social customs and traditional beliefs: It is a belief in some communities that giving birth at an early age is less painful compared to giving birth at an old age. Hence, this also creates fear in most young girls as they want to give birth early to stay away from the pain, they may go through in the

24

years to come. In some traditional communities in Ghana, betrothal is done even before the birth of the child to prevent them from engaging in premarital sex.

Religious beliefs: In Ghana, Christianity and Islam are the most predominant religion in the country that frowns upon premarital sex as "immoral," hence Child marriage is used as a case to help those who frowns upon this practice.

Apart from the psychological and health issues child marriage has on the child, it also increases the dependency on high population growth in the country, which is believed to be a low-middle income country among other African countries. Also, child marriage undermines the fundamental human rights of children. It violates Article 16(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that "Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses." It also violates Article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) that women should have the same right as men to "freely choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent."

While NGOs, Agencies, and Governments have intervened to help curb this phenomenon, it is not enough from the government's side. More intervention is needed to help set a law that will govern this practice by engaging all the traditional and religious practitioners to speak and act against child marriage. This law will go a long way to ban child marriages, thereby reducing the scaring number of high population growth in Africa for development.

References Ahonsi, B., Fuseini, K., Nai, D., Goldson, E., Owusu, S., Ndifuna, I., Humes, I., & Tapsoba, P. L. (2019).

Child marriage in Ghana: Evidence from a multi-method study. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0823-1 Peterson, E. W. F. (2017). The Role of Population in Economic Growth. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017736094 Africa Loses Billions of Dollars Due to Child Marriage, Says New World Bank Report. (n.d.).

[Text/HTML]. World Bank, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/11/20/africaloses-billions-of-dollars-due-to-child-marriage-says-new-world-bank-report Child Marriage in Africa Could Double by 2050, U.N. Report Says. (n.d.). Time. Retrieved from, https://time.com/4127499/child-marriage-in-africa-could-double-by-2050-u-n-report-says/

25

THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND JOB AVAILABILITY By: Bukola Omolona, Nigeria

The current world population is 7.9 billion[1] , you may agree with me that the number is large. This number is not static as it is either increasing or decreasing in correlation to the birth and death ratio of man. The major concern I envisage is the unpredictability of a situation where the use of a renewable natural resource exceeds it capacity to regenerate. This can be largely debatable given that we do not have the most accurate statistic on the birth to death ratio, which means we cannot say the population of the world is self-regulated and at no time we may be at risk of overconsumption.

Notwithstanding the above postulation on overconsumption, population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population. According to worldometer[2], the global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2020. There are several projections on population growth however, the essence of this paper is that, policies should be framed at ensuring population and economic growth travel in a parallel mode. Is the parallel mode what is currently obtainable? Population growth has been on the rise especially with the increased acceptance of In vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, child marriages, non-acceptance of birth control measures etc. Population growth is a good thing, however, where there is no economic growth, a system of impoverished standard of living will be perpetuated with limited resources and ending in a natural resource conflict.

In current reality, has the exponential growth in population we are currently experiencing, translated to the growth of the economy? By economic growth, I mean, translated to the of creation decent jobs and improved living standards. This question requires urgent attention.

Economic growth is modeled as a function of human capital, labor force, physical capital, entrepreneurship and technology. It can be easily described as increasing the quantity and or quality of the working age population, the tools that they have to work with, and the recipes that they have available to combine labor, capital, and raw materials, will lead to increased economic output.[3] Therefore, population growth and economic growth should be made to be politically correlate.

Where there is an increase in population, and a situation where the economy is equally growing, that would be an equipoise. However, what I see all around is the astronomical growth in population and the government seeking ways and measures to scale up the growth of the economy. The current population of unemployed working age class outnumber those that are gainfully employed. It is of great concern as the theory of over-consumption is playing out clear as a bell. During my undergraduate course, the lodgment I occupied was originally designed for two occupants only. In the history of the lodgment, there was a time that due to the ratio of students available, the lodgment was assigned to just an occupant. However, as the population of students began to increase, two occupants were admitted to each lodgment. Many years later, and during my stay, five occupants were allocated the lodgment to stay and in smaller rooms, four occupants were admitted to officially live in a space for two occupants. I shudder at the thought of how many occupants it has now. This is not so sad in comparison to many high school/secondary school leavers with good grades not having the opportunity to progress into colleges of choice due to limited spaces and institutions of learning.

Several practices have strengthened the surge in population especially in Africa, practice such as

26

child marriage, religious belief against the use of birth control methods, lack of proper sex orientation, rape, poverty, lack of education and many more.

The stumper for this paper is how can global population grow while ensuring the sustainability of economic life through the creation of decent jobs and living standard for the working class for the now and for the future generations? Education, technology, government policies, entrepreneurship can be considered as keys to unlock the creation of decent jobs to support the population. The more educated adults we have, the better for the economy. Several primitive practices such as the refusal in the use of birth control methods would drastically drop. The use of technology (Artificial Intelligence) has caused a major panic amongst the working class. This presupposes that technology would otherwise do what humans are currently doing and would render many people jobless, how about we redirect our view to the fact that there will be more time efficiency with the use of technology and less human will be subjected to laborious works and their energies channeled to other resourceful engagements.

Furthermore, entrepreneurship creates wealth. They have the freedom to succeed by making their own decisions and not waiting on the government. Entrepreneurship encourages creativity and possible wealth. According to research, what makes rich countries rich today is entrepreneurship and knowledge. Government polices cannot be over- emphasized when it comes to population growth and economic growth leading to creation of decent jobs for her citizen. Policies can either make or mar the economy. An example of marred policy in my country is the rice ban policy. The country had not attained rice sufficiency, the government rolled out a policy to encourage local production of rice, thereby banning importation of rice. This led to job loss for a lot of people, due to shortage in supply, the price of rice increased astronomically, whereby as at 2015, a bag of rice was between $12 and 13 equivalent but currently, it is sold at $50 equivalent. The rice ban policy caused undue inflation and even when the policy was relaxed, the prices did not go down. Government should have well thought out policies and even bring in stakeholders before implementation of any policy.

Population can only be a challenge where the balance between population growth and economic growth is not attained. This is the situation currently being experienced in most third world countries.

27

COPING WITH POPULATION GROWTH AND CROSSING THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP By: Cai Wei, China

The state of world population report released by the United Nations Population Fund in 2018 points out that the global population will grow by 2.2 billion from 2018 to 2050. The continuous growth of population will eventually lead to exceeding the environmental population capacity, which will have a negative impact on the economy, natural environment, education and many other aspects, especially the industrial structure adjustment of developing countries dominated by labor-intensive industries.

In 2006, the world bank put forward the concept of "middle-income trap" according to the economic development of Latin American countries. The middle-income trap is a state of economic development.

