M.Sc. Thesis in Building Technology_ TU Delft

Residential ventilation concepts based on the idea of displacement airflow distribution A strategy for reducing energy demand

Student: Aris Gkitzias (I.D.: 4180380) Mentors: Dr. Regina Bokel, Ir. John van der Vliet MSc graduation project Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture

Delft University of Technology July 2013

I II

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II

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(

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√

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(

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∑

√

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𝛵𝑓

𝑇𝑠

𝑇𝑒

𝑇𝑠

(

𝜃𝑓

𝑇𝑠

) 𝛵𝑓 𝑇𝑒

𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑡 [𝑚]

(

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Displacement ventilation Measurement point in room In front of standing person ( ) In front of seated person ( )

Mixing ventilation Ceiling outlets Twisted Outlets Slot outlets

Liner displacement

Floor Twist Outlets

1,2- 1,6

1,2-1,65

0,88-0,96

0,93-0,97

1,3-1,96

1,3-2,0

0,90-0,97

0,92-0,96

Study (Bjørn, et al., 2002) (Causone, et al., 2010) (Tomasi, et al., 2013) (Huang, et al., 2004)

room Living room Bedroom

3

Room type Small office Small office Dwelling Dwelling

Qv [m /h] 400-160 126 41-20 22,5 3

Qv [m /h] 70-100 25,2-54

ACH 0,77-2 3,1-4,5 0,5-1 0,36-0,86

ACH 0,5-1,0 0,5-1,0

H (room height) 4,7-2,5 2,4 2,4 -

H (room height) 2,4-2,8 2,4-2,8

Ts Tsurrounding Qv ACH QMankin A QMankin B QPoint heat source Qpersonal simulator QLighting QTotal

째C 째C 3 m /h -1 h W W W W W W

Experiment series no. 1 Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Exp. 4 ? ? ? ?

20-22 20-22 20-22 20-22 400 160 160 400 1,7 0,77 0,77 1,7 75 75 75 75 100

?

175

100 500 100 ?

775

100 500 300 ?

975

100 500 100 ?

775

Experiment series no. 2

Experiment series no. 3

20 20-22 160 0,7 75

20 20-22 72 2 100

75

100

144 294

145 345

(

(

)

)

(

)

H1

H2

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

H8

H9

Tr

째C

22,0

22,0

22,0

22,0

22,0

22,0

20,0

20,0

22,0

Tw

째C

13,5

13,5

13,5

13,5

13,5

13,5

12,0

12,0

0

Ts

째C

14,0

16,0

18,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

16,0

16,0

14,0

Qv

3

126,0

126,0

126,0

180,0

180,0

180,0

126,0

180,0

126,0

3,1

3,1

3,1

4,5

4,5

4,5

3,1

4,5

3,1

520,0

520,0

520,0

520,0

520,0

520,0

520,0

520,0

520,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

31,0

H1

H2

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

H8

H9

m /h -1

ACH

h

Ql

W

Qfloor heat

W/m

2

P1(CRE)

1,10m

1,63

1,55

1,42

2

2

1,79

2,07

2,52

1,5

P1(CRE)

1,40m

1,62

1,32

1,26

1,89

2,13

1,61

1,48

2,02

1,59

P2(CRE)

1,10m

1,9

1,55

1,63

2,14

2,14

1,72

2,07

2,2

1,69

P2(CRE)

1,40m

1,92

1,36

1,48

2,6

2,72

1,93

1,31

2,28

1,61

    house Huang/Chen- Case 03

Ts

°C

13,3

Tsurounding

°C

0-10

Twindow

°C

?

Awindow

m2

5,6

Afloor

m2

Room height (H)

m

32 2,5

Qv

m3/h

22,5

ACH

h-1

0,36

Qpeople

W

2x75

Qequip

W

?

Qlight

W

200

heating set temperature

°C

19

(

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(

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o

System

CRE C1 at 1.1 m

CRE occupied c zone

Tw

Qpeople

Qv

°C

°C

°C

W

m /h

h

°C

b

22

16

18,8

90

20

0,5

-0,1

0,9

0,9

0,97

0,94

b

22

16

18,8

90

41

1

-0,1

1

0,8

0,85

0,86

b

22

16

18,8

90

20

0,5

0

0,8

0,93

0,96

0,94

A(case7 ) B (case6 ) b

CRE Manikin a at 1.1 m

Ts

A (case6 )

a

Air temp. effectiveness in occupied zone at 0.6 m

Toz

3

ACH

Vertical air temp. difference in occupied zone

-1

Mean of three measurements at one position (manikin’s breathing zone) ± 95% confidence limit.

