Scheldt River: Inside A New Form of Dispersed Megalopolis

Scheldt River inside a new form of dispersed megalopolis spring studio 2009 mahs - mausp - emu

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Scheldt River inside a new form of dispersed megalopolis

Guidance

Paola Viganò Erik Van Daele Christian Nolf

Students: Sari Rahmanti Aryani [Indonesia, MaHS] Mariana Cruz Diaz [Guatemala, MaHS] Emma Alexandra Espinoza Iniguez [Ecuador, MaHS] Paola Franco Jaramillo [Colombia, MaHS] Ha Tien Van [Vietnam, MaHS] Anneleen Maesen [Belgium, MaUSP + EMU] Jurgen Remmerie [Belgium, MaUSP] Ivan Dario Solano Doncel [Colombia, EMU]

spring studio 2009 Master Human Settlements, Master in Urbanims and Strategic Planning, and European Master in Urbanism

CONTENT TABLE

1/ introduction 2/ Scheldt perspectives

The The The The

river river river river

as as as as

a social and political object an ecological object an economical object a rational object

3/ inbetween concepts

the fold and space of live corridors and ecotones permanence and impermanence resilience and resistance

4/ strategies reterritorializing and reinterpreting the way of living in the Scheldt river reinforcement of an ecological corridor permanent stripe in between temporary conditions giving space to water through resilience

5/ conclusions

1

/INTRODUCTION Paola Viganò

Along the river Scheldt: inside a new form of dispersed megalopolis Key issues: territories of dispersion Operations: conceptualization and strategies Place: along the river Scheldt

The small book we present here collects the work of the Spring design Studio 2009. The Studio has been involved in the EMU research Delta Urbanism devoted to the relations between urbanization, industrialization, climate changes and new ecological challenges in Delta regions.

7KH SULPDU\ ÂżHOG RI WKH UHVHDUFK LV WKH DUHD RI WKH 5KLQH 6FKHOGW Delta, combined with the Northwest European sea-coast and the ULYHUV 5KLQH 6FKHOGW DQG 0HXVH 7KH ULYHUV DQG WKHLU FDQDOV DUH the main structure of the so-called Northwest Metropolitan Area WKH 5DQGVWDG +ROODQG WKH )OHPLVK Âľ'LDPRQGÂś WKH /LOOH 5RXEDL[ FRQXUEDWLRQ DQG WKH *HUPDQ 5XKU DUHD

7KH GHVLJQ 6WXGLR KDV EHHQ LQWHUHVWHG LQ H[SORULQJ WKLV QHZ IRUP of dispersed megalopolis so importantly affected by the delta conditions starting from its main supports and infrastructures: rivers DQG FDQDOV LQ WKHLU FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK WKH UHVW RI WKH WHUULWRU\ )ROlowing the 2008 Design Studio that focused on the “Waterstad� and the “Spoorstad�, two images proposed by the new Antwerp 6WUXFWXXU 3ODQ 56$ WKH 'HVLJQ 6WXGLR KDV REVHUYHG D ZLGH UHgion along the Scheldt river reaching the Dutch coast.

The “Waterstadâ€? refers to the different relations of the territory crossed by the Scheldt with the water and refers to the ecological and economical strong issues embedded into the water question; on its potentiality in the construction of a renovated interpretation of the dispersed city. ,QVLGH WKLV YDVW WRSLF ZH KDYH GHÂżQH VRPH PRUH SUHFLVH TXHVtions.

7RGD\ÂśV FKDOOHQJHV DUH UHODWHG WR FOLPDWH FKDQJH WKH ULVLQJ OHYels of the waters and the tidal balance, to a renewed interest on inland navigation and transportation of goods, to the growing impermeabilization of the soil and the consequential growing of the discharge into the water courses, to the quality of the water and the environmental and monetary costs of water pollution. :KDW DERXW WKH PRUH RU OHVV QDWXUDO DQG DUWLÂżFLDO QHWZRUN RI FDnals, humid areas, tributaries of the Scheldt river: in which way are they strategic today? In which way are they structuring contemporary dispersion, economy and landscape? :KLFK FRQĂ€LFWV FDQ DULVH DPRQJ WKH ORFDOL]DWLRQ RI HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV DORQJ WKH ULYHU WKH DUWLÂżFLDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH EDQNV LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH KDUERXU H[SDQVLRQV WKH HFRORJLFDO LVVXHV DQG WKH SUHVVXUH for a social and recreational use of the water?

