Living
in
the
shadow
a platform as public space how architecture can deal with the topography to create green space?
Arnaud BAAS AUSD - Architecture and Urban Space design
Abstract
Designing with the shadow is relevant specially in the southern countries like Portugal. A lot of public space are full of vegetation but what about the shadow when the leaves fall? This is where a platform should be useful because it can combine public space as in the common sens and also a shaded space below. So, this platform should be a hybrid because in our future world this kind of architecture should be a mainstream way of designing a building. Also, it is impossible to talk about hybrid without mentioning coexistence as a hybrid is a coexistence and vice versa. For a coexistence design, the hybrid has to take into account the context to fit perfectly the needs of the area where it will be built. In Almada and Hjällbo, the topography is an important feature of the site. That is why the first big step is the mapping of inclination and shadow. The mapping’s datas have to make the design evident and relevant. To create a hybrid, the design process has always to start with this step. It will allow anchoring the projects on their construction sites. AlmadaandHjällboreallyneedahybridintervention. Those cities are like «islands» without any connections to others, so a hybrid architecture would dynamize them and bring life again there. In Almada, the project will invest the free spaces thanks to the demolition of the oil tanks. This could be the perfect place to attract and welcome people coming from Lisbon, on the other side of the river. In Hjällbo, the project will take place in the middle of the forest to create a new walkable connection between Hammarkullen and Hjällbo. Also, investing the forest will allow the inhabitants to enjoy nature around them. So, those projects have to be hybrid, deal with the Almada’s and Hjällbo’s context but also has to create kind of a landmark, a place where people want to meet each other and have fun. This place should also be mixeduse to concentrate most of the activities and services that people need and like in one place.
Table
of
content
Abstract 2 Assignment
1
4
Landscape 5 Infrastructure 6 Architecture 7
Assignment
2B
9
Assignment
2C
10
Most
relevant
development
types
11
Assignment
3
14
Assignment
4
17
Assignment
5
23
Model
evolution
28
Assignment
6
30
Assignment
7
34
Maping 35 Design
process
43
Bibliography 56
Assignment
1
A
technical
park Montsalvatge park, Barcelona, by Coll Leclerc Arquitectos
in
the
slope
4
Landscape
A technical green roof as a public park
Axonometry of the Montsalvatge park’s green roof
Section of the Montsalvatge park Scale: 1/1000
Section of the Amager resource center Scale: 1/2000
5
Infrastructure
An efficient bus terminal for the city of Barcelona
Axonometry of the Montsalvatge park’s interior
Flows’ plan of the Montsalvatge park
6
A mixed-use and technical building
Architecture
Exploded axonometry
Bus Terminal
Public park
Axonometry
7
A technical park in the slope Montsalvatge park, Barcelona, by Coll Leclerc Arquitectos
L a n d s c a p e
Architecture
Infrastructure
Hybrid architecture Section of the Montsalvatge park
Scale: 1/500
Landscape Rainwater pipe Green roof system Rainwater collecting Concrete desk
Section of a part of the roof
Scale: 1/100
Section of the Amager resource center Scale: 1/1000
I n f r a s t r u c t u r e
Axonometry of the Montsalvatge park’s interior
Flows’ plan of the Montsalvatge park
Full axonometry
Exploded axonometry
A r c h i t e c t u r e
Bus Terminal
Public park
Arnaud BAAS / AUSD: Architecture and Urban Space Design / 2018
8
Assignment
development
2B
types Eurovillas, Nuevo BAZTÁN
in
MAdrid
Description: Eurovillas, built in 1968, is located in a small municipality called Nuevo Baztán in the southeast of Madrid. It is kind of a young city (1709) composed of a small historic centre surrounded by modern housing estates development area like Eurovillas. As you can see on the map on the left, This district is quite far from the Madrid’s city centre, therefore there is no real good connection between this area and Madrid with the public transportation. It was built during the 60’s so in a world of cars, it takes around 40 minutes by car to reach Madrid. Furthermore, Eurovillas is like an island because it doesn’t have any connection with the existing city and has its own grid of streets. A project like this can work if you have enough diversity in the area but it isn’t here. Most of the dwellings are detached homes for the basic family: two parents and a child. Everyone has his own private yard with a swimming pool and no one has a direct frontage onto the streets. But the good point is that there is a lot of facilities and services to create a feeling of community like a shopping mall, a big green area and a sport area. But as there isn’t any sidewalk, everyone moves in his own car without really talking each other. The project was really ambitious but the financial issues lead to some mistakes like the lack of sidewalks and landmarks. So it is more a drivable than walkable city.
