Emergency booklet final 2015

UNIVERSITY OF NICOSIA CY

EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE HANDBOOK 2015

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE [A.R.C]

EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE HANDBOOK

2015 [A.R.C]

Students Maria Christophi Christos Evagorou Christina Galanou Chrystalla Koufopavlou Constantina Kyriakou Elli Mara Marietta Paraskevaidi Elena Siakou

Faculty Alessandra Swiny Associate Professor, Architect Head of the Department of Architecture / Architecture Research Center [A.R.C] University of Nicosia

Contact information: phone: 22842600 email: swiny.a@unic.ac.cy 31 Michail Yiorgalla, 2409 Nicosia CYPRUS www.unic.ac.cy

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TABLE OF CONTENTS –

Emergency Architecture Handbook Project Information p. 7 Shelter p. 8-17 Water p. 18-25 Sanitation p. 26-35 Food p. 36-43 Energy p. 44-53 Health p. 54-63 Education p. 64-80

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Project Information Arch-410 Emergency Architecture Course Description The contents of this booklet are the result of the work and research produced during the course Arch-410 Emergency Architecture, taught by Associate Professor Alessandra Swiny, Head of the Department of Architecture, at the University of Nicosia, Cyprus.

This course concentrates on Emergency Architecture - and all that this emerging topic encompasses. It is an experimental research based course, which covers a wide variety of fields and topics, and bring together a comprehensive understanding of this vastly complex subject.

Course Structure The course functions as a research and investigative hub. It is seen as a breeding ground for creative ideas and research techniques and everyone is to develop their own path through their areas of interests within the scope of the course. The course is seen as a place of discussion and debate. Seminars will include a lecture, class discussions, feedback and debate on readings, and student presentations. The seminars and research workshops will be treated as ‘think-tanks’ in which we as a group will test new waters and explore new ideas. There is no hierarchy in this class, everyone is expected and encouraged to bring new perspectives to the table.

Course Contents 1. How Our World Stands Now: A Discussion Discussion of students interests and direction for the course, on the main design/research projects for the class, and on the readings 2. Environmental Issues Climate change, global warming, rising water levels, population, famine, resources, conflict. State of the World. Design for Flooding 3. Disasters, Emergency, Crisis Disaster management, rebuilding after disasters, displaced populations, case studies The basics: Shelter, Water & Sanitation, Food, Energy, Health, Education, Transport; Psychological and physical needs 4. Humanitarian Aide & Policy History Of Humanitarian Design; Current world disasters and how we try to deal with them. Who’s helping/reacting and why 5. Design Response & Responsibility 6. Learning from nature: Biomimicry The Industry of nature, animal architecture 7. Smart materials New materials, utilizing them, learning from them, low vs. high tech 8. Smart Design Learning from vernacular, time-tested approaches, mobile and flexible architecture, adaptability and multiple combinations

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shel ter

Name _Baninajar Refugee Camp “Sandbag Shelters” Designer_ architect Nader Khalili- Cal-Earth Institute Client_ Residents Manufacturer_ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Engineer_ P. J. Vittore Ltd, US, and C. W. Howe Associates, US, structural engineers Material _ local materials, sand bags Cost_/ Date_1995 Location _Khuzestan, Iran Reference:http://www.spatialagency.net/database/nader.khalili http://architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=48

“Sandbag Shelters” is a combination of traditional architecture which offer a simple, economical-(low budget) and durable alternative to conventional refugee and low-income housing. two prototype shelters were built in Tehran which are an emergency shelters, with a more basic and simple form There are upgraded shelters, with small variations in its design and materials.

The prime objective of the “Pilot Project” is to eventuality asses the of Sandbag Shelters in real emergency situation. however, it was decided that further studies should be made by applying the findings to a larger inhabitants in the construction so as to assess the manpower need, and gauge the social and cultural reaction to this concept.

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Name _Quinta Monroy housing Designer_ Elemental(group of architects)- Alejandro Aravena, Alfonso Montero, Tomás Cortese, Emilio de la Cerda Client _Gobierno regional de Tarapacá / Programa Chile-Barrio del Gobierno de Chile.

Manufacturer Chilean oil company Copec and the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Engineer_ Juan Carlos de la Llera & José Gajardo Material _ reinforced-concrete Cost_$7,500 Date _2003-2004 Location _Iquique, Chile Reference:http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/smallscalebigchange/ projects/quinta_monroy_ho

The aim was to settle the families in the same site, instead of displacing them to the periphery. 1 house = 1 family = 1 lot.

Elemental developed a variation on the traditional row house in which each unit consists of one built segment flanked by an empty area of equal size, The aim was to settle the families in the same site, instead of displacing them to the periphery. 1 house = 1 family = 1 lot, host just 30 families in the site. a building type that can be inhabited immediately and also incorporate significant change over time. Each unit was stabilized for seismic durability and equipped with the barest of basics: plumbing but no fittings for kitchen and bathroom, an access stair, and openings for doorways. Once the modular outlines were completed, residents moved in and began finishing and customizing their spaces at their own expense and at a pace that their incomes allowed, adding color, texture, and vitality; living space Emergency

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Name _ tsunami-safe(r) house Designer_ luis berrios, walter nicolino, carlo ratti ellen chen, eric ho, nour jallad, rick lam, ying zhou ,tsunami design initiative, harvard gsd Client_ Residents Manufacturer_ SENSEable City Laboratory (MIT):carlo ratti, walter nicolino Engineer_ domenico del re buro happold, london Material _ concrete blocks, bamboo partitions, roof cover: tin or tiles Cost_ 800,000 Date_ January 17, 2005 Location _ Sri Lanka Reference:http://senseable.mit.edu/tsunami-prajnopaya/

The aim of this project is to investigate the development of technological strategies that could guarantee future safety at lower cost. In particular, the focus is on digital and building technologies. Structural guidelines extracted from the analysis of surviving structures and the implementation of an early warning system using cell phones could provide a more effective solution to relocation - promoting a less hasty, more sensible recovery of the disaster-torn areas.

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Name _ From transitional to permanent shelter: invaluable partnerships Designer_ international federation of red crescent red cross and red crescent societies(IFRC) Client_ Residents Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Material _ frames: eucalyptus timber, exterior wall panels: local plant fronds, plastic sheets, grid of woven bamboo covered with a mud plaster Cost_/ Date _August 15,2007 Location _North Pisco and then to Peru Reference:Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner. Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity (Metropolis Books: 2011) In the urban center of Pisco there are seventy-five thousand houses were leveled, the 90 percent of the houses were various state of collapse, suffered the worst losses. After the earthquake in 2007 red cross and red crescent societies acted quickly to move residents into temporary shelters .Temporary shelters were introduced to replace tents and the better protection of people against the radical temperature shifts .Family members are design their own shelter which are made of local materials (semi-permanent materials) and indigenous knowledge which allows families to construct more formal homer over time.

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Name _learning from ace Designer_ Uplink’s architects Client _ residents Manufacturer_ jub (jaringan Udeep beusaree) Engineer_ architects and NGO from India Material _clay ,sand , gravel and stone and wood Cost_$3,000 in 2005 to $6,000 in 2006 Date _December 26,2004 Location _ Indonesia-city of Banda Aceh Reference:Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner. Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity (Metropolis Books: 2011)

The city Banda Aceh was hit by an earthquake and then washed away by a tsunami (20m) high. There was nothing left of the original coastline. The tsunami devastated one third of the city took 128,000 lives and displaced a half million people The spatial planning was developed by jub, to provide better access to roads, and clear vista toward the sea and hill side. The concept was based on the traditional principles of “gampong loen sayang” a philosophy that emphasize in cultural and spiritual life by minimizing the impact of human.

Start to design houses with individual owners. Use the traditional wooden-stilt achnese house with the thatched roof (adapted to local conditions).A light construction and a flexible footing allow the house to sway freely.

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Name _Alliance franco-sénégalaise Designer_Patrick Dujarric Client _ Mission Française de Coopération et d’Action Culturelle Manufacturer_/ Engineer_ / Material _ cement, reinforce concrete,PVC pipes,timber lattice,decorative terrazo Cost_$557.693 Date _1994 Location _ Kaolack, Senegal (West Africa) Reference: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=1559

Built the Alliance Française house, to provide the provincial town of Kaolack with much needed library space, meeting areas, and classrooms, as well as performance and entertainment areas, the mission of the Franco-Sénégalaise Cultural Centre is to promote knowledge and understanding of the French language and culture. Its architect, Patrick Dujarric, grouped the various functional spaces of the institution on varied levels in a 3,212 square meter rectangular space whose built area covers only 750 square meters, thereby allotting generous space for outdoor activity. This arrangement of functions is in keeping with the traditional style of assembling public structures in local villages. The plan and massing are simple and ingenious in the way they integrate indoor and outdoor space, but intricately complicated in the use of iconography, ornament, and decoration. These designs synthesise traditional patterns in an entirely new way, re-integrating art into the very structure of architecture. The jury found the centre to be an impressive building, a modern complex in an African country that seems truly of its place.