Combination of mixing ventilation and floor heating. Floor temperature minus room temperature (1.2 ± 0.1) ◦C.

-1

[l/s] 20 30 40 60

[m ] 8,63 8,14 7,97 7,85

[

]

[m] 0,86 1,22 1,59 2,35

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Category

Air change rate l/s,m

2

a

ACH

Living room and bedrooms, mainly outdoor air flow ( ) l/s, (at 2 l/s/m least) 7 0,9

Exhaust air flow, l/s Kitchen

Bathrooms

Toilets

21

14

7

Air Distribution Configuration Ceiling supply of cool air.

Ceiling supply of warm air and floor return.

Ceiling supply of warm air 15째F (8째C) or more above space temperature and ceiling return.

Ceiling supply of warm air less than 8째C above space temperature and ceiling return provided that the 0,8 m/s supply air jet reaches to within 1,4 m of floor level. Note: For lower velocity supply air, Ez = 0,8.

Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return provided that the 0,8 m/s supply jet reaches 1,4 m or more above the floor. Note: Most underfloor air distribution systems (UFAD) comply with this proviso.

Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return, provided low-velocity displacement ventilation achieves unidirectional flow and thermal stratification.

Floor supply of warm air and floor return.

1,0 1,0 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,0

Floor supply of warm air and ceiling return.

Makeup supply drawn in on the opposite side of the room from the exhaust and/or return.

Makeup supply drawn in near to the exhaust and/or return location.

Air Diffusion

Mixing Horizontal jet Mixing Vertical jet Displacement ventilation

Cold jet ΔT< 0°C Effective velocity

Ventilation effectiveness

ΔT (supplyindoor)

> 1,5 m/s < 0,5 m/s All diffusers

0,9 – 1,1 0,7 – 0,9 0,9 – 1,1

< 10 °C > 15 or 20 °C < 10 °C > 15 °C

1,0 - 2

0,7 0,8 0,5

Hot jet Ventilation effectiveness (Low ceiling) 0,8 - 1 m 0,4 – 0,8 m 0,6 – 0,8 m 0,4 – 0,8 m

Ventilation effectiveness (High ceiling) Not advised Not advised a 0,8 – 1

0,2 – 0,7 m

Not advised

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Bjorn/Nielsen case 01

Chen/ Yuan Case 02

Huang/Chen Case 03

Lee/Chen Case 04

Ts Tsurounding Twindow Awindow Afloor Room height (H) Qv ACH Qpeople Qequip Qlight Heating set temp.

째C 째C 째C 2 m 2 m m 3 m /h -1 h W W W 째C

20 20-22 48 4,7 160 0,7 2x75 240 -

17 27-28 4,32 18,7 2,4 179,7 4 2x75 282 204 -

13,3 0-10 2x 2,6 32 2,5 22,5 0,36 2x75 200 19,5

19 ?

7,2 20,16 2,43 293,4 6 2x75 200 581,4 -

Rc walls Rc roof U- value window g-value window

(K m )/W 2 (K m )/W 2 (W/ (K m )

2

3 5 -

4 5 1,4 0,58

3,8 5 1,27 0,59

5,45 5,45 1,3 0,298

Qv Airnode 1 (Low) Airnode 2 (Mid)

Airnode 3 (Up)

3

Bjorn/Nielsen case 01 160

Chen/Yuan Case 02 179,7

Huang/Chen Case 03 22,5

Lee/Chen Case 04 293,4

75

75

2x 0,6 75

0,69 75

Qpeople Qequip Awindow Qpeople

m /h W W 2 m W

Qequip

W

141

2

4,32 75

Awindow Qpeople

m W

Qequip

W

Qlight

W

(

75

100 2x2 75

141 240

)

204

(

)

6,51 75 100

200

581,4

TRNSYS model (h=1,0m) 3-node (1st method) Bjorn/Nielsen case 01 Chen/Yuan case 02 Huang/Chen case 03 Lee/Chen case 04

Mundt equation

Ts [°C]

Te [°C]

Tf [°C]

θf

Te* [°C]

Tf* [°C]

θ’f

Te' [°C]

Tf* [°C]

θ’f

20,00

22,38

21,25

0,68

22,43

21,82

0,75

22,67

21,82

0,68

17,00

?

?

