Residential ventilation concepts based on the idea of displacement airflow distribution A strategy for reducing energy demand
Student: Aris Gkitzias (I.D.: 4180380) Mentors: Dr. Regina Bokel, Ir. John van der Vliet MSc graduation project Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture
Delft University of Technology July 2013
I II
I
II
(
)
√
√
√
(
√
√
√
)
∑
√
√
𝛵𝑓
𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑒
𝑇𝑠
(
𝜃𝑓
𝑇𝑠
) 𝛵𝑓 𝑇𝑒
𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑡 [𝑚]
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
Displacement ventilation Measurement point in room In front of standing person ( ) In front of seated person ( )
Mixing ventilation Ceiling outlets Twisted Outlets Slot outlets
Liner displacement
Floor Twist Outlets
1,2- 1,6
1,2-1,65
0,88-0,96
0,93-0,97
1,3-1,96
1,3-2,0
0,90-0,97
0,92-0,96
Study (Bjørn, et al., 2002) (Causone, et al., 2010) (Tomasi, et al., 2013) (Huang, et al., 2004)
room Living room Bedroom
3
Room type Small office Small office Dwelling Dwelling
Qv [m /h] 400-160 126 41-20 22,5 3
Qv [m /h] 70-100 25,2-54
ACH 0,77-2 3,1-4,5 0,5-1 0,36-0,86
ACH 0,5-1,0 0,5-1,0
H (room height) 4,7-2,5 2,4 2,4 -
H (room height) 2,4-2,8 2,4-2,8
Ts Tsurrounding Qv ACH QMankin A QMankin B QPoint heat source Qpersonal simulator QLighting QTotal
째C 째C 3 m /h -1 h W W W W W W
Experiment series no. 1 Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Exp. 4 ? ? ? ? 20-22 20-22 20-22 20-22 400 160 160 400 1,7 0,77 0,77 1,7 75 75 75 75 100
? 175
100 500 100 ? 775
100 500 300 ? 975
100 500 100 ? 775
Experiment series no. 2
Experiment series no. 3
20 20-22 160 0,7 75
20 20-22 72 2 100
75
100
144 294
145 345
(
(
)
)
(
)
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
Tr
째C
22,0
22,0
22,0
22,0
22,0
22,0
20,0
20,0
22,0
Tw
째C
13,5
13,5
13,5
13,5
13,5
13,5
12,0
12,0
0
Ts
째C
14,0
16,0
18,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
16,0
16,0
14,0
Qv
3
126,0
126,0
126,0
180,0
180,0
180,0
126,0
180,0
126,0
3,1
3,1
3,1
4,5
4,5
4,5
3,1
4,5
3,1
520,0
520,0
520,0
520,0
520,0
520,0
520,0
520,0
520,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
31,0
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
m /h -1
ACH
h
Ql
W
Qfloor heat
W/m
2
P1(CRE)
1,10m
1,63
1,55
1,42
2
2
1,79
2,07
2,52
1,5
P1(CRE)
1,40m
1,62
1,32
1,26
1,89
2,13
1,61
1,48
2,02
1,59
P2(CRE)
1,10m
1,9
1,55
1,63
2,14
2,14
1,72
2,07
2,2
1,69
P2(CRE)
1,40m
1,92
1,36
1,48
2,6
2,72
1,93
1,31
2,28
1,61
house Huang/Chen- Case 03
Ts
°C
13,3
Tsurounding
°C
0-10
Twindow
°C
?
Awindow
m2
5,6
Afloor
m2
Room height (H)
m
32 2,5
Qv
m3/h
22,5
ACH
h-1
0,36
Qpeople
W
2x75
Qequip
W
?
Qlight
W
200
heating set temperature
°C
19
(
(
)
)
(
)
o
System
CRE C1 at 1.1 m
CRE occupied c zone
Tw
Qpeople
Qv
°C
°C
°C
W
m /h
h
°C
b
22
16
18,8
90
20
0,5
-0,1
0,9
0,9
0,97
0,94
b
22
16
18,8
90
41
1
-0,1
1
0,8
0,85
0,86
b
22
16
18,8
90
20
0,5
0
0,8
0,93
0,96
0,94
A(case7 ) B (case6 ) b
CRE Manikin a at 1.1 m
Ts
A (case6 )
a
Air temp. effectiveness in occupied zone at 0.6 m
Toz
3
ACH
Vertical air temp. difference in occupied zone
-1
Mean of three measurements at one position (manikin’s breathing zone) ± 95% confidence limit. Combination of mixing ventilation and floor heating. Floor temperature minus room temperature (1.2 ± 0.1) ◦C.
