A journey within media and journaling in art therapy by bindu bammi

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

A JOURNEY WITHIN: MEDIA AND JOURNALING IN ART THERAPY

Use of Media and Journaling in Art Therapy Bindu Hughes Vancouver Art Therapy Institute Vancouver

PROJECT SUBMIITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ADVANCED DIPLOMA OF ART THERAPY

Author Note Bindu Hughes, Department of Visual Arts, Jakarta International School Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Bindu Hughes, Jakarta International School, P.O. Box 1078/JKS, Jalan Teragong Raya #33, Jakarta Selatan 12010, Indonesia. Email: bindu61@mac.com

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Abstract Discovering the meaning and importance of creating and visual journaling as a method of self-discovery, a journey within, in art therapy via the expressive use of media is the subject of this project. In it, I define the concept of visual journaling, both personally and with my clients, and validate why and how it is helpful in introspection and self-discovery through the expressive use of materials. Self-exploration, play and creativity with materials and media in the safe space of a journal is empowering. Working with art media is expressive and creative (Moon 2010). It is a sensual process. Visual journaling creates a connection within, transforming words and images into a rich melding of a visual vocabulary that makes a visual journal special and unique. Journals are a record of our lives, the seedbed of our thoughts, an extension of ourselves, and a reflective space that can change our lives as we get in touch with our inner beings. This space is unique to the individual and provides a safe space to express our thoughts and feelings. We reflect as we discover and rediscover who we are, through the language of materials, we delve deeper into ourselves, discover our origins and connectedness to the inner and outer world. I will explore the connectedness of spirituality in creativity and the importance of materials and media that help our expression and thus facilitate healing.

Keywords: art, art therapy, art materials, media, texture, sensual qualities, visual journaling, spirituality, creativity, healing

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Table of Contents Chapter 1:Beginning the Journey .................................................................................................... 1 Clients are drawn to some materials more than others. ......................................................... 1 History of Media .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Visual Journal: The container of creativity, spirituality and healing ............................................ 4 The Visual Journal in Practice .................................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 2: Personal Journal and exploration of Media ........................................................ 24 Listening to whispers and unearthing dreams ................................................................................... 24

Chapter 3: Embracing the Journey ............................................................................................... 33 Materials and Media ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Clay ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Drawing ............................................................................................................................................................ 36 Collage: Paper, Cloth Glue and any other found materials ............................................................. 38 Digital Media ................................................................................................................................................... 40 Printing and altering surfaces .................................................................................................................. 47 Textiles, wool and fiber .............................................................................................................................. 53 Acrylics and water colors ........................................................................................................................... 54 Mixed Media .................................................................................................................................................... 58

Materials and Media : Mosiacs: Fig.1 ........................................................................................... 60 Materials and Media: Sandpaper: Fig. 2 .................................................................................... 61

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Paint: Fig.3 ................................................................................................. 62 Materials and Media: Wet Chalk: Fig. 4 ...................................................................................... 63 Materials and Media: Coffe Filter: Fig. 5 ..................................................................................... 64 Materials and Media: Clay: Fig.6 ................................................................................................... 65 Materials and Media: Charcoal & Eraser: Fig.7 ....................................................................... 66 Materials and Media: Spray Painting: Fig. 8 ............................................................................. 67 Materials and Media: Pastels &Tempera: Fig.9 ....................................................................... 68 Materials and Media: Bubble Painting: Fig. 10 ........................................................................ 69 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 70

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

List of figures Fig 1: Sample from Leonardo’s Journal Fig 2: Sample from Leonardo’s Journal Fig 3: Page from Albrecht Durer’s Journal Fig 4: Sample from Frida Kahlo’s Journal Fig 5: Page from Edvard Munch’s Journal Fig 6: Paleolithic cave painting Fig 7: The Alchemical Triad Represented Visually Fig. 8: Personal Journal Pages-Magic Markers and Sharpie Fig. 9: Personal Journal Pages-Black Ink, Graphite Fig 10: Personal Journal Pages- Water colors, Black Sharpie, texture plates Fig 11: Personal Journal Pages- Poster Paints Fig 12: Personal Journal Pages- Collage, water colors, Sharpie Fig 13: Personal Journal Pages- Acrylics, Stencil and poster colors Fig 14: Personal Journal Pages- Collage, Magic markers, Sharpie Fig 15: Personal Journal Pages- Acrylics and Palette Knife Fig 16: Personal Journal Pages- Collage, Sharpie Fig 17: Personal Journal Pages- Quink Ink, Bleach, water colors Fig 18: Personal Journal Pages-Enamel Paints, water Fig 19: Personal Journal Pages- Collage, digital image, water colors Fig 20: Personal Journal Pages- Graphite and Photoshop Fig 21: Personal Journal Pages- iPad Art Fig 22: Personal Journal Pages- iPad Art

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Acknowledgments

It has been an incredible journey as I walked the paths and tight inroads to introspection, revelation and discovery. There were moments of anxiety and truth, tears and laughter. This exciting discovery and journey was incredibly supported, by my husband Michael, who listened with utmost patience and gave advice when I asked for it. He was by my side, as I spent hours journaling and experimenting with materials and media. I thank him profusely for his continued support. Kali Dukowski, my mentor and guide with saintly calmness walked me through my final project. I thank her immensely for all her support and guidance. Last but certainly not the least, I thank my colleagues who enriched my life and I was humbled by their work and dedication.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Chapter 1:Beginning the Journey Clients are drawn to some materials more than others. Do materials help communicate the clients’ feelings? Visual Journals provide a safe space to experiment with materials and media.

History of Media The historical understanding of art materials has evolved through the years and it is the foundation on which the essence of media use in art therapy resides today. Rather than being a mere response to therapeutic interventions, art making evolves and caters to the needs, skills and interests of each client emphasizing the process of art making. Thus, they draw people into the creative space where they can collage, knit, crochet, sew, paint and express through a wide choice of media to suit their desires and needs. In the early 1900’s, before the official inception of art therapy, Edward Adamson, a pioneer art therapist, found when working in hospitals in Great Britain, that people were creating artifacts with found objects including toilet paper, fabric scraps, cement, plaster bandages, coat hangers stones, leaves and even bones. Adamson worked to further art therapy in conjunction with Jungian followers of psychological theory. Adamson was a believer in the ‘art as therapy’ conceptual framework. Austrian therapist, Edith Kramer, spent formative years as an artist in the US. She came to art therapy through her work with adolescent boys in New York. She came to believe in the

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

intrinsic value of art, therefore differing from Adamson. Rather than ‘art as therapy’ she believed in the therapeutic value of art itself-‘art is therapy.’ During the infant years of the profession, “conservative voices in art therapy insisted that the discipline should be restricted to drawing, painting and modeling with clay” (McNiff, 1999). Margaret Naumberg, considered a pioneer of art therapy, advocated easy to use materials such as semi hard pastels and poster paints for easy expression. Influenced by Freud’s theories, she emphasized spontaneity in art expression versus too much emphasis on the process. Many other art therapists, who believed that artistic skill development or artistic production was not their focus, held this thought. Some art therapists were cautious about offering too many varied materials, believing that it caused distraction and confusion and affected spontaneous expression (Kramer, Kwiatowska, Lachman, Levy, Rhyne, & Ulman, 1974; Lydiatt, 1971). Art therapy practice in the early years had both directed and undirected use of materials. Many therapists believed that clients should be given materials according to their unique properties appropriate for the client. Ruben (1984) was amongst those who proposed that clients be allowed to choose their own materials. This allows therapists to view the decisions as symbolic expressions and respond to them appropriately. Many art therapists make decisions about the materials they offer based on their own personal choices and preferences. As therapists began understanding the characteristics of the media, easily controlled versus fluid, hard versus soft, changeable versus permanent, thick opaqueness versus transparent and which were better for large motor activities, media began to take on a more prominent role. Kramer did emphasize the use of good quality materials to foster the healing and creative processes. She acknowledged the introduction of new materials to adolescents as they were

