Climate Report by aris gkitzias

Climate Report Course AR2AE035: Building and Engineering Design TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, M.Sc. in Building Technology 17 June 2012 Supervisors: Dr. R.M.J.Bokel, Dr.Ir. P.J.W.van den Engel

Students: Anne Cowan Aris Gkitzias Dion jansen

Contents 1.

Introduction

4 2

1.1.

Forming the building according to climate related (passive) principles

4 2

Analysis strategy

6 3

2.1.

Climate zones and properties

6 3

2.2.

(Comfort) demands

6 3

Climate design

8 4

3.1.

General

8 4

3.1.1.

Ventilation

8 4

3.1.1.1. Summer

8 4

3.1.1.2. Winter

9 4

3.1.2.

9 4

Heating and cooling

3.1.2.1. Summer

9 4

3.1.2.2. Winter

105

3.1.3. Summer energy cycle

105

3.1.3.1. Summer

105

3.1.3.2. Winter

105

3.1.4.

Fire safety design

126

Calculation

148

4.1.

Static analysis model

148

4.1.1.

Parameters

148

4.1.1.1. Climate condition

148

4.1.1.2. Summer

158

4.1.1.3. Winter

179

4.1.2.

Results

179

4.2.

Dynamic analysis model

18 10

4.2.1.

Parameters

10 18

4.2.1.1. Climate condition

10 18

4.2.1.4. Controls

10 19

4.2.1.3. Function references

10 18

4.2.1.2. Geometry input

10 18

4.2.1.5. Simplifications

11 20

4.2.2.

Results

11 20

4.3.

Energy consumption

12 22

4.3.1.

Balance

12 22

Appendix

14 24

Climate and weather data

14 25

Static calculation sheets

15 26

Dynamic calculation sheets

22 40 3

Introduction

1.1.

Forming the building according to climate related (passive) principles

The basis of the climate concept lies in the most preliminary design phase. After careful examination of the local conditions (i.e. sun path, orientation, building obstructions) the first steps were taken to ensure a well integrated climate system. The general philosophy of approaching the issue is focused on minimizing the demand of the energy usage over finding better (or more efficient) technical solutions for climate systems. Since the building volume (40x40x40) meters is much more than is pragmatically necessary, the solution was found in this ‘left over’ (or anti-) space. Two major aspects can be distinguished; the creation of two atria and the inclination of the roof structure. All the major climate driven design solutions are illustrated in figure . These scheme’s will be briefly explained below to illuminate the process. › 1; three functional layers are distinguished from to bottom; (1) public (entrance, restaurant and exhibition space), (2) less public cabinet spaces, (3) less public studios and/or labs. The functional division provides for a clear build-up of the program and façade solutions according to similar demands. › 2; the 30 degree inclination of the roof is made towards the north. In this way diffuse northern light can easily enter from the (often present) overcast sky or reflected from the inner facades (see stage (5) and (6)). The tilted surface receives approximately 30% less solar radiation per year[1]. This reduction provides a strong argument for creating an all glass roof surface. › 3; the atria separate the different departments, they remain partly connected in the south-west, in this way light has a way to enter deep into the (shallow) office spaces. The two atria play an important role in the ventilation concept. They will function as an outlet for the adjacent spaces making use of the a stack driven ventilation flow during summers and a mechanically driven flow in winter. More on the functioning of the atria in terms of ventilation in “3. Climate design” on page 4. › 4; the roofs are lifted to create a better configuration of the departments, the inclination however remains › 5; the facades are covered by a translucent layer protecting the glass surfaces in the façade from large radiation loads while continuing to provide sufficient visual openness and reflection for the light to ‘bounce’ into the atria. The translucent layer is executed as a perforated plate. More sophistication in the pattern and position of possible openings in this surface are done according to architectural desires and functional demands. › 6; The cabinet volume is lifted from the (public) base to provide a large open able surface to function as an inlet for the atria’s stack effect.

1 In the appendix “A. Climate and weather data” on page 14 the solar data for Amsterdam North Holland can be found with yearly received solar radiation for a horizontal and tilted surface.

Figure 1.1. Situation with schamtic presentation of the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Figure 1.2. Climate reduction driven design process scheme in six stages or climate design improvements

2.1.

Analysis strategy

Climate zones and properties

To begin analysing the climatic behaviour of the building the complex program is adjusted to fit within a simpler climatic model. This model defines bundles of functions in so called climate zones based on (climatically) relevant shared properties concerning; location, orientation and demands following from different occupation. In Table 2.1 these climate zones along with their properties are presented, in Figure 2.2 the general location of these zones is illustrated.

2.2.

(Comfort) demands

The building’s comfort demands based on the NEN-EN 7700. In order to define thermal comfort the NEN 7700 uses two major parameters that strongly influence the thermal sensation; (1) occupant’s thermal balance (such as activity (related to metabolism rates (met)) and clothing levels (clo)) and (2) environmental factors (such as air temperatures, air velocities and air humidity). In addition to this local thermal discomfort, which can be caused by draft (of ventilation air) and vertical air differences (caused by cool/ or warm floor or ceilings) is a factor that should be taken into account as well. The code uses a category based index to define the boundary condition of the thermal requirements, i.e. A, B or C. These categories are defined by the predicted percentage dissatisfied PPD[1] which in terms is defined by the predicted mean vote[2]. The relationship between the two is illustrated in Figure 2.2. For the three categories A, B, C the PPD values are <6%, <10% and <15% respectively. From these values it has been chosen to use category B for the largest portion of the building, i.e. all the offices and studios and the auditorium. A dissatisfaction of less then 10% of the occupants should be within bounds for people to adjust their behaviour (put on more or less clothes and/ or open or close a window) to regain their thermal comfort. For the surrounding area’s such as the corridors, atria and base (containing the exhibition, entrance and restaurant) the less strict category C is chosen. From this classification a series of comfort boundary condition are found for the temperature ranges and the air velocities. These values are given in Table 2.3. In Table 2.4 resulting comfort values and boundary conditions are defined per climate zone. The following remarks are be made; [1] Based on general comfort concerning the office spaces (long term occupancy) higher ventilation rates for filtering are used of 14L/s. pp or 50m3/h, for temporary occupancy of the auditorium, corridors and the auditorium minimal rates (conform the Dutch building decree 2012) are used (6.5L/s or 23m3/h) [2] Required ventilation rates of the parking lot (Pa) from NEN 2443 Off-street and multi-storey car parks. [3] Total ventilation capacity of the entire building is taken with extra ventilation for toilets (total: 81) (7L/s per toilet) restaurant (total: 10) (21L/s per stove) [4] The extra facade layer has a changing pattern which is adjusted to the occupancy in the connected spaces. For the offices (A1, B1 and C1) a pattern of 40% closed is applied and in the studio’s (A2, B2 and C2) a pattern of 80% closed.

1 (From NEN-EN 7700) The PPD is an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people who feel too cool or too warm. Thermally dissatisfied people are those who will vote hot, warm, cool or cold on the 7-point thermal sensation scale given in Figure 2.1. 2 (From NEN-EN 7700) The PMV predicts the mean value of the thermal votes of a large group of people exposed to the same environment. But individual votes are scattered around this mean value and it is useful to be able to predict the number of people likely to feel uncomfortably warm or cool.

Figure 2.1. Climate zone location scheme in cross section

Figure 2.2. The PPD as a function of the PMV (left), based on the seven point scale (right) Name

Climate Zone

Area

Occupancy

ventilation

persons

per zone (m3/s)[1]

Department A

467

0,7

Department A

317

Department B

188

Department B

Department C

Orientation

Facade [4] facade cover

Category

50%

0,3

80%

0,3

Interior

50%

231

0,2

Interior

80%

669

0,9

50%

Department C

547

0,6

80%

Atrium

660

0,4

Auditorium

242

250

3,5

Interior

Base

2000

200

1,3

NW and S

Parking Lot

2000

6,0 [2]

14,9 [3] Table 2.3. Climate properties per climate zone, and the comfort category

Comfort temperature values conform NEN-EN 7700

Climate Comfort Zone Category

Operative temperatures summer

winter

Floors

Air filtering Ceilings

Maximum mean air velocity (m/s)

ventilation

Cooling (°C) Heating (°C) Cooling (Δ°C) Heating (Δ°C) unit (L/s.pp)

Winter

Summer

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 2,5

22 ± 3,0

<18

6,5

0,24

0,21

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 2,0

<14

6,5

0,19

0,16

24,5 ± 1,5

22 ± 3,0

<18

6,5

0,24

0,21

3 (L/s.m )

Pa Table 2.4. General comfort values conform NEN-EN 7700

3.1.

Climate design General

The south façade is exposed large heat loads from the summer sun radiation. Therefore creating façades with large glass surfaces is not a sensible option, since an important goal from the start of the preliminary design has been to avoid large energy demands. However to align with the architectural desires and functional requirements concerning light and visibility trough the facades a double layered system is proposed. The first layer consists of a curtain façade of steel (prefabricated) insulated sandwich panels and (standardised) window frames. It’s main function is to provide the thermal, moisture and acoustical barrier between outside and inside. The second layer consists of only a perforated steel plate placed 600 mm in front of this façade by a balustrade system. It’s main function is to protect the glass surfaces in the first layer against large radiation heat loads. Additionally the surface of the plate will have good reflective properties (light colors) in order to ensure good reflection from the surface into the atrium spaces but also provides for a accessible space for utility personnel to easily clean/ fix the facade and windows. The perforated plate ensures a view from the inside to the outside, while at the same time it meets the desirable appearance of the façade with a closed character when viewed from afar. However it was found from the cooling load calculations (chapter “4. Calculation” on page 8) that only this perforated plate helps reducing overall demand yet does not provide sufficient protection in critical peak periods. For this reason an automatic shading screen system is applied in front of the window frames. The two shading systems (active and passive) enhance each others performance; the passive perforated plate decreases the period that the active sun screen is necessary (and thus the amount of time the occupant loose their visibility by it) and the screen takes care of the summer peak periods when the passive screen just isn’t enough. The winter situation is in many ways different than the summer situation in terms of climatic conditions. However only small changes are seen in the general functioning of the climate concept.