0,50

24,62

23,17

0,81

31,70

23,17

0,42

13,30

20,40

18,48

0,73

20,40

18,00

0,66

18,52

18,00

0,90

19,00

26,20

22,96

0,35

26,38

20,99

0,27

36,75

20,99

0,32

External walls Internal walls Roof Floor Window

tot. thickness [mm]

u-value [W/m2K]

g-value

290 100 460 200 4-16-4

0,33 2,50 0,20 3,63 2,83

0,75

2

Living Room Kitchen Bedroom 01 Bedroom 02 Bathroom

3

Zone Area [m ]

Zone volume [m ]

20 20 16 16 6

54 54 43,2 43,2 16,2

Window surface 2 [m ] 2,25 2,25 2,25 -

Supply airflow 3 [m /h] 130 45 45 -

Exhaust airflow 3 [m /h] 145 75

tot, thickness [mm]

u-value 2 [W/m ]

External walls

290

0,33

Roof

460

0,2

Floor

200

3,63

4-16-4

1,27

Window

g-value

0,6

Zone Area [m ]

Zone volume [m ]

Window surface 2 [m ]

Supply airflow 3 [m /h]

Living Room

25,34

65,88

7,15

135

Kitchen

11,89

30,9

2,16

Bedroom 01

11,9

30,16

2,16

40

Bedroom 02

15,18

39,47

2,16

50

Bathroom

4,6

10,58

50

WC

1,6

3,65

25

70,51

180,64

2

Total

3

13,63

Exhaust airflow 3 [m /h] 150

225

225

  

Diffuser TYPE-01 (Living room) TYPE-01 (Bedroom-01) TYPE-01(Bedroom-02) TYPE-02 (Living room) TYPE-02 (Bedroom-01) TYPE-02 (Bedroom-02)

[m]

width [m]

height [m]

dyn. Loss coefficient (ζ)

screen % = flow area/net duct area

(Ad) flow area [m2]

(Aduct) net duct area [m2]

(Vd) discharge velocity [m/s]

0,0361 0,0125 0,0125

0,2 0,2 0,2

0,5 0,4 0,4

0,5 0,4 0,4

2,002 3,204 3,204

0,6 0,45 0,45

0,1500 0,0720 0,0720

0,2500 0,1600 0,1600

0,24 0,17 0,17

0,0361 0,0111 0,0153

0,2 0,2 0,2

0,5 0,3 0,4

0,5 0,3 0,4

2,002 2,661 4,025

0,6 0,5 0,4

0,1500 0,0450 0,0640

0,2500 0,0900 0,1600

0,24 0,25 0,24

ΔPs *Pa+ 96% fan speed

Qv[m3/s] target

Length

0,023 0,01 0,011 0,026 0,005 0,006

   

√

Q [m3/h]

0

50

100

150

200

250

CFM14 (mode-1) Exhaust fan

ΔPs *Pa+

400

329

257

186

114

42,9

CFM14-T (mode-1) Exhaust fan

ΔPs *Pa+

475

490

439

310

181

51,6

CFMe (mode-4) Exhaust fan

ΔPs *Pa+

600

425

300

190

110

65

0

CFMe (mode-7) Exhaust fan

ΔPs *Pa+

920

680

475

345

245

160

95

0

K2E 190(a)

Centrifugal fan

ΔPs *Pa+

330

292

260

235

208

180

156

K2E 190(c)

Centrifugal fan

ΔPs *Pa+

435

380

320

280

240

205

175

K2E 190(d)

Centrifugal fan

ΔPs *Pa+

443

385

340

304

270

237

K3G190(b)

Centrifugal fans

ΔPs *Pa+

675

617

570

540

510

480

300

350

400

500

600

620

128

100

40

150

120

65

208

175

145

85

15

0

450

420

380

310

220

200

0

Q [m3/h]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

RVU-S3- 225

Airflow Duplexvent

ΔPs *Pa+

0

12,5

37

67

110

158

215

RVU-S3- 280

Airflow Duplexvent

ΔPs *Pa+

0

8

25

45

73

105

145

185

RVU-S3- 325

Airflow Duplexvent

ΔPs *Pa+

0

8

20

37

59

83

112

145

182

RS160 (300)

Recair Sensitive

ΔPs *Pa+

0

17

34

52

75

100

125

155

187

225

RS160 (400)

Recair Sensitive

ΔPs *Pa+

0

13

25

38

52

70

90

110

128

150

RS160 (500)

Recair Sensitive

ΔPs *Pa+

0

9

18

29

39

51

63

77

92

110

1 atm. pressure Press. drop_DV (Type-02)_sup. stream [Pa]-TRNSYS Press. drop_DV (Type-01)_sup. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop_MV (Type-01_sup. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop_MV (Type-02)_sup. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop_DV sup. stream [Pa]-measurements

0 0 0 0 0 atm. pressure

Pressure drop_DV (Type-02)_ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop DV (Type-01) ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Pressure drop DV (Type-02) ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop DV (Type-01) ex. stream [Pa] -TRNSYS Press. drop DV ex. stream [Pa]-measurements

0 0 0 0 0

2 After ducts (before fan) -11,5 -6 -11,5 -6 -57 (P1b) After ducts (before fan) -12,9 -8,5 -12,9 -8,5 -25 (P3b)

3

4

5

After Filter

After HRU

After Heating coil

-121,5 -120 -131,5 -121 ?