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

developmentally ready to try new media. As the field of art therapy continued to develop in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, the range of materials continued to be the basic drawing and painting materials, clay, scissors and glue. However, as technology continues to penetrate our lives, there is a shift and openness towards embracing different materials and media. Fleming (1989) recommends that familiar materials be offered in the initial stages to promote comfort and cognitive responses. She emphasizes that materials must always be designed to fit the needs of the client. During times of stress, the client should return to familiar and safe materials. The journal space offers the opportunity to experiment with media and can be used during the therapy session as well as the client could use on their own. Sometimes a fear of not knowing how to use materials or a lack of confidence in oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s artistic abilities, the journal offers a space where experimentation is possible, even inspiring as a commitment to a larger more formal piece is not the focus. The intimacy of the journal can help with using materials familiar to us and gradually, as comfort increases, delve into the process of experimentation with other media. Whether it be a soft pastel or paints, creating a mark on a paper within a journal allows one to be secure and not be daunted by critical eyes. Some research studies have studied and assessed the role of art materials and media in the art therapy practice. As researched by Moon, art therapists looked at the effectiveness of art therapy with young children in a stressful situation relative to the quantity of materials and complexity of instructions. They discovered that the spontaneity and creativity of art expression was better when materials were fewer and lesser instructions were involved contrary to more materials and complex instructions. However, there are always practical considerations for materials and media use, which include affordability, appropriateness, accessibility, functionality and safety. In prisons or when

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

working with very depressed clients, materials have to be carefully chosen to as to not create a situation where the client could harm themselves or others. Cultural preferences and prejudices, is another factor to be mindful of when offering materials to different groups. The affluence of the developed world may be able to offer a wide range if materials but clients from different situations and economic hardships may not be able to afford a wide variety of materials. Sometimes just collecting materials is all that can be offered. First hand engagement with journaling and understanding of different materials is important for art therapists. Although, therapists may have biases and prejudices about certain materials, these same materials, might be beneficial to clients. Thus, it is important not to let those biases be the basis of the choice of materials. Sometimes clients may introduce new media to the therapist, which could be in the best interest of the client. It is important that the therapist then, not lean toward their preferred media but keep the needs of the client at the core.

Visual Journal: The container of creativity, spirituality and healing Visual journaling is a form of prayer, where spirituality lies at the core of our innate creativity. Essentially we work from two premises, 1) art making is inherently creative and spiritual, and 2) spirituality is an important ingredient in healing and therapy. There is a history of a relationship between art and spirituality on the one hand, and spirituality and healing on the other. Journey into spiritual life is a process, a journey towards wholeness/holiness, cultivating meaning and appreciating complexities and mystery. Visual journaling is a journey into the spiritual realm, creating art, and thus, spirituality and healing is close at hand.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

The term Spirituality has changed over the years and lacks a definitive definition. However in an attempt to explain the term Spirituality in modern times, it can be considered a search for a meaning in life. When used in the context of art therapy today, be it through journaling or the expressive arts, finding the meaning lies at the core of the therapeutic alliance. As described by psychologist Viktor Frankl after his survival in a Nazi concentration camp, that creating meaning and searching for it was one of the motivations that kept him going. It denotes ‘transformation’ and has come to mean and define the internal experience of the individual. It is to help and stretch us to grow beyond limitations, which we often set upon ourselves. Another dimension of spirituality is the mystery of it its ambiguity which motivates us to search and discover things beyond our imagination. If this is to be used in the context of art therapy, creating or expressing through art is a ‘transformative’ experience thus the notion of a ‘spiritual experience’. The creative space allows a person to be alive. Creativity is a powerful force in human life. It pushes us beyond our limits like spirituality. The psychologist Rollo May described creativity as the “process of bringing something new into a story.” Ellen Dissanayake, an anthropologist, suggests that ‘creating’ is a basic human need and nature. From ‘pro-creating’ our own we are in the process of creation and this encompasses whole of our lives. Psychologist Carl Jung believed images are expressions of human experience and our authentic selves. He saw images as clues and symbols of one’s life. He believed that the arts help us to access this storehouse of images within us to create meaning, bring about transformation and have a spiritual experience in the process of its creation. Howard Gardner, a proponent of multiple intelligences, proposes that we limit ourselves through the modern educational system to experiencing and developing only the linguistic and logical intelligences whilst ignoring the interpersonal, intrapersonal, natural, kinesthetic, spatial

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

and possibly even existential. We limit our spiritual journey and limit access to creating meaning through creating and expressing through the arts. Engaging in the arts as a spiritual practice means honoring the practice and process of creation. Paolo Knill, one of the founders of expressive arts therapy says: “The practice of the arts, as disciplined rituals of play in painting, sculpting, acting, dancing, making music, writing, story-telling, is and always was a safe container, a secure vessel to meet existential themes, pathos and mystery.” The arts do not provide linear explanations of how things function, but point to the complexities and ambiguities of living. They both reveal and conceal and invite us to rely more on intuition than on logic or reason (Paolo Knill, 2005). Thus the intricate and inextricable weave between creativity, spirituality and healing is established. Visual journaling is not merely a self-indulgent activity, but something transformative, worthwhile, important, vastly creative, spiritual and self-revelatory. There are no rules. Playing with materials and media and freedom of expression in a journal helps us find our authentic voice. We silence inner demons and critics and begin a journey with a new friend and companion, the visual journal. It is a tool of the imagination and a means of picturizing or recording one’s dreams. Visual journals are the visual language of communication through symbols, signs, images, and materials. The basic certainty of Buddhist thought is that in every being there is a well of purity, readily manifested in wisdom, compassion, and wholeness. When we become open to this reservoir, it increases our capacity for growth, creativity, transformation, and realization. This philosophy pushes us into a journey of self-discovery and encourages us to explore; ‘Who am I?’, ‘How did I become who I am?’, ‘What prevents the experience of myself as

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

connected, whole and free?’, ‘What does it mean “connected, whole, and free”?’ These questions have been basic to the history of the evolution of consciousness of humankind. This evolution is describable in terms of images from prehistoric cave paintings to wherever art expression holds a truth for human beings. These are spiritual questions which two early-twentieth-century European painters, Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc, explored through their work and the writings of the Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) movement in Munich during the 1900’s (Zweite & Hoberg 1989). Their phrase ‘inner necessity’ summed up for them the underlying key to creativity, spiritual development, and integration. From their writings, it appears humans do not have a choice but to be authentically creative, expressive and connected. The writings of Kandinsky and Marc are relevant regarding the personal journey experienced through art making and recording those experiences in the journal because journaling addresses ‘inner necessity’ Sometimes, opening oneself to the creative process may appear to be choice-less and even leave one vulnerable, but accepting uncertainty and going with the flow of expressive energy opens the door to creative play and self-discovery. The paintings or pages in our journals can reveal there is more to us than we may initially think. In the sacred space of our pages with no goals, ambitions, critics, rules, or boundaries is where healing can be most potent. Over time, people who engage in journaling and creating art access repressed, blocked, and split-off experiences and their accompanying feelings. Through line, shape, color, form, glue, pastels and paint and other materials and media, they gradually begin to express, understand, accept, and integrate these previously unresolved feelings and events, thus discovering the potential buried within each one. As the process unfolds, understanding and compassion arise hand in hand.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

We share space with the elements of our world. Their effects on and within us are felt physically and emotionally as we encounter the world around us. We become aware that our basic composition shares the same elements as all phenomena. Spirituality is the mystery of creativity we see in the dynamical action of elements in nature and life. This is the crux of spirituality. This can remind us of how external elements can restore balance when the inner elements lose their harmony. Our sense of being part of a whole and echoing the patterns of the whole highlights the responsibility we carry for the health of the planet and ourselves. When we record these feelings of connectedness and confess our imbalances in the sacred pages of the journal, through media that we are attracted to, awareness awakens and meaning emerges. “Art can be said to be --and can be used as -–the externalized map of our interior self” according to Peter London from his organization, No More Secondhand Art. This metaphor, and the next, speaks to the orienting and dynamic nature of art in communicating with the self and with others. “The desire to communicate with one another has been a driving creative force throughout our time on earth. As the medium of expression evolved our message went mobile and traveled through worlds both physical and digital” (Matador Notebook, 2010).