3.1.1. Ventilation 3.1.1.1. Summer

From the point of view of reducing energy demand and creating a comfortable and healthy indoor climate with a natural feeling, a natural ventilation system is chosen to filter the air. It inserts precooled air through the external facades during summer. The natural ventilated air will be supplied directly through fan coil units in the cabinets and studios and are located behind the external façade. The centrifugal fan of the fan coil unit sucks in outside air through openings with help from the natural pressure difference between inand outside. The air is forced through fine dust filters a silencer and induction nozzles and passes through a heat exchanger with a water circuit that is part of the concrete core activation main circuit. The cooled air is than expelled through a ceiling grill above the window into the room. However to provide more freedom to the occupant window’s can be opened at will. Depending on the negative influence on the thermal balance of the system the specific room might be cut of entirely from the cooling system. During nights however the rooms and doors towards the corridors are opened automatically to provide for night ventilation and ‘flushing’ of the thermal gains from the mass. This will be further investigated in “4.2. Dynamic analysis model” on page 10. The exhaust air from the rooms is also largely achieved in a natural way with outlets that exhaust in the atria. Fresh air will be inserted into the atria at floor level. The height difference between the inlets and the roof outlet will drive a stack driven ventilation flow[1] (figure 5).The configuration of the building volumes and functions make it possible to implement natural ventilation on an efficient way, because the building volumes are narrow, so the air can be distributed in an adequate way. The base climate zone will be ventilated naturally by cross-ventilation using vertical pivot window frames to allow large surfaces to open 1

More on the calculation of the magnitude of this form on ventilation in “4.1. Static analysis model” on page 8.

Figure 3.1. Overall flow of the natural stack ventilation in the atria and cross ventilation of the base (during winter time with reduced run-off)

in the south and north west facade. Even though the main ventilation mechanic is a natural one, some parts of the building are either mechanically ventilated (supply or discharge) or naturally. Making the system with the atrium as a whole more of a hybrid system than a fully natural one. Also the natural discharge air has to run through a corridor in most cases with extra ducts, making the passive system vulnerable to efficiency losses caused by pressure drops or influx from the atrium air back into the exhausts. For this reason all natural ventilation pipes are fan assisted and will switch on whenever the pressure balance on either side is out of tune. In Table 5.2 the duct sizes are given for the main shafts (A, B and C) and the secondary (corridor) shafts. The car park is by far the biggest contribution to the amount of ducts present in the building. Therefore it was chosen to give this function it’s own main duct which has to discharge it’s air higher then 5 meters above ground level with a speed of about 10m/s[2]. To avoid noise discomfort all main duct’s are designed to air velocities of no more than 5 m/s , the corridor shafts are designed to 2m/s[3]. The secondary ducts provide for some of the offices and are integrated in the ceilings of the corridor’s their positions are illuminated in Figure 3.2. The installation area for the discharge of the mechanical ventilation is placed in the basement for shaft A and on the ninth floor for shafts B and C. This results in installation area’s of about 50 to 100 square meters in both the basement and the upper level.

3.1.1.2. Winter

The basic ventilation principal in winter is the same as in summer. There is a difference in the use of the atria. In winter it is not desirable to open the big panels because of the lower temperatures outside. The supply of fresh air will be realized through ventilation grills in the facade. The grills allow the amount of ventilation air necessary for sufficient filtering of the air for the present occupancy in the atrium. The fan coil units in the facades of the cabinets and the studios will supply the spaces with preheated fresh air that will be exhausted in the atria or mechanically exhausted (in the offices that lack a direct connection to the atrium). Also the night ventilation during winter times is no sensible option. Therefore all grills are automatically closed after office hours in order maintain the thermal heat inside the building during the night. This will be further investigated in “4.2. Dynamic analysis model” on page 10. The exhaust of the atrium of the summer situation (i.e. the roof) will be replaced by mechanical nozzles placed in the three peaks of the ninth floor. In this way the temperatures of the atrium are better controlled (no cooling down from falling cool air through the atrium roof) and the possibility for heat exchange arises if the cooling/ heating balance of the yearly energy use calls for this.

3.1.2. Heating and cooling 3.1.2.1. Summer

The main system for cooling and heating of the spaces is concrete core activation. This low temperature heating (or high temperature cooling system) is chosen over other (more conventional) heating and cooling systems because of it’s qualities in spatial integration and the possibility to combine with natural sources. Two big downsides to having such a permanent system (since it’s integrated in the mass of the structural layers of the floor) is the loss in long term durability of the building. Since climate systems have changed quickly over the past years and will most likely continue to do so, a concrete core activation system might seem out dated twenty years from now. If a cheaper refurbishment is not an option this could become the reason for demolishment of the building. Therefore it was chosen to apply a double layered concrete core activation system in the top and bottom layer of the structural floor. In this way the possibility of refurbishment remains an option during later stages of the building’s life cycle. Apart from durability the choice for a double layered system has 2 According to NEN 2443 Off-street and multi-storey car parks 3 It should be defined in a later stage of the duct design if the ducts could be insulated better acoustically to increase speeds and decrease sizes.

Figure 3.2. Position of natural (arrows) and mechanical (lines) ventilation elements. The blue colour represents supply air and the red exhaust air.

two other up sides; (1) the reaction time of the system becomes much quicker and (2) the possibility arises to cool or heat with the most efficient layer. The former reason can only be checked in a dynamic model, from the results of the CAPSOL model it was found that the chosen system has a considerable lower reaction time than comparable concrete core systems. The later reason is best explained by the natural convection flows; warm air rises and cool air falls. Therefore the thermal capacity of a cooling ceilings and heating floors is higher than that of cooling floors and heating ceilings. This difference in system efficiency is illuminated by formula (1)[4]. To create the a more efficient system only floor heating and ceiling cooling will be applied. (1)

Qc,sp where ai

dT b

= a i ×dT b istheheat transfer coefficient 8.92 ( for floor heating and ceiling cooling) 7.0 ( for floor cooling) 6.0 ( for ceiling heating) isthe temperature difference between the room and surface temperature is a efficiency factor for heat transfer 1.1 ( for floor heating and ceiling cooling) 1.0 ( for all other configurations)

As stated in paragraph 2.2 there are boundaries for the maximum and minimum temperature of the floor and ceiling temperatures compared to that of the room. Taking this into account a water temperature needed to supply the concrete core activation system can be calculated from basic thermal conductivity rules and formula’s. The result of the temperature flux trough the concrete slab in the summer situation is presented in Table 5.1 which represents the different layers of the floor slab and the calculated layer temperatures[5]. For the water temperature 16 degrees Celcius is used. This results from formula (1) with an inside air temperature of 26 degrees to a cooling capacity of the ceiling of 78W/m2 and of the floor of 22W/m2 (since a part of the heat from flows trough the top layer of the slab as well.)

3.1.2.2. Winter

During the winter warm water runs trough the pipes of the top layer of the concrete slab. Since the maximum temperature of the floor is set at 29 degrees for the office spaces, the water temperature is chosen accordingly. At a water temperature of 30 degrees a floor temperature of just above 26 degrees is reached. From formula (1) a heating capacity of 44 W/m2 is then found along with a heating capacity of the ceiling of 17 W/m2. All temperatures fall within the comfort bounds given by the PPD <10% (comfort category B).

3.1.3. Summer energy cycle 3.1.3.1. Summer

To obtain the required energy for cooling the building during summer an aquifer in combination with a heat exchanger and heat pump is used. The heat exchanger only transfers energy from the aquifer circuit to the distribution circuit to the building, so there is no direct contact between these two circuits. Pumps in the wells ensure the distribution of the water to the heat exchanger. Each floor in the building will be provided with a header that distributes the water to the different loops. Every room will have its own loop, so the temperature can be individual controlled by thermostats.

3.1.3.2. Winter

During winter the supply water in the distribution circuit of the building will be brought to 35 degrees to heat the building. The discharged water will exit the building with a temperature of 20 degrees. From the calculations made (chapter “4. Calculation” on page 8) it can be concluded that the heating demand is bigger than the cooling demand in the building. This leads to the necessity of regenerating the heat well of the aquifer during winter time in order to keep the system’s yearly balance. The atria in the building will be used for this purpose. With air handling systems on the top floors of the building, the warmer exhaust air in the atria will be extracted. A heat exchanger will transfer the energy from the warmer air to regenerate the warm well[6].

4 According to NEN-EN 15377 5 Calculation method from “Bouwfysisca” by ir. A.C. van der Linden 2006 6 For time related reasons the calculation and feasibility study of this system and it’s influence on the energy well balance will not be explored further in this report.

Figure 3.3. Facade layering with from left to right; perforated plate, balustrade, curtain wall with fan coil units, concrete core activation.