What can be the role of design as knowledge producer, as an active and research tool in the understanding and construction of the contemporary territory? +RZ GHVLJQ FDQ DSSURDFK D WHUULWRULDO VFDOH DQG GLDORJXH ZLWK different disciplines, hydraulic engineers, ecologists, economists, geographers ‌ +RZ FDQ GHVLJQ LQWURGXFH FRQFHSWV VWUXFWXUHV LGHDV XVHIXO WR other points of view?

The design studio has been confronted with the previous questions and we have chosen to concentrate on concepts and strategies: on operations of conceptualization and on the elaboration of design strategies, crossing different scales (from the regional to the VFDOH RI VWUDWHJLF SURMHFWV DQG EDFN 7KH IRFXV KDV EHHQ RQ WKH need of new spatial and time-dealing concepts, on design process to deal with movements, evolutions, adaptation: new problems that require to abandon a sectorial approach to the territory.

The Studio has proposed different perspectives about the river; it has observed the Scheldt as an object of rationalization, as an ecological, economical, social and political object. The river is today a space of confrontation of all them and each students group has given a contribution to the common understanding of the its FRPSOH[LW\ Walking along the Scheldt river, trying to reconstruct its position LQ WKH FROOHFWLYH LPDJHU\ DQG WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ FRQĂ€LFWV LW GHÂżQHV UHDGLQJ SDUWV RI WKH WHUULWRU\ LW FURVVHV WKH 'HVLJQ 6WXGLR has remained close to the river. All the effort has been not too consider it only instrumentally, but as the centre of the design UHĂ€HFWLRQ LQ DQ\ FDVH FORVH WR WKH ZDWHU LVVXHV ,Q WKLV ZD\ ZH think to have understood something of the potentialities and relaWLRQV WKDW PLJKW EH GHYHORSHG LQ WKH IXWXUH LQ PRUH H[WHQGHG FRQÂżJXUDWLRQV The result of the Design Studio is not a masterplan, but a series RI H[SORUDWLRQV DERXW SRVVLELOLWLHV UHODWHG WR WKH ZDWHU DQG ULYHU FKDOOHQJHV ZKHUH WKH H[FKDQJH ZLWK WKH 'HVLJQ 6WXGLR 'HOWD 8UEDQLVP Âą 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ LQ WKH G\QDPLFV DQG FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH Delta running in TU Delft has been important.

Even when partial and limited in space, working on a strip of land dividing the Scheldt from one of the biggest harbour in Europe to WDNH RQO\ RQH H[DPSOH HDFK H[SORUDWLRQ KDV QHHGHG WR DSSURDFK different scales, to move more general considerations and elaboUDWH VSHFLÂżF FRQFHSWXDO WRROV Each design fragment is the beginning of an interpretation that has always tried to justify itself, to clarify its arguments and the spatial qualities related to it. All together they can be the starting point of a more complete investigation of the territories along the 5LYHU 6FKHOGW inside a new form of dispersed megalopolis.

2

/SCHELDT PERSPECTIVES

THE RIVER AS A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL OBJECT Anneleen Maesen Ivan Dario Solano Doncel The Scheldt River is a complex system in which it is include many kinds of settlements and features of different order during its long corridor from the French part, passing for the Belgium part and concluding in the Dutch part.

In the Human settlements, the front of the urban tissue of the villages in the Flanders region of Belgium has been configurated for the continuous movement of the river during the history also for the human actions. Is not the case with the Dutch Region when the big percent is done for the human actions with strong decisions of their people.

To configure a border along the time the human conflicts in social terms has taken a main role defining areas, also spaces and economical activities. It show us one river with a specifically character and complex system of way of life.

This chapter will explain an overview about the river as a social and cultural object, reflects in the social object the different types of conflicts in different scales also in different parts of the territory, giving keys to analyze the approach to the river in 2 specific cases, the Urban spread and the natural and rural areas.

In both cases the scales of the approach will give us tools to develop one intervention that it will reflect the possibility to give solutions at the divergences and reinterpret the use of the territory or redefine concepts as living and shared spaces with the actual mixité.