-1
[l/s] 20 30 40 60
[m ] 8,63 8,14 7,97 7,85
[
]
[m] 0,86 1,22 1,59 2,35
Category
Air change rate l/s,m
2
a
ACH
Living room and bedrooms, mainly outdoor air flow ( ) l/s, (at 2 l/s/m least) 7 0,9
Exhaust air flow, l/s Kitchen
Bathrooms
Toilets
21
14
7
Air Distribution Configuration Ceiling supply of cool air. Ceiling supply of warm air and floor return. Ceiling supply of warm air 15째F (8째C) or more above space temperature and ceiling return. Ceiling supply of warm air less than 8째C above space temperature and ceiling return provided that the 0,8 m/s supply air jet reaches to within 1,4 m of floor level. Note: For lower velocity supply air, Ez = 0,8. Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return provided that the 0,8 m/s supply jet reaches 1,4 m or more above the floor. Note: Most underfloor air distribution systems (UFAD) comply with this proviso. Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return, provided low-velocity displacement ventilation achieves unidirectional flow and thermal stratification. Floor supply of warm air and floor return.
1,0 1,0 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,0
Floor supply of warm air and ceiling return. Makeup supply drawn in on the opposite side of the room from the exhaust and/or return. Makeup supply drawn in near to the exhaust and/or return location.
Air Diffusion
Mixing Horizontal jet Mixing Vertical jet Displacement ventilation
Cold jet ΔT< 0°C Effective velocity
Ventilation effectiveness
ΔT (supplyindoor)
> 1,5 m/s < 0,5 m/s All diffusers
0,9 – 1,1 0,7 – 0,9 0,9 – 1,1
< 10 °C > 15 or 20 °C < 10 °C > 15 °C
1,0 - 2
0,7 0,8 0,5
Hot jet Ventilation effectiveness (Low ceiling) 0,8 - 1 m 0,4 – 0,8 m 0,6 – 0,8 m 0,4 – 0,8 m
Ventilation effectiveness (High ceiling) Not advised Not advised a 0,8 – 1
0,2 – 0,7 m
Not advised
√
√
(
)
∑ ∑
∑
(
)
∑
∑ ∑
∑
∑
∑
∑ ∑
∑
(
)
(
(
)
)
√
√
√
Bjorn/Nielsen case 01
Chen/ Yuan Case 02
Huang/Chen Case 03
Lee/Chen Case 04
Ts Tsurounding Twindow Awindow Afloor Room height (H) Qv ACH Qpeople Qequip Qlight Heating set temp.
째C 째C 째C 2 m 2 m m 3 m /h -1 h W W W 째C
20 20-22 48 4,7 160 0,7 2x75 240 -
17 27-28 4,32 18,7 2,4 179,7 4 2x75 282 204 -
13,3 0-10 2x 2,6 32 2,5 22,5 0,36 2x75 200 19,5
19 ? 7,2 20,16 2,43 293,4 6 2x75 200 581,4 -
Rc walls Rc roof U- value window g-value window
(K m )/W 2 (K m )/W 2 (W/ (K m )
2
3 5 -
4 5 1,4 0,58
3,8 5 1,27 0,59
5,45 5,45 1,3 0,298
Qv Airnode 1 (Low) Airnode 2 (Mid)
Airnode 3 (Up)
3
Bjorn/Nielsen case 01 160
Chen/Yuan Case 02 179,7
Huang/Chen Case 03 22,5
Lee/Chen Case 04 293,4
75
75
2x 0,6 75
0,69 75
Qpeople Qequip Awindow Qpeople
m /h W W 2 m W
Qequip
W
141
2
4,32 75
Awindow Qpeople
m W
Qequip
W
Qlight
W
(
75
100 2x2 75
141 240
)
204
(
)
6,51 75 100
200
581,4
TRNSYS model (h=1,0m) 3-node (1st method) Bjorn/Nielsen case 01 Chen/Yuan case 02 Huang/Chen case 03 Lee/Chen case 04
Mundt equation
Ts [°C]
Te [°C]
Tf [°C]
θf
Te* [°C]
Tf* [°C]
θ’f
Te' [°C]
Tf* [°C]
θ’f
20,00
22,38
21,25
0,68
22,43
21,82
0,75
22,67
21,82
0,68
17,00
?