Figure 3.4. The overall energy cycle during the summer situation

3.1.4. Fire safety design

Every building needs to meet the determined fire safety regulations. For this assignment we were also obliged to implement a fire safety plan in the design. The structure of our building made it possible to provide for a clear and organized escape routing plan. A core at one side of the envelope connects the three separate buildings. This automatically created four types of compartments. One of the first things we determined after having a concept for the overall geometry of the building were the traffic routes within the building. Because of the connecting function of the core we placed the main traffic routes in this area. We took into account an escape distance for the people of 30 m to another compartment of another safety exit. For this reason we also placed safety stairs opposite of the core of the building. Besides the safety staircases, every separate building is also provided with representation staircases, that function as the main traffic routes within the buildings. The different compartments will be closed of with fire resistant doors that automatically close in case of a fire. The roofs of the atria can ben opened. This is mainly realized for ventilation reasons, but it is also providing for a sufficient smoke exhaust in case of fire, thus the floor area of the atria will be longer smoke free. We managed to divide the more private area of the building into compartments smaller than 1000 m2. The more public areas are based on an open plan design, so the surface area of this compartment is bigger than 1000 m2. From aesthetic point of view we decided not to divide these areas into smaller spaces. In order to fulfill the fire safety regulations we applied a sprinkler system.

Figure 3.5. General fire safety design scheme

4.1.

Calculation

Static analysis model[1]

The function of the static analysis model is to function as a sanity check for the dynamic calculations done with Physibel CAPSOL. Also to achieve a more accurate approximation of the energy loads (in terms of heating and cooling) over the period of a year the static model will be used to provide inside into the ratio’s of energy consumption between different climate zones in the form of magnification factors. More on the latter function of the static calculation model in paragraph 4.3.

4.1.1. Parameters

The static model is made according to the climate zones as introduced in chapter . The input parameters differ widely over these zones and can best be explained dived for the situations of summer (cooling) and winter (heating). For both seasons the solar data over the course of the day is defined, so that heat and cooling loads can be given at different times of the day. From three points of the day the most critical is chosen for the maximum cooling of heating load.

4.1.1.1. Climate condition Solar radiation

Solar radiation is a factor that strongly influences the thermal behaviour of the internal spaces. An important factor for the amount of solar radiation falling on the surface is the orientation of that surface to the sun. For the solar radiation hourly values, data for 50 degrees in North Holland at July 23rd is used. For the winter situation a reduction factor is used for an approximation. The factor of the winter hourly radiation is taken at about one fifth of that in summer[2]. In the static calculation the solar radiation for the winter situation is only used for the approximation of mean heating load values but not the maximum heating load. The daily radiation range for representative summer and winter days are illustrated in Figure 4.1. For the inclined roof the 30% decrease of radiation is taken into account as an magnification factor of 0.7 (difference between the dotted and solid magenta lines in Figure 4.1).

Temperature range

The temperature range is estimated based on the provided data from climate consultant[3]. A range over the course of the day is used to estimate the thermal behaviour of the atrium over the course of the day and the parameters for the mean cooling and heating loads taken from the loads at 8 in the morning 12 and 4 in the afternoon. The maximum heat- and cooling loads are taken during the worst case scenario of the day. The daily temperature ranges of the representative days in summer and winter are given in Figure 4.2 as the blue dotted lines.

Atrium

In the static model one dynamic part is taken into account; the atrium. Since the atrium plays such an important role in the thermal behaviour of the connected spaces the temperature over the course of the day is calculated for winter and summer situations and taken into account as a source of heat gains in summer and heat losses in winter (both due to transmission). In some cases (especially in the internal spaces such as climate zone B1 and B2 these losses have a considerable influence. For this calculation a temperature difference in comparison to the previous hour is calculated by the amount of heat gains/ losses and the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature by one Kelvin. The influence of high ventilation folds in the summer are taken into account as a primary strategy to cool the large space. For this stack ventilation is assumed as the primary cooling mechanism. The following rule of thumb for the amount of heat reduction (in Watt) as a product of the in- and outdoor temperatures and the in- and outlet sizes of the stack is used. Internal and external heat gains are found in the same fashion as the other spaces. (2)

(3)

Ti = Ti - 1 + dT where : Ti is the air temperature at hour i dT is the temperature difference of the previous hour dT where Qres a

(4)

Hv with : V

Qres a

= Qint + Qext - H v (Gact ) ×C (d ×A ×r ) ×C = = act 3600 3600

{ in K } { inWatt } { in

J per hour } K

= V ×r air ×cair T - Tout = C d ×Ae 2gh × in { m 3 / s} Tout (where Tin andTout arein Kelvin )

1 A series of prints for the input of the static model are added in appendix “B. Static calculation sheets” on page 15 1 1 2 This factor by1the ratioCof the = = general = radiation range » 0.9and the amount day lit hours between summer and winter, and is supAe is assumed d x range to 1,in 1 1of the radiation 1, 0used 5 the dynamic calculation from De Bilt 1964, The Netherlands. ported by the function references + 2 3 Data from Amsterdam can be found in appendix”A. Climate and weather data” on page 14 Ain2 NH.AExports out

Hv with : V

= V ×r air ×cair T - Tout = C d ×Ae 2gh × in { m 3 / s} Tout (where Tin andTout arein Kelvin ) =

1 1 1 + 2 2 Ain Aout

Cd =

1 = x

1 » 0.9 1, 0 to 1, 5

4.1.1.2. Summer Internal heat gains

The internal heat gains are given by formula (5). All basic parameters are briefly discussed in relation to the climate zones. › O c c u p a n c y The amount of people per room are defined from the functional configuration of the plans. The value of 80 Watt per person is taken as an average based on the metabolism rates for a person engaging in office work activities.

Figure 4.1. Summer and winter radiation ranges falling on a surface facing South in summer (SS.s), Southwest in winter (SW.w) atc. Here a horizontal surface is denoted as HH (dotted line) and an inclined surface (towards the north) of 30 degree XX.

Figure 4.2. Temperature range outside temperature in summer and winter. The latency of the temperature curve during winter is taken at 2 hours, which is just an approximation. In magenta both results of the analytical and

› Lighting: from the lighting calculations[4] it was found that most of the rooms (also deeper in the atrium) would suffice with less power needed for artificial lighting than the average value (of about 35W/m2). Therefore a lower avarage value of 10W/m2 is used for both static and dynamic calculations › Equipment: the use of computers nowadays produces less heat energy due to more efficient systems. Take an average computer of 80 Watt[5] per office of 16 square meter. We find a average value of 5 W/m2. (5)

Qint where Qp

= Qp + Ql + Qe

is t he heat gain (approximat ed) per m t aken at 10W/ m

is t he heat gain (approximat ed) per m t aken at 5W/ m { W}

{W }

is t he heat gains by persons t aken at 80W/ p

{ W}

2 2

{ W}

External heat gains

The external heat gains are given by formula (6). › Radiation gains From the given solar radiations the heat gains can be approximated with (6). For this g (or ZTA) value is taken normal HR++ glass of 0.7 everywhere and the obstruction value (z) at the appropriate level per room as given by the climate zone’s level of facade cover by the mesh (as given in Table 2.1 on page 3). › Transmission gains The transmission losses trough the closed parts are given by (7). Since the facade structure is homogenous in terms of facade system the thermal resistance of the closed part in every facade is the same. The facade is made of prefabricated steel plated (Glasswool) insulation panels with an thickness of 150mm. This results in a total U value of 0.22 W/m2K or an Rtot of 4.3m2K/W[6]. The HR++ glass has a U value of 1.3W/m2K. For the thermal properties of the inner facade between the atria and the adjacent rooms the same facade values (glass and insulation) are used as in the exterior facades. › Ventilation and infiltration gains The heat gains of naturally ventilating trough the facade or infiltration with hotter outside air is given by the general rule of thumb in (9). Here the outside temperatures are taken from the distribution in Figure 4.2, and the ventilation folds are found from the level of occupancy and the comfort ventilation rate as given in paragraph 2.2. For the atrium however the ventilation fold is defined by the stack effect which is given by the second part (V)of the formula in (4). For the static calculations a height of 10 meters is used (on average) and an in- and outlet size of 5 square meters which results in a maximum ventilation rate of 5.7m3/s. (6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Qext where Qzgl Qtr Qv/ inf

= Qzgl + Qtr + Qv + Qinf

{W }

are the radiation gains trough windows arethe transmission gains trough facades and windows are the heat gains caused by ventilation or inf iltration

{W }

Qzgl where

= A ×qs ×g ×z

is the glass surface area in m 2

qs g z

is the heat load falling on the surface in W / m 2 is the sunshading factor of the glass is the obstruction factor of the glass

Qtr where

= A ×U s (Te - Ti )

is the facade surface in m 2

is the transmission coefficient of the wall in W / m 2K

Te,T i

are the external and int ernal temperatures respectively in oC

Qv,inf

where n

n ×V ×r ×c ×(Te - Ti ) 3600 air air

{W }

is the ventilation / inf iltration fold of the room (times the volume is ventilated) per hour 0.2 for inf iltration (caused by execution imperfections and cracks)

V lighting is the in volume of [X] the room m 3 4 See the report appendix 5 Let’s assume theispower usage of of the air machine equivalent r air the density takenis at 1.2kg / to m 3the heat exertion 6 Undercthe assumption of a surface condition the air foil resistance of outside 25W/m2K and inside of 7.7W/m2K. is the specific heat of the(convection) air 1000J /ofkgK air

Qv,inf where

n ×V ×r ×c ×(Te - Ti ) 3600 air air

{W }

is the ventilation / inf iltration fold of the room (times the volume is ventilated) per hour 0.2 for inf iltration (caused by execution imperfections and cracks)

is the volume of the room m 3

r air cair

is the density of air taken at 1.2kg / m 3 is the specific heat of the air 1000J / kgK

4.1.1.3. Winter Transmission heat losses

The transmission heat losses are calculated in the same way as during the summer the transmission heat gains, thus by (8).