Rotterdam

Spijkenisse Hellevoetsluis

Middelhamis Dirksland

Zierikzee Zevenbergen

Kortgene

Brussels

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This first part will show the river as a social object reflecting the cultural and social action in relation with the river, giving specifically detail at the living and their connections with the Scheldt.

The border along the Flemish and Dutch part an their relation with the river has different characters, 2 of them is notorious, the sculptures and some kind of art manifestations in each town giving “one face” to the river, but curiously its urban spaces aren´t reflect the same, and in the other hand a cultural life in the sense of recreation, for example the jogging and Cycling when each one of them has adequate infrastructure and diffusion in media press, in that way is an actual activity for the Athletes and family in general.

With these ideas the first approach of the river is one river when inside occurs two basic urban interventions, one, the concentrate villages when most of them following natural developments without the river as a principle of development don´t have a clear relation with the Delta and in other hand the Flemish spread in between these towns, following the river fluently and natural landscape.

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The towns are classiďŹ ed to understand the kind of relation with the river and to recognize the territory during the history with their ooding areas, water levels and the urban answers at this relevant determinants

Taking one example of one town to go in deep in scale along the visual and historical, the Temse village is an example of one village with relation with the river.

The graphics on the left shows the development of the village during the time taking the historical maps and in the right the graphics shows how the infrastructure grow, taking the river as a principal axis including the communication with the other side of the border.

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Conflicts and special “territory tones” along the river.

Public space: The villages show diverse kind of relations but are not clear the relation with the water in spatial terms, even in quality of the accessibility and uses of this open space.

Traditional housing.

The front of the build area doesn´t offer the best façade, contrary to this, many kind of architectural “homemade” types is encountered with diverse solutions for the concept interior – exterior

New Housing

New housing The new constructions offer the panorama view as an attractive and the levels of the construction grow, giving more density, despite the urban plan is an independent object unlinking the city.

Diversity The “difference” encountered in uses during the river specially the industrial areas, show a scene full of activities and a variety of the approach of the territory coexisting in one unique element along the borders.

Summary The river and the relation with the urban settlements have two basic principles to analyze and give it some solution.

• As a continuous mix of the diverse kind of spaces in a sort of mixité, creating one only element in different scales of intervention, to be more clear one living element, and in that way sharing spaces and activities, coexisting.

• Negate the river, give it the back and follow the urban grow denying the existence of the river; understand the river just as an recreation object.

In that sense the second approach encountered in this process is a sort of diverse relations with the borders, firstly near to Ghent more connected both sides, then the relations is like and independent events with the river, after this is a kind of façade near Antwerp and its port and finally in the Dutch part a linear relations but with the dikes as a division between the towns and the river.

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The conquests of Louis XIV make an end to the political and economic unit of the Scheldt basin. After this events the contemporary French-Belgian borders has been drawn.

Antwerp’s ‘Golden Age’.

The city was that time the biggest harbour and most important commercial and financial centre in Europe north of the Alps.

15th C: trade route

16th C: fight scene

17th C: distribution

The new Spanish king Filips II doesn’t like the political and religious freedome in Antwerp. The Dutch tried to defend Antwerp by flooding the surrounding landscape, but it could not help. A strategic response to the capture of the city was the closure of the river by William of Orange, the separation of Netherlands.

The Scheldt River served as new border between France on the left bank and the German empire on the right bank.

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This second part of the chapter offer a overrview about the conflicts and their development during the time, concluding with an spactial ideas and some options to intervent the territory with proyects of natural developments.

The river could bring a lot of prosperity to the region due to its natural advantages. But therefore it caused also a lot of conflicts.

We will see that these conflicts are typical for border regions.

The geographical situation of Belgium is extremely positive. The country lends itself very well for transportation of goods towards Central and even South Europe. Nnearly all rivers flow in northsouthern direction and the two biggest, the Scheldt and Maas, reach the sea. So it is this tight water network which has given cause to the golden ages in our regions during the middle ages.

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10th C: border

France France

old river current river

France Germany 843

Napoleon started the construction of the port in Antwerp. In the United Kingdom of the Netherlands the port becomes again an important.