-175,5 -174 -188,5 -176 -92 (P2b)

After Filter

After HRU

-137,9 -152,5 -137,9 -152,5 ?

-198,9 -211 -198,9 -211 -67 (P4b)

68,5 59 61,5 64 28 (P2) After Ducts (after fan) 11,1 10 11,1 10 19 (P4)

6 After Ducts (after fan) 29,5 18 18,9 24 ? atm. pressure 0 0 0 0 0

7 atm. pressure 0 0 0 0 0

→ → → →

( →

→

(

→ )→

→ Monitoring temperature →

sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]

sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]

MENSS_TYPE-01_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 11913 4682 368 16963

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

2495 392 1570 4457

2317 586 1710 4614

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2115 483 1026 3624

MENSS_TYPE-01_ demand controlled

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

4433 1900 50 6383

1980 274 1059 3313

2006 417 1004 3427

1883 347 642 2872

MENSS_TYPE-01_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH

41

9

8

7

16 1 59

1 5 15

2 6 16

2 4 13

MENSS_TYPE-01_ demand controlled

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

15

7

7

7

7 0 22

1 4 11

1 3 12

1 2 10

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

2772 726 2907 6405

2575 1085 3167 6827

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2350 894 1900 5144

BVS-HR-MV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid 2200 507 1962 4669

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid 2229 772 1859 4860

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 2093 643 1189 3924

 

primary energy sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

MENSS_TYPE-01_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 13237 8670 682 22589

primary energy

MENSS TYPE-01 demand controlled

sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

4925 3519 93 8537

sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

MENSS_TYPE-02_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 12695 4723 559 17977

MENSS_TYPE-02_ demand controlled sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]

5983 2186 91 8260

MENSS TYPE-02 Max. exhaust fan speed all year 44 16 2 62

MENSS_TYPE-02_ demand controlled sens. heating [KWh/m2] heat. coil [KWh/m2] fans [KWh/m2] Total [KWh/m2]

primary energy sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

21 8 0 29

MENSS_TYPE-02_ Max. exhaust fan speed all year 14105 8746 1036 23887

primary energy

MENSS TYPE-02 demand controlled

sens. heating [MJ] heat. coil [MJ] fans [MJ] Total [MJ]

6647 4047 169 10864

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year

3432 419 1761 5612

2867 626 1709 5202

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2635 525 1005 4165

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 2892 306 1062 4261

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 2588 459 1025 4071

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 2473 393 657 3523

BVS-HR-MV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year

12 1 6 19

10 2 6 18

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 9 2 3 14

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 10 1 4 15

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid 9 2 4 14

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 9 1 2 12

BVS-HR-MV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year

3813 775 3262 7850

3186 1159 3165 7509

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year 17% cut in ACH 2927 972 1861 5761

BVS-HR-MV TYPE-02 demand controlledhybrid 3214 567 1967 5748

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlledhybrid 2876 849 1898 5623

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH 2748 728 1217 4693

sens. heating [MJ] Jan.- Feb.

MV_TYPE-1_ max fan speed _no HRU 6496,87

DV_TYPE-1_max fan speed _no HRU 6778,05

MV_TYPE-1_ max fan speed _ HRU 1475,27

DV_TYPE-1_ max fan speed _ HRU 1302,94

normal energy

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

Total annual savings

-3,52%

21,45%

-3,43%

13,31%

primary energy

BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

Total annual savings

-6,59%

24,66%

-4,09%

15,95%

normal energy

BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-02 demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

Total annual savings

7,31%

19,94%

4,44%

17,31%

primary energy

BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-02_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

Total annual savings

4,35%

23,28%

2,18%

18,36%

normal energy

BVS-HR-DV_ TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ Max. fan speed all year -17% cut in ACH

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV_TYPE-01_ demand controlled -17% cut in ACH

Total annual savings

6,81%

23,29%

5,84%

22,99%

(

(

)