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Name _ Kaedi Hospital Designer_ Aga Khan Award for Architecture-winners Client _/ Manufacturer_/ Engineer_ / Material _ local materials,brick Cost_ low cost Date _/ Location _ Mauritania Reference:http://arab-aa.com/2011/09/12/kaedi-regional-hospital-mauritania/

The challenge was to build an affordable extension to the hospital that would house facilities for preventive medicine. It was also to serve as a new form of public building which could be replicated in the future. Thus, ‘low-cost’ techniques of construction that would be of economic and practical benefit for the population and use local materials and skills. consists of a brick dome construction reminiscent of several traditional techniques, some of which are common in Muslim cultures – and modern hospital technology, western planning and Expressionist aesthetics; but all of these antithetical traditions are extended, distorted and combined in a unique post-modern hybrid

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Name :Butterfly Bamboo Homes Architects: TYIN Tegnestue Designer_: Pasi Aalto, Andreas Grøntvedt Gjertsen, Yashar Hanstad, Magnus Henriksen, Line Ramstad, Erlend Bauck Sole Client: Ole Jørgen Edna Material : iron wood, tropic timbe Cost: 68.000 NOK (Approx. 10.000 USD) Date: November 2008 – February 2009 Location : Noh Bo, Tak, Thailand Reference: http://inhabitat.com/soe-ker-tie-butterfly-houses-are-homes-and-hope-forthai-orphans/soekertiebutterflysideview/ http://www.archdaily.com/25748/soe-ker-tie-house-tyin-tegnestue/

TYIN has worked with planning and constructing small scale projects in Thailand. We aim to build strategic projects that can improve the lives for people in difficult situations.

Through extensive collaboration with locals, and mutual learning, we hope that our projects can have an impact beyond the physical structures.

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Name : Red housing Designer: Obra architects Material : bamboo plywood strips, locally available low-cost materials(replaceable) Cost: low cost Date: 12 to may 24, 2009.

Location ;China Reference: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/obra-architects-red-housingcrossing-dialogues-emergency-architecture/ http://www.designboom.com/architecture/obra-architects-red-housing-crossing-dialogues-emergency-architecture/

Red housing proposes an approach that tries to incorporate both the advantages of fastresponse solutions, such as the deployment of military tents, with those of slower and more considered responses such as neighborhood reconstruction efforts involving local traditions and user construction. the design has been developed as an in-progress embodiment of the following 10 points of architecture on the edge of survival. universal applicationthis prototype aspires to universal applicability. its development contemplates a series of simple modifications that would make it a useful solution anywhere in the world: add insulation and a stove for cold climates; remove doors and windows for tropical climates; replace materials according with local availabilities, etc. effective performance

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Name _ Emergency Housing in Iwaki Designer_ Kunihiro Ando + Satoyama Architecture Laboratory Material _ wood, pitched roof, saddle roof Cost_ cost-effective building Date_ 10/2013 Location _ Iwaki Reference: http://www.detail-online.com/inspiration/emergency-housing-in-iwaki-107444.html

These modular shelter homes in Iwaki, a town that was heavily damaged by an earthquake in 2011, are based on a traditional form of timber construction, with prefabricated wall elements let into grooved columns. The floor and roof are insulated with miscanthus and rice husks, thus ensuring a balanced indoor climate. ­Despite their small floor area, the three house types of different sizes offer great spatial quality and living comfort. Thanks to their easily dismantled partitions, the dwellings are readily adaptable and can be erected elsewhere. Built in just two months, the 198 houses are also convincing for their exclusive use of native cedar wood and the involvement of local craftsmen in their construction.

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wa ter

Name _ Water Storage System Designer_ International Development Enterprises (IDE) Client_ smaller farmers Manufacturer_ Local workshops Engineer_ / Material _ plastic Cost_/ Date_2006 Location _ INDIA Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum,Smithsonian Institution Press:2007)

A low-cost, non-evaporative water storage system that captures and store the monsoon rainwater. It makes water available for domestic and small plot micro-irrigation in the dry season of India.

It’s a 10,000 liter plastic storage bag, it’s enclose and it’s one-fifth the cost of the existing ferro- cement tanks.

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Name _ Ceramic Storage System Designer_ Dr. Fernando Mazariegos, Ron Rivera (Potters for Peace), and International Development Enterprises (IDE) Client_ rural poor Manufacturer_ Local private factory set up by IDE Engineer_ / Material _ Ceramic clay, plastic container, colloidal silver paint Cost_/ Date_2006 Location _ Cambodia Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum,Smithsonian Institution Press:2007) The Ceramic Water Filter combines the filtration capability of ceramic material with the anti-bacteriological qualities of colloidal silver. This filter has basic impact on the lives of the rural poor, dramatically decreasing diarrhea, days of school or work missed due to illness, and medical expenses. It is estimated that over 500,000 people have used the filter,after Ron Riviera redesigned the filter.

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Name _ Lifestraw Designer_ Torben Vestergaard Frandsen Client_ world’s poor Manufacturer_ Vestergaard Frandsen S.A. China and Switzerland, 2005 (current version) Engineer_ / Material _polystyrene,carbon Cost_/ Date_2005 Location _Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum,Smithsonian Institution Press:2007) LifeStraw is a personal mobile water-purification tool and it’s designed to turn any surface water into drinking water. It has proven to be effective against waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea, and removes particles as small as fifteen microns.

It has the outer shell with high impact polystyrene , halogen-based resin, anion exchange resin, and for the interior, patented activated carbon .

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Name _ Q-Drum Designer_ P.J. and J.P.S. Hendrikse Client_ rural communities Manufacturer_ Maymac Rotomoulders and Pioneer Plastics Engineer_ / Material _plastic Cost_/ Date_/ Location _ Kenya, Namibia, and the Ivory Coast Reference: http://www.designother90.org/solution/q-drum/

The 50-liter Q-Drum is designed to streamline water transportation. It’s easier instead of carry in your shoulders, to roll it easily behind you , making it easier to provide rural communities with clean, potable water. It can exceed 100 pounds.

It’s a source of clean water to avoid cholera, dysentery and the other water-borne diseases.

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Name _ Bamboo Treadle Pump Designer_ Gunnar Barnes of Rangpur/Dinajpur Rural Service and International Development Enterprises Nepal Client_ farmers Manufacturer_ Numerous small and midsize local workshops Engineer_ / Material _ bamboo and steel Cost_/ Date_/ Location _ Myanmar, Nepal, and Zambia Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum,Smithsonian Institution Press:2007)

The bamboo treadle pump is designed to irrigate marginal land. It’s lightweight and portable, it can draws from a variety of depths ,up to 8 meters, and from sources such as boreholes and open bodies of water.

The contraption is powered by two treadles that users stand on and pump with their feet.

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Name _ Frontier Filter Designer_  Aquamira company Client_ / Manufacturer_ Aquamira  Engineer_ / Material _plastic Cost_/ Date_/ Location _ worldwide Reference: http://www.aquamira.com/military/aquamira-frontier-filter/choose-right

The frontier is an emergency filter, which is designed for hiking, travel, and the most important, it has 72 hours emergency preparedness.

One of its unit, filters up to 110L of water and is tested and certified to remove >99.9% of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. It’s also easy to operate. Fist you attach and expand the straw, then submerge the filter end into the water sou rce, and as a final step you drink through the straw.

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Name _ Nerox filter Designer_ Simplex company Client_ people of Pakistan after a flood Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ Cost_/ Date_ Location _Pakistan Reference: http://filter-systems.com/en/pakistan-flood.html http://filter-systems.com/upload/file344.pdf

The Nerox filter is system that treats water and specifically is designed for household use.

The filter can be placed in the container with unclean water. Penetrating through the superfine membrane pores the water is purifying and interflowing by tube into the receiving container, which is 0.7-1.5 meters below the initial one. “NEROX” purifies up to 2500 liters of tap water. As far as the filter becomes dirty, is required cleaning with usual flow-through water. Cleaning of the filter is son for the child easy even for children.

