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contents c u r r i c u l u m
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v i t a e
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Aris Gkitzias
r e s e a r c h & d e s i g n institute in Den Haag
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energy efficient driven design
a d a p t i v e s h a d i n g system for gridshells
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Bucky LAB design
D i g i T i l e
o r n a m e n t
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parametric 3D printing fabrication
facade refurbishment o f A R C A M
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D.S.B.T.
h o u s i n g c o m m u n i t y i n T h e s s a l o n i k i e n e r g y e f f i c i e n cy and sustainability
high school of interc u l t u r a l e d u c a t i o n urban relations and integration
u r b a n m e n t
r e d e v e l o p i n A t h e n s
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orchestrating contradictions and public flows
n a t i o n a l
d a n c e c e n t e r
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a public multifunctional building
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2013
Graduate from TU Delft with honors (Cum Laude).
2011
International scholarship for post graduate studies in TU Delft, funded by the “State Scholarships Foundation” of Greece.
2011
International scholarship for post graduate studies in TU Delft, funded by the public welfare foundation “Propondis”.
2009
Award and silver medal of the N.T.U.A for graduating with the highest grade between all the students of the N.T.U.A School of Architecture in 2009.
2009
“Ch. Chryssovergis Award 2009” for achieving the highest diploma grade in the N.T.U.A. SOA.
2009
Prizes awarded to graduate who receives the highest grade between all the students of the N.T.U.A. School of Architecture:
“Stylianis Samaras & Anastasia Synouri Prize 2009” “Andreas Ploumistos Prize 2009”
P U B L i C A T i O N S 2011
Publication of the N.T.U.A. Diploma Project (“High School of Intercultural Education in Athens” ) in the magazine“Architecture in Greece” (issue 45, 2011), as one of the best graduation projects of the academic year 2009-2010 amongst all Greek Schools of Architecture.
C O M P E T i T i O N S January 2012 October 2010
Participation in the facade competition:“GEVEL 2012” in Rotterdam.
In collaboration with: Niels van Dijk
European Architectural Competition:“Housing community with Eco design principles”, Municipality of Axios, Thessaloniki (Greece).
In collaboration with: G. Bountouraki and M. Pitsiladi
February 2006
National Architectural competition: “City Hall of Ioannina”.
In collaboration with: A. Gialouri, A. Kleidonas, P. Papadopoulos and A. Verikiou
L A N G U A G E S Greek (Mother tongue) English (Level: C1), IELTS (2011), Certificate of proficiency in English of Michigan University (2006) French (Level: B2),“Diplôme d’ Etude en Langue Française (DELF) 1er Degré” (2000) Dutch (Beginner) C S
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R S Microsoft Office: Powerpoint, Word, Excel Design Software:
Autodesk AutoCAD, Autodesk 3D Studio Max, Autodesk MAYA, Rhinoceros & Grasshopper Adobe suit: Photoshop, InDesign, Illustrator Building Physics & Energy Consumption Software:
Physibel TRISCO, Physibel CAPSOL, GreenCalc (developed by dGmR), Design Builder v3.2, TRNSYS & TRNFlow 17 Acoustics Simulation Software: BOA, CATT-Acoustics v9.0c i
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Lighting Simulation Software: DIAlux 4.10
Music / Drawing / Travelling / Photography / Cycling / Hiking
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research & design institute in Den energy efficient driven design
TU Delft_ Course: AR2AE035 Building and Engineering Design_ April 2012 - June 2012 Cooperation with fellow students: D. Jansen, A. Cowan Studio Coordinator: Ir. Henk Mihl Tutors: Ir. H.Mihl, Dr.Ir. J.C.Paul, Ir. F.Schnater, Dr. R.M.J.Bokel, Dr.Ir. P.J.W.van den Engel, Dr. G.J.Hordijk
>> programme requirements This assignment deals with the design problem of a multi-storey “Research Institute” in which a variety of functions are housed. In this institute designers and post-doctorate researchers will be working with students from academies and universities on designs in their own areas of interest. The location of the building is nearby the River Vliet, between Voorburg and Leidschendam (Den Haag area). The functions of the building are wide-ranging in nature and pose different demands on the interior climate, and on controlling it. Especially the requirement of an exhibition space of 1000m2 represents an additional challenge to the spatial and structural concept of the building. The design of such an exhibition hall implies that a two-floor height space with no internal columns and 63% coverage of the total available floor plan has to be articulated in the building volume.
The functional programme of the building can be summarized as follows: –– rooms and studio’s 2400 m2 –– installation areas 600 m2 –– workshops 200 m2 –– (library, archives, media room, meeting rooms, lecture room with capacity of 250 persons) 800 m2 –– exhibition hall 1000 m2 –– entrance hall, restaurant, cafe and small expo 1000 m2 Total 6000 m2 Pro memoria: –– parking of 60 cars and cycle-store of 30 bikes in the building.
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South east view of the urban block in which the new building has to be integrated. The geometry of the adjustment buildings is predefined as part of the assignment. Regional plan of the location. South view of the building along the River Vliet.
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Research and Design Institute in Den Haag
In terms of urban integration, a predefined surrounding, as part of a general master plan, plays a decisive role in the geometry of the future proposal. According to that plan, all the buildings in the specific urban square of this assignment have to create a uniform 10 meter height plain façade (see figure 1). Finally, the “Research Institute” has to be inscribed in a volume of approximately 40x40x40 metres. However, taking into account the space requirements, it is obvious that the maximum volume of the building is significantly more than it is pragmatically necessary. Therefore, the goal is to use this spaciousness (or anti-space) in an energy efficient way.