)

characteristics of the system BVS-HR-DV - fan K2E 190(d) 3 Qv(tot)= 225 m /h o (HRU bypass 24 C) BVS-HR-MV- fan K2E190(d) 3 Qv(tot)= 225 m /h o (HRU bypass 24 C) BVS-HR-MV- fan K3G190 3 Qv(tot)= 275 m /h o (HRU bypass 24 C)

zone Living Room Kitchen Bedroom Living Room Kitchen Bedroom Living Room Kitchen Bedroom

airflow per zone 3

Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3

Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 3

Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3

Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 3

Qv=157 m /h, ACH=1,45 3

Qv= 59 m /h, ACH=1,4

o

o

o

o

h>25,5 C

h>26,5 C

% h>25,5 C

% h>26,5 C

60,00

0,00

2,85%

0,00%

58,00

0,00

2,75%

0,00%

134,00

0,00

6,36%

0,00%

430,00

44,00

20,42%

2,09%

477,00

14,00

22,65%

0,66%

618,00

106,00

29,34%

5,03%

228,00

10,00

10,83%

0,47%

194,00

0,00

9,21%

0,00%

347,00

51,00

16,48%

2,42%

characteristics of the system

zone

BVS-HR-DV - fan K2E 190(d) 3 Qv(tot)= 225 m /h (no HRU)

Living Room

BVS-HR-MV - fan K2E190(d) (natural ventilation) MV 3 Qv(tot) = 225 m /h (no HRU)

Living Room

(natural ventilation) MV 3 Qv= 366 m /h (no HRU)

Living Room

Kitchen Bedroom Kitchen Bedroom Kitchen Bedroom

airflow per zone 3

Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3

Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 3

Qv=130 m /h, ACH=1,2 3

Qv= 45 m /h, ACH=1 Qv=208 m3/h, ACH=2 3

Qv= 75 m /h, ACH=1,8

o

o

o

o

h>25,5 C

h>26,5 C

% h>25,5 C

% h>26,5 C

18,00

0,00

0,85%

0,00%

16,00

0,00

0,76%

0,00%

74,00

0,00

3,51%

0,00%

126,00

0,00

5,98%

0,00%

119,00

0,00

5,65%

0,00%

257,00

33,00

12,20%

1,57%

0,00

0,00

0,00%

0,00%

0,00 0,00

0,00 0,00

0,00% 0,00%

0,00% 0,00%

→ →

numerical values Bjorn/Nielsen (meas.)

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

mundt equation (θf)

h [m] Ti [°C] h [m]

0,00

0,10

0,50

0,80

1,00

1,37

1,75

2,00

2,66

3,00

3,50

4,00

4,70

22,25

21,60

22,08

22,00

22,12

22,25

22,27

22,27

22,40

22,38

22,37

22,38

22,25

4,70

0,99

0,99

0,19

0,19

0,00

Ti [°C]

22,43

22,43

22,14

22,14

21,82

21,82

h [m]

4,70

0,99

0,99

0,19

0,19

0,00

Ti [°C]

22,45

22,45

21,30

21,30

20,80

20,80

4,70

0,00

22,68

21,81

h [m] Ti [°C]

dimensionless values Bjorn/Nielsen (meas.)

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

mundt equation (θf)

h/H

0,00

0,02

0,11

0,17

0,21

0,29

0,37

0,43

0,57

0,64

0,74

0,85

1,00

θ

0,95

0,67

0,88

0,84

0,89

0,95

0,96

0,96

1,01

1,00

1,00

1,00

0,95

h/H

1

0,21

0,21

0,04

0,04

0

θ

1

1

0,88

0,88

0,74

0,74

h/H

1

0,21

0,21

0,04

0,04

0

θ

1,00

1,00

0,53

0,53

0,33

0,33

h/H

1

0

θ

1

0,68

dimensionless values Chen/Yuan (meas.)

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,6m TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

mundt equation (θf=0,42) Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5)

t= 5698

t= 5698

t= 5698

t= 5698

t= 5698

h/H

1

0,8

0,75

0,7

0,65

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,2

0,1

0,03

0

θ

0,98

0,98

0,97

0,95

0,93

0,91

0,85

0,8

0,65

0,56

0,5

0,7

h/H

1

0,66

0,66

0,08

0,08

0

θ

1

1

0,96

0,96

0,85

0,85

h/H

1

0,41

0,41

0,08

0,08

0

θ

1

1

0,91

0,91

0,81

0,81

h/H

1

0,41

0,41

0,08

0,08

0

θ

1

1,00

0,54

0,54

0,24

0,24

h/H

1

0

θ

1

0,42

h/H

1

0

θ

1

0,50

numerical values Chen/Yuan (meas.)