?
0,50
24,62
23,17
0,81
31,70
23,17
0,42
13,30
20,40
18,48
0,73
20,40
18,00
0,66
18,52
18,00
0,90
19,00
26,20
22,96
0,35
26,38
20,99
0,27
36,75
20,99
0,32
External walls Internal walls Roof Floor Window
tot. thickness [mm]
u-value [W/m2K]
g-value
290 100 460 200 4-16-4
0,33 2,50 0,20 3,63 2,83
0,75
2
Living Room Kitchen Bedroom 01 Bedroom 02 Bathroom
3
Zone Area [m ]
Zone volume [m ]
20 20 16 16 6
54 54 43,2 43,2 16,2
Window surface 2 [m ] 2,25 2,25 2,25 -
Supply airflow 3 [m /h] 130 45 45 -
Exhaust airflow 3 [m /h] 145 75
tot, thickness [mm]
u-value 2 [W/m ]
External walls
290
0,33
Roof
460
0,2
Floor
200
3,63
4-16-4
1,27
Window
g-value
0,6
Zone Area [m ]
Zone volume [m ]
Window surface 2 [m ]
Supply airflow 3 [m /h]
Living Room
25,34
65,88
7,15
135
Kitchen
11,89
30,9
2,16
Bedroom 01
11,9
30,16
2,16
40
Bedroom 02
15,18
39,47
2,16
50
Bathroom
4,6
10,58
50
WC
1,6
3,65
25
70,51
180,64
2
Total
3
13,63
Exhaust airflow 3 [m /h] 150
225
225
Diffuser TYPE-01 (Living room) TYPE-01 (Bedroom-01) TYPE-01(Bedroom-02) TYPE-02 (Living room) TYPE-02 (Bedroom-01) TYPE-02 (Bedroom-02)
[m]
width [m]
height [m]
dyn. Loss coefficient (ζ)
screen % = flow area/net duct area
(Ad) flow area [m2]
(Aduct) net duct area [m2]
(Vd) discharge velocity [m/s]
0,0361 0,0125 0,0125
0,2 0,2 0,2
0,5 0,4 0,4
0,5 0,4 0,4
2,002 3,204 3,204
0,6 0,45 0,45
0,1500 0,0720 0,0720
0,2500 0,1600 0,1600
0,24 0,17 0,17
0,0361 0,0111 0,0153
0,2 0,2 0,2
0,5 0,3 0,4
0,5 0,3 0,4
2,002 2,661 4,025
0,6 0,5 0,4
0,1500 0,0450 0,0640
0,2500 0,0900 0,1600
0,24 0,25 0,24
ΔPs *Pa+ 96% fan speed
Qv[m3/s] target
Length
0,023 0,01 0,011 0,026 0,005 0,006
√
Q [m3/h]
0
50
100
150
200
250
CFM14 (mode-1) Exhaust fan
ΔPs *Pa+
400
329
257
186
114
42,9
CFM14-T (mode-1) Exhaust fan
ΔPs *Pa+
475
490
439
310
181
51,6
CFMe (mode-4) Exhaust fan
ΔPs *Pa+
600
425
300
190
110
65
0
CFMe (mode-7) Exhaust fan
ΔPs *Pa+
920
680
475
345
245
160
95
0
K2E 190(a)
Centrifugal fan
ΔPs *Pa+
330
292
260
235
208
180
156
K2E 190(c)
Centrifugal fan
ΔPs *Pa+
435
380
320
280
240
205
175
K2E 190(d)
Centrifugal fan
ΔPs *Pa+
443
385
340
304
270
237
K3G190(b)
Centrifugal fans
ΔPs *Pa+
675
617
570
540
510
480
300
350
400
500
600
620
128
100
40
150
120
65
208
175
145
85
15
0
450
420
380
310
220
200
0
Q [m3/h]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
RVU-S3- 225
Airflow Duplexvent
ΔPs *Pa+
0
12,5
37
67
110
158
215
RVU-S3- 280
Airflow Duplexvent
ΔPs *Pa+
0
8
25
45
73
105
145
185
RVU-S3- 325
Airflow Duplexvent
ΔPs *Pa+
0
8
20
37
59
83
112
145
182
RS160 (300)
Recair Sensitive
ΔPs *Pa+
0
17
34
52
75
100
125
155
187
225
RS160 (400)
Recair Sensitive
ΔPs *Pa+
0
13
25
38
52
70
90
110
128
150
RS160 (500)
Recair Sensitive
ΔPs *Pa+
0
9
18
29
39
51
63
77
92
110
1 atm. pressure Press. drop_DV (Type-02)_sup. stream [Pa]-TRNSYS Press. drop_DV (Type-01)_sup. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop_MV (Type-01_sup. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop_MV (Type-02)_sup. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop_DV sup. stream [Pa]-measurements
0 0 0 0 0 atm. pressure
Pressure drop_DV (Type-02)_ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop DV (Type-01) ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Pressure drop DV (Type-02) ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop DV (Type-01) ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop DV ex. stream [Pa]-measurements
0 0 0 0 0
2 After ducts (before fan) -11,5 -6 -11,5 -6 -57 (P1b) After ducts (before fan) -12,9 -8,5 -12,9 -8,5 -25 (P3b)
3
4
5
After Filter
After HRU
After Heating coil
-121,5 -120 -131,5 -121 ?