1944: fight scene

Belgian dissatisfaction leeded towards the Belgian revolution, the Dutch closed the Scheldt as retaliatory.

But under pressure of the most powerful european countries, the Convention of the separation is signed and gave Belgium the rigth to use the ‘Iron Rhine’.

Agreement: the Dutch need to garantee Belgium the free passage to Antwerp

1839

First treaty: deepening till 11,6m. Flanders distrust the Dutch because they believe the Dutch won’t deepen the river for not harming the harbour of Rotterdam.

Agreement on longterm vision 2030 (or the revised Delta and Sigma plan): safety - accessibility - natural character

1995 1996 1997 1998

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

New disagreement because Flanders asks another deepening

deepening of Scheldt

‘Development plan 2010’ as meanwhile objective of the vision and 4 agreements on the deepening till 13,1m independent on the tide together with nature compensations

The Netherlands agreed with Flanders on a treaty of the scheldt which includes the deepening of the river and reparation of nature reserves.

2005 2006 2007 2008 The start of the works is delayed due to the Dutch government who asked for a study on alternatives for depoldering.

source: Gazet van Antwerpen, and www.verruimingvaargeul.be

1830: economic nuisance

source: google images, www.scheldenet.nl, and www.miniatuurstad.be

1815: industrialisation

The Scheldt has been used during the second World War again as defence system. An example is the flooding of Walcheren to eliminate the German occupier.

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For centuries many Wwestern Eeuropean wars has been ďŹ ght out here. Tthe one, who had the power on the river, had the access to the world harbour of Antwerp. Fortresses and other military works along the river banks are the witnesses of the battle for power which occurred here in previous ages. For a long period the passage towards Antwerp was even blocked.

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estuary nature (sigma plan) reed - water beach - pont pont - bank bird area

harbour expansions

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During the Eighty Years’ War (1568 – 1648) the Nnorthern Nnetherlands saw the change to escape the rule of the Spanish king Philips II. This war resulted in the closure of the river in 1588. It was mainly the province of Zeeland which insisted on the blockage. As during previous centuries the provincesaw more and more ships passing towards the more inland located harbour of Antwerp. This closure of the river has caused big economical loss to Antwerp. Finally the blockage took two hundred years – it came to an end in 1792 during the French period. (www.scheldenet.nl) One of the disadvantages of the natural flows of the rivers was the lacking of the east-west connection. Tthis was overcome in 1834 by the construction of the Iron Rhine - the railway connection between the port of Antwerp and the Ruhr Gebiet in Western Germany. After the separation of Belgium the construction of a tight railway network became of crucial importance in the young Belgium. (van Hooydonk, 2002)

nature development (sigma plan) harbour border

conclusions

This historical overview teaches us that the river was the source for economic prosperity in these regions but also played a crucial role in its political situation. Because of the absence of strong natural elements, the border has never been fixed. It took until the separation in 1839 of Belgium that the borders became stable.

This stability between The Nnetherlands, France and Belgium has been imposed by the Treaty of Separation.

The treaty guaranteed the free access from the Nnorth Sea to the harbour of Antwerp, and the harbour to the Ruhr Gebiet by the Iron Rhine.

ANTWERP

*Netherlands (Zeeland): 4 zones for wind energy (+250 MWe or +80 mills in 2020) + biomass + tidal energy *Flanders: wind energy (+270MWe or +90 mills in 2010)

wind mills tidal energy

energy_plans

source: ‘visie op de zeeuwse energievoorziening’ and ‘windplan Vlaanderen’

Territorial borders of all sorts are a means of control involving the use of bounded geographical spaces. But therefore territoriality is inherently prone to generating conflict and the growth of rival territorialities in a ‘space-filling’ process. Particularly in circumstances of conflict, its advantages tend to become disadvantages, generating further conflict. (Anderson, 2003)

LEGEND INDUSTRY WATER HABITATS FOREST AGRICULTURE RECREATION URBANITY ENERGY

Sections for proposal

THE RIVER AS AN ECOLOGICAL OBJECT Aryani Sari Rahmanti Ha Tien Van

1 Ecology and the River The study of the survival relationship between biotic elements WKDW DUH KXPDQ IDXQD DQG ÀRUD DQG WKHLU HQYLURQPHQW LV GH¿QHG as ecology. As the basic source of life, the role of river in ecology is that it allows maintaining the persistency of the existence activities.