Ventilation and infiltration heat losses

The infiltration heat losses are calculated in the same way as during the summer ventilation heat gain, (formula (9)). However since it was chosen to heat the incoming outside air with fan coil units in the facade the heat losses by ventilation are lessened. For this a value of 19 degrees is used, instead of the outside temperature. For simplicity sake are all the mechanically ventilated spaces ventilated with this same air temperature ventilated. The ventilation rates of the atrium are much lower during winter periods since the roof will not be open, to avoid unacceptable low temperatures. Therefore the ventilation rate during this period will be set to the acceptable rate for filtering air for the people present.

Heat losses caused by reheating the rooms after weekends/ vacations

For the static calculations a general mean value of 20W/m2 of extra heat load is used[7].

4.1.2. Results

The cooling and heating loads for summer and winter respectively are presented in the graph in Figure 4.3 for every representative room per climate zone in Watts per square meters. The maximal cooling load is picked from the worst case of one of the three point during the day. The maximal heating load is picked from the worst case of one of the three analysis times minus the internal (positive) heat solar heat gains. The summer cooling loads from the static model are predictable. Studio’s (climate zones A2, B2 and C2) overall have higher cooling loads due to higher occupancy and more external heat loads (caused by the glass roof) than their lower counterparts, the cabinets (climate zones A1, B1, and C1). The northwest and south facing spaces much higher loads caused - again - by more external loads from solar radiation whereas the inner spaces (B1 and B2) are mostly protected by the atrium. The enormous cooling load from the auditorium is explained by the high occupancy (about 250 people on 242 square meters). Since this load is much higher than the capacity of concrete core activation and since the space is ventilated mechanically, it is concluded that this space should be extra cooled by mechanically cooled ventilation air, to make up for the overcapacity. In the winter period the heat loads seem to be much more stable over the different climate zones. This is the result of well insulated facades and window frames. Also little difference exists between the maximal and mean heat loads, meaning that the thermal heat solar heat gains have little influence on the heating loads of the spaces. This is explained by the perforated second facade in front of the window frames that blocks a large portion of the incoming radiation. 7

From lecture notes “Klimaatinstallaties Integratie van gebouw en installaties” TU-Delft February 2008

Winter Summer Figure 4.3. Static analysis results of representative rooms per climate zone. (excluded from the static analysis; atrium and car park)

4.2. Dynamic analysis model[1] 4.2.1. Parameters

Many of the parameters already highlighted in the previous paragraph 4.2.1 are applicable to the dynamic model and are included as such. However more sophisticated parameters are added to the dynamic model to get a better approximation of the dynamic thermal behaviour of the spaces. These parameters will be addresses briefly.

4.2.1.1. Climate condition

All climatic data that will be used in terms of (direct- and horizontal diffuse) solar radiation and outside temperature are taken from De Bilt in The Netherlands from 1964 which should suffice as a realistic representation of the climate conditions for the site in Leidschendam-Voorburg.

4.2.1.2. Geometry input

The analysed rooms are limited to just a small porting of the building. However as already discussed in paragraph 4.1 the rooms analysed in the dynamic model will be chosen in such a way that the results can be expanded for other representative rooms by making use of multiplication factors found from the ratio’s between the results of the static analysis. The chosen part of the building is a slice on either the fourth or the fifth floor consisting of three offices separated by two area’s that are part of the large atrium volume. This geometry is illustrated in Figure 4.1.

Walls

All walls are modelled with the same values as the static model[2]. The perforated plate is taken into account not as a physical obstruction but as a reduction to the g-value window glass. This results in a g-value of the offices and the facade of the atrium of 0.35 (HR++ glass with a g-value of 0.7 and an obstruction value of 0.5). The adiabatic spaces next to the offices are separated by a simple (light) metal-stud walls[3] consisting of two gypsum plates and 8 centimetres of insulating glass wool.

Obstructions

The building obstructions are taken into account for the urban situation when the entire site is build. This means that both to the southwest and south east the building is partly obstructed. This obstruction is calculated from the middle of the building to the edges of these obstructions. This mostly influences the amount of solar heat gains through the roof of the atrium and less the offices.

4.2.1.3. Function references

The same principles are used as in the static analysis model. However for the dynamic calculation time depended effects can be implemented as well. Based on assumed office hours (from eight in the morning to five in the afternoon) a time frame for several function references is set that step at the boundary times of seven in the morning and 6 in the evening, so that a transition time of one hour is given for the system to react.

Inside temperature

The inside comfort air temperature for summer and winter conditions is set at 26[4] and 22 degrees Celsius respectively[5]. However to ensure the climate system isn’t reacting to high temperatures (in summer) or low temperatures (in winter) outside office hours, the temperature limit is increased (in summer) and decreased (in winter) during the night to temperatures of 30 and 15 degrees Celsius respectively. Since the atrium has a less strict comfort category (and is basically viewed as more of an outside space then an interior one) the temperatures in summer and winter are set to 28 and 15 degrees Celsius respectively.

Ventilation

› Offices; the ventilation rates are implemented in accordance with the comfort desires defined in “6; The cabinet volume is lifted from the (public) base to provide a large open able surface to function as an inlet for the atria’s stack effect.” on page 2. This results for the offices (with a volume of 48 m3 and one person present) to a ventilation fold per hour of 1 for both summer and winter. The source of this air is the outside. However during winter times the difference in air temperature is to high, therefore the air will come from a secondary exterior zone called “Fan Coil” which functions as the model for the fan coil system. The ventilation temperature from this system is set at 26 degrees Celsius. This means that at very cold days the outside temperature should be pre-heated from 0 to 26 degrees Celsius. To implement night ventilation the step is tripled during summer nights (which is the equivalent of an opened window). The night ventilation during winter times is set to zero. › Atrium; the atrium is ventilated with stack ventilation which - given enough inlet and outlet area - should be able to reach high ventilation fold thanks to the large difference in height. Therefore in summer the atrium will ventilate it’s volume 2 times per hour, which is the equivalent of 18.000 m3 of air per our or 5 m3 per second. If draft it to be avoided at the inlets (velocities below 0.16 m/s) the surface of the inlet should (roughly) be about 24 square meters. Since floor high (3 meters) open able window frames are applied in both the north and south facade about 8 meters of facade length is needed to reach the ventilation fold without draft. The roof above the atrium has a surface of about 600 square meters, so only a portion of the roof will need to be open. During the night more windows open as well as the roof for flushing the volume and the offices a ventilation fold of 4 is modelled outside office hours. During winter the ventilation fold is decreased to just 0.11 (990 m3/h) to ensure sufficient filtering on average for 20 people. 1 All the input values of the different Capsol models can be found in appendix “C. Dynamic calculation sheets” on page 22 2 For a precise overview of the input values per wall type see appendix C 3 From the structural calculations followed that the self weight of the already heavy structure should be limited as much as possible, hence no extra thermal mass 4 In the Capsol model 24.5 is modelled (+ 1.5 = 26) as the goal temperature to ensure better functioning of the thermostat and better results of the end inside temperature during the summer 5 Conform the comfort category B

Internal heat loads

› Offices; the internal heat loads during the summer are defined in Capsol in the same way as stated in paragraph “4.1.1.2. Summer” on page 8. This results in a internal heat load of 340 Watts during the office hours and zero during the night. Internal heat gains are chosen not to reduce during the winter to obtain more critical heating loads. Instead equal values are used which is already a conservative approach since internal heat loads are expected to increase[6] › Atrium; the atrium is assumed (on average) to be constantly occupied by twenty people, resulting in internal heat load of 2000 Watts, again only during office hours.

4.2.1.4. Controls Concrete core heating/ cooling

The concrete core heats and cools the spaces through a thin (equally spread) water layer in the top of the floor (in winter for floor heating) layer or the bottom of the ceiling layer (in summer for ceiling cooling). From this layer heat is exerted into the space. The system responds to a thermostat inside the room with a deviation of one degrees Celsius outside the comfort temperature. From the calculated capacities in “3. Climate design” on page 4 for the concrete core activation for summer and winter 1200 W and 710 W is used respectively.

(Active) sun shading 6 More artificial light and higher overall occupancy (less vacation time) over the course of the winter in comparison to the summer is to be expected

adiabatic

adiabatic s3 s1 s2

adiabatic s3

s3 adiabatic

adiabatic

Surfaces by code:

Dimensions (wxdxh)

s1: facade closed s2: facade glass s3: floor slab s4: separation wall s5: atrium roof glass

A1: 4x4x3 B1: 4x4x3 C1: 4x4x3 At: 2(600x15)

Figure 4.1. Analysis area for the dynamic calculations

The dynamic sun screens react to the same thermostat as the concrete core activation system. When they close the g-value of the glass is reduced to 0.1 so there is still some sense of outside once they’re down.