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Name _ Hydropack Emergency Water Filter Designer_ HTI Client_ people after earthquake and tsunami Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ naylon Cost_/ Date_/ Location _Haiti, Japan Reference: http://www.filtersfast.com/blog/index.php/tag/emergency-water-filters/

Hydropack is actually a small pouch which can be used to filter water in disaster situations.

Using a technology called” forward osmosis”(natural equilibrium process),.this small pouch is basically a membrane that lets in only water, rejecting even the harshest of contaminants. It’s filled with a syrup that contains calories and electrolytes and also provides energy to malnourished disaster victims. When you are ready to drink, a poked is there to use it.

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sani tation

Reference: P. Harvey, S. Baghri, B. Reed. Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. WEDC, Loughborough University, 2002, p.63

A. Immediate Measures Those measures described below are designed to be used only in the initial stage of any emergency. It is important that those latrines to be placed in areas that are far from water storage and treatment facilities, and that are at least 50 meters away from water sources.

These defection areas should also be placed far away from buildings and roads, not in field crops grown for human consumption and far away from food storage and preparation.

Those latrine types have the advantage of implemented quickly, with minimal resources.

However, they have the constraints of lack of privacy for users and they need considerable space and they are better suited to hot dry climates.

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Reference: P. Harvey, S. Baghri, B. Reed. Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. WEDC, Loughborough University, 2002, p.65

1. Shallow Trench Latrines These latrines are placed in open defecation fields and are provided with shallow trenches where people can defecate. Those trenches need only to be 20-30 cm wide and 15 cm deep. The user need to have a shovel in order to cover faeces with the soil that has been removed in the construction of the trenches. Those latrines are very quickly implemented, but the user has limited privacy and the latrines need considerable space. Also, they have a very short life span. The construction of those latrines is very simple and it is composed with poles to attach privacy screening, trenches and the dug soil for backfilling. Corridors for access paths are created in between. Each room can be used by many users at the same time one sitting beside the other with no privacy partitions.

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Reference: P. Harvey, S. Baghri, B. Reed. Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. WEDC, Loughborough University, 2002, p.66

2. Shallow Family Latrines This latrine has a shallow pit of 0.3m x 0.5m and 1m deep and wooden foot rests or a latrine slab with dimensions of 0.8m x 0.6m overlapping by at least 5cm on each side. The back filling should be done when the pit is full to within 0.2m of the slab. For privacy walls, a superstructure can be made from local materials. This type increases privacy, it is very quickly implemented and allows people to actively participating in the construction process. However, it requires large tools and materials and it can be difficult to backfill the pits.

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Reference: P. Harvey, S. Baghri, B. Reed. Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. WEDC, Loughborough University, 2002, p.68

B. Longer Term Interventions Simple Pit Latrines Pit latrines are the most common technology choice in emergency situations. The reason is the simplicity of construction and the low cost. The pit should be 2 meters ate least deep and covered by a latrine slab which should be firmly supported on all sides and be raised above the surrounding ground level to prevent rain water to enter the pit. Which in tern should be lined to prevent collapse. A develop should be drilled on the slab to allow excreta to fall directly into the pit and this hole can be covered with a removable lid to eliminate flies and odor. The partitions can be made from any local materials, such as mud, wood, grass, bricks and mortar. The rate in which the pit fills depends on the soil quality of infiltration. This kind of latrine can operate without water and be constructed easily with low cost. However, it is not suitable is areas with unstable or rocky ground and where the water table is too high. Also, it has odor issues.

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Reference: P. Harvey, S. Baghri, B. Reed. Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. WEDC, Loughborough University, 2002, p.69

2. DEEP TRENCH LATRINES This kind is suitable when there is a need for more communal latrines. This functions the same way as the simple pit latrine but it has a 6m trench where six cubicles are sit above it. The trench should be 0.8m wide and 2m deep. It has 15x1cm timber foot rests and floor plates and the spacing of foot rests depend on the user needs. For children there should be smaller spacing then adults. The excavated soil vs placed near the latrines for back-fill purposes. Wooden platforms can be used above the latrines trench and covered with plastic sheeting and soil.

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Reference: P. Harvey, S. Baghri, B. Reed. Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. WEDC, Loughborough University, 2002, p.68

3. VIP Latrines The Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine is an improved pit latrine designed in a way to reduce flies and odor. It has a vent pipe which is placed outside the interior and extends at least 50cm above the structure. This pipe should be painted black to increase the solar heating that helps the air to rise and escape from the pit. There is no need for a drop hole since the air should be able to travel freely through the squat hole and vent pipe. The pen end of the pipe should be covered with a fly proof netting to prevent flies from entering the pit and to trap any flies from leaving. The interior should be dark to deter flies but it should have a gap above the door for air ventilation the orientation of the latrine should be in a way where the door is placed in wind direction to increase air flow entering the gap above the door. This is a good quality long term solution where odor and flies are reduced.

However, it costs more and its’ construction is more difficult to be implemented correctly.

The dark interior may deter children from using the latrine and the odor outside the latrine is increased.

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Name_ VIP(Ventilated Improved Pit) Latrine Design_ Arup Associates Client_ Druk White Lotus School Manufacturer_/ Engineer_ ARUP Material_ / Cost_ $ 18,600 Date_ 2001 Location_ Shey,Ladakh,India Reference: Architecture for Humanity. Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises. Metropolis Books, p.293.

The VIP has been designed by the Arup Associates team for a school on the remote Tibetan plateau. It offers an improvement of the standard pit latrine in a way that works without the need for water and eliminates unpleasant odors. This is achieved by the use of a solar-heated flue to force fresh air through the toilets achieving elimination of flies and odors. There is a twin composting pit where solid waste dries out to be used later as a fertilizer. The cubicle has an opening for cold air to be sucked into the pit along with flies and smells allowing a minimal light to enter the cubicle. In addition, there is an opening through a vent above the structure, which after heating, the hot air raises in the flue along with flies, smells and moisture. Also, in the composting pit there is an access door to empty the compost created. The liquids infiltrate to the ground. The project costs 18600 euro per unit.

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Name_ Living machine Design_ Sergio Palleroni with students and faculty of the global community studio Client_ Auroville International USA Manufacturer_/ Engineer_ / Material_ / Cost_ $ 8,600(composting toilets and waste treatment only) Date_ 2002 Location_ us Pavillion, Auroville Reference: Architecture for Humanity. Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises. Metropolis Books, p.294

This project is another example on finding ways to handle human waste in a self-sustained manner in areas where there are little or no infrastructure sewage systems. In such areas, septic tanks are not maintained in a proper way resulting in a hazarding groundwater. This project solves this problem by developing a self-sustained natural system that treats safely waste on the site. It has been designed by students of the college of Architecture and urban planning of the University of Washington in collaboration with the environmental consultant Charles Henry. They have created a dual system. The first system treats black water, which is the highly toxic solid waste, in dry-composting pit latrines. The second system treats grey water, which is urine and wastewater from sinks and showers, in what’s known as a living machine. This system requires two different streams of liquid and solid waste. The design requires rainwater catchment and solar energy. The system has showers and sinks in each dorm room throughout the building while the toilets are centralized in a large bathroom. The toilets are designated either for solid waste or liquid waste. By doing that they have achieved a separation of the black and gray water.

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Name_ Ecological Dry Toilet Design_ Cesar Anorve Client_ / Manufacturer_ Technologias y Sistemas Engineer_ / Material_ / Cost_ $ 27-54 ( stand-alone toilet), $150-550 (complete system) Date_ 1980 Location_ Cuervavaca, Mexico Reference: Architecture for Humanity. Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises. Metropolis Books, p.296

Almost half the water that is used by a typical Mexican home is flushed away down the toilet. The aim of this project is to create an ecological dry toilet that conserves scarce while at the same time creates a fertilizer. This has been achieved by designing a system that cost $150-550. A conventional toilet sits over two chambers. The one is active collecting liquid waste where the other is passive collecting sold waste which compost while the other chamber is in use. The toilet divert urine into a tank to settle and then to be used as a fertilizer. The solid waste passes to an active chamber where it is flushed with ash or lime instead of water to speed up composting while eliminating odors. When the active chamber is full it is sealed off for eighteen months in order for the waste to be compost.

The design team has created a dry urine system for men. This system can be used in areas that lack full sanitation services.