2

The Value of What We Have

Scheldt rover is abundant of natural and biological gifts. By looking at the physical conditions, biodiversity richness, and landscape type, the role of Scheldt river related to corridor study passionately is investigated.

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ANALYSIS Existing geographical and physical conditions along Scheldt river will be looked at situations as follows, - salinity: the salt content in the water - soil type: characteristic of the soil from wetland (schor) to polder clay soil - river depth: revealing the relief of the bottom of Scheldt river

Water Salinity

Six zones of water saltiness can be determined from marine to freshwater. Water in estuary of Scheldt river is the transition one as the sea intrudes the river twice a day.

River Depth

The relief of the river is moderately ÀDW :KHQ LW HQWHUV the estuary, the complexity of the relief is shown.

Soil Types

Soil types are characterized by the waters of the river, rain, sedimentation. Six types of soil are found, sequencially from sandbank to clay soils.

Physical Condition Analysis Preconclusion The physical conditions along Sheldt are mostly differentiated and determined by the water characteristics.

BIODIVERSITIES ANALYSIS Fauna Diversities Six fauna representing several types of species are observed, semi aquatic marine/ brackish species: seals; aquatic marine VSHFLHV GRYHU 多VK DTXDWLF WUDQVLWLRQ EUDFNLVK VSHFLHV VKULPSV DQG FODPV DTXDWLF IUHVKZDWHU VSHFLHV 多VK QRQ DTXDWLF VSHFLHV birds.

The following conclusive chart of fauna biodiversities and their habitat limitations indicates that the species habitats stop at certain degrees, depending on the physical or geographical conditions such as salt contain in the water, relief of the river bottom, and mineral, nutrients, water content of the soil.

LANDSCAPE TYPE ANALYSIS

Landscape types are categorized by considering elements such as landscape structure, water salinity, soil type, vegetations, river width, and water bodies.

PRECONCLUSION FOR SCHELDT VALUE

Ecosystems in Scheldt river are overlapping and dependable to WKH ÀXFWXDWLYH conditions (water) of geography.

Preconclusion Scheldt river reveals clusters of ecosystems: marine, transition, brackish, freshwater... the water as a dynamic emelent give VLJQLÂżFDQW LQĂ€XHQFH RQ KRZ WKH HFRV\VWHPV DUH FRPSRVHG 7KH species compositions and relative abundance occuring along the river corridor change smoothly, leading to an overlapping interactions and piecemeal changes that is called gradient.

The gradient corresponds to the environmental changes, colonization extinction pattern, or a product or disturbance )RUPDQ DQG *RGURQ 7KLV JUDGLHQW DOWHUDWLRQ LV LGHQWLÂżHG as ecotones

3. The Threats that We Worry Apart from the richness Schledt river has, the river is external interventiions from human and nature itself.

3.1 Human intervention - Water Pollution Agriculture: Responsible for 5% of total water use; emission of nutrients (N,P) and pesticides, intensive livestock farming causes excessive manure production. Households: 58% connected to sewerage treatment system; responsible for 43% of total water use. Industry: 50% connected to collective wastewater treatment; responsible for 42% of total water use.

Shipping: Commercial and recreational shipping

0RUSKRORJLFDO PRGL多FDWLRQV - Dredging and dumping activities - Embankment - Barrier

3.2 natural intervention )ORRG +LVWRU\ UHFRUG WZR VHUYH ÀRRG LQ DQG - Erosion - Global warming: Sea level rises and its consequence. Salt water goes depper inside, dikes should be higher.

PRECONCLUSION FOR RIVER’S THREAT Human and nature interventions are eating and damaging HQYLURQPHQWDO KDELWDWV HFRV\VWHPV VDOW PDVKHV PXG ÀDWV DQG shallow water. This cause a decline in the environmental diversity of the Scheldt estuary

Threat overview

Systhesis:River corridor Interupted area

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THE RIVER AS A RATIONAL OBJECT Jurgen Remmerie Alexandra Espinoza In looking at the river, how it was rationalised during centuries, we need to distinct 2 different regions, where 2 different hydrological systems (an archipelago of islands versus a line system) have developed along 2 different logics.