Extra ventilation atrium

The atrium temperatures were found to be tricky to control. The concrete core cooling and heating is by far unable to balance the large temperature fluctuations. Therefore more ventilation as a control of the atrium (automatic roof open able roof) is modelled to reduce high peak temperatures during summer days. In this case the ventilation fold is increased with 2 (18.000m3). Since higher ventilations rates are allowed (and maybe even desired) during peak summer days the inlet surface of the atrium stack ventilation remains the same, resulting in higher ventilation velocities at the atrium floor. During winter times little else can be done to stabilize the volume then to minimize incoming cold ventilation air. Unacceptable low temperatures in the atrium (at for instance seating places of the workshop) should minimized by local heating units using IR radiation to heat small area’s directly.

4.2.1.5. Simplifications

The first major simplification made for the climatic model is the amount of heat transfer by ventilation from all the offices towards the atrium. Basically the atrium is only viewed now as a stand-alone space which influences the offices (in terms of transmission) but not the other way around. In reality about 50 times more ventilation air is exhausted into the atrium from most offices with fairly constant temperatures between 20 and 28 degrees (depending on the time of the year). This should result in higher temperatures during summer (negative) and winter (positive) results of the atrium’s temperatures and energy consumption. The second simplification is the corridors in between the offices and the atrium. This corridor is openly connected to the atrium, but being embedded more in the thermal mass of the volumes (and in between the concrete core activated floor slabs), a more temperate climate is to be expected here then in the atrium. This should reduce transmission losses and gains from the offices to the atrium.

4.2.2. Results

For both the winter and the summer a monthly and period over the whole year is analysed. The former will be used to give insight into the temperature range of the indoor spaces, whereas the latter will provide information about the yearly energy consumptions of the concrete core activation system.

Summer (June to September)

The temperature range of the offices during summer lies stays within the 26 degrees Celsius (comfort) bound. Therefore it can be concluded that the cooling system works adequately for the office spaces. The atrium however show’s some unwanted peaks (some above 35 degrees Celsius). The total amount of time temperatures reach over 30 degrees Celsius during summer time is limited and is therefore excepted given the atrium is ventilated to it’s the fullest (ventilation fold of 4). If this would not suffice another option would be the improving of the g-value of the roof glass of the atrium. The value of 0.7 (for double glazing) is used. However implementing integrated shutters on top of the roof frame structure could easily obstruct a large portion of the incoming radiation (since the glass is tilted away from the sun)[7].

Winter (October to March)

During winter times the temperatures in the offices fluctuate much less than during the summer. This could be the result of suppling preheated air for ventilation. The temperature range stays within acceptable bounds of 22 degrees with a deviation of 1.5 degrees Celsius. The atrium temperature drops to unacceptable bounds during large periods of the year. The possibility of increasing the concrete core activation by using more surfaces and hotter water was pursued but to no avail. It can be concluded that the volume of the atrium and the area of the transmission heat loss surfaces compared to the area of the heat source surface (concrete core activated floor). Would not make heating by concrete core activation a feasible solution. Instead it is proposed to heat specific area’s of the atrium (at seating places and working area’s) to make up for the local thermal discomfort.

Given the time constraints of the project the effects of this adjustment are not investigated further

Figure 4.2. Temperature range for analysed spaces during (above) summer (June to September) and (below) winter (October to March) time.

4.3.

Energy consumption

The yearly energy consumption is presented in Table 4.3. Here magnification factors are applied to the not analysed climate zones in Capsol based on the ratioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s between the climate zones in the static analysis. This is by far no exact science, but it should provide with a rough estimation of the energy consumption of the building as a whole. Interestingly enough proves the dynamic calculation that the heat load is more than the cooling load (in stark contradiction to what was found from the static analysis). This difference can be explained by the effects of the dynamic controls in the summer period on the energy consumption and thus the cooling load. Furthermore can be seen from the yearly climate data in appendix â&#x20AC;&#x153;C. Dynamic calculation sheetsâ&#x20AC;? on page 22 that the amount of time the temperatures are below temperatures that heating becomes necessary is much more on average then for cooling. This claim is supported by the power usage charts in Figure 4.5. Here it can be seen by simply the density of the power usage during winters and summer that winter is much higher. It can be concluded that the dynamic cooling methods such as the shading screens are working as well as hoped in order to reduce the cooling loads of the building.

4.3.1. Balance

As can be seen from Table 4.3 is there an imbalance between the cooling and heating energy consumption (about 1 to 2 respectively). This means that extra heating energy is necessary to fill the missing part of the heat well. It is therefore purposed to use heat exchangers during winter to reuse the heat from the exhaust air from the atrium and re-use it to heat the concrete core water. In this way the heat pump will have to heat warmer temperatures to the required value of 30 degrees Celsius. This will result in less extraction from the heat well re-balance the energy system. If this will be enough is not investigated further.

Figure 4.5. Yearly energy consumption of the concrete core activation slabs in summer (above) and winter (below)

Figure 4.4. Graphical representation of the total yearly energy consumption per climate zone

Energy consump- Analysis objects tion results room

multiplication facQ-action(integral) Room tors*

Climate zone

Room area

Z o n e summer winter area

summer winter

sumwinter mer

kWh/yr kWh/yr

name

summer

winter

year

unit

M J / MJ/m2yr MJ/yr m2yr

MJ/yr

GJ/yr

M J / m2yr

D y n a m i c A1 result B1

office A1

467

1,0

-69

338

-16

-7250

35515

office B1

188

1,0

-7,6

114

-2

-321

4822

office C1

669

1,0

-201

132

-45

-30256

19869

Atrium

600

1,0

-8427

25313

-51

152

-30337

91127

121

202

Static

studio A2

100

317

1,5

0,8

-647

1677

-23

-7386

19142

(assumpB2 tion)

studio B2

100

231

1,2

1,1

-59

814

-2

-488

6770

studio C2

100

547

1,6

1,9

-1986

1558

-72

-39114

30675

128

Base

2000

1,5

0,7

-1424

10152

-3

-5128

36549

Auditorium

242

5,3

1,3

-615

2245

-9

-2213

8081

sum

3190

5261

sum

122492

252550 375

Balance

0,33

0,67

Studios A2, B2 and C2 maginified against A1, B1 and C1 results respectively, base and auditorium to B1 (interior space)

Taken from the total energy demand of the analysed spaces devided over their total floor area

Table 4.3.

MJ/m2yr**

1,00

Capsol yearly energy consumption results

Appendix

Contents A.

Climate and weather data

Static calculation sheets

B.1.

Concrete core capacity

B.2.

Ventilation system dimensions

B.3.

Non-linear atrium temperature range calculation for summer (left) and winter (right)

B.4.

Solar radiation ranges for summer and winter periods

B.5.

Representative static calculation sheets

Dynamic calculation sheets

C.1.

Summer calculation function references (left page) and wall input (right page)

C.2.

Summer calculation input panels

C.3.

Alphameric summer results

C.4.

Winter input panels and modified function references

C.5.

Alphameric winter results

Climate and weather data

Table 4.6. Climate consultant results for radiation magnitudes (in Watts per square meters) for a horizontal (above) and 30 degrees inclined surface towards the north(below)

B.1.

Static calculation sheets

Concrete core capacity

Concrete core activation Thickness (mm) λ 300

Floor Finishing Top Finishing Bottom Tubes

50 20 20

room temperature Water temperature Surface temp. Max/ min surface temp (NEN-EN 7700) capacity α ΔT Heating/ cooling capacity Active /non-acitve during season

1,4 0,17 0,17 0,35

Summer Winter 26 22 16 30 ceiling floor ceiling floor 18,78 22,90 24,42 26,30 12 19 27 29 cooling cooling heating heating 8,92 7,00 7,00 8,92 7,22 3,10 2,42 4,30 78 22 17 44 acitve non-active non-active acitve

oC oC oC oC

oC W/m2

Temperature flux trough top and bottom layer during winter summer layer

0,02 0,001

0,17 0,35

R (m2K/W) 0,452 0,140 0,118 0,003

0,001 0,26 0,001

0,35 1,40 0,35

0,003 0,186 0,003

0,06 4,11 0,06

0,001 0,05

0,35 1,40

0,003 0,036

0,21 2,58

26,0 22,9 20,3 20,2 20,2 20,2 16,1 16,0 16,2 18,8

0,100 0,139

7,22

26,0

Total resistance bottom

d (m) λ (W/mK) Total resistance top

air layer finishing pipe water (INACTIVE) pipe concrete pipe water (ACTIVE) pipe concrete air layer

Temperature flux trough top and bottom layer during winter d λ R Total resistance top

layer air layer finishing pipe water (ACTIVE) pipe concrete pipe water (INACTIVE) pipe concrete air layer Table 5.1.

ΔT

3,10 2,60 0,06

ΔT

0,02 0,001

0,17 0,35

0,261 0,140 0,118 0,003

0,001 0,26 0,001

0,35 1,40 0,35

0,003 0,186 0,003

0,07 4,50 0,07

0,001 0,05

0,35 1,40

0,003 0,036 0,100 0,330

0,07 0,87 2,42

Total resistance bottom

(above) Concrete slab heat flux with single active water layer in bottom (ceiling cooling) and (below) in top (floor heating)

4,30 3,61 0,09

22,0 26,3 29,9 30,0 29,9 25,4 25,4 25,4 25,3 24,4 22,0

B.2.