The Visual Journal in Practice The visual journal provides a safe venue to experiment with media and materials. It is private and allows for experimentation without the fear of external judgment. From collaging to playing with gesso and stamps and shaving chalk pastels onto glue, all create wonderful artwork in a private space within the journal. Visual journaling a natural fit to the process of art therapy and especially appealing to clients who are experiencing difficulty in their life. The journal may often be used during therapy sessions and then discussed. Sometimes it is taken home to allow

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

the client to record their feelings and work in the safe space. It is then brought back to discuss in a session again. The concrete journal allows for a starting point in a session. The following is a description of the use of visual journaling with an adolescent girl in my practicum in an international school. She is a third culture kid which means she has never lived for an extended period of time in her home culture. She has lived in a “third” culture for most of her life. This develops different skillsets and perceptions for different kids ranging from a sense of lack of identity to easily adaptable. “The monster in my head is loud despite my attempts at muting him. He starts to tell me stuff in subtitles. I can’t turn him off. It’s all jumbled in my head. I am confused. I am frustrated. I am very angry. My parents don’t understand me. My friends are mean to me! I hate myself.” My 13-year-old client at the start of our sessions expresses her feelings, as she bursts into tears. This sort of inner frustration is common amongst kids when they feel isolated, insecure and unsure of whom they really are. Typically, kids of this age are confused, and the onset of adolescence with all the physical changes it brings during this developmental age add to their disequilibrium. My client had been referred to art therapy for her inability to collaborate and help with her transition into a new school. She had experienced art therapy in San Francisco and was very open to the idea. She was keen to be involved and enjoyed the process of creating. After a few sessions, I suggested the idea of journaling. The idea of private expression through keeping a journal of coded images was very appealing to her. The idea that only she knew what the images meant was inspiring and motivational. She would begin by recording her thoughts and what was causing her angst. I

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

provided her prompts to get started. As she journeyed through the pages, she developed her own definition of art-journaling. She now has a safe space to express her feelings in a creative way with materials she chooses. As Marianne Hieb states, “…adding non verbal expression to your writing can bring surprising energy and insights” (Inner Journeying through Art Journaling, 2005).

Fig. 1 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)- pen and ink, Florence, Italy ©V&A Images, Victoria and Albert Museums

“Through journaling I have found an inner balance and rediscovered the world,” says Linda Chaves, Visual Journaler. As Michael Bell, an authority on visual journaling states, “Throughout history great thinkers recorded and reflected on their ideas using a variety of visual journaling techniques. From Thomas Edison’s light bulb sketches to Leonardo DaVinci’s visual journals of flying machines to Stephen Hawking’s space-time diagrams, the record of image making serves as a

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

record of their developing ideas. Exploring the thought process through visual journaling is essential in a world in continuous change (Grauer & Naths, 1998). Da Vinci (1452-1519) carried a visual journal with him at all times so he could record ideas, impressions, and observations as they occurred. His journals, of which seven thousand pages exist, contained observations and thoughts of scholars he admired, personal financial records, letters, reflections on domestic problems, philosophical musings and prophecies, plans for inventions, and treatises on anatomy, botany, geology, flight, water, drawings and paintings” (Michael Bell, 2006) Eric Fischl described visual journaling as “…an adventurous, shrewd, alert and relentless process where there are no rules” (Sketchbook with Voices, 1986) Journals of Leonardo da Vinci’s allow us a glimpse into the mind of a genius, his life, and his thoughts. This incredible process of creating is almost elemental for the human spirit. ,

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 2 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)- pen and ink, Florence, Italy, Wikipedia.org

Fig 3, ÂŠsecretgardening.wordpress.comAlbrecht Durer created these images (Fig 3) in his journal when he visited Brussels.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 4 ÂŠhttp://planetgroupentertainment.squarespace.com Frida Kahlo, a modern Mexican painter kept a journal about her life, her pain, and her personal journey.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 5 ÂŠ www.amazon.co.uk

As is evident, visual journaling is an old practice used by people to use a language of images to record their thoughts and observations with no end product in mind. It is safe, confidential, only for personal reflection and observation. Visual journaling is a creative process allowing us to know ourselves on a deeper, more intrinsic level in a comfortable language. Visual journaling is an effective way to break down walls of communication in the journey of self-discovery. As such, for children who are trying to find their identity and establish roots in a transient society, visual journaling and exploration with other media facilitates this journey of self-discovery. Creativity and play are in an intimate dance of exploration and discovery. Having the choice of materials adds to the intricacies of the dance and the visual symphonies

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

created allow expression. Working with art media is powerful and creative (Catherine Moon, 2010). It is a sensual process. In their broadest sense, materials and media are the elements or constituents through which meaning is made. They are intermediaries between private ideas, thoughts, feelings and concepts and their external manifestation in tangible, sensual form. They are the tangible equivalents of the vocabulary used in verbal or written language. Through their numerous and diverse characteristics and qualities, materials and media provide the potential for highly developed, nuanced and intelligible means of communication (Moon, 2010, p. xx). Our senses are the most important aspect of human existence. As noted by Dianne Ackerman, our sense of touch, smell, hearing, seeing and feeling are what guides us and enriches our lives. To understand, we have to "use our heads," meaning our minds. Most people think of the mind as being located in the head, but the latest findings in physiology suggest that the mind doesn't really dwell in the brain but travels the whole body on caravans of hormone and enzyme, busily making sense of the compound wonders we catalogue as touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision (Dianne Ackerman, A Natural History of the Senses, 1990). As noted by artists who kept journals in their own journey have often described what it felt to use materials and the sensuous feeling it aroused in them. No matter what materials the artists used to convey in their journaling, the results were creative, authentic and deep felt. This was especially true when journalists mixed media. The change from one media to

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

another, sometimes continued thoughts and feelings but often led to a change of thought and deeper feelings parallel to the original subject matter. As observed when working with an older client who preferred journaling and experimenting with mixed or change of media during a session showed that whilst he was painting he was talking about his relationship with his mother. At one point he stopped painting and requested to use charcoal. At this point, he added his father to the dialogue and discussed the relationship the three of them had over time. This continued for approximately ten minutes. He then paused in his speech and once again switched media to finger-paints. Coinciding with this switch in media was an inclusion of his siblings and the ensuing discussion dealt with the dynamics of the entire family. During this session in journaling, my client had one overarching topic. Each of the three media exposed different layers of relationship dynamics with his family structure and how he felt about them. One of the earliest surviving methods of visual journaling is Paleolithic cave painting left by prehistoric ancestors. Hunting scenes, local flora and fauna, and hand imprints are common themes of these early artistic expressions (Fig 6). Their life maps are ever changing. They are unique yet sometimes confused about, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Who am I?â&#x20AC;?Artists from around the world have continued to explore visual journaling as a way to record evidence of the creative process, and to incorporate practice and theory.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 6 © matadornetwork.com Cave dwelling peoples explored the artistic media in their realm to create visual images, communicating and express themselves. Expression and communication are intrinsically part of the human need. Manipulation and play with materials allows for a sensory response deep from within (Winnicott, 1980). As shadows emerge and are confronted through journaling and exploration of media, peeling away the layers to discover the real self is a challenging, yet exciting journey. Transitional objects and space may be expressed through the creative play and thereby allowing for the connection between the internal and external worlds. The journal is a transitional object, the link between the inner and the outer world and the ‘me’ and the ‘not me’ (Winnicott). As the geography of a young person’s external world changes, they must feel grounded within, so as to not be toppled with shifting external contours.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Indigenous people around the world used natural objects to record their lives and be creative. They believed in the power of nature and used natural products to help them understand the world around them and equip them with the magic of creation. The “dot paintings” and “dream times” were therapeutic as they were created, but they were also visual recordings of their lives. They were live visual journals on rocks and stones. The symbols and images were coded with stories. Aboriginal art dates back 50,000 years. Modern changes in materials used by the aboriginals, such as canvas and bottled paints are about 40 years new.