1 Delta In the ‘original’ landscape the mouth of the Scheldt (750 AD) ZDV NP PRUH QRUWKZDUGV ORFDWHG $ ¿UVW LQFLVLRQ ZDV PDGH where the actual Oosterschelde exists; a second weaker place started to appear where the present Westerschelde is located. By

750 AD

1000 AD

1300 AD

1400 AD the Westerscheldt became the new gateway to Antwerp.

Before human habitation, the Scheldt delta could fully interact with the sea to respond to changes in sea level and sediment supply and thus maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. Natural forces, water and land achieved a dynamic balance. The Delta is formed by the relative levels of the sea, tidal changes, the storm surges and the drainage of the rivers. Naturally formed dunes kept the land behind the dunes away from the tidal forces, as a continuous seafront (formed around 3000 BC). Behind these sandy dunes an extended peaty region (‘Hollandveen’) was formed, in which a dynamic balance existed between water and land. Creeks were eroded in the peaty soil, while clay silted up between the creeks. During this process of sanding, the peaty soil and clay subsides differently then the clay and sand that has been accumulated in the creeks, forming creek ridges.

After 900AD large areas of Zeeland became inhabited while inundations frequented the delta. In order to separate strictly water and land, resistant dikes enclosing the marshy lands, reinforcement of the dunes, a large-scale drainage system of the peat land into polders (to maintain the separation between water and land) and dams have been constructed for agricultural produce and safety. (DE KRAKER, (2002), HELMER et al., (1996)) By poldering the lower land, more valuable land was created by claiming the water and the lower lands. Silt plates were formed along the river, which were claimed and poldered in their turn.

The reclamation of land was mainly driven by agricultural moWLYHV ,Q WKH WLGDO ODQGVFDSH VKHHS IDUPLQJ DQG ¿VKLQJ ZHUH compatible activities with the tides and were the major means of income. Crop growing initially started in the ‘higher’ lands.

(source: VOS & HEERINGEN, (1997)

Raising the level would go along with enlarging the dike system, consuming ever more valuable space for safety. Around 1000 AD few dikes started to appear as a reaction to a growing populaWLRQ DQG OHVV DYDLODEOH VSDFH ZKLOH UHJXODU ÀRRGLQJ DQG VWRUP VXUJHV PHDQW ORVV RI ODQG 7KH ¿UVW UHDO VHD GLNHV ZHUH FRQstructed as offensive walls to claim land on the water, keeping WKH ZDWHU RXWVLGH DQG WR PDNH LQODQG ZDWHU WR ÀRZ RXWZDUGV 5HJXODU ÀRRGLQJ DFFHOHUDWHG WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D GLNH V\VWHP as a clear and rigid system to separate water and land. Dikes have been built and (re)built over time in a process of trial and error: ‌ claiming, loosing, (re)claiming ever more valuable land.

The Easterscheldt and the South-West Delta are suffering a strong sedimentation process. Since the construction of the dams, lesser tidal movement of the water is able to displace and redistribute the sandy sediments. The sand plates that are rich in its typiFDO IDXQD DQG ÀRUD DUH UHGXFHG DV IRUFHV WKDW VLOW XS WKH SODWHV have diminished. Erosion is still taking place and is eating the VDQG ÀDWV ¾VFKRUUHQ DQG VOLNNHQœ $ FRQVHTXHQW GLVDSSHDULQJ RI WKH VDQG SODWHV DQG ÀDWWHQLQJ RI WKH WRSRJUDSK\ LV KDSSHQLQJ which could lead to a further disappearing of retention capacity DQG LPSRUWDQW VDQG ÀDWV DORQJ WKH ULYHUV IRU HFRORJLFDO KDELWDWV

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(source:www.ontwikkelingsschets2010.nl & www.scheldemonitor.org)

To enable the access to the Port of Antwerp, a continuous process of dredging in the Westerscheldt has progressively been rationalised in Zeeland to allow for upscaling navigation to AnWZHUS 7KH ROG FKDQQHOV LQ WKH :HVWHUVFKHOGW DUH XVHG DV 多OOLQJ space for the dredged sediments out of the navigation channel and remain in the Westerscheldt. No extra space for water is created as the volume of dredged sand remains in the channels.