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Name_ UN Bathroom Design_ William Hsu Client_ / Manufacturer_/ Engineer_ / Material_ / Cost_ $2 (prototype) Date_ 2003 Location_ Pasadena, California, USA Reference: Architecture for Humanity. Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises. Metropolis Books, p.297

The aim of the project is to create a hygiene disposal of human waste for disaster situations where it is very critical to prevent an outbreak of diseases. The UN Bathroom has a biodegradable cardboard toilet sit that can support up to 91 kg (200 Pounds). It is packed flat for shipping and transport and can be assembled very easily. Each cardboard toilet comes with a pack of liner bags that collect human waste for disposal. When all liner bags are used the waste cardboard structure is burned.

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food

Name _ Abalimi Bezekhaya Designer_ “farmers or planters of the home” in Xhosa- organization Client_ Local farmers Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_/ Date_/ Location _: KHAYELITSHA, DELFT, NYANGA,PHILLIPI AND GUGULETHU Reference_ Cynthia E. Smith. Design with the Other 90%: Cities (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2011)

Abalimi Bezekhaya – organization teaches local communities to grow organic vegetables for survival,then selling to markets outside townships. Products of cultivation are such as onions, tomatoes, carrots and potatoes and Abalimi helps on training, technical advice, cheap bulk inputs irrigation and other services.

Abalimi Bezekhaya serves 3000 micro- farmers a year and most of them are women. In addition, their community gardens are next to public land, on municipal commonage and on unused plots and sometimes on public school grounds.

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Name _ Solar Dish Kitchen Client_ squatter communities Designer/Manufacturer_ BASIC Initiative Mexico Program of the University of Texas and the University of Washington Material _ Aluminum, steel Cost_/ Date_2004 Location _Mexico and India Reference_ Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007)

INFORMAL COMMUNITY SOLAR KITCHENS The project, a solar kitchen, that is placed on the pre-existing terraces. Because of the absence of place for cooking, mothers were preparing lunches for the kids on the street.

The device is simple and not that expensive as it earns free energy of the sun to help reduce the cost of cooking. The mothers in the community got organized to cook a balance diet for their children and reduce costs. So, the government agreed to allow the mothers to cook on the school grounds for their children.

With the use of the solar energy, comes as a challenge to students that learn to rethink not only the energy requirements for the kitchen but also its use of water ,toilets , lighting.

They are learning this new way of change that affect their everyday life.

The design is easy to be constructed in 10 days and can be built by the students. For the covered pavilion, they are using local materials to create new responses to the environment. Shading from the western sun is provided on the building’s long façade. The screens have angle sections of steel, a familiar material in Mexico.

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Name _ POT IN POT COOLER Client_ village people- farmers Manufacturer_ local potters Engineer_ / Designer_ Mohammed Bah Abba Material _earthenware ,sand , water Cost_/ Date_1995 Location _: Burkina Faso , Cameroon ,Chad, Eritrea ,Ethiopia , Niger Reference: http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Pot-in-pot_cooler

An issue for the farmers is the lack of preserving their crops as the climate is very dry.

The pot in pot system is created by two pots, a bigger from the outer side and a smaller one inside. How it works? The farmer puts fine, wet sand in between the two pots for keep it moist. The pot in pot system does not need electricity.

The system consists of a smaller earthenware pot settled within another pot, with the space in between filled with sand and water. The water evaporates, and heat is being pulled from inside where the vegetables and fruits can be kept.

There are pot to pot systems in five villages; Goromo Village. These systems can be places and preserved at home in the pots and then sell them.

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Name _ WOMEN and FOOD SECURITY (FSA) Client_ / Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Designer_/ Material _/ Cost_ $4.159.250 Date_ April 2009-2013 Location _Nigeria, Tahoua region Reference: http://www.ceci.ca/en/where-we-work/africa/niger/projects/women-andfood-security-fsa-in-niger-completed-project/

They plant – ant then reap what they sow.

FSA has taken action to reduce the impact of food crises by improving living conditions for 85 villages . Actions they took: for degraded lands increased agricultural output, by starting farming and be able to feed their families during 2010 and 2011 – food crises. Furthermore, the women started their own self financed activities by managing some other projects.

By the participation of women; the project laid the foundation for the fight against poverty in these five municipalities Tahoua and Kenya

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Name _ Strengthening the FSL Cluster for food and nutrition security Client_ South Sudan locals Manufacturer_ United States of America Engineer_ / Designer_ / Material _/ Cost_ / Date_ 01/09/2013-31/12/2013 Location _South Sudan Reference:http://www.fao.org/emergencies/fao-in-action/projects/detail/en/c/203361/

Improving food and nutrition security for food insecure and conflict – affected homes in South Sudan was the purpose of the project.

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Name _Irrigation Techniques for Small – scale Farmers Designer_ / Client_ / Manufacturer_ The European Commission’s Office for Humanitarian Affairs Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_US $ 10000-15000/ha for all together for only solar system : 50-100 US$/ha Date_2009 Location _Southern Africa and Indian Ocean Reference_ http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3765e.pdf

Solar pumps for low maintenance costs, solar electric pump can work for small garden area of 0.3 to 1 ha.

The solar pump includes solar panels, a battery pack for energy storage and an electric motor linked to the water pump. For a better watering, the water needs to be stored in reservoir or tank and have a connection to the pipe system or drip system.

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Name _YAAJEENDE Agriculture Development Porject Designer_ / Client_ USAID/Senegal Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_$40 million Date_ Five year Location _Senegal Reference_ http://www.sheladia.com/PDFs/brochure.pdf

The main focus of this project is about the global poverty and hunger. Development on agriculture production, improvement of agro-food links and improvement to food security Sheladia teaches technical and leadership in the areas that suffering from hunger and watering issues by promoting effective irrigation technologies.

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Name _NIGER FOOD SECURITY PROGRAM Designer_ / Client_ USAID/Niger Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_/ Date_/ Location _Niger Reference_ http://www.sheladia.com/PDFs/brochure.pdf

The aim of the Niger Food Secirity Program has been to improve the food production and incomes for a better life by promoting the agricultural production of technologies.

Sheladia continues with the teaching technical learning to the locals for an improve to the irrigation, water supply and sanitation.

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energy

Name _ Sugarcane Charcoal Designer_ D-lab Client_ Residents Manufacturer_ D-lab Engineer_ / Material _ Bagasse Cost_ / Date_ 2004-2005 Location _ Haiti Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007)

The production of wood charcoal (as a primary source for cooking) in Haiti caused the 90% of deforestation, environmental degradation and deaths to many children because of breathing the fumes from the cooking. Therefore they used dried bagasse, the waste product from sugarcane processing, and then burned in a simple kiln, carbonized, mixed with a binder, and compacted to produce sugarcane charcoal briquettes. The production of sugarcane charcoal was used also in Ghana; Brazil and India.

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Name _ Sierra Portable Light Project Designer_ Portable Light Team, KVA MATx Client_ Residents Manufacturer_ Portable Light Team, KVA MATx Engineer_ / Material _ Woven aluminum textile, recyclable PET, flexible photovoltaic, semiconductors, flexible wireways Cost_/ Date_ 2006 Location _ United States/Mexico Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007)

The pieces of the portable light system were are created by women weavers in the San Andreas region of the Sierra Madre, Mexico. They used traditional back-strap looms and swing techniques in order to weave it. It combines high-brightness LEDs from pedestrian walk signals, water-resistant tactile switches from dishwashers, and rechargeable batteries from the cell-phone industry. The units can be carried with their owners to provide access to light and power when needed. The textile surfaces provide direct, reflected, or diffuse lighting. The portable light project is in use in Mexico and Australia.

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energy

Name _ Solar Home Lighting System Designer_ / Client_ rural and peri-urban customers in India Manufacturer_ SELCO-India Engineer_ / Material _ Solar panel, luminaries, charge controller Cost_/ Date_ 1994 Location _ India Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007) Â

The solar home lighting system is a wireless solar power that, enables families to improve their productivity by allowing them to pursue income-generating activities in the evening while their children can have better light for studying. It was a solution to the low quality, cumbersome, expensive and dangerous lighting sources (candles, oil lamps, kerosene).

This system is in use in India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Bhutan.