Strenghts / Weaknesses: Almost all the facilities and Lack of sidewalks services that a community need The internal connectivity is Nopublictransportconnection easy thanks to the urban grid with the city centre There are some bicycle routes
The building layout priority over streets
Non-integrated into the urban continuum
take No real housing type diversity
Benefits / disadvantages: Live in a small community
Need to drive a car
A big house on a big plot
Disconnected from the city
You have all the services that You can’t meet people from you need at a walkable distance another social class than you
17.8
Grid Money
8.5
9
Assignment
2C
development types
Structural units, mechanisms, and space forms in Almada
in
Almada
Detached and semidetached houses
Continuous row houses
Housing estates built after 1960
Industrial area
Special estates
Infrastructure facilities
Recreational areas
Educational
Fragmentation
Border
Juxtaposition
Enclave
Intercalation
Tentacle
Parasitization
Fringes
Randomisation
Cluster
10
Most relevant development types
Zoom on most relevant development types
Cohabitation between the hisorical core and heavy industry.
Co-existence between 2 kinds of housings and the industrial harbor.
Tentacle form allows mutually dependant functions (agriculture/housing).
The highway playing the role of border between green-area and housing.
11
Methodology:
First of all, concerning this assignment, we decided to delimitate our area of study for Almada. So we drew a rectangle that includes all the riverside front and a part of the seaside front. This area was split in three according to major axes, by this way all of us could work on each step rather than just only one. First we differenced the urban structures in two kinds: on one hand the housing and on the other hand the rest of urban structures. Then we kept on differentiating those realms into several categories and we ended up having eight different urban structural units, listed below. The housing type: detached and semi-detached houses, continuous row houses with built-up courtyards, and housing estates built after 1960. The non-housing type: industrial areas, special estates, recreational areas, infrastructural and educational facilities. As a criteria for the housing categories, we worked on the relation between built and unbuilt lands. For the nonhousing ones, the main focus was on the map and on the 3D model. This allowed us to see what kind of building they are. Those categories will be shown thanks to transparent colored flat tint above the map. By this way, we can see why this area belongs that particular category. Then we look into the border between each one of those urban structural units. In the text Morphological patterns of urban sprawl territories, Angelica I. Stan describe five kinds of mechanisms of urban growth towards sprawl: the fragmentation, the juxtaposition, the intercalation, the parasitization, and the randomisation. To recognize what kind of mechanism occurred, it is important to pay attention to the shape of structural units represented before, but also to the relation each units have with one another. In this way we can clearly see what kind of bounders there are. The graphic way to do so would be a line between each area that come into confrontation. There are different lines depending on the mechanism: from the straight line to the dotted one. Finally the space forms. They are once again described in the text Morphological patterns of urban sprawl territories and divided into five types: the clusters, the tentacles, the enclaves, the borders, and the fringes. For this step, it is crucial to look at the drawing that housings and roads are making. That way you can see what kind of space form a unit is. You also have to pay attention to potential natural or artificial element that would play the role of barrier for the development. Each space form is represented by several hatches that go on top of the urban structures. At the end, every single one development type is unique. The fact to manage representing all the steps on one map allows to see every information and the diversity of each area.