-175,5 -174 -188,5 -176 -92 (P2b)
After Filter
After HRU
-137,9 -152,5 -137,9 -152,5 ?
-198,9 -211 -198,9 -211 -67 (P4b)
68,5 59 61,5 64 28 (P2) After Ducts (after fan) 11,1 10 11,1 10 19 (P4)
6 After Ducts (after fan) 29,5 18 18,9 24 ? atm. pressure 0 0 0 0 0
7 atm. pressure 0 0 0 0 0
→ → → →
( →
→
(
→ )→
→ Monitoring temperature →
sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]
sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]
MENSS_TYPE-01_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 11913 4682 368 16963
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
2495 392 1570 4457
2317 586 1710 4614
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2115 483 1026 3624
MENSS_TYPE-01_ demand controlled
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
4433 1900 50 6383
1980 274 1059 3313
2006 417 1004 3427
1883 347 642 2872
MENSS_TYPE-01_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH
41
9
8
7
16 1 59
1 5 15
2 6 16
2 4 13
MENSS_TYPE-01_ demand controlled
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
15
7
7
7
7 0 22
1 4 11
1 3 12
1 2 10
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
2772 726 2907 6405
2575 1085 3167 6827
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2350 894 1900 5144
BVS-HR-MV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid 2200 507 1962 4669
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid 2229 772 1859 4860
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 2093 643 1189 3924
primary energy sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
MENSS_TYPE-01_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 13237 8670 682 22589
primary energy
MENSS TYPE-01 demand controlled
sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
4925 3519 93 8537
sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
MENSS_TYPE-02_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 12695 4723 559 17977
MENSS_TYPE-02_ demand controlled sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]
5983 2186 91 8260
MENSS TYPE-02 Max. exhaust fan speed all year 44 16 2 62
MENSS_TYPE-02_ demand controlled sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]
primary energy sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
21 8 0 29
MENSS_TYPE-02_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 14105 8746 1036 23887
primary energy
MENSS TYPE-02 demand controlled
sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]
6647 4047 169 10864
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year
3432 419 1761 5612
2867 626 1709 5202
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2635 525 1005 4165
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 2892 306 1062 4261
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 2588 459 1025 4071
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 2473 393 657 3523
BVS-HR-MV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year
12 1 6 19
10 2 6 18
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 9 2 3 14
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 10 1 4 15
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 9 2 4 14
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 9 1 2 12
BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year
3813 775 3262 7850
3186 1159 3165 7509
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2927 972 1861 5761
BVS-HR-MV TYPE-02 demand controlledhybrid 3214 567 1967 5748
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlledhybrid 2876 849 1898 5623
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 2748 728 1217 4693
sens. heating [MJ] Jan.- Feb.