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Energy efficient driven design
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>> climatic concept & functional layering In terms of the functional arrangement, the proposal is characterized by three main layers from bottom to top floors (see figure 5a).
cade design follows the functional zoning of the building.
(a) The first layer accommodates the most public functions (entrance, restaurant and exhibition) that also require a direct access from the street level. (b) The second layer has less but still public functions such as the auditorium and a library. These spaces also have a direct access to the atria that form a “lifted� inner courtyard above the exhibition. (c) In the third layer the most private spaces (offices and studios) are placed.
In terms of the climatic concept of the building two major factors can be distinguished aiming to maximize natural ventilation and lighting; (a) the creation of two atria and (b) a system of inclined glass roofs.
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Reduction of the global radiation due to the inclination of the roofs.
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Climate driven design process in six stages. a Functional layering. b Inclination of the glass roof towards the north. c Creation of the two atria.
global radiation in a horizontal plane global radiation in a tilted plane towards north, with 30o inclination
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time (h)
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d Lift of the inner volumes in order to fit the space requirements. e Installing reflective inner facades. f An external double layered facade wrapping the main building volume (offices, studios).
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The 30 degree inclination of the glass roof is made towards the north (see figure 5b). In this way diffuse northern light can easily enter from the (often present) overcast sky or reflected from the inner facades (see figure
The atria separate the studios in different departments (see figure 5c) and they remain partly connected in the south-west, in this way light has a way to enter deep into the office spaces. The two atria play an important role in the ventilation concept. They will function as an outlet for the adjacent spaces making use of a stack driven ventilation flow during summer and a mechanically driven flow in winter.
(global radiation) w/m2
This kind of layering is also part of the climatic concept of the building as it ensures that the offices and the design studios, which are placed on the top floors, receive the maximum possible daylight from the glass inclined roofs and the atria. Also, this functional division provides a clear buildup of the programme and facade solutions according to similar demands. Thus, the fa-
The role of the atria and the inclined roofs
5e). That kind of tilted glass roof receives approximately 30% less solar radiation per year than a horizontal one (see figure 4). This reduction provides a strong argument for creating an all glass roof surface.
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Ground Floor Plan
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Research and Design Institute in Den Haag
Floor Plan at 5th level
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reflective inner facades
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studios studios offices library
auditorium
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lifted inner courtyard
expo << entrance parking
Section C - C
Section B - B
North East Facade Section A - A
Energy efficient driven design
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For the design of the building structure, the most decisive parameter was the placement of the exhibition hall nearby the ground floor. The more public and independent nature of this space contributed in that decision, despite that from structural point of view it was best fitted on the upper levels of the building. Thus, the challenge was to develop a structural concept that leaves a significant big area (65% of the total available floor plan) free of columns at one of the first levels of the building. The proposed structure is designed as a two layered system, in the interface of the two systems a floor almost free of columns is created where the exhibition is placed. This is feasible due to the fact that the second structural system hovers like a bridge over the first one (see figures 6 a - b). (a) The first structural system executed mainly of concrete holds the two levels below the ground floor (car parking) and the base levels (entrance and restaurant). (b) The second system is a steel construction over the concrete base consisting of two types of sub structures. The first is a truss system that reaches roughly over the first four floors above the base, executed as a steel
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frame of approximately 300mm thickness. The second system stands on the previous and it is a lighter steel structure, with dimensions of roughly 200mm. Stability in lengthwise direction (west to east) is provided by the trusses of the first steel structure. The top structure of system b will be executed as a braced frame with crosses in the facades and the roof to provide lateral stability. The floors play an important role in the horizontal transfer of loads and are executed in such a way that diaphragm functioning is provided. In the cross-wise direction the loads are transferred mostly by the diaphragm of the floors to the east and west frame that transfer the loads to the foundation. The top steel structure will transfer its horizontal loads to the main truss system below.
structural system b
>> structure
truss sub system
expo
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in the interface of the two systems a floor almost free of columns is created (expo)
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Schematic representation of the structural concept. Basic attribute is the truss structure over the height of 4 levels integrated in the walls of the atria. Exploded view of the structural layering. The main trusses are hidden behind the prefabricated facade structure. The floor span is in between (integrated) delta beams. Exploded view of the structural layering of the whole building. Perspective scheme of the steel load bearing truss structure of the second system and position of the two structural details (1 and 2).
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RHS 300,16 (concrete filled) RHS 320x80,20 (concrete filled) M30 bolts: Slotted plate welded in Prefabricated column 40mm
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HE280M Steel nodge for delta beams (welded to main beams)
Detail 1
Integrated floor beam delta beam Wind plate hollow core slab h=320mm
RHS 300, 16 (concrete filled) HE280M Welded plate to main beams for secondary connection HE280M
RHS 320x80,20 (concrete filled) Welded head plate on column (for transferring horizontal loads) Welded plate on column for inner diagonal (hidden) diagonal double plate
M30 bolts:
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Detail 2
RHS 300,16 (concrete filled) column RHS 300,16 (concrete filled) Diagonal with welded plate
Energy efficient driven design
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>> climate control Ventilation Two parameters characterize the ventilation concept of the building; a decentralized outdoor air supply system in the offices, and the two atria serving in natural stack exhaust ventilation (see figure 10). Almost all the offices are equipped with decentralized ventilation components (inlets) integrated in the external facade. Each of these components consists of a fan coil unit that inserts precooled or preheated air depending on the seasonal needs (winter or summer) having a heat exchanger with a water circuit that is part of the concrete core activation main circuit. It operates with a centrifugal fan that sucks in outside air through openings, the air is then forced through fine dust filters, a silencer, and passes through the heat exchanger. The cooled air is then expelled through a ceiling grill above the window into the room. However, to provide more freedom to the occupants, windows can be opened at will as well. The exhaust from the rooms is also largely achieved in a natural way with outlets that exhaust in the atria. Fresh air will be inserted into the atria at floor level using vertical pivotal window frames to allow large surfaces to open in the south and north west facade. The height difference between the inlets and the roof outlet will drive a stack driven ventilation flow. Thus, the configuration of the building volumes and functions
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Research and Design Institute in Den Haag
make possible to implement natural ventilation in an efficient way. More accurately the whole ventilation concept of the building should be described as a hybrid system. Even though the main ventilation mechanism is a natural one, some areas of the building are either mechanically ventilated exclusively or mechanically assisted. For example the natural discharge air from the offices has to run through a corridor in most cases with extra ducts, making the passive system vulnerable to efficiency losses caused by pressure drops or influx from the atrium air back into the exhausts. For this reason all natural ventilation pipes are fan assisted and will switch on whenever the pressure balance on either side is out of tune. Heating - cooling The main system for cooling and heating the spaces is a double layered concrete core activation system in the top and bottom layer of the structural floor. In this way the possibility of refurbishment remains an option during later stages of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life cycle. Apart from durability issues the choice for a double layered system has two other upsides; (a) the reaction time of the system becomes much quicker and (b) the possibility arises to cool or heat with the most efficient layer (see figure 11).