The only purpose is to create extra topography and depth, necessary for the survival of the Antwerp port and its economies dependent of the Scheldt. Since the volume of sand is displaced within the water, the threshold between water and land is being reshaped. Whether a third or later deepening of the Scheldt will be able to be sustainable is still to be seen. The upscaling of a transportation system and dredging the water course impacts strongly on the underwater topography in a continuous and costly maintenance process. The Westerscheldt is the result of a rationalising process of dredging and reshaping the river course.

2 The linear river and the network Situation around the end of the 17th century The Scheldt land inwards follows a transport logic. Over centuries the Scheldt has been developed from a river course into a part of a river network, according to changing geo-political situations and competing economies. Initially, in the 13th century, the Lieve canal (1251-1269) connected Ghent with Damme and Brugge.

Sanding of the Zwin meant that the Bruges was disconnected from the sea 1450. Between 1613-1625, the Bruges Vaart was dug and extended to Ostend in 1664-1676. Consequently Ghent ÀRXULVKHG DV WUDGH ZLWK 2VWHQG DWWUDFWHG VXJDU DQG WH[WLOH UHODWHG industries.

The Sasse Vaart was dug, north of Ghent in 1549 as the centre for international trade started to move to Antwerp in the 16th century. In order not to loose its position in a competition with Antwerp this connection was made to the Sea via the Westerscheldt and the Honte.

Also the Kanaal van Willebroek (1550-1561) was constructed to OLQN %UXVVHOV ZLWK :LOOHEURHN ,Q D ¿UVW LQVWDQFH WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI the river system was in the eastern way. But also Brussels as a sea port gained importance and was linked by the canal of Willebroek, connecting with Antwerp.

Situation around 1830 With the re-opening of the port of Antwerp, Antwerp and Brabant regained their status of international ports and re-connected with the sea. Development of agriculture and economy lead to the extension of the water network as industrial and bulk goods were ideally transported over water over long distance. (Annales, 1987, p. 23) The Sasse Vaart was enlarged and became part of the canal Ghent-Terneuzen (1827), connecting Ghent with the Sea. As an endpoint Terneuzen developed port activities. Its position got strengthened with the construction of the rail lines Ghent-Terneuzen and Ghent-Mechelen. As a side-effect of the canal, ÀRRGLQJ SUREOHPV LQ WKH UHJLRQ DURXQG *KHQW ZHUH VROYHG VLQFH drainage at scale was done.

Also in the south additional canals were constructed, enabling the transportation of charcoal from the Borinage region to the North of France and Lower Belgium. The Canal Brussels-Charleroi (1827-1832), the canalisation of the Samber (1829) and the enlargement of the port of Antwerp contributed to the prosperity of the Walloon region. Together with the Canal Charleroi-Brussels and the later Centrumkanaal (see below), they connect the Maas and the Scheldt basin.

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Situation around 1914 The Kanaal door Walcheren (1870-1873) links the Westerschelde with the Veerse Meer. The Kanaal door Zuid-Beveland (18501866) connects the Oosterscheldt and the Westerschelde.

Further achievements after 1830 included the branch to La Louviere (from the Brussel-Charleroi) to connect with the coalmines in the center. The Spierekanaal was to connect Doornik (chalk) and Bergen (coal) with the Northern French region. The canal from Leuven to the Dijle canalised (1837), the canalisation of the Kleine Nete (1840).

The Kempense Kanalen were originally concepted to bring water from the Maas to the region and to fertilise, but soon also used for transportation along the Maas. The canal Blaton-Ath (1863-1868) linked Bergen with the Dender for transportation of coals. The canalisation of the Leie (1832-1881) linked to the south. Around DOVR WKH 8SSHUVFKHOGW ZDV FDQDOLVHG WR IDFLOLWDWH Ă&#x20AC;XHQW transport between Ghent and France. The Centrumkanaal (1879) linked the canal Bergen-Conde with the canal Charleroi-Brussel.

The canal Ghent-Bruges was deepened. After 1880 amelioration ZRUNV ZHUH GRQH EHWZHHQ $QWZHUS DQG *KHQW WR DYRLG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DURXQG *KHQW 5HFWLÂżFDWLRQV DLPHG DW HQKDQFLQJ GUDLQDJH $OVR the Rupel downstream, received low dikes and locks to enable seaships to come to Brussels.