MV_TYPE-1_ max fan speed _no HRU 6496,87
DV_TYPE-1_max fan speed _no HRU 6778,05
MV_TYPE-1_ max fan speed _ HRU 1475,27
DV_TYPE-1_ max fan speed _ HRU 1302,94
normal energy
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
Total annual savings
-3,52%
21,45%
-3,43%
13,31%
primary energy
BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
Total annual savings
-6,59%
24,66%
-4,09%
15,95%
normal energy
BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
Total annual savings
7,31%
19,94%
4,44%
17,31%
primary energy
BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
Total annual savings
4,35%
23,28%
2,18%
18,36%
normal energy
BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH
Total annual savings
6,81%
23,29%
5,84%
22,99%
(
(
)
)
characteristics of the system BVS-HR-DV - fan K2E 190(d) 3 Qv(tot)= 225 m /h o (HRU bypass 24 C) BVS-HR-MV- fan K2E190(d) 3 Qv(tot)= 225 m /h o (HRU bypass 24 C) BVS-HR-MV- fan K3G190 3 Qv(tot)= 275 m /h o (HRU bypass 24 C)
zone Living Room Kitchen Bedroom Living Room Kitchen Bedroom Living Room Kitchen Bedroom
airflow per zone 3
Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3
Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 3
Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3
Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 3
Qv=157 m /h, ACH=1,45 3
Qv= 59 m /h, ACH=1,4
o
o
o
o
h>25,5 C
h>26,5 C
% h>25,5 C
% h>26,5 C
60,00
0,00
2,85%
0,00%
58,00
0,00
2,75%
0,00%
134,00
0,00
6,36%
0,00%
430,00
44,00
20,42%
2,09%
477,00
14,00
22,65%
0,66%
618,00
106,00
29,34%
5,03%
228,00
10,00
10,83%
0,47%
194,00
0,00
9,21%
0,00%
347,00
51,00
16,48%
2,42%
characteristics of the system
zone
BVS-HR-DV - fan K2E 190(d) 3 Qv(tot)= 225 m /h (no HRU)
Living Room
BVS-HR-MV - fan K2E190(d) (natural ventilation) MV 3 Qv(tot) = 225 m /h (no HRU)
Living Room
(natural ventilation) MV 3 Qv= 366 m /h (no HRU)
Living Room
Kitchen Bedroom Kitchen Bedroom Kitchen Bedroom
airflow per zone 3
Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3
Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 3
Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3
Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 Qv=208 m3/h, ACH=2 3
Qv= 75 m /h, ACH=1,8
o
o
o
o
h>25,5 C
h>26,5 C
% h>25,5 C
% h>26,5 C
18,00
0,00
0,85%
0,00%
16,00
0,00
0,76%
0,00%
74,00
0,00
3,51%
0,00%
126,00
0,00
5,98%
0,00%
119,00
0,00
5,65%
0,00%
257,00
33,00
12,20%
1,57%
0,00
0,00
0,00%
0,00%
0,00 0,00
0,00 0,00
0,00% 0,00%
0,00% 0,00%
→ →
numerical values Bjorn/Nielsen (meas.)
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
mundt equation (θf)
h [m] Ti [°C] h [m]
0,00
0,10
0,50
0,80
1,00
1,37
1,75
2,00
2,66
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,70
22,25
21,60
22,08
22,00
22,12
22,25
22,27
22,27
22,40
22,38
22,37
22,38
22,25
4,70
0,99
0,99
0,19
0,19
0,00
Ti [°C]
22,43
22,43
22,14
22,14
21,82
21,82
h [m]
4,70
0,99
0,99
0,19
0,19
0,00
Ti [°C]
22,45
22,45
21,30
21,30
20,80
20,80
4,70
0,00
22,68
21,81
h [m] Ti [°C]
dimensionless values Bjorn/Nielsen (meas.) TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
mundt equation (θf)
h/H
0,00
0,02
0,11
0,17
0,21
0,29
0,37
0,43
0,57
0,64
0,74
0,85
1,00
θ
0,95
0,67
0,88
0,84
0,89
0,95
0,96
0,96
1,01
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,95
h/H
1
0,21
0,21
0,04
0,04
0
θ
1
1
0,88
0,88
0,74
0,74
h/H
1
0,21
0,21
0,04
0,04
0
θ
1,00
1,00
0,53
0,53
0,33
0,33
h/H
1
0
θ
1
0,68
dimensionless values Chen/Yuan (meas.) TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,6m TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
mundt equation (θf=0,42) Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5)
t= 5698
t= 5698
t= 5698
t= 5698
t= 5698
h/H
1
0,8
0,75
0,7
0,65
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,03
0
θ
0,98
0,98
0,97
0,95
0,93
0,91
0,85
0,8
0,65
0,56
0,5
0,7
h/H
1
0,66
0,66
0,08
0,08
0
θ
1
1
0,96
0,96
0,85
0,85
h/H
1
0,41
0,41
0,08
0,08
0
θ
1
1
0,91
0,91
0,81
0,81
h/H
1
0,41
0,41
0,08
0,08
0
θ
1
1,00
0,54
0,54
0,24
0,24
h/H
1
0
θ
1
0,42
h/H
1
0
θ
1
0,50
numerical values Chen/Yuan (meas.)