Analysis:
By analyzing the map, we can clearly see that the city started to grow from the east to the west. Because the connexion with Lisbon is important for the city’s economy. It is also interesting to notice that the older part always expanded behind its industrial harbor and never tried to invest the waterfront with housing or services. But when some tourist arrived, they decided to invest the west coast to build camping and some housing areas. About the structural units, in the western part, the major activities are in the city center of Costa da Caparica and Trafaria. We can notice all the different housing typologies that live together in this side, however the detached houses and continuous row housing are predominating. In addition, industrial infrastructures appear next to Trafaria in the north-coast. This leads to the mechanism of juxtaposition which brings incompatible functions close to each other in different scales. There is also a passive co-existence between segregated communities in the southwest where the development of small groups of housing near agriculture fields produces a lack of communication with nearby entities such as camping and social housings. At the end of the principal axis of Almada (Highway A38) the density of dwellings decreases. This part has a great agricultural and ecological value. It is characterized by having a lot of farming fields and urban development sprawl. The beaches on the west-coast are another particularity of this part of the city together with the concentration of big recreational areas. Also, by analyzing the different infrastructure, it looks evident that the Highway A38 divide the city in two parts because it stops most of the connections between the north and the south of the city. In the northern part, we can notice that the construction of the university didn’t have any impact on the city’s urban structure yet. But the aim is probably to develop the northern part of the city because as the highway divide the territory in the middle, the student will probably live closer to the river and to the connexion with Lisbon. In the southern part of the city, there is a concentration of detached and semi-detached houses. This Almada’s part is probably the first place where the city expanded. Concerning the different mechanisms, globally, we can say that in the urban development there is not a lot of randomisation and parasitization probably because this is usually managed by an urban planner: By this way, there are no more space for randomisation and parasitization. Furthermore, we can observe some examples of fragmentation in the northern urbanizations where there are a lack of collector roads and a lack of connectivity with a discontinuous urban fabric. Moreover, these places can’t expand as they are between the sea and the green areas. The northern urbanizations together with the industrial equipments can be defined as borders. Around the main axis, small dormitory communities appear surrounded by agricultural fields that take the forms of patches. In conclusion, th western part of Almada has segregated urban developments that have been growing over time but haven’t been consolidated with all the necessary urban infrastructures and services. There are still a lot of open spaces in Almada, but the city has to densify first its existing urban structure because most of the housing is detached or semi-detached.
12
Arnaud Baas Elioth Jeantet RubĂŠn Hidaldo JimĂŠnez
Development types in Almada
Structural units, mechanisms, and space forms in the area of Almada
Cohabitation between the hisorical core and heavy industry. Co-existence between 2 kinds of housings and the industrial harbor.
Detached and semi-detached houses Continuous row houses Housing estates built after 1960 Industrial area Special estates Infrastructure facilities Recreational areas Educational
Fragmentation Juxtaposition Intercalation Parasitization Randomisation
Border Enclave Tentacle Fringes Cluster
Tentacle form allows mutually dependant functions (agriculture/ housing). The highway playing the role of border between green-area and housing.
13
Assignment
3
Mapping the oil tanks’ area following my parameters
Living the
in
shadow
Global inclination
14
0-5째 piCniC aRea
6-10째 enJoying the view
11-20째 sliding
21-35째 downhill BiKing
inaison
ow
Shadow study study
15
assignment
3
living
in
the
arnaud Baas
shadow
0-5° piCniC aRea
6-10° enJoying the view
11-20° sliding
21-35°
36-50°
downhill BiKing
hiKing CliMBing
inClinaison
shadow
study
16
Assignment
4
Living the
Mapping the oil tanks’ area following my parameters
in
shadow
Detailed inclination (Resolution: 2*2m)
0-13° Picnic area
14-26° Enjoying the view
27-39°
40-52°
Sliding
Downhill biking
53-65° Hiking Climbing
17
Shadow study Shadow:
18
Relation between shadow and topography Inclination:
0-13°
14-26°
27-39°
40-52°
53-65°
Shadow:
19
Why this area for the platform ?
By investing this area, the platfarm would be able to use the waterfront, which is a big lack for Almada. The inclination on this area is very interesting and diverse, from flat to almost 65° of inclination. On this area, there is not a lot of shadow just during the sunset so it should be interesting to create some.