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Name _ Solar Dish Kitchen Designer_ BASIC Initiative Mexico Program of the University of Texas and the University of Washington Client_ for two informal poor urban settlements (squatter communities) Manufacturer_ BASIC Initiative Mexico Program of the University of Texas and the University of Washington Engineer_ / Material _ Aluminum, steel Cost_/ Date_ 2004 Location _ Mexico Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007) The Solar Dish Kitchen is built from bicycle parts, and small vanity mirrors create the parabolic mirror surface which concentrates the energy of the sun on a pot or stove in the kitchen. It is important for the children’s cooking meals and a retrofit to an existing school incorporates solar cooking, solar hot water heating, grey-water filters to treat the dishwater, natural light as the main source of lighting, rainwater catchment, and photovoltaic panels to allow the kitchen to go off the grid. The system is in use in Mexico and India

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energy

Name _ Starsight Designer_ Kolam Partnership Ltd Client_ areas hit by disaster Manufacturer_ Kolam Partnership Ltd Engineer_ / Material _ Light, battery, WiFi receiver, solar panel Cost_/ Date_ 2007 Location _ Malaysia and Indonesia Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007)

The Starsight system combines solar-powered street lighting and Internet access in a wireless configuration, bypassing conventional power and telephone grids. StarSight provides a secure environment, connectivity for building an emerging economy and emergency communication and lighting for areas hit by disaster. The system is in use in Cote d’Ivoire, Republic of Congo and Cameroon.

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Name _ Kenya Ceramic Jiko Designer_ International aid and governmental agencies, local women’s organizations, and craftspeople Client_ Residents Manufacturer_ Rural Technology Enterprises Engineer_ / Material _ Ceramic lining, metal rings Cost_/ Date_ 1982-83 Location _ Kenya Reference: Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007)

The Kenya Ceramic Jiko is a portable charcoal stove which reduce fuel consumption by 30-50%, saving the consumer money, reducing toxic gas and particulate matter, and resulting in better overall heath for the user.

The stove is now used in over 50% of all urban homes and 16% of rural homes in Kenya and is spreading to neighboring African countries (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Senegal, Sudan, Burundi, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo)

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Name _ Inflatable, solar-powered light Designer_ LuminAID Co-Founders Anna Stork and Andrea Sreshta (graduate students) Client_ victims of a natural disaster or crisis Manufacturer_ LuminAID Chicago, IL, United States Engineer_ / Material _ inflatable plastic case Cost_ online at USD $19.95 per-unit Date_ 2010-2012 Location _ U.S. (Publicly available); Haiti, Ghana, India, Philippines (Via distribution campaigns) Reference: http://luminaid.com/

The product is a combination of a solar circuit with an inflatable shape because it was 100% waterproof, lightweight, and the inflatable plastic could help diffuse the LED light. It is a rechargeable, safe, sustainable and portable invention that provides up to six hours of LED light, ideal for disaster relief situations, recreational use outdoors, or in the home as an extra light source. It has a thin, rechargeable battery, a state of the art solar panel, and super bright LEDs. The reinforced handle makes it durable and easy to carry.

Its main characteristics is the press button for Off, High, and Low light settings, it fully charges in 4-6 hours of sunlight, 4 hours of 35 lumens on HIGH for reading/task work, 6 hours of 20 lumens on LOW for safety/night light and its rechargeable batteries can be recharged 800 times

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Name _ Biomass Cookstove (StoveTec) Designer_ Aprovecho Research Center (ARC) Client_ families Manufacturer_ StoveTec Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_ $109 (the lower) Date_ / Location _ Africa Reference: http://stovetecstore.net/

StoveTec Stoves replaces dirty, polluting unimproved stoves and open fires, saving 40 to 50 percent of fuel and reducing 55 to 70 percent of harmful emissions. Important for this invention is the advantage of the clean fumes that come out from the cooking because of its design and the biomass that it is used for the energy that it is needed. Children were having problems and some died from breathing the dirty fumes that were producing from the old ones cooking products in the development countries.

StoveTec’s mission is to also provide fuel efficient cook stoves for survival situations when traditional fuels may not be available or are in short supply, camping and other recreational uses as well as efficient stoves for commercial and mass cooking needs.

The product was arrived internationally over the past two years to many countries including India, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar, Chile, Argentina, the Marshall Islands, and Haiti.

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Name _ Eliodomestico Solar Still Designer_ Gabriele Diamanti Client_ Prototype financed by Fondation d’entreprise Hermès, for developing countries (families)Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ terracotta, anodized zinc, and recycled plastic Cost_ could be made for $50 Date_ 2005-2012 Location _ Italy Reference: http://www.gabrielediamanti.com/projects/eliodomestico---how-does-itwork/

Eliodomestico is a solar-powered water filter capable of purifying 5 liters of water each day. It is designed to provide drinking water and it works like an upside-down coffee maker.

Firstly the water is poured into the terracotta chamber, the still heats up and eventually gets hot enough to boil the water. The steam forced into the expansion nozzle at the top and then condenses against the lid, where it then drips down into the catch basin below.

Because of the fact that the eliodomestico works with the solar power, at the end of the day when there is no power from the sun it has already 5 liters of fresh drinking water available.

The solar-powered filter can function without fuel, electricity, filters, and it requires no maintenance.

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Name _ Ready Set Power System kit Designer_Fenix International (Mike Lin & Brian Warshawsky) Client_ (firstly) rural people Manufacturer_ Fenix International Engineer_ / Material _ modest solar panel and a battery/ aluminum frame Cost_ $199.00 Date_ 2009 Location _ San-Francisco /Africa Reference: http://www.fenixintl.com/usa-canada/

The ReadySet is a renewable energy system that charges from a weatherproof solar panel and can be used as a power source for cell phones, tablets, lights, radios, and even Wi-Fi hot spots.

Its battery can charge up to 10 iPhones, power an iPad for over 12 hours of continuous video-play and can recharge from the included solar panel in just a few hours. The Fenix Solar panel is a custom-built 15W peak mono-crystalline solar panel which can fully charge the ReadySet in just 8-10 hours of full sun. Its design is helpful for porable use and transport it for outside. Its electronics and firmware allow the charging from virtually any source such as solar panels, bicycle generators, micro-wind turbines and more.

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health

Name _ Mobile Health Clinic Designer_ Nicholas Gilliland and Gaston Tolita Client_ / Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ ARUP (formerly Ove Arup & Partners) Material _ tent, fabrics Cost_ $16,500 Date_ 05-2002 Location _ PARIS, FRANCE (prototype) Reference_ Design Like you Give a Damn, Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises, edited by Architecture for Humanity, p.

234-237

The clinic has been designed for injured/ill locals during day and expands its size, temporarily, as a marketplace and local craftsmen can sell their products. During night though the activities of the place are changing into a community centre where events take place, such as film screenings. Clinic can be adapted at any site as it is a tent made structure and where two permanent buildings are underneath for supporting through hanging.

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Name _ Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies Designer_ East Coast Architects Client_ Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies Manufacturer_ Condor Construction Engineer_ James Rivett-Carnata Material _ Timber, local thatchwork, Zulu-made mosaics, plasterwork, murals, sculptures Cost_ $1 million Date_ 2003 Location _ SOMKHELE, KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA Reference_ Design Like you Give a Damn, Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises, edited by Architecture for Humanity, p. 238-243

The Africa centre for health has traditional forms, colours and materials in sensitivity and respect to cultural issues. During the design process some local artisans got involved as well, by weaving the window shades later during the construction process. It has been placed at the epicentre of AIDS/HIV epidemic where scientists were dealing with this virus. The tall tower collects rainwater and storage it into tanks as a low-tech and natural filtration process of waste is in use through tanks and wetlands. The reception area is filled with light and wood-slatted top of the tower collects in a way the current winds for ventilation.

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Name _ Medwed Clinic Designer_ Michal Vital and Yuval Amir Client_ Bedouin Community Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ Ofer Cohen Material _ Straw, mud, polycarbonate sheeting, twigs Cost_ $25,000 Date_ 2003 Location _ WADI-NAAM, ISRAEL Reference_ Design Like you Give a Damn, Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises, edited by Architecture for Humanity, p. 244-247

Bedouin community, due to land conflicts, has no access to water, sanitation, electricity resulting serious health issues such as eye infection, skin cancer, bronchitis, asthma. The village became unrecognized and the community seeks for environmental justice and social change. Medwed clinic’s design is very low-tech and sustainable made out of local materials such as straw covered with mud by unskilled volunteers. It is a cheap construction with a sensitivity to cultural issues as the roof reminds the traditional Bedouin tent. (find more text on page 247)

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Name _ Pediatric Centre Designer_ Studio TAMassociati Client_ Sudanese Refugees Manufacturer_ / Engineer_/ Material _ / Cost_ $25,000 Date_ 2014 Location _ SUDAN Reference_ http://inhabitat.com/beautiful-health-center-for-poverty-stricken-sudanese-refugees-cooled-with-iranian-ventilation-technique/

The Pediatric clinic center is free of charge for Sudanese children. There is a space for diagnostic examinations, 14 bed hospitalization, dispensary, service areas. Design includes a place for playing and other community activities, garden area with a natural waste water treatment system. The hospital has been designed with a sensitivity to social conditions and consideration to the local extreme climatic conditions. A sustainable design that provides natural ventilation through the building and metal roof as a protection from direct solar radiation.