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,6m
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
mundt equation (θf=0,42)
Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5)
t= 5698
t= 5698
t= 5698
t= 5698
t= 5698
h [m]
2,4
1,92
1,8
1,68
1,56
1,44
1,2
0,96
0,48
0,24
0,072
0
Ti [°C]
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
h [m]
2,40
1,58
1,58
0,19
0,19
0,00
Ti [°C]
24,57
24,57
24,27
24,27
23,43
23,43
h [m]
2,40
0,98
0,98
0,19
0,19
0,00
Ti [°C]
24,62
24,62
23,93
23,93
23,17
23,17
h [m]
2,40
0,98
0,98
0,19
0,19
0,00
Ti [°C]
25,30
25,30
21,50
21,50
19,00
19,00
h [m]
2,40
0,00
Ti [°C]
31,70
23,16
h [m]
2,40
0,00
Ti [°C]
29,40
23,20
dimensionless values Huang/Chen (CFD meas.)
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,2m
t=503
t=503
mundt equation (θf=0,9)
h/H
1
0,79
0,68
0,5
0,26
0,048
0
θ
1
0,91
0,91
0,87
0,79
0,73
0,73
h/H
1
0,4
0,4
0,08
0,08
0
θ
1
1
0,87
0,87
0,66
0,66
h/H
1
0,48
0,48
0,08
0,08
0
θ
1
1
0,88
0,88
0,66
0,66
h/H
1
θ Huang/Chen (CFD meas.)
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,2m
t=503
t=503
mundt equation (θf=0,9)
0 0,90
1 numerical values
h [m]
2,50
1,98
1,70
1,25
0,66
0,12
0,00
Ti [°C]
20,40
19,76
19,76
19,48
18,91
18,48
18,48
h [m]
2,50
1,00
1,00
0,20
0,20
0,00
Ti [°C]
20,40
20,40
19,48
19,48
17,99
17,99
h [m]
2,50
1,20
1,20
0,20
0,20
0,00
Ti [°C]
20,40
20,40
19,55
19,55
17,99
17,99
h [m]
2,50
0,00
Ti [°C]
18,55
18,03
dimensionless values Lee/Chen (meas.)
mundt equation (θf=0,32)
Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5) TRNSYS 2-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
t=5439
t=5439
t=5439
h/H
1
0,86
0,7
0,575
0,45
0,26
0,07
0
θ
1
1
0,95
0,9
0,75
0,58
0,35
0,55
h/H
1
0
θ
1
0,32
h/H
1
0
θ
1
0,50
h/H
1
0,41
0,41
0
TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
t=5250
θ
1
1,00
0,43
0,43
h/H
1
0,41
0,41
0,08
0,08
0
θ
1
1,00
0,47
0,47
0,27
0,27
numerical values Lee/Chen (meas.)
mundt equation (θf=0,32)
Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5) TRNSYS 2-node (sim.) h= 1m (new) TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)
t=5439
t=5439
t=5439
h [m]
2,43
2,09
1,70
1,40
1,09
0,63
0,17
0,00
Ti [°C]
26,20
26,20
25,84
25,48
24,40
23,18
21,52
22,96
h [m]
2,43
0,00
Ti [°C]
36,75
24,68
h [m]
2,43
0,00
Ti [°C]
29,80
24,40
h [m]
2,43
1,00
1,00
0,00
Ti [°C]
26,60
26,60
22,27
22,27
h [m]
2,43
1,00
1,00
0,19
0,19
0,00
Ti [°C]
26,38
26,38
22,47
22,47
20,99
20,99
Bedroom 01 Lights
People
00:00-07:00 07:00-08:00
Bedroom 02 Lights
People
75W 10W/m
2
Living room Lights
Kitchen
People
Lights
75W
10W/m
Bathroom
People
Lights
People
75W
10W/m
2
75W
10W/m
2
75W
10W/m
2
150W 10W/m
2
10W/m
2
2
08:00-12:00 12:00-13:00
75W
13:00-17:00
75W
17:00-18:00 18:00-23:00 23:00-24:00
10W/m
2
10W/m
2
75W 75W
10W/m
2
10W/m
2
75W
10W/m
2
10W/m
2
10W/m
2
10W/m
2
150W
10W/m
2
75W
10W/m
2
75W
75W
all rooms Set Temperature o
00:00-08:00
15,6 C
08:00-18:00
17,6 C