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,6m

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

mundt equation (θf=0,42)

Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5)

t= 5698

t= 5698

t= 5698

t= 5698

t= 5698

h [m]

2,4

1,92

1,8

1,68

1,56

1,44

1,2

0,96

0,48

0,24

0,072

0

Ti [°C]

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

h [m]

2,40

1,58

1,58

0,19

0,19

0,00

Ti [°C]

24,57

24,57

24,27

24,27

23,43

23,43

h [m]

2,40

0,98

0,98

0,19

0,19

0,00

Ti [°C]

24,62

24,62

23,93

23,93

23,17

23,17

h [m]

2,40

0,98

0,98

0,19

0,19

0,00

Ti [°C]

25,30

25,30

21,50

21,50

19,00

19,00

h [m]

2,40

0,00

Ti [°C]

31,70

23,16

h [m]

2,40

0,00

Ti [°C]

29,40

23,20

dimensionless values Huang/Chen (CFD meas.)

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,2m

t=503

t=503

mundt equation (θf=0,9)

h/H

1

0,79

0,68

0,5

0,26

0,048

0

θ

1

0,91

0,91

0,87

0,79

0,73

0,73

h/H

1

0,4

0,4

0,08

0,08

0

θ

1

1

0,87

0,87

0,66

0,66

h/H

1

0,48

0,48

0,08

0,08

0

θ

1

1

0,88

0,88

0,66

0,66

h/H

1

θ Huang/Chen (CFD meas.)

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1,2m

t=503

t=503

mundt equation (θf=0,9)

0 0,90

1 numerical values

h [m]

2,50

1,98

1,70

1,25

0,66

0,12

0,00

Ti [°C]

20,40

19,76

19,76

19,48

18,91

18,48

18,48

h [m]

2,50

1,00

1,00

0,20

0,20

0,00

Ti [°C]

20,40

20,40

19,48

19,48

17,99

17,99

h [m]

2,50

1,20

1,20

0,20

0,20

0,00

Ti [°C]

20,40

20,40

19,55

19,55

17,99

17,99

h [m]

2,50

0,00

Ti [°C]

18,55

18,03

dimensionless values Lee/Chen (meas.)

mundt equation (θf=0,32)

Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5) TRNSYS 2-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

t=5439

t=5439

t=5439

h/H

1

0,86

0,7

0,575

0,45

0,26

0,07

0

θ

1

1

0,95

0,9

0,75

0,58

0,35

0,55

h/H

1

0

θ

1

0,32

h/H

1

0

θ

1

0,50

h/H

1

0,41

0,41

0

TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

t=5250

θ

1

1,00

0,43

0,43

h/H

1

0,41

0,41

0,08

0,08

0

θ

1

1,00

0,47

0,47

0,27

0,27

numerical values Lee/Chen (meas.)

mundt equation (θf=0,32)

Skistad 50%rule (θf=0,5) TRNSYS 2-node (sim.) h= 1m (new) TRNSYS 3-node (sim.) h= 1m (new)

t=5439

t=5439

t=5439

h [m]

2,43

2,09

1,70

1,40

1,09

0,63

0,17

0,00

Ti [°C]

26,20

26,20

25,84

25,48

24,40

23,18

21,52

22,96

h [m]

2,43

0,00

Ti [°C]

36,75

24,68

h [m]

2,43

0,00

Ti [°C]

29,80

24,40

h [m]

2,43

1,00

1,00

0,00

Ti [°C]

26,60

26,60

22,27

22,27

h [m]

2,43

1,00

1,00

0,19

0,19

0,00

Ti [°C]