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Name _ Kaedi Regional Hospital Designer_ ADAUA, Jak Vautherin, Fabrizio Carol, Birahim Niang, and Shamsuddin N’Dow Client_ Mauritania Ministry of Health Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ Shamsuddin N’Dow Material _ Brick, glass Cost_ $4 million Date_ 1992 Location _ KAEDI, MAURITANIA (WEST AFRICA) Reference_http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=327 http://www.akdn.org/architecture/pdf/0327_Mau.pdf

The Kaedi Regional Hospital is built with new low-cost techniques with the use of local materials, except brick, by local workmen that have been trained on site. Although locals got informed by the architects on how to create hand-made bricks. Design forms includes domes, arches and corridors. Natural light passes through the glass that have been placed -the brick arches. Doctors and patients were pleased with the construction results and the jury believes that similar constructions can be placed elsewhere.

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Name _ Â Ipuli Rural Centre of Excellence Designer_ Nicholas Gilliland and Gaston Tolila Client_ Africa Regional Youth Initiative Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ Haley and Aldrich Material _ / Cost_ $100,000 Date_ Start August 25, 2005 Location _ IPULI, TANZANIA Reference_http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/node/227

In Tanzania there is only one physician for every 20,511 people and locals have to walk approximately 60 km for the nearest clinic. This situation results many deaths and the community seek for a medical centre. Rural Centre of Excellence aims to include a MotherChild Medical Centre that will link to more centres globally and it will be the first rural health tele centre in Africa. The design of the Ipuli centre will be placed in the nearest distance from the residents by 10 km. Also it includes spaces of primary and secondary school for public education ideally for children whose parents do not afford the money for the fees .

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health

Name _ Siyathemba Soccer ‘’Clinic’’ Designer_ Swee Hong Ng, East Coast Architects Client_ Somkhele youth ages 9-25 Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_ $350,000 Date_ 2004 Location _ SOMKHELE, KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA Reference_Design Like You Give a Damn, pages:212-215

Siyathemba soccer ‘’clinic’’ uses sports activities such as rugby, netball, cricket, basketball as a way to bring health services in Somkhele and an awareness of HIV/AIDS epidemic. The design includes V-shaped terrace and textile canopy, inspired by the local hills, next to a soccer field and a small changing room where youth gathers and works as a mobile health care with HIV-AIDS prevention programs. The design won the competition among 9 finalists by young people who voted, the designs were posted in health clinics and schools. ‘’Clinic’’ creates friendship among locals healthcare workers.

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Name _ Housing for Health Designer_ Paul Pholeros Client_ Indigenous households Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ / Material _ / Cost_ $2,658-$3,797 per house Date_ 1999 Location _ AUSTRALIA Reference_Design Like You Give a Damn, pages: 312-313

The members of the team decided to create this project as the health services were not enough for the welfare of 3,000 people in remote communities of Australia. Their task was to identify the causes of houses construction for health issues, repair and maintain each house such as blocked drains, insect screens, showerheads, wastewater systems. Team identified nine ‘’healthy living practices’’ for the basic safety issues and made a research of how well each house was able for the family members to perform them. The project informs architects and contractors for future houses designs a better construction. A training program has been created for repair and maintenance to community members.

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health

Name _ 139 Shelter Designer_ Jan Kaplicky, David Nixon Client_ / Manufacturer_ / Engineer_ Atelier 1 Material _ PVC-coated polyester Cost_ $30,000 Date_ 1989 Location _ ETHIOPIA Reference_Design Like You Give a Damn, pages:88-91

An emergency shelter with an ease transportation on site where it can be established, unfolding by 12 locals in 30 minutes, designed for Ethiopia and can refuge 200 people. The project responses to Ethiopia’s famine and dehydration. It provides a shelter for locals that are dying from sun during day and cold during night and acts as a supply distribution center. The canopy of the structure is covered with a lightweight PVC-coated polyester and reduces sun’s heat by 80 per cent as during night it provides a warm temperature underneath. The central hub allows natural ventilation through the shelter.

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Name _ Â M.A.I.D (Mobile AIDS Intervention Dispensary Designer_ Robert Johnson Client_ / Manufacturer_/ Engineer_ / Material _ Translucent fiberglass, net, steel Cost_ / Date_ 2007 Location _ AFRICA Reference_http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/node/498/workspace/1144/609/0 http://architecture.about.com/cs/socialconcerns/a/humanity_3.htm

The dispensary travels by a 40-foot international shipping container and can be adapted anywhere in Africa in a combination of M.A.I.D clinics according to the number of patients in each town. There is a circular solar panel on the roof for refrigeration and hot water, translucent fiberglass for light access, benches, foodstuffs, folding for 7 patients, beds, medicine chests, water, netting stowage area and lab area that contains 85 gallon tank of fresh water. The white netting acts as a camouflage and gets supported upon folded bow trusses with telescopic arms. Side doors of container open for natural ventilation through.

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educa tion

Project: Hand – Made school Designer: Anna Heringer, Eike Roswag Client: Dipshikha Society for Village Development Manufacturer: -Engineer: Ziegert Roswag Seiler Architekten Ingenieure Bürogemeinschaft Materials: Mud, Bamboo Cost: US$ 22’835 Location: RUDRAPUR, BANGLADESH Date: 2004- 2006 Reference: Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement, 2010

A proper way for the people in Bangladesh to react in the ever-changing population migration into the cities., they turn their focus in improving the quality of living in rural areas which is particularly important. Due to the low cost of labour and the local available resources such as earth and bamboo, it gives hope to the locals as a primary solution to the matter.By taking the local materials as a primary potential, the project’s aim is to communicate and develop the knowledge and skills of the local population in order for them to start using their resources.

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Project: Primary School Designer: Diébédo Francis Kéré Client: Schulbausteine fuer Gando / Gando Village Community Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost: CFA Francs 22,750,000 (US$ 29,830) Location: Gando / Burkina Faso Date: 1999–2001 Reference: Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement, 2010

After going through a rough period as a child while attending school at a nearby village, Diebedo Francis Kere, by becoming an architect turned back to his hometown in order to put in action the knowledge he has gained by building a school for the locals. With the support of his community and the funds raised through his foundation, Schulbausteine fuer.

The project in order to be successful it had to embrace some necessary parameters such as have a low cost, take advantage of the climate, take in consideration the recourse availability and the construction feasibility. One part of the building worth mentioning, is the roof component, which is elevated from the learing space and a perforated clay ceiling with ample ventilation was added.

Now the school serves a landmark of community pride which received the Aga khan award for architecture in 2004.

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Project: Inner City Arts Designer: Michael Maltzan Client: At-risk children Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost: Phase 3: $9.2 million Location: Los Angeles, California Date: 1993 - 2008 Reference: Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement, 2010

The partnership between Bob Bates and Irwin Jaeger, the public school administrators and the local community brought to life the Inner- City Arts. The project is located in an impoverished Los, Angeles neighborhood which serves as a purpose of refuge for at-risk youth whom wouldn’t have any access to arts in any other way.

It was also created due to an amendment in 1987 that resulted in tax caps and arts. The classes are free and are provided by professional artist to about ten thousand children annually. The project consists of three stages built in three phases over 15 years. The 1st phase was the renovation of an old body shop into classrooms. In the 2nd phase , a larger studio space, kitchen etc. were added. The 3rd phase included the construction of a black box theater, an administration building a new ceramic studio and many more.

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Project: $20K House VIII, Dave’s House Designer : Auburn University Rural Studio Client: Educating “citizen architect” Manufacturer_/ Engineer: Joe Farruggia, Paul Stoller, Xavier Vendrell Materials: Renewable, recycled, recyclable and innovative materials Cost: 12,341 USD Location: USA - Newbern, Alabama Date: 2008 Reference: Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement, 2010

The rural studio, is an under graduated program of the School of Architecture at Auburn University. Based in a region known as black belt the studio’s aim is to assist an underserved population while at the same time focusing of educating students during this process. They are managing to do so by having the students design and built this houses, which are paid through donations and grants. By having this collaboration with the students and the society, the studio seeks to address the pressing need for a decent and affordable house such as the $20K House. After many design developments through the year the houses were distilled to the most elemental details, minimizing the cost and accelerating construction time.