18:00-23:00
20,0 C
23:00-24:00
15,6 C
o o o
Bedroom 01 Lights 00:00-07:00 07:00-08:00
People
Bedroom 02 Lights
75W 5W/m
2
People
Living room Lights
Kitchen
People
Lights
75W
5W/m
Bathroom
People
Lights
People
75W
5W/m
2
75W
5W/m
2
75W
5W/m
2
150W 5W/m
2
5W/m
2
2
08:00-12:00 12:00-13:00
75W
13:00-17:00
75W
17:00-18:00 18:00-23:00 23:00-24:00
5W/m
2
5W/m
2
75W 75W
all rooms Set Temperature o
00:00-08:00
15,6 C
08:00-12:00
17,6 C
12:00-23:00
20,0 C
23:00-24:00
15,6 C
o o o
5W/m
2
5W/m
2
75W
5W/m
2
5W/m
2
5W/m
2
5W/m
2
150W
5W/m
2
75W
5W/m
2
75W
75W
MENSS_ TYPE02_ exhaust fan speed 100% all year
BVS-HRMV_ TYPE02_ fan speed 100% all year
BVS-HRDV_ TYPE02_ fan speed 100% all year
BVS-HR-DV _TYPE-02_ fan speed 100% -17% cut all year
BVS-HRDV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HRDV_ TYPE02_ demand controlled -17% cut
sens. heating [MJ]
sens. heating [MJ]
Jan.
MENSS_ TYPE-02_ demand controlled
BVS-HRMV_TYPE02_ demand controlledhybrid
2484,71
1063,46
916,31
868,56
Jan.
1435,14
939,18
848,86
808,19
1117,00
643,09
537,37
501,54
Feb.
2050,36
749,00
595,99
553,06
Feb.
Mar.
1796,94
330,81
260,50
227,73
Mar.
806,63
271,49
223,33
198,12
204,59
7,13
7,81
5,20
Apr.
936,69
28,74
11,84
6,88
Apr.
May
206,67
0,00
0,00
0,00
May
0,03
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
29,09
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
Sep.
138,27
0,00
0,00
0,00
Sep.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
192,57
0,00
0,00
0,00
Oct.
923,99
0,00
0,00
0,00
Oct.
Nov.
1974,24
404,10
318,49
265,55
Nov.
999,63
289,40
269,77
258,16
Dec.
1227,06
742,18
701,06
701,54
5982,64
2892,48
2588,20
2472,75
Dec.
2153,97
855,42
763,96
712,90
12694,92
3431,53
2867,09
2634,69
Jan.
1138,18
173,30
262,67
220,68
Jan.
513,97
130,89
197,96
169,92
Feb.
991,44
126,57
183,64
153,80
Feb.
458,71
94,25
135,01
117,54
301,54
3,49
5,50
4,60
heat. coil [MJ]
heat. coil [MJ]
Mar.
642,16
6,92
10,94
9,15
Mar.
Apr.
325,33
0,00
0,00
0,00
Apr.
159,49
0,00
0,00
0,00
48,42
0,00
0,00
0,00
May
95,45
0,00
0,00
0,00
May
Jun.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
Aug.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,85
0,00
0,00
0,00
Sep.
8,16
0,00
0,00
0,00
Sep.
Oct.
102,30
0,00
0,00
0,00
Oct.
52,52
0,00
0,00
0,00
Nov.
241,06
3,62
5,64
4,77
Nov.
519,84
6,93
10,95
9,16
Dec.
900,18
105,02
157,40
132,10
Dec.
408,03
73,75
114,40
96,38
2185,59
306,00
458,51
393,21
4723,05
418,74
625,60
524,88
Jan.
48,40
155,37
152,85
91,31
Jan.
7,97
100,01
98,46
63,93
Feb.
43,72
139,98
137,57
82,14
Feb.
7,19
90,07
88,59
57,48
Mar.
48,39
153,41
150,42
89,75
Mar.
7,99
98,66
96,87
62,82
Apr.
46,67
145,82
141,96
84,60
Apr.
7,67
93,69
91,42
59,25
May
47,80
155,05
145,00
81,15
May
7,79
77,66
73,58
44,57
Jun.
45,69
145,60
141,23
79,35
Jun.
7,38
71,43
68,26
48,38
Jul.
46,44
148,80
136,16
80,73
Jul.
7,47
77,04
70,67
43,37
Aug.
46,57
140,82
139,20
79,45
Aug.
7,52
83,35
73,12
40,83
Sep.