26,38

26,38

22,47

22,47

20,99

20,99

Bedroom 01 Lights

People

00:00-07:00 07:00-08:00

Bedroom 02 Lights

People

75W 10W/m

2

Living room Lights

Kitchen

People

Lights

75W

10W/m

Bathroom

People

Lights

People

75W

10W/m

2

75W

10W/m

2

75W

10W/m

2

150W 10W/m

2

10W/m

2

2

08:00-12:00 12:00-13:00

75W

13:00-17:00

75W

17:00-18:00 18:00-23:00 23:00-24:00

10W/m

2

10W/m

2

75W 75W

10W/m

2

10W/m

2

75W

10W/m

2

10W/m

2

10W/m

2

10W/m

2

150W

10W/m

2

75W

10W/m

2

75W

75W

all rooms Set Temperature o

00:00-08:00

15,6 C

08:00-18:00

17,6 C

18:00-23:00

20,0 C

23:00-24:00

15,6 C

o o o

Bedroom 01 Lights 00:00-07:00 07:00-08:00

People

Bedroom 02 Lights

75W 5W/m

2

People

Living room Lights

Kitchen

People

Lights

75W

5W/m

Bathroom

People

Lights

People

75W

5W/m

2

75W

5W/m

2

75W

5W/m

2

150W 5W/m

2

5W/m

2

2

08:00-12:00 12:00-13:00

75W

13:00-17:00

75W

17:00-18:00 18:00-23:00 23:00-24:00

5W/m

2

5W/m

2

75W 75W

all rooms Set Temperature o

00:00-08:00

15,6 C

08:00-12:00

17,6 C

12:00-23:00

20,0 C

23:00-24:00

15,6 C

o o o

5W/m

2

5W/m

2

75W

5W/m

2

5W/m

2

5W/m

2

5W/m

2

150W

5W/m

2

75W

5W/m

2

75W

75W

MENSS_ TYPE02_ exhaust fan speed 100% all year

BVS-HRMV_ TYPE02_ fan speed 100% all year

BVS-HRDV_ TYPE02_ fan speed 100% all year

BVS-HR-DV _TYPE-02_ fan speed 100% -17% cut all year

BVS-HRDV_TYPE-02_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HRDV_ TYPE02_ demand controlled -17% cut

sens. heating [MJ]

sens. heating [MJ]

Jan.

MENSS_ TYPE-02_ demand controlled

BVS-HRMV_TYPE02_ demand controlledhybrid

2484,71

1063,46

916,31

868,56

Jan.

1435,14

939,18

848,86

808,19

1117,00

643,09

537,37

501,54

Feb.

2050,36

749,00

595,99

553,06

Feb.

Mar.

1796,94

330,81

260,50

227,73

Mar.

806,63

271,49

223,33

198,12

204,59

7,13

7,81

5,20

Apr.

936,69

28,74

11,84

6,88

Apr.

May

206,67

0,00

0,00

0,00

May

0,03

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

29,09

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

Sep.

138,27

0,00

0,00

0,00

Sep.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

192,57

0,00

0,00

0,00

Oct.

923,99

0,00

0,00

0,00

Oct.

Nov.

1974,24

404,10

318,49

265,55

Nov.

999,63

289,40

269,77

258,16

Dec.

1227,06

742,18

701,06

701,54

5982,64

2892,48

2588,20

2472,75

Dec.

2153,97

855,42

763,96

712,90

12694,92

3431,53

2867,09

2634,69

Jan.

1138,18

173,30

262,67

220,68

Jan.

513,97

130,89

197,96

169,92

Feb.

991,44

126,57

183,64

153,80

Feb.

458,71

94,25

135,01

117,54

301,54

3,49

5,50

4,60

heat. coil [MJ]

heat. coil [MJ]

Mar.

642,16

6,92

10,94

9,15

Mar.

Apr.

325,33

0,00

0,00

0,00

Apr.

159,49

0,00

0,00

0,00

48,42

0,00

0,00

0,00

May

95,45

0,00

0,00

0,00

May

Jun.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

Aug.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

1,85

0,00

0,00

0,00

Sep.

8,16

0,00

0,00

0,00

Sep.

Oct.

102,30

0,00

0,00

0,00

Oct.

52,52

0,00

0,00

0,00

Nov.

241,06

3,62

5,64

4,77

Nov.

519,84

6,93

10,95

9,16

Dec.

900,18

105,02

157,40

132,10

Dec.

408,03

73,75

114,40

96,38

2185,59

306,00

458,51

393,21

4723,05

418,74

625,60

524,88

Jan.

48,40

155,37

152,85

91,31

Jan.

7,97

100,01

98,46

63,93

Feb.

43,72

139,98

137,57

82,14

Feb.

7,19

90,07

88,59

57,48

Mar.

48,39

153,41

150,42

89,75

Mar.

7,99

98,66

96,87

62,82

Apr.

46,67

145,82

141,96

84,60

Apr.

7,67

93,69

91,42

59,25

May

47,80

155,05

145,00

81,15

May

7,79

77,66

73,58

44,57

Jun.

45,69

145,60

141,23

79,35

Jun.

7,38

71,43

68,26

48,38

Jul.

46,44

148,80

136,16

80,73

Jul.

7,47

77,04

70,67

43,37

Aug.

46,57

140,82

139,20

79,45

Aug.

7,52

83,35

73,12

40,83

Sep.

46,01

138,02

134,45

80,18

Sep.