Fig 7© The Alchemical Triad Represented Visually, Private Journal of author Visual journals serve as a record of how we think, moving us out of the world of reflex, looking beyond the immediate and paying closer attention to the process and materials. “The

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

working alliance between the client, the journal (therapist) and the alchemic brewing of the triad between artist, journal (therapist) and artwork thus speaks volumes in helping the client understand himself” (Winnicott) In our mind’s eye, in the film roll of our imagination, we can conjure up images, which evoke emotional responses within us. “The visual image is a tripwire for our emotions.”(Dianne Ackermann, A Natural History of the Senses) A simple photograph can remind us of a period in history, a lovely memory of our childhood, a tragedy or an euphoric moment. When we revisit a journal page and see an image, our whole body of senses is awakened to appraise the image. “I can open a volume at any page and instantly I am taken to the moment that prompted the image” Pat Gaignal, Visual Journaler. Expressing feelings through line, color, texture, shape and form is an opportunity to share those non-verbal utterances in a dialogue within oneself. The creative and artistic space with the manipulation of materials, media and journaling, encourages the person to connect their inner world and their emotions. As Ellen Levine states, “I engage with my own art making and keep a record of weeks and months of painting in the studio” (Tending the Fire, 2003). This introspective record keeping in the form of visual journaling is crucial to peeling away layers of oneself, page by page. As described by D.W. Winnicott who described ‘transitional space,’ and also a ‘transitional object’ a possession that tolerates all emotions and reality testing, the experiential space and object within where healing takes place. The first instance, it is the mother who holds that space for an infant when they are beginning to deal with reality (from a creative place), define themselves as separate selves in the world as well stay in relationship. In the second instance it is the therapist who is providing that space of in art therapy through the

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

therapeutic relationship and the art. Witnessing the art is a big part of therapy. The therapist helps create the space for the journal as in the art. Tearing, cutting, ripping, collecting, folding, foraging, dripping, texturing, painting, daubing, layering are all a process of intense creative play. “Most art begins with materials chosen to create the desired effects,” explains Gwen Diehn (2005) Each material produces a different relationship with its maker. Fluidity of watercolors as opposed to the thickness of heavy oil paints reflects different emotions. “The materials influence us in ways that correspond to their physical qualities” (McNiff, 2004). “In their broadest sense, materials and media are the elements or constituents through which meaning is made. They are intermediaries between private ideas, thoughts, feelings and concepts, and their external manifestation in tangible, sensual form” (Moon, 2010). This is evident as we search for the best way to express ourselves and communicate more clearly. Materials are the tangible, sensory, vocabulary equivalents for the spoken word. Unfortunately, emphasis and understanding of the importance of materials have been perfunctory for art therapists many for many reasons. One is the concept of art therapy where psychological theories applied to art therapy have had a place of privilege over the art and the creative process and formal elements. Formal elements of art and design were prioritized over the development of conceptual ideas and the relationship with the artist. As the post modern view of art and art therapy has changed with emphasis moving to the creator of the art and aesthetics being very individual as opposed to formal, it has opened doors to expression using an array of materials which have not been available earlier or even considered, including, photography, media arts and digital technologies as the boundaries between disciplines blur. According to Weintraub (1996),

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

“Visual languages, like verbal ones have never been static constrictions… Artists respond to change by inventing new syntax and grammar that are capable of conveying their experiences” (Weintraub, 1996, 2003). Materials and media, stated very eloquently by Catherine Moon, (2010) are the essential elements through which meaning is created. They are intermediaries between thoughts and emotions and their externalization in tangible forms. Materials serve as the real, sensual equivalent of the vocabulary used in written language. The unique characteristics provide for highly developed and nuanced communication and expression of self. The traditional lack of importance of the materials and media used in art therapy has been attributed to many factors, one of which being the short history of this profession. As Rubin (1999) suggests, materials are often taken for granted. The focus is generally on the artwork itself thus the materials are often thought to be less important. If however, there is an emphasis on the materials being the communicative component in the process then there may be more importance given to the art media. McNiff also advocates for the use of good quality materials to promote self-esteem, pleasure, and increased self-respect. The question that arises is the limited engagement with art materials for clients is related to the therapists’ own often times meager engagement with art materials and their personal experience with them. Ways of collaborating with water, oil, pastel, and wax colors led to understanding things can take shape and come into being without ‘I’ and ‘my’ decisions. Instead they arose from a willingness to get lost in the playful experience and flow with what wanted to happen. This was a kind of magic. It was a sense of flowing with the ‘something’ in the handling of substances, which reliably led to new vision, new feeling, and new experience. It brought the release of letting go, being with, and relaxation (Author, 2001).

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Dripping paint, the softness of clay, and the hardness of rusty nails, all evoke sensations within the artist. Some days, one material is more attractive than another. Why? Sometimes the chaos of life attracts one to the simplicity of a black marker to draw soothing lines and at other times the passion or anger within pushes one to use full body movements in large spaces of the canvas or paper and work with big strokes. Even the sensation of pounding clay might prove to be soothing if tempers are high. Personally I have discovered that when I am in a clam state and journaling, I am really drawn to watercolors of just even the smoothness of graphite. (Refer personal journal pages) Art therapy is a creative and powerful means of self-discovery and exploration. It is based on the belief that the creative process involved in artistic self-expression helps people to gradually move down a path of deep introspection to create self-awareness. Art therapy helps resolve conflicts and problems, develop interpersonal skills, manage behavior, reduce stress, increase self-esteem and self-awareness, and achieve critical personal insight. Interpretive and manipulative materials and projects in art therapy will define the premise that media and materials mold the language of expression through the creation of art. The characteristics of each unique media provide a powerful language for expression when the scope of art is begging to be released. According to Schnetz, some materials are highly fluid and move easily whilst others are dense and heavy. Others may need extensive reworking and layering. The fluidity and resistive qualities of the materials and their interaction with the kinesthetic responses of the client is worthy of note. These responses (Malchiodi, 1998; McNiff, 1995) are not related to the skills in using these media but to the properties and characteristics of these materials.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

In addition to the quantity and quality of the art materials, the characteristics of the different media are believed to have an impact on the therapy by evoking, physical, emotional and psychic responses (Malchiodi, 1998; McNiff, 1995). Some materials are easy and fluid, whilst others have a dense quality. Others may need extensive reworking and layering. The fluidity and resistive qualities of the materials and their interaction with the kinesthetic responses of the client is worthy of note. As Dianne Ackerman explains, We see the depth, the smoothness, the softness, the hardness of objects; Cezanne even claimed that we see their odor. If the painter is to express the world, the arrangement of his colors must carry with it this invisible whole, or else his picture will only hint at things and will not give them in the imperious unity, the presence, the unsurpassable plenitude which is for us the definition of the real. That is why each brush stroke must satisfy an infinite number of conditions. Cezanne sometimes pondered for hours at a time before putting down a certain stroke, for, as Bernard said, each stroke must "contain the air, the light, the object, the composition, the character, the outline, and the style." Expressing what exists is an endless task (Dianne Ackerman, A Natural History of the senses, 2004). Our dance with materials in the beautiful pages of the journal are indeed special and draw out imagery that sometimes even we did not know existed. The journal, which can be closed so as to maintain the confidentiality and sacredness of its images, is indeed a boon to therapists and their clients.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Chapter 2: Personal Journal and exploration of Media

Listening to whispers and unearthing dreams Find your flow, trust your path and find the authentic voice within. In my personal experience of recording, playing with media in my journal, I found extremely insightful thoughts came to the surface. In the process of searching for my authentic voice I had to walk through many caves and sometimes trip into potholes of memories and thoughts, only to take another step in my journey. I became very aware of the materials I was drawn to as I listened to loud whispers in my heart. All these years I had tried to ignore the little voices, but with each passing year they grew louder, more vivid, brighter and almost audible. I could no longer ignore them and had to listen to the colors, to the sound of brushes, the taste of chalk and the texture of paint. My journal came to life as each page unearthed a dream, recorded my voice, and thoughts. It paved the path to walk creatively and discover parts of my soul. Dreams became vivid as I opened myself to the spiritual inspirations and smells and tastes began to form shapes and colors. Feelings became images with intricately woven textures and the cinema of dreamscapes lighted my sleep (Fig 8). Since very early years I have been drawing, sketching, painting, designing and creating imagery. I was instinctively drawn to this mode of expression and must have found it calming and a solace as I continued with it. I remember crawling under my fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s large desk and sitting for what seemed like hours doodling. Large sketchbooks or journals were my constant companion. Encouragement from my parents allowed me to pursue my passion in the field of art and design. They generously enrolled me in art classes, culminating in attending an art and design school. Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been teaching and creating art consistently since then.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