In this case, a situation in which the per capita income has reached a certain level by relying on some advantages to achieve rapid economic development, but has remained at that level for a long time.

As a populous country, China's economy has grown rapidly in the past 30 years. The growth mode of China's economy depends on the unlimited supply of labor force, which is reflected in the demographic dividend, that is, the economic growth effect caused by the increase of the proportion of the working population in the total population. Since the mid-1960s, China's population dependency ratio has been declining and gradually entered the stage of low fertility. However, by 2013, China's population dependency ratio will no longer decline, but will begin to rise when it drops to the lowest point. After 2013, the past demographic dividend has become a demographic liability, which is also evidence that the traditional mode of economic development is becoming more and more unsustainable. China faces a middle-income trap.

Facing the middle-income trap, some countries can cross the middle-income stage and enter the ranks of developed countries, while some countries linger at the middle-income level for a long time. This great differentiation is closely related to a country's social stability, political stability, economic development and management mode, income distribution mode and so on.

Historically, some countries have provided experience for others to cross the middle-income trap: ·Optimize the supply of high-quality education services and continue to increase the accumulation of human capital ·We will continue to improve the salary distribution system and promote the expansion of middleincome groups ·Increase the momentum of sustainable economic development and reduce the resistance to economic development ·Promote industrial upgrading and accelerate the improvement of total factor productivity ·The reform of system and mechanism closely follows economic development, and the development model is optimized and upgraded in time

28

References [1] https://news.un.org/zh/story/2018/10/1020791 [2] https://www.nsd.pku.edu.cn/cbw/jjxywkw/cejxwg/250831.htm [3]https://kns.cnki.net/KXReader/Detail? invoice=kXiP%2FhDlVlpjP75CxLyCsG2%2BkKZ%2BjdRbH%2Bh2mzcUvXSL1ADDe0ePCN4Nu8crNWIM EPnp4mpmpI2Gu2ff7s%2FvuPW%2Fvubh1VrR3ZK99wNNztFkniP8KWCPFwJv8ApMRg5mezrZtESvibne 0WtyQMzmUNfGOkjjNMOTF%2FEAD6e9ldg%3D&DBCODE=CJFD&FileName=SCRK201604005&TABLE Name=cjfdlast2016&nonce=3CA48662365348E1B73BDDF68FE65AE5&uid=&TIMESTAMP=16461099787 81 [4]https://kns.cnki.net/KXReader/Detail? invoice=kXiP%2FhDlVlpjP75CxLyCsG2%2BkKZ%2BjdRbH%2Bh2mzcUvXSL1ADDe0ePCN4Nu8crNWIM EPnp4mpmpI2Gu2ff7s%2FvuPW%2Fvubh1VrR3ZK99wNNztFkniP8KWCPFwJv8ApMRg5mezrZtESvibne 0WtyQMzmUNfGOkjjNMOTF%2FEAD6e9ldg%3D&DBCODE=CJFD&FileName=SCRK201604005&TABLE Name=cjfdlast2016&nonce=3CA48662365348E1B73BDDF68FE65AE5&uid=&TIMESTAMP=16461099787 81 [5]https://kns.cnki.net/KXReader/Detail? invoice=s70KZGmRddF0SUXbWw8qw1UtYHCuGkhERsUFoxVlBtXL8NlEsnrrh33bNha4Dz0lD9QNlk9Jh Ups70%2FETvXm3mwJStjiSy7ljDoRaBUZELQh3pqDB9ogPA61KP%2FG4K0480mcVbU1scTQ%2BgvPWQ Nfxg0nCJr4eQ%2FJNWNP0rx90Vs%3D&DBCODE=CJFD&FileName=GDJR202106003&TABLEName=cjfd last2021&nonce=AE9F7AFA2A774F18A07DB006D1B2B74B&uid=&TIMESTAMP=1646110136515 g0nCJr4eQ%2FJNWNP0rx90Vs%3D&DBCODE=CJFD&FileName=GDJR202106003&TABLEName=cjfdlast 2021&nonce=AE9F7AFA2A774F18A07DB006D1B2B74B&uid=&TIMESTAMP=1646110136515

29

跨越人口增长可能带来的中等收入陷阱 By: Cai Wei, China

联合国人口基金于 2018 年发布的《世界人口状况》报告指出，从 2018 年起到 2050 年，全球人口将增长 22 亿。 人口的不断增长终会导致超出环境人口容量，这将会对经济、自然环境、教育等诸多方面造成不良影响，尤其 影响以劳动密集型产业为主的发展中国家的产业结构调整。 2006 年世界银行根据拉美国家经济发展状况提出了 “ 中等收入陷阱 ” 概念。中等收入陷阱是一种经济发展状况， 在这种情况下，一个凭借某种优势实现经济快速发展，使人均收入达到了一定水准，但长期停留在该水准的情 况。 中国作为人口大国，在过去 30 年间经济高速增长。中国经济的增长方式靠劳动力无限供给，劳动力无限供给表 现为人口红利，即由于劳动人口在总人口中的比例上升，所导致的经济增长效应。中国从 60 年代中期开始，人 口抚养比一直在下降，逐渐进入到低生育阶段。但是到 2013 年，中国的人口抚养比就不再下降，而是下降到最 低点就开始上升了。过去的人口红利在 2013 年以后，变成人口负债，也是传统经济发展方式越来越难以为继的 证据。中国面临中等收入陷阱。 面对中等收入陷阱，有的国家能跨越中等收入阶段，进入到发达国家行列，而有的国家却长期徘徊在中等收入 水平。这一大分化与一个国家的社会安定、政治稳定、经济发展与管理方式、收入分配方式等息息相关。 历史上，一些国家为当今部分国家跨越中等收入陷阱提供了经验借鉴： · 优化优质教育服务供给，持续增加人力资本累积 · 持续完善薪酬分配制度，促进中等收入群体扩大 · 增加经济可持续发展动能和减小经济发展阻力 · 促进产业升级，加快提高全要素生产率 · 体制机制改革紧跟经济发展，发展模式及时优化升级

30

References [1] https://news.un.org/zh/story/2018/10/1020791 [2] https://www.nsd.pku.edu.cn/cbw/jjxywkw/cejxwg/250831.htm

周晓波 . 中国经济增长趋势的人口学逻辑 [J]. 人口与发展 ,2016,22(04):38-48+28. 韩永辉 , 谭舒婷 . 跨越 “ 中等收入陷阱 ” 、新发展格局和高质量发展 —— 基于拉美和日韩国际经验的比较和启示 [J]. 南方金融 ,2021(06):34-48.

[3]

[4]

31

CHINA’S POPULATION HISTORY AND CURRENT CONDITION By: Tianyi Zhang, China

China has the largest population in the world. At the end of 2002, the population in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) was 1.284 billion, and the birthrate was 12.86 birth s per year per 1,000 population, which results in a doubling every fifty-five years.