Energy cycle To obtain the required energy for cooling the building during summer, an aquifer in combination with a heat exchanger and heat pump is used (see figure 12a). The heat exchanger only transfers energy from the aquifer circuit to the distribution circuit of the building, so there is no direct contact between these two circuits. Pumps in the wells ensure the distribution of the water to the heat exchanger. Each floor in the building will be provided with a header that distributes the water to the different loops. Every room will have its own loop, so the temperature can be individually controlled by thermostats. During winter the supply water in the distribution circuit of the building will be brought to 35 degrees to heat the building. The discharged water will exit the building with a temperature of 20 degrees (see figure 12b). From the calculations made (see the following paragraph; â&#x20AC;&#x153;Energy calculationsâ&#x20AC;?) it can be concluded that the heating demand is bigger than the cooling demand in the building. This leads to the necessity of regenerating the heat well of the aquifer during winter time in order to keep the system yearly balanced. The atria in the building will be used for this purpose. With air handling units on the top floors of the build-
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ing, the warmer exhaust air in the atria will be extracted. Then a heat exchanger will transfer the energy from the warmer air to regenerate the hot well Energy calculations The sensible heating and cooling load of the building was calculated via simulations using the software Physibel CAPSOL. In this software the climatic behaviour of the complex building program is adjusted to fit within a simpler climatic model. This model defines bundles of functions in climate zones based on (climatically) relevant shared properties, concerning; location, orientation and demands following from different occupation.
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The yearly energy consumption is presented in figure 14. Interestingly enough the dynamic calculation proves that the heat load is more than the cooling load as the amount of time the temperatures are below the heating set temperature is much more than for cooling. This difference can be explained by the effects of the dynamic controls in the summer period. Therefore, It can be concluded that the dynamic passive cooling methods used in the building (e.g., adaptive sunscreens and night ventilation) are working as expected in order to reduce the cooling load. 15 b
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10 Overall air flow distribution. (i) Natural stack ventilation in the atria and cross ventilation of the base. (ii) Position of natural decentralized and mechanical ventilation elements. 11 Facade layering with the double sun shading system (perforated plates, adaptive sunscreens) decentralized ventilation (fan coil units), heating systems (concrete core activation). 12 The overall energy cycle during (a) summer and (b) winter situation. 13 Climate zone scheme used in the energy consumption simulations. 14 Graphical representation of the total yearly energy consumption per climate zone (CAPSOL simulation). 15 Temperature range for analyzed spaces in CAPSOL during (a) summer (June to September) and (b) winter (October to March).
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Energy consumption cooling and heating per climate zone (MJ/yr)
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Energy efficient driven design
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>> facade detailing In terms of the external appearance of the building, the most distinctive attribute is the perforated corten facade of the top main volume that accommodates the offices and the studios. Except of the obvious sun shading function of this facade, its role is also to establish an aesthetic uniformity and â&#x20AC;&#x153;hideâ&#x20AC;? the discontinuities of the inner truss steel structure. The seemingly random pattern, takes into account the function of the room behind it. Therefore, in rooms with limited daylight requirements the facade is more opaque, while in areas that require more daylight the perforation becomes denser. However, in order to ensure a more consistent daylight in the offices, permanent bigger openings have been introduced. In the upper part of the building the facade has less openings and the perforated plates are more opaque as the tilted glass roof toward the north ensures a constant natural daylight in the studios. Finally, the perforated facade is equipped with external curtain rolls between the glazing and the perforated steel plates. The role of these adaptive sun screens is extremely crucial as they prevent the building overheating during the summer months.