The color used in Abstract Expressionism fascinates me. It is both unconscious, yet extremely conscious. My journal pages morphed into this style. One of the artists from the modern art world amongst many others, I am deeply moved and intrigued by the art of Clyford Still. An American born artist who painted large canvases with large flat areas of paint. The color composition is very appealing. I related to the size of his work as I am often daunted to create big pieces. Within the journal, the size was constricting but helpful in brainstorming as I ventured into areas unknown to me as I struggled with the concept of being free of cultural and societal expectations. Stokes, a British art critic, believed that art had a healing potential for all and spread this message throughout sanatoriums and eventually psychiatric hospitals. The outward character of art â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for example, the aesthetic qualities of line, colour, composition, and handling â&#x20AC;&#x201C; was just as important to Stokes as the inward character, or inner psychological motivation and effect that psychoanalysts focused on. Stokes theorized about the outwardly healing aspects of the visual and performing arts. By this he meant that art afforded individuals the ability to be free of inward turmoil by offering the possibility of inner disorder being identified with objective harmony. Another word Stokes used to describe this outwardness is externalization; for example, in the case of ballet, he believed that the dance and the stage space facilitated projections of inner fantasies, while the externalization itself provided a sense of well-being that was helpful for the creator. In my journey with media, I do believe in the outwardness of the healing where intent focus on the outcome is very fulfilling and satisfying. Here are some samples from personal journal using different media and materials. My attraction to the materials or conversely the media, which called out to me in loud whispers as

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

my senses responded to each in its uniqueness. Sometimes, I was inspired to draw only with text and write out my feelings. Words, just words, words that I had heard, words that had a magnetic ring to it, words which were expressive, words which were hurtful and full of praise, words which I heard myself say frequently, words which were poetic. In trying to illustrate the words created a sense of release within me. That proved to be very fulfilling. The ease of writing takes away the pressure of creating an image and allows one to literally express ones feeling just as they are (Fig.14 & 16). The magic of an unpredictable image is a joy to the soul at times. It mirrors the unpredictability of life and sometimes the lack of control over situations and even life plans. Playing with the enamel paints and creating abstract swirls in a tub of water is easy and calming to the nerves. The fluidity of the materials have their own agenda. They create marks and forms how and where you would least expect. Delicately placing the paper to â&#x20AC;&#x153;photographâ&#x20AC;? the image floating on the surface is exciting (Fig. 18). These images created with little or no intent, sometimes are an amazing inroads. Whether the feelings are positive or negative, inward looking or outward, it generally moves the client into a space where the therapist can step in and guide the client through the passage way to a space more comfortable for them.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 9: Anger: Black Ink, Graphite, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 8:Dreams:Black Sharpie and Magic Markers, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 14: Collage, Magic markers, Sharpie, ÂŠ Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 16: Collage, Sharpie, ÂŠ Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 18: Enamel Paints, Water, ÂŠ Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 19:Collage, digital image, water colors, ÂŠ Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Chapter 3: Embracing the Journey

Materials and Media It is challenging working with reluctant clients, drawing them into the sensuous zone of the creative space. This is the time when materials play the magnetic role of attraction. It is imperative the therapist draw the client into the session with the help of media and choice of materials. Sometimes just using a media in the presence of the client inspires them. At other times, handling or even just touching the paintbrush allows for the client to experiment. Challenging a client with the use of only one color sometimes makes the oppositional defiant client argue their case to be able to use more colors and experiment. This can lead to a revelation even before the artwork has been created. It could provide a glimpse into the unconscious, revealing crucial resource information for later aesthetic analysis. As Betensky (1984), a phenomenological art therapist, regarded art materials as active partners that challenge the patients' senses, and stimulate both their emotional arousal and their awareness. She saw the art material as becoming a part of the patients' phenomenological field. Materials can enable the patient to maintain, through them, a dynamic, interactive relationship with processes that are otherwise mostly elusive. This can be beneficial in creating a space for client expression. The process of selecting the desired colors or materials begins the symbolic spontaneous expression and provides a starting point in the therapy session. Different materials provide safe methods of expression for children with anger issues or those whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve suffered abuse. The choice of materials can provide a starting

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

point in a discussion with young clients who have inhibited or retarded speech development due to deep pain or hurt. Robbins (1994) classified art media as soft, brittle, breakable, hard, or sticky. He also tried to understand the rhythm and movement that the material dictates to the working artist. Not only was he interested in the degree of control that had to be exercised to effectively work with the material, but he also saw importance in synchronizing what he termed "the patient's inner and outer flow." Lusebrink (1990) classified creative art materials along the fluidity-hardness continuum. When considering two-dimensional work materials, she anchored finger paints at one end of the spectrum, followed by watercolors, pastel colors, chalks, markers, and felt pen colors. She placed pencils at the opposite end of the continuum. She believed that the choice and qualities of the materials influenced the outcome of the piece being created. As mentioned in the history of media in art therapy, the most common materials used by art therapists are crayons, pastels, pencils and water based paints. This could be due to both lack of experience by the therapist and ease of use of these materials.

Clay When speaking about clay, the pioneer of art education, M.C. Richards has to be mentioned. In her book â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Centeringâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, she speaks about the centering of the clay both physically and the spiritual centering of the person. She claims that clay has a poetic quality about it. Clay allows a client to work with their body and hands on in a three dimensional form. This may be resistive or fluid material depending on the how the client responds to it (Lusebrink,

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

1990). The level of plasticity of the clay allows it to holds its shape yet malleable enough to be molded into a different form. Clay can be both natural and manmade. Each requires baking in an oven to harden though some air dry to self harden. This process then makes the tangible artwork more permanent. Clay is a versatile medium as it engages both children and adults, although differently. The therapeutic use of clay can be from wedging and “feeling” the clay to creating a three dimensional sculpture. The whole body responds to the materials. The tactile touch or ‘hearing it breathe’ can be an experience on the wheel of centering. Clay can be used independently, or reworked with other media. Feathers and stones could be added to it. Color can change the look of the clay. Clay is a powerful media as it is interactive from the moment the client touches it. It draws the client into its realm even if one does not like it – it is a reaction! It is sensuous and visceral, inviting to some and revolting to others. The incredible malleability of clay is that it can be worked, reworked, destroyed, and re created allowing a story to unfold and brings together the process of construction and destruction (Moon, 2011). It is also transformative in nature and can be the container of feelings during a session and transformed as the clients’ feelings alter. However, clay does have technical challenges and may cause frustration if the desired effect is not achieved. The client may have an image in mind and it may not be realized as they begin to work with the clay. It can lead to frustration for the client. There is debate over offering clay as a media to sexually abused children and young women. Some therapists argue that the properties of clay may be too closely resemble qualities of the human body and evoke a body memory of abuse before a client is ready to deal with the issue. However, sometimes, clay with imaginary play allows a young child to role-play an abusive scene in which the perpetrator is “hurt” or “dismembered” and sometimes even “killed” by throwing the

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

character in the bin so they will be safe. An autistic client who could not bear the feel of dry clay on his hands would become extremely anxious. Working with soft play dough was a perfect substitute. In working with children, there is a variance of response to this media. Whilst most are attracted to it, there are others who have to constantly wash their hands. However, it is a media that most young kids take to naturally due to the tactile feel of the media and temporariness of its nature. It allows the client to make, break and remake thus creating an environment for recreating a new form or identity and moving forward. They can begin afresh with destroying a past unpleasant memory and embrace the new path with a new, more positive image.

Drawing One of the oldest media used by art therapists, drawing supplies may be any kind of mark-making device on any surface, from sticks to pens to pencils to chalk. Drawing on a surface like sand is very appealing to young children and clients who can quickly erase what they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t like. Drawing allows clients to create two-dimensional images on any surface, including paper, fabric, wood, canvas, newspaper and plastic. A variety of drawing tools may be used such as pens, markers, charcoal, inks, stamps, colored pencils, chalk and oil pastels, crayons and graphite leads. These materials offer the client a wide array of both fluid and resistive materials. Chalk and oil pastels tend to be more fluid as they are easier to manipulate as compared with colored pencils, which would be more resistive or more controlled (Lusebrink, 1990). Drawing materials are often associated with childhood memories and are, sometimes considered â&#x20AC;&#x153;childishâ&#x20AC;? and unsophisticated. This could prove to be a challenge when drawing clients into this