Population History of China The population history of China covers the long-term pattern of population growth in China and its impact on the history of China. The large Chinese population is a result of historical factors. Before 1900 China had a predominately agricultural economy dependent primarily on manual labor, with a standard of living closely tied to the number of working children in a family. Traditionally, having many children brought higher welfare and happiness. As a result, China had a high birthrate.

During the Warring States period (403–221 BC), the development of private commerce, new trade routes, handicraft industries, and a money economy led to the growth of new urban centers. These centers were markedly different from the older cities, which had merely served as power bases for the nobility. The use of a standardized, nationwide currency during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) facilitated long-distance trade between cities, which contributed to a boost for population.

Demographic historian Angus Maddison uses extensive data to argue that the main base of the Chinese economy shifted southwards between about 750 AD and 1250 AD. In 750 three quarters of the population lived in the rural north, growing wheat and millet. So did the population grew in Song Dynasty.

In Ming dynasty,the Xuande Emperor mistakenly stated in 1428 that his populace was dwindling due to palace construction and military adventures. But the population was rising under him, a fact noted in a 1432 report.

Historians are now turning to local gazetteers of Ming China for clues that would show consistent growth in population. Using the gazetteers, Brook estimates that the overall population under the Chenghua Emperor (ruled the country from 1464–87) was roughly 75 million, despite mid-Ming census figures hovering around 62 million.The Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–67) finally had officials register migrants wherever they had moved or fled in order to bring in more revenues.

Even with the Jiajing reforms to document migrant workers and merchants, by the late Ming era the government census still did not accurately reflect the enormous growth in population. Gazetteers across the empire noted this and made their own estimations of the overall population in the Ming, some guessing that it had doubled, tripled, or even grown fivefold since 1368. Fairbank estimates that the population was perhaps 160 million in the late Ming dynasty, while Brook estimates 175 million, and Ebrey states perhaps as large as 200 million. However, a great epidemic that entered China through the northwest in 1641 ravaged the densely populated areas along the Grand Canal; a gazetteer in northern Zhejiang noted more than half the population fell ill that year and that 90% of the local populace in one area was dead by 1642.

The most significant facts of early and mid-Qing social history was growth in population, population density, and mobility.

Chinese scholars had kept count of 1,828 instances of famine from 108 BC to 1911 in one province or another—an average of close to one famine per year. From 1333 to 1337 a famine in the north killed 6 million Chinese.

32

Current condition of the population of China Emigration Chinese emigration first occurred thousands of years ago. The mass emigration that occurred from the 19th century to 1949 was caused mainly by wars and starvation in mainland China, as well as political corruption. Most migrants were illiterate or poorly educated peasants, called by the now-recognized racial slur coolies (Chinese:

苦力 , literally "hard labor"), who migrated to developing countries in need

of labor, such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Malaya and other places.

In 2009, there were 40-45 million overseas Chinese. They lived in 180 countries; 75% lived in Southeast Asia, and 19% in the United States.

One-Child Policy Because high population growth strains societal resources in education, employment, and medical care, as well as other areas, the Chinese government implemented a policy of family planning that considers the interaction of science, technology, economics, and society. For instance, improvements in technology should increase the quality of life, advances in medicine will allow people to live longer lives, but too rapid a decline in the birthrate would mean that younger generations would eventually have to support too large an elderly population.

The PRC has adopted the following family planning policies: It encourages late marriage and late, fewer, but healthier babies. It seeks to avoid genetic and other birth defects, which are a disproportionately large drain on societal resources. It advocates a "one couple, one child" policy. It encourages rural couples who have a need for more children to space them properly. The government also provides strong support for family planning policies to raise the level of health among women and children. In 1981 the government established the State Family Planning Commission—now the State Family Planning and Population Commission—which seeks to provide a service-oriented approach to family planning.

From 1980 to 2015, the government of China permitted the great majority of families to have only one child. The ongoing Cultural Revolution and the strain it placed on the nation were large factors. During this time, the birth rate dropped from nearly 6 children per woman to just under 3. (The colloquial term "births per woman" is usually formalized as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), a technical term in demographic analysis meaning the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime.)

As China's youngest generation (born under the one-child policy came of age for formation of the next generation, a single child would be left with having to provide support for their two parents and four grandparents. By 2014 families could have two children if one of the parents is an only child.

The policy was supposedly voluntary. It was more strongly enforced in urban areas, where housing was in very short supply. Policies included free contraceptives,

financial and employment incentives,

economic penalties, and sometimes forced abortions and sterilizations.

As a result of a research, the significance of family planning policy in the development of science, technology, economics, and society was now generally well recognized and accepted by the early 2000s.

The implementation of a family planning policy has effectively controlled the rapid expansion of the population in the PRC, improved the quality of life and health, and made possible the greater development of science, technology, and society.

Two-child policy After 2000 the policy was steadily relaxed. Han Chinese living in rural areas were often permitted to have two children, as exceptions existed if the first child was a daughter. Because of cases such as these, as well as urban couples who simply paid a fine (or "social maintenance fee") to have more

33

children, the overall fertility rate of mainland China is, in fact, closer to two children per family than to one child per family (1.8). In addition, since 2012, Han Chinese in southern Xinjiang were allowed to have two children. This, along with incentives and restrictions against higher Muslim Uyghur fertility, was seen as attempt to counter the threat of Uyghur separatism.

In 2018, about two years after the new policy reform, China is facing new ramifications from the twochild policy. Since the revision of the one-child policy, 90 million women have become eligible to have a second child. According to The Economist, the new two-child policy may have negative implications on gender roles, with new expectations for women to bear more children and to abandon their careers.

After the reform, China saw a short-lived boost in fertility rate for 2016. Chinese women gave birth to 17.9 million babies in 2016 (a record value in the 21st century), but the number of births declined by 3.5% to 17.2 million in 2017, and to 15.2 million in 2018.

In China, men still have greater marital power, which increases fertility pressure on their female partners. The dynamic of relationships (amount of "power" held by each parent), and the amount of resources each parent has contributes to the struggle for dominance. Resources would be items such as income, and health insurance. Dominance would be described as who has the final say in pregnancy, who has to resign in their career for maternal/parental leave. However, women have shown interest in a second child if the first child did not possess the desired gender.

Chinese couples were also polled and stated that they would rather invest in one child opposed to two children. To add, another concern for couples would be the high costs of raising another child; China's childcare system needs to be further developed. The change in cultural norms appears to be having negative consequences and leads to fear of a large aging population with smaller younger generations; thus, the lack of workforce to drive the economy.

Three-child Policy In May 2018, it was reported that Chinese authorities were in the process of ending their population control policies. In May 2021, the Chinese government announced it would scrap the two-child policy in favor of a three-child policy, allowing couples to have three children in order to mitigate the country's falling birth rates.