20
The inclination define the shape of the platform and the different spaces
Create a link between the platform and the topography
21
Distort the platform to create a link with the waterfront and design a new ferry terminal
Pull down or push up the different inclination area to create different spaces
22
Assignment
5
Link the
Create link between the ferry terminal and the slope
ferry
terminal
Focus on a smaller area to reinforce the link between the ferry terminal and the cliff
23
The inclination define the shape of the platform and the different spaces
Split the platforms along the slope to create the link with the ferry terminal
24
Simplify the platforms’ shape to link them easier
Link the platforms to make it more convenient for people who want to go up the hill, enabling them to enjoy the view
25
The shadow define the size and the shape of structure
The structure highlight the horizontal lines of the platform
26
The work in section allowed to design the platforms step by step
27
Model
evolution
From a flat platform to a big ramp between the ferry terminal and the hill
Split the platforms along the slope to create the link with the ferry terminal
Simplify the platforms’ shape to link them easier
28
Link the platforms to make it more convenient for people who want to go up the hill, enabling them to enjoy the view
Simplify the platforms’ shape to link them easier
29
Assignment
6 BUILDING FOR LIFE Bring
Sub-total score: 3 life
ENVIRONMENT & COMMUNITY:
in The monoculture of serBUILDING FOR LIFE Hjällbo Sub-total score: 3 vices is a typical product of modernist planning. BUILDING FOR LIFE Sub-total score: 3 ENVIRONMENT & COMMUNITY: for life criterias
Analysing Hjällbo Does the development provide (or is it close to) community facilities, such as a school, parks, play areas, following the building shops, pubs or cafés? The area provides basic facilities as grocery shops, schools, ENVIRONMENT & COMMUNITY: shops and development the mall. However there(or is little in the Does the provide is it variety close to) comservicesfacilities, provided.such as a school, parks, play areas, munity
The monoculture of services is a typical product of modernist planning. The monoculture of services is a typical product of modernist planning.
Does development shops,the pubs or cafés? provide (or is it close to) community facilities, such as a school, parks, play areas, The areapubs provides basic facilities as grocery shops, schools, shops, or cafés? 1 and the mall. However there is little variety in the shops services The areaprovided. provides basic facilities as grocery shops, schools, shops and the mall. However there is little variety in the services provided.
1 1 Is there an accommodation mix that reflects the needs and aspirations of the local community?
A larger span of available housing in terms of standard might promote social mix.
There are different types of accommodations but largely Is there accommodation mix that reflects the needs within thean same segment and according to the standards.
A larger span of available housing in terms of standard mightofpromote A larger span availasocial mix. in terms of ble housing standard might promote social mix.
and aspirations of the local community? Is there an accommodation mix that reflects the needs and aspirations of the local community? 0,5are different types of accommodations but largely There within the same segment and according to the standards. There are different types of accommodations but largely within the same segment and according to the standards.
0,5 0,5 a tenure mix that reflects the needs of the local Is there community? There are only rental apartments in the area. The only way to own your home is to move into a house. However since thethere community is already income segregated, thisofmight Is a tenure mix that reflects the needs the local actually reflect its needs. community?
Is there a tenure mix that reflects the needs of the local There are only rental apartments in the area. The only way community? to own your home is to move into a house. However since the0,5 community is already income in segregated, this only might There are only rental apartments the area. The way actually reflect its needs. to own your home is to move into a house. However since the community is already income segregated, this might actually reflect its needs.
Housing stock by type of house and tenure rental apartment
condominium
mulit-unit building
2262
0
small houses
0
214
other buildings
40
0
Housing stock by type of house and tenure rental apartment mulit-unit building
2262
small houses 0 Housing stock by type of house and tenure
condominium 0 214
other buildings
40 rental apartment
mulit-unit building
2262
0 condominium 0
small houses
0
214
other buildings
40
0
We are not entirely sure what the needs of the community are - this would require a more qualitative research. We are not entirely sure what the needs of the community - thissure We are not are entirely wouldthe require a of more what needs the qualitative research. community are - this would require a more qualitative research.
0,5 0,5the development have easy access to public Does transport? There are 3 trams connecting Hjällbo with the city center and some buses. However due to traffic separation, the position of development the tram and bus stops areaccess not wellto spread Does the have easy publicin the area. As a result some areas are not close enough to public transport? transoprt. Does the development have easy access to public There are 3 trams connecting Hjällbo with the city center transport? and some buses. However due to traffic separation, the 0,5are position of 3the tramconnecting and bus stops arewith not well spread in the There trams Hjällbo the city center area.some As a buses. result some areas aretonot close enough tothe public and However due traffic separation, transoprt.of the tram and bus stops are not well spread in the position area. As a result some areas are not close enough to public transoprt.
A more integrated street network would probably spread out public transport stops more evenly in the urban fabric. A more integrated street network would probably spread public transA more out integrated street port stops moreprobably evenly network would in the urban fabric.transspread out public port stops more evenly in the urban fabric.