7,44

88,68

86,71

56,35

Oct.

48,24

147,87

144,49

86,04

Oct.

7,95

94,74

93,00

60,46

Nov.

46,85

148,46

145,82

86,95

Nov.

7,74

95,40

93,88

61,07

Dec.

44,46

142,17

139,84

83,48

Dec.

7,32

91,60

90,24

58,64

559,24

1761,38

1708,99

1005,12

91,43

1062,33

1024,79

657,15

fans [MJ]

fans [MJ]

MENSS TYPE-01_ exhaust fan speed 100% all year

BVS-HRDV TYPE01_ fan speed 100% all year

BVS-HRDV TYPE-01_ fan speed 100% all year

BVS-HRDV TYPE01_ fan speed 100% -17% cut all year

sens. heating [MJ]

MENSS_ TYPE-01_ demand controlled

BVS-HRMV TYPE01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HR-DV TYPE-01_ demand controlledhybrid

BVS-HRDV TYPE01_ demand controlled -17% cut

sens. heating [MJ]

Jan.

2540,42

990,65

874,16

821,23

Jan.

1314,62

848,60

792,42

758,97

Feb.

1877,39

484,62

428,78

384,74

Feb.

774,15

369,17

358,32

330,37

Mar.

1731,82

227,53

225,99

195,30

Mar.

553,80

163,27

178,67

158,72

Apr.

926,71

0,00

5,05

1,23

Apr.

107,12

0,00

0,00

0,16

May

206,01

0,00

0,00

0,00

May

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

6,54

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

1,85

0,00

0,00

0,00

Sep.

14,96

0,34

1,04

0,97

Sep.

0,00

0,32

0,99

0,94

Oct.

671,24

0,00

0,00

0,00

Oct.

5,01

0,00

0,00

0,00

Nov.

1826,94

96,39

153,81

128,49

Nov.

650,38

37,28

116,88

105,23

Dec.

1027,45

561,42

558,61

528,88

4432,53

1980,06

2005,88

1883,27

Dec.

2111,18

695,42

628,31

583,16

11913,23

2494,95

2317,13

2115,11

heat. coil [MJ]

heat. coil [MJ]

Jan.

1129,96

162,24

242,83

201,74

Jan.

477,96

120,72

180,89

154,38

Feb.

983,82

120,37

173,66

144,33

Feb.

426,60

82,63

124,40

102,13

Mar.

638,24

6,75

10,74

8,92

Mar.

288,92

3,44

5,40

4,49

Apr.

323,43

0,00

0,00

0,00

Apr.

0,00

0,00

0,01

0,01

May

86,01

0,00

0,00

0,00

May

44,40

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jun.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Jul.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Aug.

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

Sep.

8,11

0,00

0,00

0,00

Sep.

1,90

0,00

0,00

0,00

Oct.

101,80

0,00

0,00

0,00

Oct.

51,99

0,00

0,00

0,00

Nov.

516,65

3,52

5,52

0,00

Nov.

228,46

0,00

0,00

0,00

Dec.

893,80

99,36

153,42

127,52

Dec.

380,17

67,15

106,17

85,97

4681,82

392,25

586,16

482,51

1900,40

273,95

416,86

346,97

fans [MJ]

fans [MJ]

Jan.

31,65

150,76

150,66

89,84

Jan.

4,34

98,82

97,26

63,03

Feb.

28,63

135,78

135,61

80,82

Feb.

3,94

89,13

87,49

56,65

Mar.

31,74

148,79

148,60

88,50

Mar.

4,38

97,62

95,79

62,00

Apr.

30,71

141,44

141,80

84,37

Apr.

4,23

92,64

91,33

59,05

May

31,64

0,00

139,26

83,28

May

4,33

93,94

72,51

45,30

Jun.

30,34

143,90

143,90

84,28

Jun.

4,12

72,51

74,42

53,52

Jul.

30,86

142,35

142,35

85,29

Jul.

4,17

77,30

70,75

48,08

Aug.

30,74

143,90

143,90

87,20

Aug.

4,14

69,15

71,26

32,45

Sep.

30,20

138,43

139,57

89,80

Sep.

4,05

90,96

69,54

45,03

Oct.

31,74

143,37

143,54

85,36

Oct.

4,32

93,60

92,37

59,72

Nov.

30,71

143,00

143,35

85,33

Nov.

4,24

93,17

92,33

59,75

Dec.

Dec.

29,13

137,90

137,80

82,12

368,09

1569,62

1710,34

1026,18

4,03

90,44

89,06

57,58

50,27

1059,28

1004,12

642,15