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Detail 03
Facade assembly: First layer: big prefabricated curtain wall elements 6780x4080 mm
Second layer: Construction of the corridors on site
Third layer: Perforated steel plates (corten 15mm), integrated in prefabricated frames 6750x4080 mm
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Research and Design Institute in Den Haag
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
HEB 310x280 IPE 310x150 IPE 80x45 UNP 80x45 Steel rectangular hollow section RHS 320x80 Steel rectangular hollow section 45x60 Perforated steel plate, corten Thermal insulation panel, mineral wool d=150mm (Lambda=0,035W/mK) Thermal insulation panel, polystryane foam (XPS) Plywood Double glazing, laminated safety glass (12-16-8) Horizontal ventilation slit with flow guide louvers. Sunscreen rollers Ventilation component with heat exchanger Floor finishing Main supply water pipes Electrical installation box Facade post aluminum rectangular section 100x50 Delta beam 220x 340x 660
Longitudinal View (interior)
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Elevation View (external)
Detail 03
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Cross Section
Energy efficient driven design
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Bucky LAB
adaptive shading system for gridshells
TU Delft_ Course: AR1AE015 Bucky Lab Design_ September 2011 - January 2012 Cooperation with fellow student: Niels van Dijk Studio Coordinator: P.M.J. van Swieten Tutors: P.M.J. van Swieten, Dr.Ir. M. Bilow, Ir. A. Borgart, P. de Ruiter
>> concept The assignment of the Bucky Lab design project was to create an innovative facade concept, with the end goal of building a prototype at 1:1 scale. The proposed concept from our team was a folding sun shading unit that can be integrated in shell structures tessellated by triangles (e.g., geodetic domes or freeform gridshells). Such a facade concept aims to create an adaptive sun shade skin to shell structures, since most of them have usually a non-interactive external surface. The adaptability of the proposed concept is related both to the protection from the unwanted solar radiation, as well as to the possibility of making the internal space multifunctional by controlling the sun light infiltration. Basic geometric characteristics of the facade unit One of the distinctive characteristics of this facade system is that it can only be applied
Folding mechanism The folding of the external sun shade membrane is based on a rotating inner structure with a deployable arc which consists of scissor-like elements (SLE) (see figure 1). The SLEs are pairs of linear elements connected to each other at an intermediate point through a pivotal connection which allows them to rotate freely about an axis perpendicular to their common plane. By connecting multiple pairs of scissor-like elements it is possible to create a large movement only by the first pair (see figure 3). Such a configuration can describe a curve movement, simply by shifting the rotating points of the scissors from the middle to the side.
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in shell structures tessellated by pairs of triangles forming a diamond shape unit (see figure 2). This type of configuration is chosen because the symmetry provides higher stability while two folding parts share one actuator.
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Adaptive sun shading system for gridshells
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Scaled mockup of the faรงade unit in early development stages of the foldable arc. Frames of a folding membrane, consisting of two mirror parts, each one describing a half cone geometry. Motorize a scissor-like structure with LEGO hydraulic system. A similar principle but with a smaller linear actuator has been used in the final prototype. Scheme of an adaptive facade in geodetic dome able to follow the sun movement. Frames of the movement of a foldable shading concept integrated in a free form gridshell. Night view of a geodetic dome with the proposed folding shading system.
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>> the facade unit Main components The sun shade unit in its final version consists of the following main parts:
Sun shading membrane
(a) An external sun shading membrane made out of composite fabric. (b) The folding inner structure of the membrane, the function of which is based on a deployable arc connected to a rotating frame. The arc consists of two different types of moving elements. The inner pair of the SLEs are responsible for the movement of the arc, however, every pair has also a top configuration of additional elements that ensure the folding and stretching of the membrane in a way that is not destroyed from the inner scissors. The deployable arc is motorized by a linear actuator integrated in the first pair of SLE. (c) A secondary frame with a diamond shape that bears the whole facade unit. This frame can be an intermediate element between the facade unit and the main structure of the shell/dome, or it can be excluded, if the system is designed to be fixed directly on the load bearing structure.
Deployable arc based on the function of scissor-like elements (SLE) Membrane frame made of aluminum L-sections 25x25x3.
Linear actuator Membrane frame Retractable rods with adjustable length, stabilizing the arc. Glass plates Frame that supports the shading unit, made of steel sections 25x25x3
Side View of the built prototype
Longitudinal View of the built prototype
one of the four SLE pairs of the deployable arc
Outer elements of the SLE, responsible for the folding of the fabric
Inner SLE
Plan View of the built prototype
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Adaptive sun shading system for gridshells
Glazing frame of the external layer of the shell structure.
>> parameterization of the concept Integration in a free form gridshell Due to the diamond-like geometry of the facade unit, there are limitations in the type of gridshells that can be applied. Thus, the tessellation of a freeform surface had to be made in pair of triangles forming diamonds. In order to generate such a tessellation, Rhino and Grasshopper were used to achieve that and display the parametric potentiality of our idea. The schematic parameterization of the concept was feasible only for the main structural components of the frame and the sun shading membrane. The target was to give a general impression of how a freeform shell with this specific sun shading system would look like.
the sun shading system in a folded out configuration
The following print screens show some of the commands used in Grasshopper in order to design the geometry of a gridshell able to support the proposed folding sun shading system.
the structure of the gridshell tessellated in a way in order to be able to support the diamond-like geometry of the facade unit. the sun shading system in a folded in configuration
7 a This print screen shows the tessellation definition that subdivide the surface in pair of triangles, forming the diamond-like geometry for the façade unit. 7 b Backbone of the design process in Grasshopper is the command “List item” that enables the selection of the right data to design the geometry of the sun shading system. 7 c Connecting with lines the different list items from the two tessellated surfaces. 7 d Giving to the Grasshopper geometry physical properties using the command “Pipe”. At that point the shell with the sun shading system has been fully parameterized
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Bucky Lab design
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>> materiality and detailing Membrane frame All the parts of the membrane frame, including the arc, are made of aluminum. More specific, in the lateral sides of the membrane frame, aluminum L-sections 25x25x3 has been used, while the SLEs of the arc are made of simple aluminum plates of 3mm thickness. The clamping bars (or plates) for the attachment of the membrane in the aluminium frame have the same design philosophy both in the folding elements of the arc, as well as in the lateral sides and they are made of aluminum plates of 5mm thickness with a small milled line to grab a cable. The supporting diamond-like frame of the unit is made of rectangular steel sections 25x25x3. This choice has been made only to simplify the construction process of the prototype as the welding of steel is much easier, while as material is significantly cheaper compared to aluminium. In reality if such frame was part of the facade unit, it would have been made of aluminium.