0,5 0,5the development have any features that reduce Does its environmental impact? No clear evidence. There are very few recycling bins. However the number of owned cars is small so people use either bike public transport. have any features that reduce Doesorthe development
its environmental impact? Does the development have any features that reduce No clear evidence. There are very few recycling bins. Howits environmental impact? ever the number of owned cars is small so people use either 0,5 bikeclear or public transport. No evidence. There are very few recycling bins. However the number of owned cars is small so people use either bike or public transport.
As this suburb is located in the forest and close to agricultural land, it could take more advantage of eco-system services. As this suburb is located in the forest and close to agricultural land, could As this suburb is itlocated take more advantage in the forest and closeofto eco-system services. agricultural land, it could take more advantage of eco-system services.
30 0,5
Sub-total score: 2
CHARACTER Is the design specific to the scheme? As part of the million program it stands out with nice detailing. It is clearly defined by the classic million program planning.
1
Does the scheme exploit existing buildings, landscape or topography? It is deliberately ignorant of existing buildings, topography and landscape
The existing topography was flattened out and the run of Lärjeån was changed during the construction of the area.
0
Does the scheme feel like a place with distinctive character? The orientation and height of the bulidings and the modernist function separated planning gives this area a distinctive million program character. This is visible in fwWor example the skolspåret area.
1
Do the buildings and layout make it easy to find your way around? Buildings are not oriented towards the street, making it difficult to recognize streets and perspectives and find your way.
Hjällbo was the first of the northern suburbs that were constructed in the 60’s and was considered a model for later million homes developments.
If the area was to be densified, attention could be put into clarifying streets and courtyards in order to create a more readable hierachy.
0
Are streets defined by a well-structured building layout?
Short ends of buildings are oriented to the streets. Planners were mpore focused on light and ideals of the green, rather than street structures.
0
Alice Örnö Ax - Nina Falk Danauskis - Stella Chalkiadaki - Arnaud Baas
31
Sub-total score: 1,5
STREETS, PARKING & PEDESTRIANS Hjälbo traffic situation is a good example of SCAFT planning ideals. The stategy is largely critisized for causing segregation but does ensure green and carfree areas.
Does the building layout take priority over the streets and car parking, so that the highways do not dominate? The area is splitted by the highway. At the same time the area itself is designed for the pedestrians
0,5
Orange indicates parking spaces. They occupy the street frontages to the main roads. Many million program suburbs are now planning to build dwellings on top of parking spaces.
Is the car parking well integrated and situated so it supports the street scene? No as there are located in the street frontage and in the public spaces
0
Both pedestrian paths and bike lanes are well developed within the area, but only connect over the highway in two points.
Are the streets pedestrian, cycle and vehicle friendly? The pedestrian paths are priority inside the area and not close to big streets.
0,5 Map of bike lanes through the area.
Does the scheme integrate with existing streets, paths and surrounding development? No. It is an almost isolated island cutted of by the infrastructure and the forest.
0
Are public spaces and pedestrian routes overlooked and do they feel safe? Some of the public spaces are not overlooked by dwellings at all. The functions are highly seperated. We have not enough information about lighting
A densification strategy could be to strengthen the links between Hjällbo and surrounding areas. Development could take place along the connecting paths and streets through the forest in order to make these connection feel more safe.
Plan of the mall. Blue indicates public space that is not overlooked by dwellings.
0,5
32 Alice Örnö Ax - Nina Falk Danauskis - Stella Chalkiadaki - Arnaud Baas
Sub-total score: 3,5
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION: Is public space well designed and does it have suitable management arrangements in place? It is uncleared which spaces are public. The mall appears closed
0
Do the buildings exhibit architectural quality? Part of the scheme is considered to be of high architectural quality. They were marketed as ideally beautiful, modern and clean at the time of construction. These houses make up a small portion of the entire scheme, which displays the drearyness and repetition associated with suburbs of the later 20th century.
0,5
Do internal spaces and layout allow for adaptation, conversion or extension? As the buildings are constructed using a rigid prefab load bearing structure, the interior partitions can probably easily be changed. The area is not dense in terms of building footprint, and thus there is space for extention of the scheme.
We are not entirely sure if the construction methods for all buildings of the scheme - an answer for this would require more technical research.
1
Has the scheme made use of advances in construction or technology that enhance its performance, quality and attractiveness? It was considered attractive and used innovative technology when it was built. Probably the architecture aged better than the ideals behind it.