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

media especially if they view it as “immature” or that they are not “good artists.” Clients with OCD often resort to pencils and want to erase frequently as things are not exactly as they imagined it. Drawings record wanderings of the imagination, and tell personal narratives and provide an immediate expression of feelings without too much preparation. Most drawing materials are viewed as aggressive in nature because they mark or alter the surface and are yet, predictable to an extent. This is especially relevant with adolescents as they are ‘afraid’ to make mistakes. The erasable quality is very attractive to them. The oil pastels have a wide range of colors and the fluidity allows for layering colors and blending. It creates symbolic visual and psychological layers, which may be scratched to reveal what lies beneath. Surfaces are often not mentioned, but the surface itself, its size, shape and color could contain both literal and symbolical meanings (Hinz, 2006). Most clients are open to the drawing media as the most obvious choice in a session and they are typically non-threatening. Offering an unusual media may require the therapist to draw in the client into the sensuality of the media and that could be a challenge especially if the client is hesitant about their own artistic abilities. Creating a mark is an easy way to break down inhibitions. Drawing on paint is yet another way to draw the client into media. Artistically drawing is non-threatening to most as it can be erased. That is very powerful. In working with kids, there is lesser anxiety when they know that their marking is erasable.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Collage: Paper, Cloth Glue and any other found materials In collages, two-dimensional images are arranged, and re-arranged and glued to a surface. They may be images from magazines or images created by the artist themselves. (Fig. 12: Collage, watercolors, Sharpie, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author) Through the history of art therapy, collages with ready made images was considered a stepping stone to other forms of expression however, today, such collages hold their own ground and are considered strong means of self expressions uncovering subconscious content. Almost any materials may be used for collages and found objects are especially an interesting insight into the clientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; expressions. Collages can be multi layered and combined with drawing techniques. It is a powerful yet an easy media to draw clients of all ages into it and use it. Collages can be made from artwork the client may have created as well as personal photographs and of course prefabricated materials from magazines and other sorts of paper or cloth. Extremely young children will be challenged with the skill needed for cutting or ripping but slightly older clients would benefit from this media. The surface for the collage can also be varied from canvas, paper, cloth, and pieces of wood, glass to allow that one step deeper into the self-expression. The variety of imagery creates an incredible depth of information to be slowly unpeeled and each layer removed. An excellent use of old phone books is to use them to provide

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 12: Collage, Watercolors, Sharpie, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author surfaces for collage and also as materials to be ripped and adhered to other surfaces. The textural qualitiy of objects and materials is sensuous and draws out memories and triggers thought. The tactile process cannot be undermined in the journey of art therapy as we draw out the emotions and relive events through the art making process.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Survivors of sexual abuse may react negatively to white glue or sticky clay as it could be reminiscent of ejaculation. It is imperative that materials offered to clients must foster healing and not replicate an unpleasant memory. The use of different gels and binders allows for the textural qualities to differ and create different sensations. The use of kitchen foil as a tool for collaging and painting is fun and looking for the materials in a home setting could provide rich conversations between the therapist and the client. Each and every object, which the client is attracted to, has a story. It is then up to the therapist to draw out that story and make it tangible through the language of media. Triggers are all around us!

Digital Media With the explosion of digital media, it would be remiss of art therapists not to look at this as an extremely viable option and powerful media to help with art therapy in sessions with clients. Concerns tend to center on it being a media that can be extremely open in terms of violating and exposing of clientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; privacy. The therapist has an ethical responsibility to maintain the alliance between the art therapist, the client and the art making, as sacred. The ethical issues of the working alliance between the art therapist, the client and the art making, must be respected. The use of technology has its own challenges and is affected by the attitudes and knowledge of the persons implementing it. Some art therapists are against the use of technology with the youth. (Kramer, 2001) They caution against technology as a means of therapy as they feel it robs the client of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;genuine creative process.â&#x20AC;?

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

However, McCullough (1996) presents a compelling case for the use of digital technology. He argues that the digital media offers its own unique properties and tensions for the client and material to interact. It is immensely useful in continuing follow-up with ones client after the sessions are completed. It allows for personal and profession growth amongst art therapists providing ease of communication. We cannot ignore the influx of technology which is a media that a lot of our younger clients may be well versed and may use it in an expressive manner which would then further the therapeutic alliance. The use of a computer as an artistic tool is not a completely new idea. Laposky was credited using a computer to create graphics as early as the 1950s (Goodman, 1987). Educators foresaw for decades the eventual interdisciplinary integration of science, technology, and art in the art classroom (Stamovlasis, 2001b, 2001a, 2000). Stamovlasis offered photography as an art form entangled in physics, chemistry, aesthetics, and technology. The application of technology, or applied science (Gardner, 1996), is entangled in the Pedagogical implications derived from the consideration on the nature of technological/scientific knowledge. The Journal of the American Art Therapy Association contains accounts of art therapists using their personal and therapeutic experiences with technology as evidence of its efficacy. Anecdotal experiences may fail to address safety concerns and the legal requirements set forth by state and federal governments for the use of technology by therapists. This concern may well benefit from being addressed further, to improve the safety and effectiveness of Art Therapy in regard to electronic media. Art therapy in the virtual realm is a topic Cathy Malchiodi discusses

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

in her book Art Therapy and Computer Technology. The idea of having art therapy through a virtual reality is one that is yet to be explored in detail. It does give rise to a number of ethical considerations for sure. Contemporary developments should not be ignored. The advent of the iPad, for example, opens a digital world with many hundreds of creative expression-conducive programs, each with tremendous indwelling therapeutic potential to be liberated by the client. As an art therapist it has been a fulfilling and effective tool for creativity and expression. The addition and use of different stylus adds to the “tangible” electronic experience and the ease of use, while infinitesimal color ranges also add to the self-expression. Encouraging young clients with video and art-making digital media is a powerful means of expression. Art therapists’, who have tried this media, have expressed their success with their clients especially with children who have suffered trauma. The electronic media offers children with OCD and the fear of getting messy and a very powerful tool to express. It is also perfect for clients who are perfectionists and need to keep erasing to make it “just so”, this media allows for the creation and recreation of an image. It would provide for a rich conversation between the client and the therapist. Sometimes clients are extremely hesitant to touch materials and the electronic media allows clients with such an aversion to participate in art making. This is an interesting dialogue regarding the perfectionism and or aversion and how can the therapist help the client. For example, after successfully creating art digitally would it be more possible to move a client into using more traditional art materials? Would a client be more willing to try? The apps on the iPad are easy to use for actual drawing and painting. They also allow for photos, which already exist to be manipulated in applications and the coded information that

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

might be revealed could be strong yet extremely powerful information to be included in a piece of art work. The conversation about the choice of photo or image could lead to a fruitful discussion between the client and therapist. Simple phones and cameras provide for quick videos for role-playing or drama that could be recorded and then revisited. Keeping the technology simple is the key. Use what is at hand and always ask what can the art therapist do with what they have. Having the digital images in ones tangible journal is seamless. One can email the image to oneself and then print it or save it on the computer and be used like in in this sample page. Of course it is always interesting if one is motivated to keep a digital journal along with a tangible one (Fig. 20, 21 & 22). Maybe electronic media could be intimidating to an older client or therapist? The world of digital media is the world inhabited by children. Sometimes in order to reach our clients, it may be the therapist who needs to may have to step into a world that is a bit unfamiliar. As mentioned earlier, my client who switched media during a session now wished to move into the digital sphere. He is a older male and not a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;digital nativeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thus this media was a new language for him. He was keen to embark on a method of digital journaling. Predictably the client had experience, frustration with the new media. Still, he showed remarkable perseverance in the face of challenges. The same trait he brought to this new learning and media was the same aspect to his personality that made him professionally successful. He was analytical and sequential without being angered by roadblocks. This kind of exercise required a certain kind of thinking without too much emotional display. The client struggled with combining logical thinking with the emotional life necessary to live within a family structure. This digital media suited his needs well.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

His favorite media for creating art during our sessions was the iPad. He really enjoyed the app called “Brushes” and “Art Rage”. It is a program that allows one to paint digitally with different brushes and textures. One can import images as well and then paint over them. It was interesting that in the beginning his creations were very linear and limited, made up of shapes and lines. He was very comfortable working in this zone. He was obviously familiar and comfortable with this media. We discussed his work and how one might think it was “prepackaged creativity.” He included circles, ovals, squares and rectangles in a variety of colors, arranging them in a systematic order. We discussed his artwork, especially the possibility of moving away from just shapes and relying more on his own ability to be more expressive and create imagery. As he moved into this realm, our discussion subtly changed. While creating art with determined shapes, the client appeared to be much more black and white in the dynamics of the family. As he moved into more expressive imagery of his own, creating layers of images, they began to overlap with colors often blending. With this change came a shift in the way he spoke about his family relationships. It seems the more the images and colors intertwined and blended, the less judgmental he became of family members.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 20: Graphite, Photoshop, ÂŠ Private Journal of Author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 21: Sketch, iPad art, © Private Journal of Author