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Important elements of the folding structure are also the two retractable rods with adjustable length. These elements help in the stability the arc against loads like the wind or the weight of the arc itself. These elements achieve adjustable length as they consist of two rods that slid one each other, the bigger piece is a hollow steel rod, φ12mm with 1mm thickness, while the sliding one is a small solid steel rod with diameter of 10mm.
required). The materials that meet the above requirements are usually composites of woven fabrics with several layers of a coating substance. The coatings used for all customary fabrics with synthetic organic and inorganic fibers (polyester, PTFE, glass) are usually made from thermoplastics (PVC, PTFE and other fluoropolymers).
Fabric The most important parameter in choosing the membrane is its resistance in the external weather conditions. So, it should has properties such as: –– excellent resistance in fresh and salt water –– excellent resistance in UV Radiation –– good protection against moisture and microbes or fungi –– limited transparency (which means that an opaque or translucent membrane is
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Detail from the inner SLEs and the linear actuator in the folded in situation. Close up picture of the external configuration of the SLEs showing how these elements prevent the fabric to be destroyed from the inner scissors, as well as, how the fabric has been attached. Side view of the prototype. View of the prototype in the folded in situation. View of the prototype in an intermediate situation during the process of folding out. Complete folded out situation with the tensile fabric fully stretched. Picture of the inner folding frame during the construction of the prototype.
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Adaptive sun shading system for gridshells
Detail 1 assembly of the linear actuator in the frame and the SLEs
Detail 2 connection of the rotating aluminium sections of the frame
Detail 3 assembly of the scissor-like elements of the arc
Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Steel section 25x25x3 (supporting diamond-like frame) Steel plate 3mm thick Aluminium L - section 25x25x3 (lateral sides of the membrane frame) Aluminium plate 25x5mm thick (SLEs) Aluminium clamps 5mm thick M6 Bolts M4 Bolts Steel Rods Ď&#x2020; 12mm, 1mm thick Steel Hinges 25x20 Steel brackets, 3mm thick Gutter of the linear actuator, Steel plate 3mm thick
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Bucky Lab design
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DigiTile ornament
parametric 3D printing fabrication
TU Delft_ Course: AR0795 Ornamatics_ February 2012 - April 2012 Studio Coordinator: Dr.Ir. Martijn.C. Stellingwerff Tutors: Dr.Ir. M.C. Stellingwerff, Jack Breen, Robert Nottrot
>> concept Target of this assignment was the creation of a tile that can be used for the modular design of a “Brise soleil” wall with ornamental characteristics. Drawing inspiration from natural and artificial fiber-like structures the idea was to mathematically define a fiber-like geometry inscribed in a triangle. Then, this geometry is used as a digital tile (digitile), the repetition of which generates a more complicated final form. The definition of the fiber-like geometry is made in Rhino-Grasshopper software using a two-step parameterization process. Since the whole geometry is mathematically defined there is no reason to repeat the tile in the same triangular form. The parameterization of the generic geometry enables the “deconstruction” of the regular tiling in a way that the repetition is no more obvious. The first parameterization step is the definition of the “tile” which consists of three main fibers of variable width. Every fiber has two branches so that the whole structure is connected to a stable autonomous geometry. The final geometry of a “Brise soleil” wall is generated only by inserting random points.
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DigiTile ornament
With the use of a Delaunay triangulation, the points are transformed into a grid in which the tile is repeated. This kind of triangulation creates the randomness of the final product. A second parameterization step is used to smooth the edges of the fiber-like geometry giving a more organic image to the final structure. The construction of that kind of “Brise soleil” wall is entirely based on 3D printing techniques. A printed version is shown in figures 4 and 5, consisting only of six tiles. A more complicated version of 28 tiles is presented in figure 1. 1 2 3 4 5
A more complicated geometry consisting of 28 tiles, generated by the grasshopper definition. An example of a small “Brise soleil” wall consisting of six tiles (digital version). View of the tiles of the example in figure 2, splited in order to be printed. The printed tiles (example of figure 2). Assembly of the tiles and final geometry (example of figure 2).
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> > 1 st p a r a m e t e r i z a t i o n s t e p a_inserting random points
b_Delaunay triangulation forms the tessallation grid
c_parameterization of the tile geometry
parameterization of one of three branches consisting the fiber-like tile
> > 2 nd p a r a m e t e r i z a t i o n s t e p giving a more organic final shape
based on the generic curves this sequence of commands creates a cloud of points that generate the final geometry using the command mesh from points.