1
Do buildings or spaces outperform statutory minima, such as building regulations? They were designed based on research and regulations, and all perform according to swedish standard.
1
Total score: 10
Alice Ă–rnĂś Ax - Nina Falk Danauskis - Stella Chalkiadaki - Arnaud Baas
33
Assignment
Hybrid
7
Using the same design process but none without taking care of the Hjällbo context
coexistence in
Hjällbo
Inclinaition
Choose
Building life
and
Shadow
the
site
for
34
Maping
Maping the inclination and the shadow on the Hj채llbo project site
1
2
Global inclination study 1- This area is one of the most relevant one in order to have a lot of inclination variation but also in this place we can create another link between Hammarkullen and Hj채llbo 2- This area could be interesting to with the possible link between the river an Hj채llbo. But there are a peripheric road, a train track and the highest buildings of Hj채llbo between the centre and the river.
35
Detailled inclination study 1
36
Detailled inclination study 2
37
Detailled inclination study 1 Regarding the Building for Life the site 1 is more interesting because there is a big lack of connection between Hjällbo and its neighbourhood.
0-13°
14-26°
27-39°
40-52°
53-65°
38
Axonometry
Axonometry of the slope study
Axonometry of the built slope
39
Shadow study
Shadow:
40
Relation between shadow, the natural and building slope Inclination:
0-13°
14-26°
27-39°
40-52°
53-65°
Shadow:
41
Axonometry of the building shadow
42
Design
Design following the previous maping and choose a program
process
Project area to create a new connection for Hjällbo Inclination:
0-13°
14-26°
27-39°
40-52°
53-65°
Shadow:
43
Merging the inclination from the slope and from the buildings Inclination:
14-26째
27-39째
40-52째
53-65째
Shadow:
44
Simplify the different areas Inclination:
14-26째
27-39째
40-52째
53-65째
Shadow:
45
Axonometry of the platforms
Split them along the slope to create the link
46
Agents Inclination Shadow
Flat Bright
Shallow Light shade
Steep Grey
Inclination Flat Shallow Flat Flat Shallow Steep Steep Steep Shallow Shallow Vertical Shallow Flat Flat Flat Shallow
Allowable parameters Shadow Light shade Bright Light shade Light shade Light shade Dark Dark Dark Light shade Light shade Bright Light shade Dark Grey Grey Bright
Vertical Dark
Typological approximation Culture house / Ramp Key elements Walls Ramp Openings Floor Program list Grouping name Administration
Art
Public
Storage Security
Common name Staff office Helpdesk Secretary Director´s office Staff lounge Movie projection room Auditorium Music hall Local art gallery Public lounge Playground Local food market Archive Pantry Cloak Tickety counters
Walls ✓
Elements Ramp Openings
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓
Floor ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Program planing
47
Join them to create the link
Principle path
Alternative path
Categorize them following my parameters Flat
Shallow
Steep
Vertical
48
Place the program corresponding the inclination
Play with the structure to fit the program under it Staff closed space
Public closed space
Public open space
Structure
49
Define the landscape on the platforms Path way
Dilate the path on top and in front of the different rooms Path way
50
Create some events along the way Path way
Surround the path by nature
51
Play with the skyliights
Integrated axonometry
52
Surrouded by nature
Public open space
53
Play with the structure
Interact with the skylights
54
Urban scale model
Detailled model
55
Bibliography https://www.archdaily.com/362554/light-matterslouis-kahn-and-the-power-of-shadow. Thomas Schielke, Light Matters: Louis Kahn and the Power of Shadow, 2013. https://salaarc.com/blog/the-dark-side-shadoweffects-in-architecture/. Katherine Hillbrand, The Dark Side‌. Shadow Effects In Architecture, 2014. http://www.priyankaarjun.com/architecture-sun/. Priyanka Arjun, Architecture and sun - Light and shadow, 2017. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/culturalstudies/the-shadows-in-architecture-cultural-studies-essay. php. UK Essays, Shadows in architecture, 2018. https://www.buildingcentre.co.uk/news/ the-benefit-of-shadows-in-architecture. Building Centre, The benfit of shadows in architecture, 2018. https://armour.wustl.edu/shadows-inarchitecture/. Leslie Siegel, Shadows in architecture, 2016.