Recommendation and Conclusion From what discussed upon, we can draw to some conclusions.

To begin with, China has a long history of variety for population, so we should think about the complicated situation before looking for some countermeasure.

Besides, rights belonged to different people differ, such as for men and women, normal people and disabled people, people from various races. It is essential for law and policy shoulder their responsibilities.

Finally, development for our country and rights for individuals should fit both. For instance, policy for the structure of population a bit of decides life for people, but if some work policy for women be adjusted along the side? Please don’t make women tools for birth, why not ask husband and wife have birth holiday together? For which, we can think more deep.

中国人口的历史与现状分析

34

By: Tianyi Zhang, China

中国是世界上人口最多的国家。在 2002 年末，中国包括香港、澳门、台湾的人口是 12.84 亿，出生率是每一千人 12.86% ，每隔 55 年翻一番。 一， 中国人口的历史 庞大的中国人口是历史因素的结果。在 1900 年之前，中国以农业为主，主要依靠体力劳动，生活水平与家庭中童工 的数量密切相关。传统上，生很多孩子会带来更高的福利和幸福。因此，中国的出生率很高。 在战国时期（公元前 403-221 年），私营商业的发展，新的贸易路线，手工业和货币经济导致了新城市中心的增长。 这些中心与旧城市明显不同，旧城市只是贵族的权力基地。在秦朝（公元前 221-206 年）使用标准化的全国性货币促 进了城市之间的长途贸易，促进人口增长。 宋朝完成的经济重心南移也与人口布局变化有关。人口历史学家安格斯 · 麦迪逊（ Angus Maddison ）利用大量数据 论证，中国经济的主要基础在公元 750 年至公元 1250 年之间南移。公元 750 年，四分之三的人口居住在北部农 村，种植小麦和谷子。人口也随之增长。 到了明朝，宣德皇帝（ 1425 年 -1435 年在位）在 1428 年错误地指出，由于宫殿建设和军事冒险，他的人口正在减少。 但在他的领导下，人口正在上升， 1432 年的一份报告指出了这一事实。 历史学家现在正在向明朝的当地地名录寻求线索，以显示人口持续增长。布鲁克利用地名词典估计，成化皇帝 （ 1464-87 年在位）统治时期的总人口约为 7500 万，而嘉靖皇帝（ 1521-67 年在位）最终让官员登记移民，无论他们 搬到哪里或逃离，以带来更多的收入。 即使嘉靖改革记录了农民工和商人，到明末时期，政府人口普查仍然没有准确反映人口的大幅增长。整个帝国的地 名词典都注意到了这一点，并对明朝的总人口进行了自己的估计，有些人猜测自 1368 年以来，明朝的总人口增加了 一倍，三倍，甚至增长了五倍。费尔班克估计，明朝晚期的人口可能是 1.6 亿，而布鲁克估计是 1.75 亿，而埃布里州 可能多达 2 亿。然而， 1641 年通过西北进入中国的一场大流行病肆虐了大运河沿岸人口稠密的地区。浙江北部的一份 地名词典指出，当年一半以上的人口患病，到 1642 年，一个地区 90% 的当地人口已经死亡。 清初和中期社会史上最重要的事实是人口增长、人口密度和流动性的增长。 中国学者统计了从公元前 108 年到 1911 年在一个省或另一个省发生的 1 ， 828 起饥荒事件 - 平均接近每年的饥荒。从 1333 年到 1337 年，北方的饥荒杀死了 600 万中国人。 二，中国人口现状 （一）医疗改善促进人口增长 进入 20 世纪，随着医学的逐步完善，人们的健康状况得到改善，因此，死亡率不断下降，从 1945 年的每 1000 人每年 20 人死亡，到 1965 年为 9.5 人。自 1980 年以来，死亡率一直保持在接近 6 的水平。由于庞大的人口基数，中国人口从 1953 年的 60190 万人迅速增加到 1982 年的 10.318 亿人。与此同时，就业从农业转向工业。如果中国没有制定计划生育 政策，很大一部分资源将不得不用于支持现在非生产性的人口（儿童），减缓社会发展的步伐，这对今世后代都是 不公平的。 （二）华侨移民 中国移民最早发生在几千年前。从 19 世纪到 1949 年发生的大规模移民主要是由于中国大陆的战争和饥饿以及政治腐 败造成的。大多数移民是文盲或受教育程度低的农民，被现在公认的种族诽谤酷儿（中文：苦力，字面意思是 " 苦 力 " ）称为农民，他们迁移到需要劳动力的发展中国家，如美洲，澳大利亚，南非，东南亚，马来亚和其他地方。 2009 年，有 4000-4500 万海外华人。他们生活在 180 个国家 ;75% 居住在东南亚， 19% 居住在美国。 （三）独生子女政策 由于高人口增长使教育、就业、医疗等领域的社会资源紧张，中国政府实施了考虑科学、技术、经济和社会相互作 用的计划生育政策。例如，技术进步应该提高生活质量，医学的进步将使人们活得更长，但出生率下降得太快将意 味着年轻一代最终将不得不支持过多的老年人口 中国采取了以下计划生育政策：鼓励晚婚和晚婚，少生但更健康的婴儿。它试图避免遗传和其他先天缺陷，这些缺 陷对社会资源造成了不成比例的巨大消耗。它提倡 " 一对夫妇，一个孩子 " 的政策。它鼓励需要更多孩子的农村夫妇 适当地间隔他们。政府还大力支持计划生育政策，以提高妇女和儿童的健康水平。 1981 年，政府成立了国家计划生 育委员会，即现在的国家计划生育和人口委员会，旨在提供以服务为导向的计划生育方法。 从 1980 年到 2015 年，中国政府允许绝大多数家庭只生一个孩子。正在进行的文化大革命及其给国家带来的压力是很 大因素。在此期间，出生率从每名妇女近 6 个孩子下降到略低于 3 个。 随着中国最年轻的一代（在独生子女政策下出生）长大成人，下一代的形成，一个孩子将不得不为他们的父母双方 和四位祖父母提供支持。