the smoothening problem without the use of this 2nd parameterization step
final product >> generated geometry by the grasshopper definition & 3D printing of the tiles
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Facade refurbishment of ARCAM
TU Delft_ Course: AR1A075 Delft Seminars on Building Technology (D.S.B.T.)_ Sep 2011 - Jan 2012 Studio Coordinator: Ir. Bas Gremmen
>> concept Target of this assignment was the design of a sun shading system in the southern facade of ARCAM in order to improve the energy performance of the building in a passive way. The new facade consists of the three following main elements; (a) A glass frame which is the layer that separates the inner from the outer space and remains in the exact position with the pre-existing glass facade. However, the new sun shading concept necessitates the change of the old glazing frame, so that the partitions to be aligned with the new subdivisions resulting from the triangular tessellation. The replacement of the old glazing frame gives also the possibility of enhancing the U-value of the facade. (b) The frame that supports the sun shading system is directly fixed in the main load bearing structure of the building. Two different steel sections have been used in the design of the frame. Steel L-sections (75x65x8) form the outer curved edge, and steel T-sections (60x75x8) are used for all the inner partitions. (c) The deployable triangular units that support the foldable sun shading membranes are the most complex parts of this facade. The function of these units is based on a fan-like mechanism, so that the fabric unfolds via a rotational movement of one of its arms. The rotating arm has also adjustable length, because during its rotation has to shorten or increase its length. Elevation View (external)
Different views of the facade system [a] closed: sunlight protection [b] randomly opened
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Facade refurbishment of ARCAM
rotating retractable arm consisting of three sections:
detailing >>
(a) steel hollow rod Ď&#x2020; 200mm and 2mm thick (b) steel rod Ď&#x2020; 150mm (c) steel bar 25x3mm
Detail 2 rail
Axonometric View
Cross Section
Every triangular folding unit consists of a deployable sub frame in which the membrane is attached. Its main elements are; (a) A rotating retractable arm with adjustable length. It consists of two retractable rods and it can rotate about a pivotal axis. (b) A folding arm sliding along a rail. This arm is responsible for the folding of the whole unit via a mechanism like the ones used in automated curtain rail systems. (c) An arm with stable length fixed in the main frame.
folding arm made out of aluminium plates 25x3mm, this element controls the folding of the membrane
Detail 1
steel L- section 75x65x8 (part of the external edge of the frame) sun shading membrane coated PTFE fabric (a) rotating retractable arm (b) folding aluminium arm
steel T- section 60x75x8 (inner partitions of the whole facade frame)
Detail 1
(c) stable element of the deployable unit
Detail2
Delft Seminar on Building Technology
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housing community in Thessaloniki energy efficiency and sustainability
European Architectural Competition_ October 2010 Cooperation with: G. Boundouraki, M. Pitsiladi
>>concept In this competition the participants were requested to design a housing community on a plot which is property of Axios municipality, at the prefecture of Thessaloniki (Greece). There were three key parameters related to the project. The first issue was the plot location in a farming area with unformed urban fabric. Therefore, the proposal aims to be a benchmark for the future regional planning of the area. The second issue was that the overall design should be based on bioclimatic and sustainable principles, ensuring to the whole complex as much as higher energy autonomy. Finally, the third parameter was related to the accessibility of every dwelling as the whole community had also to serve the needs of disabled people. Spatial syntax and public movements A key characteristic of the proposal is a web of ramps with 6% inclination. Those ramps form pedestrian paths inside the housing estate, crossing the plot from east to west, ending at the house entrances at the first floor level. The goal is to ensure a convenient access to the first floor dwellings even for disabled people.
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Sustainability and energy autonomy The morphology of the dwellings is mainly influenced by our intention to install photovoltaic panels on the roofs, so that the whole composition simulates a PV park, covering the energy autonomy of the housing complex. Therefore, the roofs are inclined towards the south for optimum performance of the PV systems. In addition, the slope of the rooftops creates large northern skylights in every dwelling which provides mild and steady light during the day. When northern skylights and southern openings open up, the house is cross ventilated. Such an efficient air flow contributes as passive cooling.
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Sustainable management of rainwater Having the goal of saving water, three underground tanks are designed for collecting rainwater (see figure 3). These tanks are placed below the pedestrian ramps where there is room which cannot be used as parking lot. The collection of the water is held by using rain gutter channels that lead to the tanks. Using filter cleaning and a pumping system the rainwater can be used for irrigation of flower beds, for cleaning the courtyards or for other similar activities.
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Housing community in Thessaloniki
South west view of the proposal. Street view of the interior courtyards of the dwellings. Position of the water tanks in the plot. South east view of the housing complex (competition scale model 1:200). North west view of the housing complex (competition scale model 1:200).
Rainwater tanks
a. Shed roofs with southern inclination in which photovoltaic panels are installed. b. Load-bearing structure; two zones of reinforced concrete columns. c. Ramps with 6% slope forming an internal web of pedestrian paths inside the housing estate.
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Energy efficiency and sustainability
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For the needs of the overall design, there have been used seven types of dwellings with similar characteristics. The most common of them are type A.1 and B.1 presented in the following figures. The internal layout of the dwellings is mainly determined by the morphology of the roof and the load-bearing structure. In essence, all the houses consist of two zones, 4 meter wide and variable length depending on the final layout of floor plan. By shifting those zones in the direction east - west, the open air spaces are created. Backbone of the two zones is a internal corridor.
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Housing community in Thessaloniki
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Energy efficiency and sustainability
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high school of intercultural education dialectical relations & urban integration
National Technical University of Athens_ Diploma Project_ January 2009 - September 2009 Design Supervisor: Stavros Gyftopoulos (Assistant Professor in the Department “Design and Theory”, N.T.U.A. School of Architecture) Structural Supervisor: Chrysanthos Kirpotin
second layer: educational zone
educational zone
in between zone of elevated courtyards
first layer: indoor sport facilities auditorium office spaces indoor sport facilities elevated courtyards
>> concept Subject of this graduation project was the relocation of the Intercultural High School of Athens in a complex of plots, within two typical urban blocks of downtown Athens. The main intention of this proposal is the establishment of a multicultural education center in a district where the percentage of immigrants is approximately 20% of the total population and increasing constantly, despite the economic crisis that hit Greece in 2010.
is created which is open to the residents of the neighborhood (e.g., the sport facilities).
The primary incentive for the choice of this topic was the dialectical relationship of educational buildings with the city. Thus, one of the major questions of the study was whether the concept of the “open school” could also be defined by architectural and spatial means.
Above this new elevated “ground floor” are placed all the teaching spaces (e.g., classrooms, laboratories etc.). In terms of the interior circulation in the educational zone, a split-level arrangement is adopted, so that the students can easily move in this multi-level school.