Fig. 22: iPad art, © Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Printing and altering surfaces A surface is anything you can alter with media. Beyond the traditional surface of watercolor paper and canvases, there are many other interesting surfaces to experiment with. Slabs of tree bark, old shoes, flattened packaging materials, fabrics, recycled books, maps, old furniture, boxes are some unusual but inspiring surfaces. Wooden cutting boards and paint palettes are some other ideas. New surface are inspiring. The roughness of raw canvas, smoothness of a clay board, grain of wood, elicit different media and evoke different creative responses. Old phone books are their weight in gold. Tear them and alter the surface! Stamping and altering the surface creates a feeling of power and a sense of control for the art maker. It allows for a very successful outcome especially for those hesitant to “draw” in the traditional sense. It is a media that easily draws the adult client into the creation of the art. This increases their confidence in the art making process. In experimenting with textural art making, and altering existing surfaces, it was interesting to make note of the feelings, which occurred as I worked with different media. (Fig. 13). Rubbing fingers on a textured plate with aluminum foil created a sensation. It can trigger pleasant or unpleasant sensations in the maker. (Fig. 10: Trapped: Water colors, Black Sharpie, texture plates, ©Private Journal of author) Foil is a great tool for creating textural artwork. Paper cut stencils or stamps with any found objects alters the surface upon which more art can be created. At times allowing the client to prepare the surface to work upon is yet another layer in the communication in, and the triad of the therapeutic working alliance. Gesso and gels provide for easy resist techniques, which opens up a multitude of different perspectives in the session. They can be both fluid and resistive

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

depending upon the reaction of the art maker. Gesso is great to apply on any surface but works really well on canvas. Its resistive qualities are great for stenciling, to apply color and to remove it. Rusty nails and other metal objects provide for very interesting possibilities for creating a different surface to work on. Place nails in any desired way on a paper. Lay a sheet of tissue paper over the nails. Spray vinegar from a spray bottle over it till saturated. Wait till dry. The rust from the nail creates a beautiful design. The hardness of nails or the acidic smell of the vinegar could be memory joggers for the client. The sensuous attributes that they bring could be pivotal in the session to help the client by waking up their senses and enticing artistic responses. Adolescents especially need to be drawn into the therapeutic process, as they sometimes are unable or unwilling to share their inner lives. Artistic expression often takes a back seat in the lives of adolescents, states Cathy Malchiodi (1998), as they substitute it with other forms of expression. Thus the sensuous qualities of objects could be powerful enough to bring them into the fold of expression. We each have our own aromatic memories. Nothing is more memorable than smell. The sense of smell was vital to human survival as we travelled in search of food. Smells detonate softly or like loud thunder, memories deeply hidden under layers of lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experiences (A Natural History of the Senses, D. Ackerman). The olfactory tissues are highly sensitive and store memories associated with a particular smell. The smell of bleach can be a very pungent memory trigger. It must be used with caution especially if it brings unpleasant memories to the fore. Trauma patients may take adversely to this media as the smell may be too close to antiseptic or other chemicals associated with hospitals thus bringing up painful memories. However, it is an

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

amazing media to paint on fabric. The magical imagery, which appears with bleach is stunning. The effect on black cloth is beautiful in the art making process but very therapeutic in the session as it “erases” the color revealing the artwork. It could “reveal” many things with the client as well. (Fig 17) Rolling block printing ink on plastic or acrylic sheets and then etching it with either your fingers or rubber scrapers creates an altered surface. Altering surfaces for creating marks, which can be constantly erased and reworked is indeed a symbolic expression, which could be analyzed during a session. If the focus is to watch the process and not the product then the steps involved in the creative process is indeed spontaneous and expressive. The client can then “pull” a print off the marks created to keep a more permanent record of their art making. The action of rolling is a tactile experience and drawing on the surface is slippery and smooth!! What are you reminded of? Is it cold? Is it soft like? Do you like the way it feels? A rich pot of experiences waiting to be poured between the client and the therapist as the textural, and tactile sensuousness of the media awakens us. The fluidity of the materials evokes reactions which in the whole creative process could be the path to healing. The touch of our fingers is a language for us. The touch communicates volumes to our minds. From the first touch of our mothers to the last touch when dying, the touch is our way of connecting with another. We don’t ever want to lose “touch”. Thus when working with media that has a distinctive “touch” like sand paper, it is essential that the clients history be known. The gritty texture of the sandpaper either makes you grit your teeth or feel like you are dealing with harshness. The roughness of the texture could evoke memorable thoughts from one’s childhood or extremely troubled memories, which the client may not be ready to face at the time. Thus

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

materials are so important for the client as they embrace the path of creative healing. Drawing on sandpaper offers yet another surface to work on and create prints (Materials and Media Fig 3).

Fig. 13:Acrylics, Stencils, Poster paints, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 17: Quink Ink, Bleach, watercolors, ÂŠ Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 10: Trapped: Water colors, Black Sharpie, texture plates, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Textiles, wool and fiber Working with textiles, fibers, wool and threads appear to be mostly an art practiced by women in different cultures. There certainly is a sense of camaraderie and fulfillment amongst them as noticed when observing and talking with them. This is often a cultural, community gathering where women come together to bond and celebrate and empathize with one another. Whether or not this is a part of western therapy, it is certainly ‘therapy’ for them. A group of people who were dislocated as a result of the partition between India and Pakistan in 1947 moved to the Indian state of Kutch in western India. The women came together and created scenes of their lives and homes through applique work with bright colored fabrics and threads. When interviewed they were eager to tell the stories appliqued and embroidered and went on to elaborate the inner healing and solace they felt with other members of the group. This gave them a sense of creating new identities and beginning a new life. In Indonesia, weaving or ‘ikat’ is a traditional activity taught to young women. Their sense in creating a fabric brings a sense of accomplishment and pride. As art therapists, we can introduce the use of altering the surface of a fabric or creating a new one. Simple weaving and knitting techniques allow for exposure to tactile feel of yarns and fibers. These in turn may trigger responses in clients, both positive and not so pleasant. Intrinsically the tactile feel of textiles and fibers is soothing. It is something we use to dress ourselves, thus creating with them is very creative and fulfilling. As art therapists, we should familiarize ourselves with simple weaving, knitting and stitching techniques to offer a broader spectrum to our clients. One of the clients did ask if she could be taught to knit. We did

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

some knitting and also did some drinking straw weaving. She was very engrossed in that activity. It allowed her to focus, which she struggles with at times. The AIDS memorial quilt, which was created in memory of loved ones who had died as a result of AIDS. This largest piece of community folk art as of 2010, is an example of fiber and textiles in the use of art therapy and as a means of healing.

Acrylics and water colors The fluidity of water-based paints is extremely attractive to many clients. The ease of use and the smooth texture makes it a must have in art therapy studios. Watercolors can be a very controlled media and simultaneously very free, depending on how it is used. The physical set up in little containers in a box makes it very manageable and controlled as one can use as much or little paint. Complete freedom to paint on wet surfaces or with very wet paint, produces results, which are unpredictable, and has the potential to make a client anxious. In that case switching the type of paint may work better for a client. For example, a client could work with watercolors but loved the opaqueness and thickness of the acrylic paints. Acrylics provide more control to the artist/client as it is thick and has the added quality of luminosity. Different textural feels can be accomplished with acrylics. It allows for the use of the palette knife and brush and thick smears of paint. (Fig. 15) Acrylic paints and mediums are strong adhesives so great for use in Collages. Most colors are non-toxic and use of latex gloves is an option if skin contact is a concern. This medium is suitable for young children as well. Cleanup with water-based paints is easy, and for clients with OCD, that is a very important step in the process or with adolescents or children who do not like to clean up. This media allows for large, bold movements and