35

该政策被认为是自愿的。在住房供应非常短缺的城市地区，这一制度得到了更有力的执行。政策包括免费避孕药 具、财政和就业激励措施、经济处罚，有时还包括强迫堕胎和绝育。 由于一项研究，计划生育政策在科学、技术、经济和社会发展中的重要性在 2000 年代初得到了普遍的认可和接 受。计划生育政策的实施有效地控制了中国人口的快速扩张，改善了生活质量和健康，使科学、技术和社会有了 更大的发展。 （四）二孩政策 2000 年后，政策稳步放松。生活在农村地区的汉族人通常被允许生两个孩子，因为如果第一个孩子是女儿，则 存在例外情况。由于这些情况，以及城市夫妇简单地支付罚款（或 " 社会抚养费 " ）来生更多的孩子，中国大陆的 总体生育率实际上更接近于每个家庭两个孩子，而不是每个家庭一个孩子（ 1.8 ）。此外，自 2012 年以来，南疆 的汉族人被允许生两个孩子。这与针对穆斯林维吾尔族更高生育率的激励措施和限制一起，被视为试图应对维吾 尔族分裂主义的威胁。新政策帮助解决了中国的老龄化问题。 2018 年，在新政策改革大约两年后，中国正面临二孩政策的新影响。据《经济学人》报道，新的二孩政策可能 会对性别角色产生负面影响，对女性生育更多孩子并放弃职业生涯的新期望。改革后，中国 2016 年的生育率出 现了短暂的提升。 2016 年，中国妇女生育了 1790 万婴儿（创下 21 世纪的创纪录），但 2017 年出生人数下降了 3.5% ，至 1720 万， 2018 年降至 1520 万。 在中国，男性仍然拥有更大的婚姻权力，这增加了女性伴侣的生育压力。关系的动态（每个父母拥有的 " 权力 " 的 数量）以及每个父母拥有的资源数量有助于争夺主导地位的斗争。支配地位将被描述为谁在怀孕期间拥有最终决 定权，谁必须辞职以休产假 / 育儿假。但是，如果第一个孩子不具备理想的性别，妇女就会对第二个孩子表现出 兴趣。 中国夫妇也接受了调查，并表示他们宁愿投资一个孩子而不是两个孩子。此外，夫妇的另一个关切是抚养另一个 孩子的高昂费用。中国的儿童保育体系有待进一步发展。文化规范的变化似乎正在产生负面影响，并导致人们担 心人口老龄化，年轻一代减少 ; 因此缺乏劳动力来推动经济。 （五）三孩政策 2018 年 5 月，据报道，中国当局正在结束其人口控制政策。 2021 年 5 月，中国政府宣布将取消二孩政策，转而支 持三个孩子政策，允许夫妇生三个孩子，以缓解中国出生率的下降。 此前，十年一次的人口普查显示，中国人口增长速度为几十年来最慢。 三，总结和建议 从讨论中我们可以得出一些结论。 首先，中国有着悠久的人口变化历史，所以我们在寻找对策之前应该考虑一下复杂的形势。 此外，不同人的权利是不同的，如男女、正常人和残疾人、不同种族的人。法律和政策必须担负起各自的责任。 最后，我国的发展和个人的权利应该两者兼顾。比如，人口结构的政策有点决定了人们的生活，但如果一些针对 妇女的工作政策也随之调整呢？请不要把女人当作服从国家政策的生育工具，为什么不要求夫妻一起休产假呢？ 对此，我们可以想得更深。 该政策被认为是自愿的。在住房供应非常短缺的城市地区，这一制度得到了更有力的执行。政策包括免费避孕药 具、财政和就业激励措施、经济处罚，有时还包括强迫堕胎和绝育。 由于一项研究，计划生育政策在科学、技术、经济和社会发展中的重要性在 2000 年代初得到了普遍的认可和接 受。计划生育政策的实施有效地控制了中国人口的快速扩张，改善了生活质量和健康，使科学、技术和社会有了 更大的发展。

36

WHY PROMOTE UNIVERSAL HIGHER EDUCATION? By: Yifei Zhu, China Economic development is the lifeblood of national development. However, even when the level of human production has been greatly developed today, countries in the world are still faced with such a situation – based on the level of production alone, our current capacity is far from achieving the basic requirements of common prosperity for all mankind. At present, the global economy is in a slump. All those phenomena show that, with the changes of the times, simply increasing material production capacity can no longer meet the needs of ensuring long-term sustainable economic development.

So, how should we revitalize the economy and promote sustainable economic development? I think it is important for us to recognize how much higher education contributes to economic growth.

Nowadays, although the importance of education has been widely recognized in many countries, especially in developing countries, the prevalence of higher education is still far from enough. I have learned from reading articles and reviews that people in many developing countries only have an education level of primary or junior high school. In China, the situation may be a little better, but there are still many cases where my primary school classmates failed to get into high school and had to go to technical schools. Even my cousins did not get a formal university education. Although it is an indisputable fact that the competition for admission is fierce, I personally think that they are not incapable of going to college, but because they come from the countryside and their parents only have a high school education. Therefore, it is probably not a very important thing for them to receive higher education.

But I do not think so. I think the popularization of higher education is very important. If the truth and objective laws of economic and social development are always in the hands of a few people, there is no doubt that the efficiency of social and economic development cannot be guaranteed. As a university student, although I once hoped that there would be fewer competitors and that my university degree would give me an edge in the job market, such an idea was actually very naive. Without the improvement of the total amount of economic development, the market will only become increasingly saturated. In that case, the competition will only become fiercer, and the phenomenon of educational devaluation will become increasingly serious.

In China recently, there is a popular term called “nei juan”, which refers to the phenomenon of people striving desperately for limited resources, obsessing over comparisons with others, and trying to win at all costs. Actually, the phenomenon of “nei juan” has already reflected the essence that gave social economy doldrums from flank. If the economy can keep developing at a high speed, the unemployment rate will naturally be greatly reduced, the allocation of resources will be reasonable, and the market capacity will be sufficient...in such ideal state, there is no need for people to “nei juan” crazily.

However, the lack of attention to higher education makes many people who cannot understand the objective laws of economic development panic about inflation, worry about the tendency of AI to eliminate basic jobs, and have no choice but to be swallowed up by the tide of “nei juan” passively.

With the present prevalence of “nei juan”, the social and economic development still has not been vigorously promoted. The reasons behind it are worth pondering.

37

In addition, to reduce the pressure of economic operation, the correct allocation of higher education resources also needs to be paid attention to. One of China’s neighbors, South Korea, because the highquality higher education resources are scarce, its citizens are also forced into a circle of frenzied competitions, competing crazily for the best industrial work in their country. This partly leads to the national common tired mood, and thus, indirectly influences the state of their country’s economic development. South Korea, as a developed country, is still suffering from the problem of unequal distribution of higher education resources. The unequal distribution of higher education resources in developing countries, as I said before, will only exacerbate domestic economic weakness.

I hope that the whole world, especially some qualified developing countries, can accelerate the promotion of higher education and attach importance to the balanced distribution of higher education resources. In the long run, this is beneficial to the sustainable development of the global economy.

为何要提倡普及高等教育?