46,01
138,02
134,45
80,18
Sep.
7,44
88,68
86,71
56,35
Oct.
48,24
147,87
144,49
86,04
Oct.
7,95
94,74
93,00
60,46
Nov.
46,85
148,46
145,82
86,95
Nov.
7,74
95,40
93,88
61,07
Dec.
44,46
142,17
139,84
83,48
Dec.
7,32
91,60
90,24
58,64
559,24
1761,38
1708,99
1005,12
91,43
1062,33
1024,79
657,15
fans [MJ]
fans [MJ]
MENSS TYPE-01_ exhaust fan speed 100% all year
BVS-HRDV TYPE01_ fan speed 100% all year
BVS-HRDV TYPE-01_ fan speed 100% all year
BVS-HRDV TYPE01_ fan speed 100% -17% cut all year
sens. heating [MJ]
MENSS_ TYPE-01_ demand controlled
BVS-HRMV TYPE01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid
BVS-HRDV TYPE01_ demand controlled -17% cut
sens. heating [MJ]
Jan.
2540,42
990,65
874,16
821,23
Jan.
1314,62
848,60
792,42
758,97
Feb.
1877,39
484,62
428,78
384,74
Feb.
774,15
369,17
358,32
330,37
Mar.
1731,82
227,53
225,99
195,30
Mar.
553,80
163,27
178,67
158,72
Apr.
926,71
0,00
5,05
1,23
Apr.
107,12
0,00
0,00
0,16
May
206,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
May
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
6,54
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
1,85
0,00
0,00
0,00
Sep.
14,96
0,34
1,04
0,97
Sep.
0,00
0,32
0,99
0,94
Oct.
671,24
0,00
0,00
0,00
Oct.
5,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
Nov.
1826,94
96,39
153,81
128,49
Nov.
650,38
37,28
116,88
105,23
Dec.
1027,45
561,42
558,61
528,88
4432,53
1980,06
2005,88
1883,27
Dec.
2111,18
695,42
628,31
583,16
11913,23
2494,95
2317,13
2115,11
heat. coil [MJ]
heat. coil [MJ]
Jan.
1129,96
162,24
242,83
201,74
Jan.
477,96
120,72
180,89
154,38
Feb.
983,82
120,37
173,66
144,33
Feb.
426,60
82,63
124,40
102,13
Mar.
638,24
6,75
10,74
8,92
Mar.
288,92
3,44
5,40
4,49
Apr.
323,43
0,00
0,00
0,00
Apr.
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,01
May
86,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
May
44,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jun.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Jul.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Aug.
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Sep.
8,11
0,00
0,00
0,00
Sep.
1,90
0,00
0,00
0,00
Oct.
101,80
0,00
0,00
0,00
Oct.
51,99
0,00
0,00
0,00
Nov.
516,65
3,52
5,52
0,00
Nov.
228,46
0,00
0,00
0,00
Dec.
893,80
99,36
153,42
127,52
Dec.
380,17
67,15
106,17
85,97
4681,82
392,25
586,16
482,51
1900,40
273,95
416,86
346,97
fans [MJ]
fans [MJ]
Jan.
31,65
150,76
150,66
89,84
Jan.
4,34
98,82
97,26
63,03
Feb.
28,63
135,78
135,61
80,82
Feb.
3,94
89,13
87,49
56,65
Mar.
31,74
148,79
148,60
88,50
Mar.
4,38
97,62
95,79
62,00
Apr.
30,71
141,44
141,80
84,37
Apr.
4,23
92,64
91,33
59,05
May
31,64
0,00
139,26
83,28
May
4,33
93,94
72,51
45,30
Jun.
30,34
143,90
143,90
84,28
Jun.
4,12
72,51
74,42
53,52
Jul.
30,86
142,35
142,35
85,29
Jul.
4,17
77,30
70,75
48,08
Aug.
30,74
143,90
143,90
87,20
Aug.
4,14
69,15
71,26
32,45
Sep.
30,20
138,43
139,57
89,80
Sep.
4,05
90,96
69,54
45,03
Oct.
31,74
143,37
143,54
85,36
Oct.
4,32
93,60
92,37
59,72
Nov.
30,71
143,00
143,35
85,33
Nov.
4,24
93,17
92,33
59,75
Dec.
Dec.
29,13
137,90
137,80
82,12
368,09
1569,62
1710,34
1026,18
4,03
90,44
89,06
57,58
50,27
1059,28
1004,12
642,15