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

expressions if that is desired or can be in a small, controlled space for those wanting to work really in tight spaces and to perfection. Acrylic paint is good for finger painting. It feels cold and smooth and could be a really response seeker. Mixed colors applied with a palette knife on disposable palette paper, dried, can be peeled off to be used in collages. As it is very pliable it can be used on three-dimensional objects as well. When I began to use the graphite pencil after using the watercolors, there was such a distinct difference that I was almost surprised. Using art media regularly I have not paid too much attention to the feelings. It was really awesome to let go and realize how much I preferred one medium to the other although I enjoy both. One was very calming and sensuous while the other was more concrete and more forceful. My body posture was very different for the two media. For the watercolors I was bent gently over, but for the graphite I had a stronger stance with my other hand resting on the table for more pressure. As Kagin (1969) described, that the more resistant the media, the more energy is needed to produce the desired result. Working with resistant materials can promote awareness concerning the limits of the material, as well as the limits of one's own capacities. Both the pieces have their own personal appeal to me. I guess in this instance I was more drawn to the watercolor for its calmness and gentleness. The fluidity of the watercolors is very appealing and the movement with it, is soothing. It evoked a certain spiritual creativity within me and I was drawn to it. Creating marks on a painted surface is another option for clients. It is non threatening and if paint is applied on a sheet of plastic and then marks are created using the back of a brush, it can be easily smoothed over for a new image. It is especially beneficial with adolescents afraid of â&#x20AC;&#x153;mistakesâ&#x20AC;?.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig. 15: Acrylics and Palette knife, ÂŠ Private Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Fig 11: Exploration: Poster paints, ÂŠPrivate Journal of author

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Mixed Media The variety of interpretations for mixed media differs from each artist. No two artists will apply a combination of mixed media in the same way. Like your handwriting, each person has his or her own special touch, and style. In the pages of the journal experimenting and playing with mixed media is a creative and fulfilling experience. The mixed media technique is gaining tremendous popularity today as its limitless choice of media allows everyone to choose their own and mix and create. Mixed media offers unique opportunities for growth combining exploration with favorite materials as well as taking on new textures and colors. A client has the opportunity to use media with which he is comfortable, yet with gentle guidance can bring in media that is new. The resulting experience not only mixes media, but also combines the comfortable with less familiar. It opens a starting point of a dialogue in the therapy session. It takes the pressure or focus of just the choice of a single media. Water media such as, watercolors, gouache (opaque watercolor), inks, and acrylics, and dry media such as pastels, colored pencils, graphite, chalk and crayons can usually be successfully mixed together, layered, collaged and used with other materials. Clear acrylic medium is great for binding most media together. Crushing pastels together and mixing them with acrylic mediums creates beautiful glazes. Sand charcoal into powder and add medium to create grey toned glazes and washes. Using a matte medium with gouache or transparent watercolor creates a hardier surface for layering color without damaging the under layer. Clear acrylic medium with a color tint painted on tracing paper creates a translucent effect. Adding layers of memorabilia to the painted pages, takes the mundane and ordinary

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

objects and transforms them into a record of one’s life. They take on a meaning. Simple things take on significance as they become visual cues for memory, telling the story and exposing layers of the life lived. Explore the bits of paper, ticket stubs, cuttings from magazines, quotes, and photographs, find the right spot and glue it on. It creates a comprehensive narrative. It tells your story. The life story unfolds itself as bits and pieces are glued on, textured backgrounds create a fertile ground to plant the seeds of storytelling. Each “seed” planted triggers memories, peels away layers, our senses are awakened, meaning is made and the path is paved into the inner journeying of ourselves.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

MATERIALS AND MEDIA IDEAS Materials and Media : Mosiacs: Fig.1

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Sandpaper: Fig. 2

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Paint: Fig.3

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Wet Chalk: Fig. 4

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Coffe Filter: Fig. 5

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Clay: Fig.6

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Charcoal & Eraser: Fig.7

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Spray Painting: Fig. 8

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Pastels &Tempera: Fig.9

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Materials and Media: Bubble Painting: Fig. 10

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

Conclusion The choice of media and materials and a safe space like the journal, to express our emotions gives way for an incredible spiritual path to the inner self, enabling self-discovery and healing. As the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journey began and pages were filled with amazing images and creative texts and pictures, a sense of ownership to her artwork emerged. There was a sense of pride in accomplishment, something tangible she could reflect upon. Her journey of self-discovery had begun. Page by page she was peeling away personal layers, peeking into herself, revealing her inner landscape. As an art therapist it is imperative that we provide the therapeutic space, to provide the materials, to create an environment and allow the images to be born. It is essential to focus on the creative aspect of art therapy and allow for that to blossom with the use of materials and journaling. Art healing will happen according to the environments and needs of the client. Art is malleable, it is fluid, it is a language that transcends all other languages and when words are not enough. The materials are the words in the beautiful language of art for the imagery to come alive and the creativity to foster healing. The transitional space comes alive with expressions through the materials and the therapeutic dance between the clients, the therapist and the art are in constant rhythm. Visual journaling had created a connection within my client. It transformed her words and images into a rich melding of visual vocabulary to make this journal special and unique. It is a reflective and safe space that allows her to be expressive through her choice of materials, to accept and be aware of her life and emotions as she gets in touch with her inner being (Winnicott 1980, p.44). Winnicott understood the necessity for human beings to inhabit a play area, which is

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

neither identified with the inner world nor with the external measurable reality of the outer world. Keeping a visual journal can offer a journey similar to the art therapy. The journal and creation of each page gives access to the rhythm of inner balance and gives a place for the safe experience and expression of chaos. You have created something that is intensely personal and unique. This in turn gives birth to creativity, which lies at the core of spirituality and healing begins. Personally the visual journal has allowed me to be extremely aware of the media I use and what I am drawn to on any particular day. After experimenting with journals and playing with media, I would highly recommend the journaling activity to all art therapists as a means to explore media and be familiar with ones own responses and reactions. It offers a container that is private, for self care and create art in a non-threatening space. I discovered that the core process of healing through the choice of materials and creation of art, involves the cultivation and release of the creative spirit. Materials have an effect on client expression. Watercolors, with its fluid, free-flowing nature, evokes a totally different feeling than the thick oil paints. The watery feel has a sense of freedom and ease of use, which is appealing. Sculptures made from wood, clay or metal will arouse different emotions. Materials influence us in ways that correspond to their physical qualities (McNiff, Art Heals, 2004). Indigenous people always believed that cures for internal ills lie in external cures. The aboriginal people of Australia worked with bark and pigments made from plants and minerals. They believed in the power of nature and the materials they used provided them that magic.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

The debate between providing varied and extensive art materials with the emphasis being on creation of art work versus the therapeutic process. However, as Henley proposes, healing and therapeutic progress often go hand in hand. McNiff also suggests that using poor quality materials affects the clients confidence in producing acceptable art as even seasoned artist are challenged by inferior products. Working with good materials and a variety of them is pleasurable and would be easier to draw clients into the fold of creating art. Dudley, Gilroy and Skaife (2000) have questioned the meager use of materials as the art therapist’s own meager engagement with the materials. Often with limited and poor quality supplies we are giving a message that the product is more important than the process and there is “waste” in too much stuff! The responses created by the materials are not related to the skill required to use the materials. As we familiarize ourselves with materials, techniques and styles, we develop a greater sense of empathy with our clients as they have similar experiences with the materials during therapy. It is then that we become “artists as therapists” where we value the process of art making and demonstrate mastery over the process so we are better equipped to model behaviors for expression and therapeutic value for our clients. We create the space to dream with our eyes wide open and our whole body responding to the call of each media. When clients deal with devastating trauma it is beneficial to have access to a broad range of communication and creativity. Creative art therapists use art to the fullest range of art activities and materials to encourage understanding and promote healing. Using an art therapist to deal with challenges is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Populations have been using art as a medium of expression and healing for a long, long time.

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

There is a healing value to art as an activity, whether creating alone or with a therapist who may guide thoughts and understanding. Art has been a spiritual journey, a healing balm as I have struggled with familial, cultural and marital challenges. I have used multiple mediums over my career, but now wonder if during specific periods of stress there was a reliance on one medium more than another. This is an area of personal reflection for the future. My personal journey with rich use of media has been revealing and thus healing in many ways. Our goal is to achieve what Winnicott states, for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the individual to come together and exist as a unit, as a whole, not as a defense against anxiety, but as an expression of I am, I am alive, I am myself. From this position everything is creativeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Winnicott 1980-first published 1965, Winnicot as cited in Tending the Fire, E. Levine,1994).

A Journey Within: Media And Journaling In Art Therapy

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