38

By: Yifei Zhu, China

经济发展是国家发展的命脉。然而，即使是在人类生产水平已经大幅发展的今天，世界各国依然面临着这样的 处境 —— 单论生产水平，以我们目前的能力，还远远达不到实现全人类共同富裕的基础要求。目前，全球经济 发展陷入低谷，种种现象也正说明，随着时代变化，单纯提升物质生产能力已经不能满足保障经济长期可持续 发展的需求。 那么，我们要如何振兴经济，促进经济可持续发展呢？我认为，有一个很关键的点在于，我们必须认识到高等 教育能为经济发展起到怎样的助推作用。 现在，在很多国家，尤其是发展中国家，尽管教育的重要性也已经得到了普遍的共识，高等教育的普及率却还 是远远不够的。我通过阅读文章、看时评等途径了解到，许多发展中国家的人民的受教育水平只有小学、初中 的程度。在中国，情况或许要稍好一些，但我身边也不乏有曾经的小学同学没能考上高中，只能上职业技术学 校这样的案例，甚至，就连我的堂弟堂妹也没能接受正规的大学教育。尽管升学竞争激烈是一个不争的事实， 我个人觉得，其实他们并非没有能力考上大学，只是因为他们来自农村，他们的父母也只有高中学历，因此， 在他们的认知当中，大概接受高等教育并不是一件很重要的事情吧。 但我并不是这样认为的，我觉得高等教育的普及至关重要。如果经济社会发展的真理和客观规律始终只掌握在 少数人的手中的话，毫无疑问，社会经济发展的效率是无法得到保障的。作为一名大学生，虽然我曾经也希望 少一些竞争对手，希望自己的大学学历能为自己日后在就业市场当中的竞争增添一点优势，但是，这样的想法 其实是很天真的。没有经济发展总量上的提升，市场只会日趋饱和，而在那种情况下，竞争只会更加激烈，学 历贬值的现象也会日益严重。 在中国，最近有一个词汇很风靡，叫做 “ 内卷 ” ，意思是人们为了争夺有限的资源而拼命努力，过度在意与他人 作比较，不惜一切代价也要取得胜利的现象。其实， “ 内卷 ” 的现象从侧面已经反映出了社会经济低迷的本质。如 果经济能一直保持高速发展的状态，失业率自然会大大降低，资源配置合理，市场容量充足 …… 在这种理想状态 下，人们是没有必要疯狂 “ 内卷 ” 的。然而，对高等教育的不够重视让许多不能理解经济发展客观规律的人们对通 货膨胀而感到恐慌；为人工智能取缔基础岗位工作的趋势而感到忧虑；被 “ 内卷 ” 的潮流吞噬，除了被动 “ 内卷 ” 以 外毫无办法。在 “ 内卷 ” 盛行的当下，社会经济发展却始终得不到有力推动，背后的原因值得我们深思。 此外，要想减轻经济运行的压力，高等教育资源的正确分配也是需要得到重视的。中国的邻国之一，韩国，因 为优质高等教育资源稀缺的缘故，其国民不得已陷入疯狂竞争的怪圈，为能挤入他们国家最好的产业工作而疯 狂 “ 内卷 ” ，这一定程度上导致了国民普遍的疲惫情绪，间接影响了他们国家的经济发展状态。韩国作为发达国家 尚且因为高等教育资源分配不均的问题而苦恼，发展中国家高等教育资源分配不均的现象，如我前面所说，只 会更加加剧其国内经济增长的疲态。 希望全世界，尤其是一些符合条件的发展中国家，能够加快提升高等教育的普及程度，并且重视高等教育资源 的均衡分配。这从长远来看，对全球经济的可持续发展是大有裨益的。

39

AUTHOR PROFILE

Joleen Bakalova, USA Joleen Bakalova is a youth activist whose life mission is to incite tangible change for underrepresented communities around the world. Since the age of fourteen, she has been an elected official within the American political system, focusing on the engagement of youth towards promoting systemic change and driving government policy adjacent to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Currently, she serves as the youngest-ever statewide political party leader in California, the largest state in America. She has helped pass legislation in the US Congress taking action in promoting human rights in China and registered thousands of young people to vote in key elections, exciting them to amplify their voices in their country as well as in the world. Outside of promoting civic engagement in her nation, she serves as an intern for UN Women, where she helps develop and advance key campaigns, like Generation Equality and Safe Cities, as well as moderate official events, like the International Day of the Girl. With Columbia University, she has performed crosscultural research of young people’s view on government surveillance in China and the United States. Joleen also produces her own ethnography research podcast, which promotes a more understanding global society by educating a new generation on regional history and conflict through the lens of family history. With listeners from around the world, she has conducted dozens of interviews with youth from Palestine, Belarus, the Roma community, and more.

In 2021, she was honored for her service in promoting a more just and equal society as one of only two delegates, selected amongst over a million students, for the US Senate Youth Program.

Outside of advocacy and research, Joleen is a State Honors classical pianist, honors choir singer, and music teacher for local foster youth.

While always seeking to improve the world around her, she loves to spend time with friends and family, immerse herself in music, and pet her cat.

40

AUTHOR PROFILE

Austin Dowling, Bermuda Austin is a 15-year-old high school student and Eagle Scout from the beautiful island of Bermuda. He attends Saltus Grammar School, where he has earned the character and overall academic attainment award. He has achieved further academic prizes in mathematics, history, design and technology, art, geography and humanities.

Austin has a particular passion for mathematics, literature, and the arts. He fosters his creativity through woodworking, 3D rendering, and video editing. Austin also has a deep fascination with the world of aviation, and when he’s not playing baseball, practicing for debate club or learning to play jazz on the trumpet or piano, he trains to become a licensed pilot.

He actively works toward leadership and community service in his role as a member of Future Leaders Bermuda and the Duke of Edinburgh awards program.

41

AUTHOR PROFILE Jason Eappen, USA My name is Jason Eappen. I am the co-founder of an international non-profit as well as a representative of an international human rights advocacy group. Throughout all of my initiatives I am a firm believer that education is a human right. Education is the first step for people to gain the knowledge, critical thinking, empowerment and skills they need to make this world a better place.

My passion stems from educating the youth to help the nextgeneration. Within my non-profit, we help spread stem education to the youth in rural areas to help them dream about their future. We partner with pilot organizations and the state government in order to target rural communities and expand educational access to thousands of students in rural school districts.

My second initiative is mental health. I am one of the core leaders of a state-wide movement known as whisper. All over the world, COVID19 puts a massive strain on the mental health of thousands of students. Through organizations like whisper, we help give voices to those in the shut out or have been hurting. Conversations and being vulnerable has helped hundreds even thousands of students hear the message of whisper that opening up about problems we all face is the first step towards a solution of a more open and accepting society. With a podcast in the making, everyone around the world will be given a voice and a safe place to be themselves through whisper.