Ventilation system dimensions

Ventilation shafts CZ

level

r a t e M, N or H M a i n S e c o n d (m3/s) shafts ary shafts

0,252

shaft

0,14

0,21

0,07

0,12

Capacity

vmax As

dmin

deq

m3/s

m/s

main A3,2

0,642

main B 0,7

0,136

main C3,4

0,672

sec. B 0,20

0,098

353

120

1200 361

0,12

sec. C 0,34

0,084

327

100

1200 324

0,06

aud. C 1,60

0,8

714

400

1200 731

0,056

0,196

0,195

0,045

0,126

0,336

0,224

0,238

0,12

0,24

0,12

1,6

1,28

-2

1,5

-1

1,5

restaurant 0

0,2

toilets A

0-8

0,2

toilets C

0-8

0,2

Table 5.2. general calculation results of main and secondary duct sizes

B.3.

Non-linear atrium temperature range calculation for summer (left) and winter (right)

Global non-linear calculation of atria Analysis Period Summer SKIN area (m2) ZTA transp. 480 nontrans 0 transp. 360 nontrans 0

Roof Facades

Internal 1 Internal 2 Internal 3 Internal 4 floor internal (space)

Ai (m2) 1200 1200 1200 1200 600 0

0,7 0,37 0,3 0,3

Tmax Tavg

0,5

0,3 0,3

MASS dmwi (m) ﾏ（ (kg/m3) Gi(kg) 0,01 2400 28800 kg 0,01 2400 28800 kg 0,01 2400 28800 kg 0,01 2400 28800 kg 0,06 2400 86400 kg 0 0 0 kg total 201600 kg C 840 J(kg*m2) ﾎｱ 2,1E-05 W/m2

Internal gains 30 10 9000 office hours morning 8 afternoon 18

Time

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

35,0 30,0 25,0

15,0 10,0 5,0

n W/m2 W

0,0

h h

11_NE.s Qfac 19_XX.s Qroof Ta 482 7808 356,3 17958 354 5735 461,3 23250 187 3029 543,2 27377 143 2317 595,7 30023 140 2268 613,2 30905 134 2171 595,7 30023 126 2041 543,2 27377 112 1814 461,3 23250 95 1539 356,3 17958 77 1247 240,8 12136 55 891 128,1 6456 27 437 40,6 2046 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 2106 40,6 2046 456 7387 128,1 6456 531 8602 240,8 12136

Temperature Range Atrium [summer]

20,0

STACK VENTILATION Cd 0,9 Air inlet 5,0 m2 Air outlet 5,0 m2 height difference 10,0 m Ae 3,5 m2 People Lighting Qi

28,0 21,0

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ta

20,0 22,6 25,0 27,1 28,7 29,7 30,0 29,7 28,7 27,1 25,0 22,6 20,0 17,4 15,0 12,9 11,3 10,3 10,0 10,3 11,3 12,9 15,0 17,4

Ti (euler-method)

Qz [W] Qi [W] Ht Hv Qres dT 25766 9000 252 2599 47752 1,0 28984 9000 252 3015 58007 1,2 30407 9000 252 4603 74884 1,6 32340 9000 252 5324 84753 1,8 33173 9000 252 5511 85818 1,8 32194 9000 252 5254 78347 1,7 29418 9000 252 4530 64351 1,4 25064 9000 252 3089 46473 1,0 19497 9000 252 2330 32957 0,7 13384 9000 252 4753 19571 0,4 7347 9000 252 6299 -3627 -0,1 2484 0 252 7319 -38279 -0,8 0 0 252 8080 -59646 -1,3 0 0 252 8617 -75199 -1,6 0 0 252 8932 -85332 -1,8 0 0 252 9028 -88612 -1,9 0 0 252 8910 -84791 -1,8 0 0 252 8579 -74630 -1,6 0 0 252 8026 -59642 -1,3 0 0 252 7226 -41848 -0,9 0 0 252 6114 -23604 -0,5 4152 0 252 4585 -3667 -0,1 13843 0 252 2037 15062 0,3 20739 0 252 3621 30902 0,7

Ti (analytical)

Ti 20 (analyt Ti steady Ti (eulerical) exp Hv stack state method) 16,5 20,7 0,94 2599 25 17,7 21,6 0,93 3015 28 19,3 22,7 0,90 4603 30 21,1 24,1 0,89 5324 33 22,9 25,4 0,88 5511 34 24,6 26,7 0,89 5254 35 25,9 27,8 0,90 4530 35 26,9 28,6 0,93 3089 35 27,6 29,2 0,95 2330 33 28,0 29,5 0,90 4753 31 28,0 29,2 0,87 6299 28 27,2 28,3 0,85 7319 23 25,9 26,9 0,84 8080 20 24,3 25,3 0,83 8617 17 22,5 23,5 0,82 8932 15 20,6 21,6 0,82 9028 13 18,8 19,8 0,82 8910 11 17,2 18,2 0,83 8579 10 15,9 16,8 0,84 8026 10 15,0 15,9 0,85 7226 10 14,5 15,3 0,87 6114 11 14,5 15,2 0,90 4585 14 14,8 15,4 0,95 2037 18 15,4 16,0 0,92 3621 21

Roof

transp. nontrans transp. nontrans

Facades

Ai (m2)

Internal 1 Internal 2 Internal 3 Internal 4 floor internal (space)

1200 1200 1200 1200 600 0

SKIN area (m2) ZTA z 480 0,7 0 0,37 360 0,3 0 0,3

morning afternoon

Internal gains 30 10 9000 office hours 8 18

0,5 0,5

MASS dmwi (m) ﾏ（ (kg/m3) Gi(kg) 0,01 2400 28800 0,01 2400 28800 0,01 2400 28800 0,01 2400 28800 0,06 2400 86400 0 0 0 total 201600 C 840 ﾎｱ 2E-05

11,2 12,6

0,3 0,3

kg kg kg kg kg kg kg J/(kg*m2) W/m2

Temperature range atrium [winter] 15,0 13,0 11,0 9,0 7,0 5,0

STACK VENTILATION Cd 0,9 Air inlet 0,5 m2 Air outlet 0,5 m2 height difference 10,0 m 0,4 m2 Ae People Lighting Qi

Tmin Tavg

Global non-linear calculation of atria Winter

Analysis Period

3,0 1,0 -1,0

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-3,0

n W/m2 W

-5,0 Ta

h h

Ti (euler-method)

Ti (analytical)

Time

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12_NE.w Qfac 96,4 70,8 37,4 28,6 28 26,8 25,2 22,4 19 15,4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1950 1432 756 578 566 542 510 453 384 311 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ta Qz [W] Qi [W] Ht 20_XX.w Qroof 71,26 3592 2,5 5541 9000 92,26 4650 3,7 6082 9000 108,64 5475 5,0 6232 9000 119,14 6005 6,3 6583 9000 122,64 6181 7,5 6747 9000 119,14 6005 8,5 6547 9000 108,64 5475 9,3 5985 9000 92,26 4650 9,8 5103 9000 71,26 3592 10,0 3976 9000 48,16 2427 9,8 2739 9000 0 0 9,3 0 9000 0 0 8,5 0 0 0 0 7,5 0 0 0 0 6,3 0 0 0 0 5,0 0 0 0 0 3,7 0 0 0 0 2,5 0 0 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 0 0,7 0 0 0 0 0,2 0 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 0 0 0,2 0 0 0 0 0,7 0 0 0 0 1,5 0 0

252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252

Hv 510 418 288 88 298 391 441 458 444 394 298 117 288 440 557 651 725 781 818 837 837 818 780 723

Qres 7941 9975 11704 13714 13231 13089 12693 11918 10777 9440 6658 -1919 -3342 -5069 -6885 -8722 -10439 -11875 -12882 -13351 -13225 -12511 -11278 -9646

dT 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,0 -0,1 -0,1 -0,1 -0,2 -0,2 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,3 -0,2 -0,2

Ti Ti (euler- (analytica Ti steady method) l) exp Hv stack state 11,3 5,3 0,98 510 16 11,5 5,6 0,99 418 17 11,8 5,9 0,99 288 19 12,1 6,2 0,99 88 20 12,4 6,6 0,99 298 21 12,6 6,9 0,99 391 22 12,9 7,3 0,99 441 23 13,2 7,6 0,99 458 23 13,4 7,9 0,99 444 22 13,6 8,2 0,99 394 21 13,7 8,4 0,99 298 19 13,7 8,4 0,99 117 9 13,6 8,4 0,99 288 8 13,5 8,3 0,99 440 6 13,4 8,3 0,98 557 5 13,2 8,2 0,98 651 4 13,0 8,1 0,98 725 3 12,7 7,9 0,98 781 1 12,4 7,8 0,98 818 1 12,1 7,6 0,98 837 0 11,9 7,4 0,98 837 0 11,6 7,3 0,98 818 0 11,4 7,1 0,98 780 1 11,2 7,0 0,98 723 1

time

100

117

123

117

100

499

583

613

583

499

371

217

105

303

496

636

703

695

614

477

298

141

119

99,2

127,2

140,6

139

122,8

95,4

59,6

28,2

23,8

19,6

04_SW.w

225

514

693

749

695

562

372

154

141

127

112

05_WW.s

138,6

149,8

139

112,4

74,4

30,8

28,2

25,4

22,4

06_WW.w

-10

110

130

04_SW.w

12_NE.w

20_XX.w

02_SS.w

10_NN.w

18_HH.w

14_EE.w

06_WW.w

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 16_SE.w

08_NW.w

-100

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

22,8

21,4

23,8

25,8

27,4

25,8

23,8

21,4

10_NN.w

150

114

168

117

116

168

114

107

119

129

135

137

135

129

119

107

09_NN.s

900

106,2

96,4

70,8

37,4

28,6

26,8

25,2

22,4

08_NW.w

170

130

456

531

482

354

187

143

140

134

126

112

07_NW.s

1000

371

03_SW.s

693

514

225

112

127

141

154

372

562

695

749

13_EE.s

15,2

22,4

25,4

28,2

30,8

74,4

112,4

139

149,8

14_EE.w

496

303

105

119

141

298

479

614

695

703

636

15_SE.s

15,2

19,6

23,8

28,2

59,6

95,8

122,8

139

140,6

127,2

16_SE.w

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 183 344

03_SW.s 13_EE.s

01_SS.s 11_NE.s

15_SE.s

05_WW.s

17_HH.s

07_NW.s

19_XX.s

241

128

241

356

461

543

596

613

596

543

461

356

19_XX.s

09_NN.s

155

776

183

170

851

344

175

876

132

170

851

102

155

776

659

132

659

509

102

18_HH.w

509

17_HH.s

Summer Hourly irradiation values on surface (W/m2)