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Project: Casa Familiar: Livingrooms at the Border and Senior Housing with Childcare Designer: Estudio Teddy Cruz Client_/ Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials: Series of minimalist, geometric parcels Cost_/ Location: San Ysidro, California Date: 2001–present Reference: Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement, 2010

One important focus for Teddy Cruz’s practice was the ever changing process that the borders between San Diego and Tijuana were going through when it comes to materials, people and ideas.This time, in an area called an ysidro, Cruz aims to develop a pilot housing project with support of the community-based nongovernmental organization Casa Familiar. This organization assists the marginal community in such areas as immigration services, education and job placement. And since the area of San Ysidro is going through similar problems, this team will sought to stimulate political, economic and social transformation with an affordable housing.Cruz by creating a complex system of housing, which consists of an integrated shared space that will acknowledge the dense, multiuse and the illegal development that is common phenomenon there.

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Project: Alliance Franco-Sénégalaise Designer: Patrick Dujarric Client: Mission Française de Coopération et d’Action Culturelle Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost_/ Location: Kaolack, Senegal Date: 1994 Reference: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/pdf/1559_Sen.pdf

In order for the Franco-Sénégalaise Cultural Centre to provide the town of kaolack the necessary helping hand. It offers a library space, meeting areas, classrooms, performance and entertainment areas called the Alliance Française. By realizing it, its purpose is to promote knowledge and understanding of the French language and culture.Architect Patrick Dujarric took it upon himself to assemble this various functional spaces of the institution.

The arrangement is taking in consideration the traditional style of assembling public structures in the villages. The use of iconography, ornament and decoration are rather complicated where as the plan and massing are kept pretty simple and ingenious.

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Project: School Bridge Designer: Li Xiaodong Atelier Client: Xiashi Village Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost: RMB 650,000 Location: Pinghe, Fujian , China Date: 2008 -2009 Reference: http://divisare.com/projects/152826-Bridge-School/location http://www.archdaily.com/45409/school-bridge-xiaodong-li/

The bridge school is located in a remote village, Fujian provice in China. The project’s aim is to provide functions both physical and spiritual. As the name of the project, it physically serves as a bridge on top of a river and at the same time as a school which runs down a spiritual centre.By having these functions work together were part of the main concept which purpose was to enliven an old community regarding the Xiashi Village and to sustain their traditional culture such as the castles and the lifestyle. Their attempt to achieve that was through a contemporary language which doesn’t come in contrast with the traditional one.

It manages to show that by coming the different functions together. The bridge connects the school and the old castles, and by doing so it symbolically gives the impression of linking the past with the future.

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Project: Druk White Lotus School Designer: Arup Associates and Ove Arup & Partners Client: Drukpa Trust Manufacturer_/ Engineer: Arup Associates Materials: Local (Soil, Mud Bricks, Stone) Cost_/ Location: Ladakh, Northern India Date: First phase in 2001, phase 2 in 2004, all phases by 2009 Reference: http://www.solaripedia.com/files/639.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_ White_Lotus_Schoolhttp://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/arch553haglund/DrukWhitev6.pdf

Located in Shey, Ladakh in northern India the druk white lotus school was the result of a request done by the local people who wanted a school that would help them sustain their rich cultural traditition as well as taking care of their children.Design by architects from the Arup Associates, the master plan and the school buildings combine local techinques material while keeping in mind the environmental design due the fact of the extreme climate, they need to be effective.The school provides lessons regarding the Ladakhi language and English. The children from remote areas can attend thanks to the residential blocks. Also a programme of sponsorship takes care of the poor. The School was being built in stages.

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Project: Bamboo Primary School Designer: Nguyen Chi Tam, Charlotte Julliard Client: L’Ecole Sauvage Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials: Bamboo Cost_/ Location: Luong Son Village, Nha Trang, Vietnam Date: 2000-2002 Reference: http://divisare.com/projects/17721-Theskyisbeautiful-Architecture-TheBamboo-School

The collaboration between architects Nguyen Chi Tam and Charlotte Julliard humanitarian association , the Ecole Sauvage, and the Vietnamese Ministry of Education brought about, the realization of a community inaugurated a school. More precisely a school that has a center of attraction the bamboo which is located close to Nha Trang.This primary school which is based on bamboo as a basic material, is a humanitarian and enviromentaly friendly project. The purpose was to create a space where local poor children could easily attend, unlike before. The project was finalized consisting of 3 classrooms, 2 offices, laboratories and one assembly hall and a large exterior arcade.

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Project: Primary School Designer: Kaunitz Yeung Architecture Client_/ Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials _/ Cost_/ Location: Takara Date _/ Reference: http://kaunitzyeung.com/selected-projects/vanuatu-school.htmlhttp://detailonline.com/inspiration/primary-school-in-takara-106869.html

A double classroom that would maximize the use of local materials while having appropriate construction standards was the outcome of the collaboration between the AusAID The Ministry of Education Republic of Vanuatu, The New Zealand Aid Program and UNICEF done in 2011.

Kaunitz Yeung following consultation with stakeholders and donors designed a classroom based around a timber portal structure that meets the appropriate cyclone and earthquake standards. This frame gives communities the opportunity to customise their buildings making use of local materials and skills. This also assists with post disaster recovery as communities would be better placed to repair buildings than wait for centralised assistance.

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Project: Preschool of AknaibichDesigner: BC architects + MAMOTH Client: Community of Aknaibich Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost: 25.000 Euro Location: Aknaibich, Morocco Date: 2014 Reference: http://www.archdaily.com/572207/preschool-of-aknaibich-bc-architects-mamoth/https://cfileonline.org/architecture-preschool-aknaibich-bc-architects-mamoth/

Having been an area in transition, Aknaibich consists of the eastern old town which is mostly made out of earthen construction in contrast with the western part which is modern.The preschool inspired by the old community in order to create a dialogue with the existing modern school infrastructure. Its style is inspired on local typologies, materials and techniques, while at the same time having a contemporary look, preformat bio-climatic functioning and earthquake proof design.

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Project: Sra Pou Vocational Training CentreDesigner: Rudanko + Kankkunen Client: Sra Pou Community Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost: 15.000 USD Location: Sra Pou, Oudong, Cambodia Date: Pring 2011 Reference: http://phaidonatlas.com/building/pou-vocational-school/375296 http://www.ukumbi.org/projects/srapou.html

The purpose of the vocational training centre is to encourage and teach poor families to earn their own living. The school provides professional training and helps the people to start sustainable businesses together. It is also a place for public gathering and democratic decision-making for the whole community.The school building is made out of local materials with local workforce. The aim was to encourage the community to make the most out of the materials that are easily available, so that they could apply the same construction techniques in their future building projects.

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Project: Kouk Khleang Youth CenterDesigner: Komitu Architects Client:Cambodian Voluteers for Society.

Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost_/ Location: Phnom Penh, Cambodia Date: 2012 - 2014 Reference: http://www.re-thinkingthefuture.org/portfolio/kouk-khleang-youth-centerkomitu-architects/http://www.ukumbi.org/projects/kkyc.htmlBook: Boundaries – A focus on humanitarian Architecture p.27

Kouk Khleang Youth Center is located in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The aim of the organization is to provide the underpriviliged Cambodian youth with possibilities for education, work and societal activities and the priviliged youth with possibilties for volunteerism.

The aim of the bulding project was to provide the organizations with a functional, flexible building .Resulting in the engagement both the future users of the building and the people from the surrounding community in the design process to make the building as suitable as possible.

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Project: Child Aid Tsubase Community CentreDesigner: Spacematters architecture and urbanism johannesburg Client: Humana SA, Durban - Tubatse Manufacturer: CRDC, Vernon Hedricks.

Engineer: Richard Bailey Materials_/ Cost_/ Location: Tubatse, Limpopo, South Africa Date: 2010 - 2014 Reference: Book: Boundaries – A focus on humanitarian Architecture p.32

In the urban context into which the setting of the centre will eventually be transformed for the ongoing pressure in the area this projects aim is to promote the belief of ‘’space matters’’ . The design of the community centre consists of open and enclosed spaces allowing natural ventilation and passive heating of the spaces when the sun is low. The passive cooling is allowed by the thermic accelaration of air under the roof.The spaces located in the centre are mainly for the community . Having spaces of social interaction such as computer room and kitchen for cooking.