In terms of functional arrangement and in order to deal with the urban integration in an extremely dense district, a layering of public, less-public and purely educational/ private spaces has been adopted.
Through this functional layering, a necessary graduation of privacy is accomplished, while, the open air spaces and the overall height of the school buildings are also increased. This eventually allows the smoother integration of the school into the high-density urban environment of downtown Athens.
Therefore, the most public functions are placed on the ground floor, including offices for teaching and management personnel, auditoriums and indoor gyms. Thus, at street level a first multi-function spatial zone 30
The top roofs of this first layer form a secondary network of elevated courtyards. The target is to create higher than the public street, a level serving the students needs for outdoor activities. In that way the two separate sections of the school can also be reconnected via a bridge above the Alkiviadou street.
High school of intercultural education in Athens
urban matrix
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Percentage of foreign students in relation to native students in the secondary education level* of Greece. *[students of elementary and high schools]
Variation graph of foreign students in the secondary education of Greece. 10,9 % 9,53 %
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Percentage of foreign students in the municipality of Athens. 10,9% 1995
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>> immigration problem and intercultural education Officially, based on the last census (2007), in the Capital Urban Complex (the city of Athens and its surrounding suburbs) the number of immigrants is 321,280. Moreover, 44% of them (140,626) live in the municipality of Athens and they constitute 19% of its total population. [Scientific research under the supervision of Professor D. Vaiou, 2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 07, NTUA School of Architecture, Department II: Urban and regional planning]
from Middle East and Africa has gotten rampant. In most of the cases all these people use Greece as an intermediate stop to enter other countries of the European Union. However, very few of them succeed and as a result they remain in the territory of Greece. Thus, despite the economic crisis that hit Greece in 2010 and the fact that the unemployment has reached the highest rates ever recorded, the number of immigrants is rapidly increasing.
In general, the number of immigrants in the center of Athens, as well as, in the whole country is constantly increasing, since the last years the influx of foreigners especially
Intercultural schools In the municipality of Athens and the surrounding suburbs there are only seven Inter-
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cultural Schools, four of them are elementary and the three are high schools, a number that is not sufficient to absorb foreign pupils who are approximately 10% of all students. (statistics of the Ministry of Education until 2007). The term â&#x20AC;&#x153;intercultural schoolâ&#x20AC;? does not automatically indicate a school only for immigrant children. The Presidential Decree that establishes such schools determines a wide operational framework, allowing the teachers in every school to choose the teaching method that is considered most effective. A fact that does not preclude the operation of mixed intercultural schools with native and foreign students.
Dialectical relations and urban integration
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Structural Concept
Building Envelope
The functional layering of spaces with scale differences resulted in the problem of vertical discontinuity of the load-bearing structure. The reason of this problem was the fact that the educational spaces (second layer) and the public ones (first layer) have different structural grids, mainly due to the indoor gyms on the ground floor.
Besides the complexity of the load-bearing structure, another goal was the design of the educational spaces by following the principles of bioclimatic architecture. For this reason, inner cores for natural lighting and ventilation create an interior microclimate using decentralized ventilation. In addition, the design of the building envelope is based on the maximization of natural lighting, protecting at the same time the building mass from overheating using adaptive external sunscreens.
This problem was solved by designing a hybrid structural system, so that the upper part of the building can be lighter and have less inertia in order to withstand load stresses, especially by earthquakes. Thus, the load-bearing structure of the first layer meant for sport facilities which require large internal openings, is made of reinforced concrete, while the above layer of educational spaces is made of steel.
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High school of intercultural education in Athens
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Dialectical relations and urban integration
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West view of the school complex (scale model, 1:200). South west view of the school complex (scale model 1:200) with some of the surrounding buildings having be removed in order to have a better overview of the whole design.
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urban redevelopment in Athens
orchestrating urban contradictions and
National Technical University of Athens_ Architectural Synthesis 9: Urban Planning_ October 2006 - February 2007 Cooperation with fellow student: G. Boundouraki Tutors: M. Mantouvalou, (Professor in the Department “Urban and Regional Planning”, N.T.U.A. School of Architecture) A. Monemvasitou, (Professor in the Department “Design and Theory”, N.T.U.A. School of Architecture)
In terms of functions, the urban plan is divided in two parts, public (commercial and office buildings) and private (residential blocks).
The residential premises are organized in “open” urban blocks located on the north west side nearby the stream, where the environment is more serene and quite.
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View of the scale model (1:200) under its construction. Formation of main public level and how it gradually penetrates into the residential blocks. Layering of the proposal showing how the plot is divided in public and residential part. Regional plan of the location. West view of the whole development (scale model 1:200).
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z lic pub the f o l eve uare) in l ma lic sq b u (p the x into ion omple t a r et lc pen dentia resi
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Urban redevelopment in Athens
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ground level of the residential zone
underground connection from the Railway Station
The development plan includes the creation of a new urban complex of residential and commercial uses. Our first intention was to create a web of internal pedestrian paths and open air public spaces, so that the new housing entity can be integrated into the surrounding urban fabric.