15,4

22,4

25,2

26,8

28,6

37,4

70,8

96,4

12_NE.w

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1

531

456

130

112

126

134

140

143

187

354

482

11_NE.s

Solar data valid for 50 degrees NH at july 23 and Trubungsfactor 4, (qs in W/m2) --> WINTER assumed by reduction factor and daylit hours

Winter (assumed 1/5 of summer data) Hourly irradiation values on surface (W/m2)

217

02_SS.w

190

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0,20

01_SS.s

Winter assumption mean reduction sunrise sunset daylength

109

119

123

119

109

20_XX.w

B.4. Solar radiation ranges for summer and winter periods

contribution(%)

time

contribution(%)

time

8 12 16

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

Tat

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

qs1

O1 qs1 11,33 02_SS.w 12,36 02_SS.w 13,39 02_SS.w

O1 21 01_SS.s 25 01_SS.s 29 01_SS.s

1,6 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,085 m3/s 19 oC

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

GENERAL

atrium/ corridors

Ď air c g Cd

504,64

Internal 0,25

0,01 0,37

zi 0,5 0,5

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 21,04922893 oC in out 22 12,58767249 oC

INPUT

Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 9505,48 506 33041 9505,48 506 33637 9505,48 506 34116

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 0 0 0 0 0 -1347 0 0,0 -5760 -962 -8069 122,6 20_XX.w 122,64 0 0 0 0 0 -1216 0 0,0 -5760 -962 -7939 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 0 0 0 0 0 -1086 0 0,0 -5760 -962 -7809

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) 217 19_XX.s 356,3 0 20000 1848 1848 23696 -666 0 613 19_XX.s 613,2 0 20000 1848 1848 23696 -71 0 217 19_XX.s 356,3 0 20000 1848 1848 23696 408 0

104,6427543 2,67

0 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

01_SS.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

8,4 22 8,3 8 185 1534

facade roof

value

07_Ad Auditorium 250

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 01_SS.s 0 0,3 19_XX.s 0 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

Ventilation & infiltration

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Geometry

General

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

Cooling

max Mean

max mean

qres -44 -43 -42 -44 -43

qres 179 182 185 185 182

W/m2 W/m2 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

07_Ad

Representative static calculation sheets

Heating

Climate Internal gains

B.5.

8 12 16

Tat

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

qs1

O1 qs1 11,33 08_NW.w 12,36 08_NW.w 13,39 08_NW.w

O1 21 07_NW.s 25 07_NW.s 29 07_NW.s

0,028 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,002 m3/s 19 oC

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

GENERAL

9,3

0,25

0,01 0,37

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 30 oC in out 22 5 oC

INPUT

Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 134,40 11 638 134,40 11 695 134,40 11 1053

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 19 20_XX.w 71,26 19,38 0 0 0 0 -25 -240 -35,2 -100,8 -46 -428 28 20_XX.w 122,64 28,56 0 0 0 0 -22 -240 -35,2 -100,8 -46 -416 96,4 20_XX.w 71,26 98,328 0 0 0 0 -20 -240 -35,2 -100,8 -46 -344

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) 95 19_XX.s 356,3 96,9 160 120 120 400 -12 8 140 19_XX.s 613,2 142,8 160 120 120 400 -1 8 482 19_XX.s 356,3 491,64 160 120 120 400 8 8

104,6427543 2,67

zi 0,5 0,5

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

Ď air c g Cd

atrium/ corridors

Internal

3,4 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

07_NW.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

4 3 3,4 3,1 12 41

facade roof

value

01_A1 Cabinet 2

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 07_NW.s 6,8 0,3 19_XX.s 0 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

General

Geometry

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Ventilation & infiltration

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

32 max Mean

max mean

qres -36 -35 -29 -37 -33

qres 53 58 88 88 66

W/m2 W/m3 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

01_A1

Internal

8 12 16

8,00 12,00 16,00

Tat

GENERAL

0,12 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,016 m3/s 19 oC

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

O1 11 08_NW.w 12 08_NW.w 13 08_NW.w

O1 20,72 07_NW.s 25,44 07_NW.s 29,24 07_NW.s

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

68,2

qs1

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 30 oC in out 22 5 oC

INPUT

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 19 20_XX.w 71 867 -182 -2.000 -368 -1612 -328 -4.489 28 20_XX.w 123 1.481 -164 -2.000 -368 -928 -328 -3.788 96 20_XX.w 71 1.046 -147 -2.000 -368 -1398 -328 -4.240

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 95,00 19_XX.s 356,30 4.334,91 640,00 1.000,00 1.000,00 2.640,00 -90,07 86,58 576,00 77,07 7.624,48 140,00 19_XX.s 613,20 7.406,14 640,00 1.000,00 1.000,00 2.640,00 -9,62 86,58 576,00 77,07 10.776,16 482,00 19_XX.s 356,30 5.229,65 640,00 1.000,00 1.000,00 2.640,00 55,18 86,58 576,00 77,07 8.664,48

0,25

Rc 4

0,01 0,37

104,6427543 2,67

zi 0,2 0,5

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

contribution(%)

time

contribution(%)

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

Ď air c g Cd

atrium/ corridors

19,26666667 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

07_NW.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

5 17 3,4 3,1 100 289

facade roof

value

02_A2 Studio 8

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 07_NW.s 38,53333333 0,3 19_XX.s 33 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

General

Geometry

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Ventilation & infiltration

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

max mean

qres -45 -38 -42 -54 -42

qres 76 108 87 108 90

W/m2 W/m3 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

02_A2

8 12 16

Tat

qs1

O1 qs1 11,33 08_NW.w 12,36 08_NW.w 13,39 08_NW.w

O1 21 07_NW.s 25 07_NW.s 29 07_NW.s

0,028 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,004 m3/s 19 oC

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

GENERAL

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 30 oC in out 22 5 oC

INPUT

Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 134,40 20 696 134,40 20 744 134,40 20 783

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 19 20_XX.w 71,26 0 0 0 0 0 -109 -436 0,0 -100,8 -84 -730 28 20_XX.w 122,64 0 0 0 0 0 -99 -436 0,0 -100,8 -84 -719 96,4 20_XX.w 71,26 0 0 0 0 0 -88 -436 0,0 -100,8 -84 -708

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) 95 19_XX.s 356,3 0 160 217,8 217,8 595,6 -54 0 140 19_XX.s 613,2 0 160 217,8 217,8 595,6 -6 0 482 19_XX.s 356,3 0 160 217,8 217,8 595,6 33 0

0,25

0,01 0,37

zi 0,5 0,5

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

contribution(%)

time

contribution(%)

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

atrium/ corridors

Ď air c g Cd

40,92

Internal

104,6427543 2,67

0 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

07_NW.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

3,3 6,6 3,4 3,1 22 74

facade roof

value

03_B1 Cabinet 2

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 07_NW.s 0 0,3 19_XX.s 0 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

General

Geometry

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Ventilation & infiltration

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

34 max mean

max mean

qres -33 -33 -33 -33 -33

qres 32 34 36 36 34

W/m2 W/m3 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

03_B1

8 12 16

Tat

11,33 08_NW.w 12,36 08_NW.w 13,39 08_NW.w

O1 21 07_NW.s 25 07_NW.s 29 07_NW.s

0,12 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,033 m3/s 19 oC

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

GENERAL

qs1

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 30 oC in out 22 5 oC

INPUT

19 20_XX.w 28 20_XX.w 96,4 20_XX.w

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) 71,26 0 0 0 0 0 -513 -3534 122,64 0 0 0 0 0 -463 -3534 71,26 0 0 0 0 0 -414 -3534

0,0 0,0 0,0

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) 95 19_XX.s 356,3 0 640 1767 1767 4174 -254 0 140 19_XX.s 613,2 0 640 1767 1767 4174 -27 0 482 19_XX.s 356,3 0 640 1767 1767 4174 156 0

0,25

0,01 0,37

zi 0,2 0,5

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

contribution(%)

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

atrium/ corridors

Ď air c g Cd

192,2

Internal

104,6427543 2,67

0 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

07_NW.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

5,7 31 3,4 3,1 177 601

facade roof

value

04_B2 Studio 8

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 07_NW.s 0 0,3 19_XX.s 0 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