My third initiative is food insecurity. Throughout the world, food deserts are visible throughout. With many kids going without key meals and being deprived of key fruits and vegetables. Seeing this, I helped create an environmentally-safe, nutrient-filled, and sustainable hydroponic gardening system. This system maximizes crop yield by using scientifically formulated nutrients placed into the garden to help not only produce more nutrient rich fruits and vegetables, but helped thousands of families get access to cheap/affordable food. Regardless of which initiative I work on, I always uphold myself to the highest of standards by being genuine and always trying to make a positive impact on the community around me. In my spare time, I enjoy spending time with my family and binge watching marvel movies.

42

AUTHORS PROFILES Moses Ekwere, Nigeria Moses Ekwere is a youth advocate, human rights activist, and environmentalist from Nigeria. He obtained an Advanced International Diploma in Business Administration from NCC Education in 2020 and is currently a final-year (BBA) human resource management student at West End University College in Accra, Ghana.

Moses has worked on a variety of cross-cutting development issues.

He is an Ariel Foundation International Young Leader and Environmental Ambassador for Greenway International Foundation (GIF), a youth-led environmental protection organization dedicated to achieving a carbon-free world and a plastic-free ocean.

His major goals align with the United Nations' SDG13 Climate Action and SDG17 Partnership to achieve 100% clean energy and a 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. He has been a GIF Youth Ambassador since 2018 and has worked with the research and strategy team to develop sensitization trainings on the impact of plastic use on the ecosystem and life beneath the water. He has made considerable contributions to over one million tree planting and tracking efforts, as well as strategically supporting the anti-plastic straw movement. The team has curtailed over 1.2 million plastic straws in Accra, Ghana, by using biodegradable, edible bamboo reusable and disposable straws.

In 2018, he was the Secretary General of the National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS)-Ghana Chapter, Ghana's largest foreign students' organization and the umbrella organization for all Nigerian students in tertiary institutions across the nation. He worked on gender inequality and human rights advocacy, peace diplomacy, and community development outreach, as well as collaborated with professionals and international organizations to achieve set goals.

Moses is a game changer with an uncanny ability to read between the lines and make things work.

Yuxin Liu, China I'm a junior student in Henan Normal University in China. My major is economics. I'm very interested in some of current economic issues and phenomena around us. I'm very willing to discuss with you some economic problems. Besides, when I was a freshman, I worked in the editorial department of the Society for the Study of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for College Students of Henan Normal University. Therefore, I'm relatively familiar with editing. And my writing has been published in the bulletin of the Study Association, I hope I can also contribute to AFI publications.

43

AUTHOR PROFILE

Rehman Hassan, USA Rehman founded an international public health organization in 2016, iCure Health, when he was in the seventh grade. iCure aims to educate and bring awareness to common diseases such as cancer and heart disease. In addition to bringing awareness, one of iCure’s major missions is to improve access to preventative care measures such as depression screenings, mammograms, fecal immunochemical tests, and colonoscopies. So far, iCure has helped physicians perform over 20,000 tests. Rehman serves as the CEO and founder of iCure and constantly works to help improve iCure’s reach and impact. In the last seven years, iCure has been fortunate to reach over 45,000 people around the globe from Bayamón, Puerto Rico to Doha, Qatar through its 30+ chapters, including chapters at Yale and the University of Toronto.

In his free time, Rehman enjoys being a political advocate for campaigns around the United States. Rehman’s political work has helped him reach over 62,300 people to urge them to exercise their right to vote by making phone calls, sending text messages, and talking to people in his community in person. One of Rehman’s other passions is teaching. In school, Rehman serves as a voluntary laboratory and teacher’s assistant for On-level Biology, Advanced Biology, AP Biology, Advanced Chemistry, and AP Environmental Science courses. Rehman enjoys being able to inspire children in his school and help them understand complex topics that they may have struggled with. Beyond his work to improve education in his school, Rehman works to help struggling students abroad. Rehman is currently working with 150 Afghan and Tajik students currently limited in their educational endeavors by political instability to educate them in science and social studies. Rehman is also working diligently to prepare these students for the GED exam.

When he’s not leading iCure or educating his peers domestically and abroad, Rehman absolutely loves reading about new medical innovations, writing short stories, reading the memoirs of famous scientists, and swimming.

44

AUTHOR PROFILE

Kushani Kaushalya , Sri Lanka Kushani Kaushalya Manathunga is born and raised in a village in Hambantota, which is part of the Southern Province of the island nation Sri Lank. 23 year old kushani is an enthusiastic and passionate young girl living with her parents and two siblings.

She was educated at H/ Walasmulla Model Primary School as well as at the Walasmulla National School in Hambantota, Sri Lanka. She is also currently following the 2nd stage of the Chartered Accountancy Course at the institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka and is following a degree in Management from the University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

In her spare time, she enjoys reading books, learning foreign language, listening to music and watching movies. As a volunteer she participates in various environmental activities, various assistance for the elderly. also, various books were donated to the library during the school days.

45

AUTHOR PROFILE

Opeyemi Omoyeni, Nigeria Opeyemi Omoyeni is an Adjunct Faculty at Nirmala Chellarams Centre for Entrepreneurship Skills, University of Lagos, Nigeria - An On-Campus Enterprise Development Centre that advocates for and promotes entrepreneurship via Learning and Development Interventions for both members and non-members of the University Community.

She completed undergraduate and postgraduate education in Urban and Regional Planning and graduated with honors. She is passionate about environmentally sustainable Interventions and has contributed to academic research in this field. Current research interests include policy proposals on environmentally sustainable Interventions through environmental abatement strategies, solid and hazardous waste management, climate change, air, soil and noise pollution.

Her long-term goal is to be a relevant voice in the global race towards environmental sustainability.

Opeyemi Omoyeni jẹ Olukọ ni Ile-iṣẹ Nirmala Chellarams fun Awọn ọgbọn Iṣowo, Ile-ẹkọ giga ti Eko, ni Nigeria - Ile-iṣẹ Idagbasoke ti o ṣe agbero ati igbega iṣowo nipasẹ Ẹkọ ati Awọn Idagbasoke fun awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ university ati awọn ti kii ṣe ọmọ ẹgbẹ ti University.

Opeyemi Omoyeni pari ile-iwe alakọbẹrẹ ati ile-iwe giga ni Urban and Regional Planning. Eko ti o ni se pelu eto ilu and oko ati bi awon amayederun shey ye ki o wa larin ilu ati oko. Opeyemi pari eko ree pẹlu ọlá. Opeyemi ni itara fun Awọn Ibaraẹnisọrọ alagbero ayika ati pe o ti ṣe alabapin si iwadii ẹkọ ni aaye yii. Awọn iwulo iwadii lọwọlọwọ pẹlu awọn igbero eto imulo lori Awọn idasi alagbero ayika nipasẹ awọn ilana idinku ayika, iṣakoso ti o lagbara ati eewu, iyipada oju-ọjọ, afẹfẹ, ile ati ariwo ti o le shey ijamba fun eniyan.