The public part of the solution is located in front of the railway station where office and commercial buildings form the context of a public square. The public part of the proposal has also a multilevel character in order to enable a direct underground connection of the redeveloped area with the local railway station. In addition, the main level of the public part penetrates gradually into the residential complex (see figure 3).
public zone
This assignment was about the urban redevelopment of a 9.5 acre land at the exact place where it had been created a settlement for the victims of the 1999 earthquake that hit Athens, leaving thousands of residents homeless. The study plot is at the boundary limits of the Municipality of Athens, very close to one de-industrialized area. Across of the main study plot, there is the Railway Station “Perissos”, part of the most important Railway line of Athens that connects the capital with its port, Piraeus. Finally another distinctive characteristic of the redevelopment area is that its north west side borders with a stream (Podoniftis).
residential zone
>> concept
public flows part of the former industrial zone in the suburb New Philadelphia that borders with the redevelopment area main redevelopment area stream Podoniftis that borders with the north west side of the main study area Urban Railway, “Piraeus - Kifissia”
3 Railway Station “Perissos”
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Orchestrating urban contradictions and public flows
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>> residential zone Housing typology and structural concept The housing typology is primarily based on the grid of the steel load bearing structure (4x4m), on which prefabricated panels of concrete, wood and other materials are attached. The dimensions of the construction grid determine the proportions of the balconies, as well as the open air and interior spaces, according to the typology of each apartment. In addition this concept of open prefabricated apartment blocks gives a visual complexity and variety of facades and floor plans without increasing the construction costs.
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Scheme of the prefabrication concept of the residential facades. Every owner has the possibility of selecting from a variety of prefabricated panels corresponding to a specific function (e.g., a totally opaque external wall, a panel with openings or a fully glass surface). View from the bridge that connects the two residential blocks. View of the residential complex right after the underground exit from the railway station. The visual impact of the variety of prefabricated elements is displayed in this render. Street view of one of the residential buildings along the stream.
North West Elevation (along Podoniftis Stream)
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Orchestrating urban contradictions and public flows
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>> public zone
The public zone of the redevelopment is located in front of the Heraklion Avenue, the most important road axis of the study area. In this part of the proposal a twolevel public square is the most dominant element (see figure 2). The biggest part of the square is at the same level with the Heraklion Avenue, while the other level has a direct contact with the underground exit from the local Railway station, 4 meters lower. Two buildings have been designed to work as diaphragms (or borders) of the whole pubic zone and of the square as well. Alongside the Heraklion Avenue, a small multifunctional building with cafes, stores and cinemas is constructed (see figure 9).
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Urban redevelopment in Athens
Most of the commercial uses and the two cinema halls of this building are placed underground, around a patio at the lower level of the square. Through this arrangement, the goal is to support the connection of the study area with the station, expanding the commercial activities also in the underground levels. Alongside Papanastasiou Street, a linear office building is designed, having a bigger autonomy and less organic relationship with the public zone (see figures 11, 12).
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East view of the whole redevelopment proposal. The public part of the proposal is located on the left part of the picture. 10 View of the small multifunctional building with the underground cinema halls, the cafe and the commercial uses at the ground level of the square. 11 Interior view of the office building. Behind the southern facade with the louvers a web of linear staircases forms an internal vertical core of circulation. 12 Southern facade of the office building along Papanastasiou street.
Railway Station â&#x20AC;&#x153;Perissosâ&#x20AC;?
street level underground passage
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office building cinema
parking
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Orchestrating urban contradictions and public flows
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national dance center
a public multifunctional building
National Technical University of Athens_ Architectural Synthesis 7: Urban Planning_ October 2005 - February 2006 Cooperation with fellow students: E. Katrini, Ch. Krekoukiotis Tutors: M. Kafritsa, (Assistant Professor in the Department “Design and Theory”, N.T.U.A. School of Architecture)
>> programme requirements & building concept This multifunctional building aims to cover the needs of the National Dance Center. The plot is located in downtown Athens, at the junction of Navarinou and Ch. Trikoupi Street. The building programme can be summarized as follows: –– Two main dance halls for educational purposes –– One large rehearsal hall –– Offices for management personnel –– Library –– Exhibition hall –– Bar - Refreshment room –– 200-person performance hall (theater) –– Underground parking lot The key point for the integration of the project in the dense urban fabric of downtown Athens is the underground placement of the theatre. This gesture allows the building mass to move flexibly, creating a large open air space (patio) in the heart of the plot. The patio serves as a public square interrupting the continuous urban fabric.
Functional layering In terms of the functions, the building is organized in a way that all the public spaces are placed on the ground level. In that way they are in direct contact with the open patio and the visitors have an easy and clear access. All the other spaces related to the dance halls and the services of the center (library, offices, classrooms, etc.), lay from the first floor level and above. Movements In the project there are two dominant movements: (a) The public movement on the ground floor is a spiral path that begins with the entrance to the courtyard (patio), passes to the café and finally ends at the underground theater. (b) The reverse path will follow somebody who goes to the dance school, passing by the large ramp. This route has three key points, the library (with reading room open
for the public), the two smaller dance halls (the one above the other), and the large rehearsal hall accessed via a light weight structure in a form of a wooden balcony. Structure and materiality The underground theater and the dance halls have a construction grid which is larger than a conventional one. The building has been adapted in this grid, and for that reason the whole external appearance is heavy with large surfaces of exposed concrete to be visually dominant. However, inside the building apart from the load-bearing structure of reinforced concrete, there are also self-supporting steel structures. Thus, the harsh and continuous lines of exposed concrete are softened by small steel structures which give a more human scale to the interior spaces. This rationale is crystallized in the office spaces (see figure 4) which are part of the steel construction founded on the roof beams of the theater.
dance halls office spaces library street level theater exhibition hall
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National Dance Center
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Southern view of the building (scale model 1:200). Western view of the building alongside Navarinou Street. Scale section model (1:100) showing the underground performance hall (theatre). Longitudinal section of the main building revealing the inner light weight structure of the offices. View of the patio and the ramp from Ch. Trikoupi Street. Interior view of the large rehearsal hall. View of the patio from the cafe under the ramp. Integration of the building in the urban fabric.
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A public multifunctional building in the city of Athens
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