General

Geometry

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Ventilation & infiltration

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

-432 -432 -432

-681 -681 -681

-5160 -5110 -5061

Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 576,00 160 4656 576,00 160 4883 576,00 160 5066

max mean

-29 -29 -29 -29 -29

qres 26 28 29 29 28

W/m2 W/m3 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

04_B2

contribution(%)

time

contribution(%)

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

Ď air c g Cd

atrium/ corridors

Internal

8 12 16

Tat

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

GENERAL

11,33 02_SS.w 12,36 02_SS.w 13,39 02_SS.w

O1 21 01_SS.s 25 01_SS.s 29 01_SS.s

qs1

0,014 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,002 m3/s 19 oC

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

11,78

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 30 oC in out 22 5 oC

INPUT

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 56,0728 0 0 0 0 -31 -243 -44,6 -50,4 -47 -360 122,6 20_XX.w 122,64 158,3992 0 0 0 0 -28 -243 -44,6 -50,4 -47 -255 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 56,0728 0 0 0 0 -25 -243 -44,6 -50,4 -47 -354

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 217 19_XX.s 356,3 280,364 80 121,6 121,6 323,2 -16 11 67,20 11 677 613 19_XX.s 613,2 791,996 80 121,6 121,6 323,2 -2 11 67,20 11 1202 217 19_XX.s 356,3 280,364 80 121,6 121,6 323,2 10 11 67,20 11 702

0,25

0,01 0,37

Rci

104,6427543 2,67

zi 0,5 0,5

ZTA (g)i 0,3 0,7

4,306666667 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

01_SS.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

3,2 3,8 3,4 3,1 12 41

facade roof

value

05_C1 Cabinet 1

GLASS Oi Ai 01_SS.s 8,613333333 19_XX.s 0 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

Ventilation & infiltration

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Geometry

General

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

36 max Mean

max mean

qres -30 -21 -29 -34 -27

qres 56 99 58 99 71

W/m2 W/m3 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

05_C1

Internal

8 12 16

Tat

GENERAL

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

11,33 02_SS.w 12,36 02_SS.w 13,39 02_SS.w

O1 21 01_SS.s 25 01_SS.s 29 01_SS.s

0,12 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,040 m3/s 19 oC

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

qs1

start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 26 30 oC in out 22 5 oC

INPUT

Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 576,00 190 19713 576,00 190 31009 576,00 190 19951

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 2807,6818 0 0 0 0 -298 -4200 -917,2 -432 -809 -3849 122,6 20_XX.w 122,64 5040,5752 0 0 0 0 -269 -4200 -917,2 -432 -809 -1587 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 2807,6818 0 0 0 0 -240 -4200 -917,2 -432 -809 -3791

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) 217 19_XX.s 356,3 14038,409 640 2100 2100 4840 -147 216 613 19_XX.s 613,2 25202,876 640 2100 2100 4840 -16 216 217 19_XX.s 356,3 14038,409 640 2100 2100 4840 90 216

0,25

111,6

Ui 0,3 0,3

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

contribution(%)

time

contribution(%)

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

Ď air c g Cd

atrium/ corridors

0,01 0,37

104,6427543 2,67

zi 0,2 0,5

72,53333333 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

01_SS.s 19_XX.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

10 21 3,4 3,1 210 714

facade roof

value

06_C2 Studio 8

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 01_SS.s 72,53333333 0,3 19_XX.s 105 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

General

Geometry

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Ventilation & infiltration

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

max Mean

max mean

qres -18 -8 -18 -32 -15

qres 94 148 95 148 112

W/m2 W/m2 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

06_C2

contribution(%)

time

contribution(%)

time

n Vinf Fan coil temperature

Ď air c g Cd

atrium/ corridors

Internal

8 12 16

Tat

1,2 1000 9,81 0,89

qs1

Rc 0,25

0,01 0,37

zi 0,5 0,5

Ui 0,3 0,3 start end

Lighting Equipment

people

SUMMER max WINTER min

10 W/m2 10 W/m2 OFFICE HOURS 8h 18 h

INTERNAL 80 W/pp

TEMPERATURE RANGE in out 28 30 oC in out 15 0 oC

INPUT

Maximal heating load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,l (W) Qi,e (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qreh (W) 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 11007,85 0 0 0 0 0 -42000 122,6 20_XX.w 122,64 21459,9 0 0 0 0 0 -42000 43,4 20_XX.w 71,26 11007,85 0 0 0 0 0 -42000

Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) 3840,00 1400 82690 3840,00 1400 108993 3840,00 1400 130098

Qtr (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qres (W) -3150,0 -7680 -10500 -52322 -3150,0 -7680 -10500 -41870 -3150,0 -7680 -10500 -52322

Simplified* Heating and cooling calculation representative room: Maximal and mean cooling load calculation (Static calculation, without passive improvements) O2 qs2 Qz,gl (W) Qi,P (W) Qi,e (W) Qi,l (W) Qi (W) Qtr,at (W) Qtr (W) 217 07_NW.s 95 23030 12000 21000 21000 54000 0 420 613 07_NW.s 140 49332,5 12000 21000 21000 54000 0 420 217 07_NW.s 482 70437,5 12000 21000 21000 54000 0 420

104,6427543 2,67

O1 qs1 11,33 02_SS.w 12,36 02_SS.w 13,39 02_SS.w

O1 21 01_SS.s 25 01_SS.s 29 01_SS.s

1,6 m3/s INFILTRATION 0,2 0,583 m3/s 19 oC

kg/m3 J/(kg*K) m/s2 CROSS

GENERAL

0 0 ATRIUM Ai (m2)

01_SS.s 07_NW.s

unit m m m m m2 m3

facade roof

30 35 10 9,7 2100 10500

facade facade 2

value

09_Ex Exhibition 150

GLASS Oi Ai ZTA (g)i 01_SS.s 350 0,3 07_NW.s 350 0,7 NON STRANSPARENT O1 Ai Rci

d w ho hi A V

Zone: Type: occupancy

More heating capacity necessary due to heat loss to the surrounding offices (neglected) * Less heating capacity necessary due to Internal heat gains ** max value taken without solar heat gains

Ventilation & infiltration

Surfaces (transmission & radiation

Geometry

General

Representative Room Calculation Climate Calculation

Cooling

Heating

Climate Internal gains

38 max Mean

max mean

qres -25 -20 -25 -30 -23

qres 39 52 62 62 51

W/m2 W/m2 W/m4 W/m2** W/m2

W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2

load at hour

Cooling Load

load at hour

09_Ex

Dynamic calculation sheets

C.1. Summer calculation function references (left page) and wall input (right page)

C.2. Summer calculation input panels

C.3. Alphameric summer results (left) and the graphical results (right) Season period 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15:

temperature [°C], in C1 max per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in C1 durat > 26 per passed month temperature [°C], in C1_CCA_Cs min per passed month Q-action [W], in C1_CCA_C integral [*h] per passed month temperature [°C], in B1 max per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in B1 durat > 26 per passed month temperature [°C], in B1_CCA_Cs min per passed month Q-action [W], in B1_CCA_C integral [*h] per passed month temperature [°C], in A1 max per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in A1 durat > 26 per passed month temperature [°C], in A1_CCA_Cs min per passed month Q-action [W], in A1_CCA_C integral [*h] per passed month temperature [°C], in At max per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in At durat > 26 per passed month Q-action [W], in AT_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed month

25.8 0.0 17.8 -46165.1 25.5 0.0 16.8 0.0 25.6 0.0 18.1 -19266.1 38.5 165.0 -2201411.5 25.7 0.0 18.5 -58648.6 25.5 0.0 17.7 -4716.5 25.6 0.0 19.5 -38732.1 36.1 192.3 -2290225.8

Yearly 1: 2: 3: 4:

Q-action [W], in C1_CCA_C integral [*h] per passed year Q-action [W], in B1_CCA_C integral [*h] per passed year Q-action [W], in A1_CCA_C integral [*h] per passed year Q-action [W], in AT_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed year

-201009.7 -7633.0 -69147.8 -8427682.0

C.4. Winter input panels and modified function references

C.5. Alphameric winter results (left) and the graphical results (right) Season period 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11:

temperature [°C], in C1 min per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in C1_CCA_Fs max per passed month Q-action [W], in C1_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed month temperature [°C], in B1 min per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in B1_CCA_Fs max per passed month Q-action [W], in B1_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed month temperature [°C], in A1 min per passed month within 08-18h temperature [°C], in A1_CCA_Fs max per passed month Q-action [W], in A1_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed month temperature [°C], in At min per passed month within 08-18h Q-action [W], in At_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed month

23.4 35.7 0.0 33.0 0.0 29.8 4752.9 481719.3 21.5 24.1 10215.8 23.6 10925.8 24.0 53445.5 3784453.0 20.8 24.3 63355.5 24.2 53406.4 24.8 106872.2 7036129.5 21.3 24.4 76460.6 24.2 67596.0 24.8 124256.8 8030238.0

Yearly 1: 2: 3: 4:

21.6 21.5 11.7 21.4 20.6 8.3 21.4 20.7 8.9

Q-action [W], in C1_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed year Q-action [W], in B1_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed year Q-action [W], in A1_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed year Q-action [W], in At_CCA_F integral [*h] per passed year

132419.3 113852.6 338374.5 25313366.0

22.6 21.5 13.0