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Project: Maw Kwee Primary SchoolDesigner: Gyaw Gyaw Team Client: For local and migrant children Manufacturer_/ Engineer: Gyaw Gyaw Team Materials_/ Cost: 380.000 Thai baht (ca.9.400 Euro) Location: Maw Kwee, Thailand Date: Desing and Building: 2011Workshop:2012 Reference: http://gyaw.org/?avada_portfolio=primary-school-in-maw-kwee-newschoolbuildingBook: Boundaries – A focus on humanitarian Architecture p.54

Maw Kwee is a small remote mountain village with a primary school. It is one of few migrant schools along the border outside of Mae Sot, and with a reputation of good teachers, it attracts an increasing number of children from a wide area. The school building was one room and in need for replacement, and with more then 100 children divided in 6 classes, they were in need of better customized space.

In the 2010 the Karen Education Department contacted Gyaw Gyaw to discuss replacing the old school building with a new one for local and migrant children. In 2012 Gyaw Gyaw finished construction of the school and dormitories were built by the villagers to host the students.

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Project:Kler Deh High SchoolDesigner: Gyaw Gyaw Team Client_/ Manufacturer_/ Engineer: Gyaw Gyaw Team Materials_/ Cost: 475.588 Thai baht (ca. 11.734 Euro) Location: Kler Deh, Thailand Date: 2014 Reference: http://gyaw.org/?avada_portfolio=kler-deh-highschoolBook: Boundaries – A focus on humanitarian Architecture p.56

The location of the school is of great historically significance on the Burmese side of the border. The whole village was razed and burned to the ground by the Burmese army first in 1984 and then again in 1996. The village, which had both schools and a hospital was abandoned after the last attack.

Kler Deh High School is the first high school in the area and is a vital step towards progress, reconciliation, and the rebuilding of the community.The school is placed beautifully at the bottom of a hill with a stunning view across the river to the mountains of Thailand.

The property is slightly sloping in two directions, both towards the river and towards the new village settlement.

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Project: Floating Schools in BangladeshDesigner: Mohammed Rezwan Client: Local Children - Students Manufacturer_/ Engineer_/ Materials_/ Cost_/ Location: North – West of Bangladesh Date: 2002 Reference: Book: Boundaries – A focus on humanitarian Architecture p.71

The purpose of the floating school was to combine the ideaof school bus with a school house and it was made according to the traditional wooden boat. The school moves around and stops periodically to collect the children and finally when it docks the classes begin.The boat is powered by solar energy which enables the boat to have computer and access to the internet. It was designed from local materials.

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Environmental Issues References: hhp://blog.ramboll.com/made-in-ramboll/uncategorized/banglddesh-flood-relief-project-update.html#.VVtWQ7mqpBc Case study Name: Bangladesh Flood Relief project, Relief Shelter Locaaon: Tala Upazila, Bangladesh Date: 2013 Designer/Engineer: Elliot Connolly and Nicholas O’Brien Costs: 945 euros per dwelling Materials: bamboo, bricks, concrete, steel, wood AcconAid Bangladesh has developed the project by improving the immediate and long-term living condiions for 25 households which consist of 125 marginalised people in the Dalit Balia Rishi Para community. Ramboll is ennrely funding the design and construccon of 25 flood relief sheltersand has donated 35,000 euro. These have been created voluntarily by Ellioo Connolly and Nicholas O’Brien, two Graduate Structural Engineers in Ramboll’s London office, together with an architectural consultant from Bangladesh. 25 latrines, one for each dwelling, and three deep tubes, to pr provide access to fresh water, are also being provided. The desing of the shelter is culturally acceptable, durable, sustainable and cost-effeccve.

steel i-beams for structure verrcal and horizontal bamboos grid as walls and cuued surfaces of bamboo for weaving, filling the squares of the grid

rope as conneccons of the bamboo

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READINGS

Disaster_Emergency_Crisis Gonzalo Lizarralde, Cassidy Johnson &Colin Davidson. Rebuilding After Disasters: From Emergency to Sustainability (Routledge: 2010) John A. Hannigan. Disasters Without Borders: The International Politics of Natural Disasters (Polity 1 edition: 2013) Damon P. Coppola. Introduction to International Disaster Management, Second Edition (Butterworth-Heinemann; 2 edition: 2011) Dorothea Hilhorst. Disaster, Conflict and Society in Crises: Everyday Politics of Crisis Response (Routledge Humanitarian Studies) (Routledge:2013) Naim Kapucu & Alpaslan Ă–zerdem. Managing Emergencies And Crises (Jones & Bartlett Learning; 1 edition: 2011) Corsellis, Tom & Vitale, Antonella. Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Oxfam Publishing: 2005) Environmental Jonathan Ensor & Rachel Berger. Understanding Climate Change Adaptation: Lessons from Community-Based Approaches. (Practical Action:2009) William McDonough & Michael Braungart. The Upcycle: Beyond Sustainability--Designing for Abundance (North Point Press: 2013) Erik Assadourian. State of the World 2013: Is Sustainability Still Possible?

The Worldwatch Institute (Island Press; 1 edition: 2013) Design Kate Stohr & Cameron Sinclair. Harry N. Abrams. Design Like You Give a Damn {2}: Building Change from the Ground Up (Harry N. Abrams; 1 edition; Vitra Design Museum: 2012) Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner. Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity (Metropolis Books: 2011) Andres Lepik & Barry Bergdoll. Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement (The Museum of Modern Art, New York: 2010) Kate Stohr, Cameron Sinclair -Architecture for Humanity. Design Like you Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises (Metropolis Books: 2006) Cynthia E. Smith. Design for the Other 90% (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2007)

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Cynthia E. Smith. Design with the Other 90%: Cities (Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution Press: 2011) Water_Flooding Koen Olthuis & David Keuning. Float!: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change (Frame Publishers: 2010) Tracy Metz & Maartje van den Heuvel. Sweet & Salt: Water and the Dutch (nai010 publishers: 2012) Barry Bergdoll & Michael Oppenheimer. Rising Currents: Projects for New York’s Waterfront (The Museum of Modern Art, New York: 2011) Donald Watson & Michele Adams. Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Climate Change (Wiley; 1 edition: 2010) Additional Readings Living in Motion: Design and Architecture for Flexible Living (Vitra Design Museum: 2002) O’Mahony, Marie & Patton, Phill. Safe: Design Takes On Risk (Museum of Modern Art, NY, NY: 2005) Fuller, Buckminister. Your Private Sky: The Art of Design Science (Lars Muller Publishers: 1999) Baldwin, J. Bucky Works: Buckminster Fuller’s Ideas for Today (Wiley: 1997) Bodyscape and Mobile Architecture (DAMDI Architectural Press) Fathy, Hassan. Architecture for the Poor (University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 1973) Easterly, William. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (Penguin Press, NY, NY: 2006) Corsellis, Tom & Vitale, Antonella. Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (2005) Fairs, Marcus. Green Design: Creative sustainable designs for the 21st century (Carlton Books, London, UK: 2009) Bornstein, David. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New

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Ideas (Oxford, Oxford University Press: 2004) Charlesworth, Esther. Architects Without Frontiers: War, Reconstruction and Design Responsibility Carmichael, Peter. Nomads (London 1991) Richardson, Phyllis. XS: Big Ideas, Small Buildings (Thames & Hudson, London, UK: 2001) Semper, Gottfried. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts or Practical Aesthetics (Getty Research Institute: 2004) Custom Built: A Twenty-Year Survey of Work by Allan Wexler (Art Publishers, NY.NY; 2001) Mori, Toshiko. Immaterial|ultramaterial: architecture, design, and materials (Harvard Design School with George Braziller, NY.NY: 2002) Iwamoto, Lisa. Digital Fabrications: Architectural and Material Techniques (Princeton Architectural Press: 2009) Mollerup, Per. Collapsibles: A Design Album of Space-Saving Objects (Thames & Hudson, London, UK: 2006) Jean Prouve.Charles & Ray Eames: Constructive Furniture (Vitra: 2002) Lucie-Smith, Edward. Furniture: A Concise History (Thames & Hudson, London, UK: 1993) Siegal, Jennifer. Mobile: The Art of Portable Architecture (Princeton Architectural Press: 2002) Hodge, Brooke. Skin + Bones: Parallel Practices in Fashion and Architecture (MOCA, Thames & Hudson: 2006) Boniver, Tristan. Usus/usures: How things stand (publication of Belgium’s participation in the 12th Architecture Biennale of Venice, 2010) edited by Tschumi, Bernard & Berman, Matthew. INDEX Architecture (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA: 2003) edited by Hardy, Steve. Environmental Tectonics: Forming Climatic Change (AA Publications, London, UK: 2008 Slavid, Ruth. Micro: Very Small Buildings (Laurence King Publishers: 2007)

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