Ibi-afẹde igba pipẹ rẹ ni lati jẹ ohun ti o yẹ ni agbaye si imuduro ayika.

46

AUTHORS PROFILES Abigail Oppong, Ghana ‘Rather than standing or Speaking for Children, we need to stand with children speaking for themselves. We don’t need a political movement for children [ we need to] build environments and policies for our collective future’ Abigail Oppong is a humanitarian young African lady who passionately work to impact life. She is a Young Speaker, Mentor, Changemaker, Young Activist and a Social Entrepreneur.

Abigail Oppong is the Youth Ambassador for Ariel Foundation International focusing on Africa and making the voices of African Voices heard. Being a changemaker, she is passionate about social impacts project that seeks to empower women, children, and youth.

She is part of the Board Members of Women Media and Change working hard to make sure young women’s voices are represented well in the media.

Passionate about engaging more women in Technology, she is part of several women in TECH organisations working hard to make sure women are represented well in the STEM Industry.

Abigail is skilled at Information Technology, Project Management, Entrepreneurship, Humanitarian, Communication, Design Thinking, Graphic design, leadership, Personal Development, Public Speaking.

She is a Recipients of the “Young Leaders Creating a better World for All award” at the Women Economic Forum, 2019 and the first youngest leader to receive such an international award from the Women Economic Forum.

Bukola Adeola Omolona , Nigeria Bukola Adeola Omolona is a seasoned Legal practitioner with over ten years in practice. She holds a Bachelor of Law degree LL.B (Hons.), and was called to the Nigerian Bar, BL. She also holds a Master’s degree in Law (LL.M) University of Lagos. She has some certifications in Mastering of Psychology of mediation and on Leading Strategic Innovations from the University of Deakin and Coventry University.

Bukola’s experience spans across corporate law practice, legal drafting and advisory services, mediation, telecommunication practice and company secretarial practice.

She is an impeccable team player with excellent communication skills and emotionally intelligent. She very thoughtful, proactive, diligent, and meticulous in the discharge of her responsibilities, work and life.

She volunteers with a non-governmental organization responsible for the safety, education and the promotion of children rights. She delivers on set tasks and utilizes every opportunity to actualize set goals.

47

AUTHORS PROFILES Yifei Zhu , China Yifei Zhu is currently studying for a bachelor’s degree in Accounting at both Jiangsu University, China, and California State University San Bernardino, US. She is very interested in international political economy, and is now committed to a more in-depth study of economics. She has done social research work related to feminist movement and racial issues, and has also been committed to helping left-behind children in poor mountainous areas of China solve psychological problems. She is involved with AFI Changemakers because she firmly believes that the future of the world belongs to the present youth, and the sustainable development of the global economy cannot be achieved without the leadership and support of the young generation today. Yifei Zhu is currently on the AFI Changemakers organizational team and is ready to contribute herself to her fields of interest: Economics, Global Politics, Mathematics and Physics, and Public Relations.

Wei Cai, China Wei Cai, a Chinese youth volunteer who passionately works to promote anti-drug education and publicize AIDS knowledge. He has worked with Nanjing Ban Drugs Commission to carry out a lot of antidrug activities and achieved great success. At the same time, he participates in World Food Day volunteers to advocate cherish food and many other voluntary activities. These activities make a profound influence on not only adolescents but also adults deeply. Also, as the leader of the Volunteers’ League, he helps train more excellent volunteers to make contributions to society. At the same time, he is a sophomore at Nanjing University of science and technology whose majoring in Public Administration. He is involved with AFI Changemakers because he believes that the future of the world belongs to the present youth.

48

AUTHOR PROFILE

Tianyi , China Tianyi is an undergraduate major in archeology in Capital Normal University. She has a keen interest in history and human rights. She has been doing voluntary works since studying in middle school, such as guiding the old with using cellphones, setting up shelters for stray cats, being an amateur teacher for students from mountainous schools. From January in 2022, she participated in Ariel Foundation International as a volunteer online. With research of history and archeology, she found that people in China and other countries have long and rich experience of fighting for human rights. Responsibility always wells up in her sensitive heart. She advocates everyone to make contributions in their own ways with passion and efforts. Look, she is helping with some publications’ work for AFI. Let’s give people in trouble a warm hand!

48

DR. ARIEL ROSITA KING, MPH, MBA, PHD (UK), DTM&H, PHD (FRANCE) AFI FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT

DR. ARIEL ROSITA KING, MPH, MBA, PhD (UK), DTM&H, PhD (France) Dr. Ariella (Ariel) Rosita King (www.drarielking.com) founded The Ariel Foundation International (www.arielfoundation.org) in 2002 as a nonprofit organization with an international focus on children and youth inspired leadership and participation worldwide.

Dr. Ariel King is a Rotarian for over 20 years. She is the Main Representative at the United Nations (Geneva, New York and Vienna ) for AFI, with Special Economic, Cultural and Social Council Special (ECOSO). She has also represented other NGOs in Geneva since 2008, the United Nations in Vienna (UNOV) since 2010 and United Nations in New York since 2000.

Dr. King is also an NGO Representative at the European Parliament. Dr. King’s life focus is on inspiring leadership and participation of worlds’ children and youth. Ariel Foundation International is a member of EuroChild, Dr. King was a Trustee for Children’s Rights Alliance England (CRAE), Now Just for Law Kids, and the Acid Survivors Trust International (ASTI) United Kingdom.

Dr King is also the Founder (2000), and President Ariel Consulting International, Inc., that creates and enhances PublicPrivate Partnerships in international diplomacy and policy. She has over 35 years of experience in international public policy and international management in government, business and NGOs. As a Professor in International Health, Management, Policy and Environment she has taught at Universities in the USA, Europe and Africa. Dr. King has published on the topics of Kangaroo Newborn Baby Care, International Health Policy and Management, Medical Ethics, Organ Transplantation, National Essential Drugs Policy, HIV/AIDS; Breast Cancer; Violence Against Women; Youth Participation at the United Nations and Children’s Human Rights. _____________________ Dr. King completed a second research degree (PhD) in Sociology on Community Engagement in the Psychosocial Care of Their Traumatised Children – A Case Study of Botswana, Liberia and Morocco at the Unitersité de Franche-Comte, France (December 2018). She also has completed advance certificates in the study of Children’s Human Rights, from the UER Droits de l'enfant/Children's Rights Unit, Institut Universitaire Kurt Bösch (IUKB) in Switzerland. Dr. King holds a Diploma Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (DTM&H); Doctorate (PhD) in Philosophy in Public Health and Policy from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London; a Master in International Health Management (MIM) from Thunderbird School of Global Management; Master in Public Health (MPH) in international Health from the University of Texas School of Public Health; and a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.