Although the development of the railways received priority, the ZDWHU QHWZRUN ZDV HQKDQFHG DQG UHÂżQHG EHWZHHQ DQG at scale. After 1880 more attention went to the development of the railways, which started in 1835. By the end of the 19th century the basis was laid for the water network in Belgium. After 1880 the major works concerned the construction of the international ports and dredging works to facilitate the entrances to the ports, since the Scheldt downstream Antwerp did not have the necessary depth for ships to come to Antwerp. Docks, locks and quays (5 km) were amongst these achievements. Also the ports of Ostend, Zeebrugge, Brussels and Ghent received the necessary extensions.

Situation around 1947 After the Second World War the destruction of these civil works was accompanied by a scaling up of the water transportation.

This lead to the (re)construction of larger locks. In general amelioration and modernising works (eg on the Maas) to enlarge the capacity of the rivers belonged to the productions of this period.

Floodings in the valley of the Maas (Luik and Limburg) lead to the amelioration of the river (and its transportation). In general the intention was to minimize the amount of locks and enlarge the length of the compartments. In this period the Albertkanaal was

constructed (1928-1941), partly in existing, partly in new beds and linked the industries of Luik with the port of Antwerp.

After 1947

The Oosterscheldekering (1976-1987) between the islands Schouwen-Duiveland and Noord-Beveland, as a series of dams, were GHVLJQHG WR SURWHFW WKH 1HWKHUODQGV IURP Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ 7KH FRQVWUXFtion of the Delta Works was in response to the North Sea Flood of 1953. The nine kilometer-long Oosterscheldekering was initially designed, and partly built, as a closed dam. But after public protest huge sluice-gate-type doors were installed in the remaining four kilometres. Initially also the Westerscheldt was intended to be blocked by a dam, closing the entrance to the port of Antwerp.

In general the tidal differences between Maas, Rijn and Scheldt are now regulated by the dams in the Delta and consequently much less then before.

The Schelde-Rijn connection (1961) links the Scheldt with the major rivers of the Netherlands and replaced the older links of the Kanaal door Zuid-Beveland and Kanaal door Walcheren.

With the construction of the dams (Oesterdam) the Rijn-Schelde connection became a mainly tide-free link.

A system of locks to disconnect the tributaries of the Scheldt

(source: www.wenz.be)

The differences in tides in the Rijn-Scheldt connection between the Scheldt and Maas basin is now organised by locks. This also accounts for all the other tributaries and canals. By splitting up the network in separate links, the tributaries and tidal differences can be managed, manipulated and developed independently. CaSDFLW\ RI WKH ULYHUV LV GHÂżQHG E\ WRQQDJH UHIHUULQJ WR WKH VL]H DQG depth of ships and change in-between the locks. The locks mean that in principle no water is available to stream in the canals when a longitudinal tidal wave progresses through the river. The average maximum high tide is situated around Dendermonde, when water is pushed up. A difference 3,96 meter can be found there. With the locks on the canals there is aimed to control and exclude tidal movement. But even with locks minimal differences in water levels can still be found. The natural rivers in contrary are still tidal.

A sequence of ports and platforms Where tidal movement (difference between high and low tide) is higher, ports are constructed land inwards. From Antwerp stream upwards to Ghent landing platforms move with the tide.

Vlissingen

inland ports against tidal movements

Hansweert

Doel Breskens

Lillo Terneuzen

Yachtclub Antwerp Walsoorden

Paal

Sint-Amands

(source: DE CLERCQ, (1997)

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(source: DE CLERCQ, (1997)

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Antwerp between port and polder As stated in the beginning: the 2 logics overlap at the port of Antwerp. The port of Antwerp has grown considerably in the last decennia. With the up-scaling of the economy and the landscape and with the port attracting port activities (petroleum, processing industries,â&#x20AC;Ś) the harbour in Antwerp has expanded, at the cost of the surrounding polders. Polders have been taken on the right bank at the extent that the port cannot extend anymore at this side. Following the structure plan, contact places will be foreseen that act as a necklace of green â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;softâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; spaces around the city and port. Space is searched for at the left bank, where different types of nature compensation areas for birds, nature areas are to compensate for the areas taken by the port. The up-scaling of the landscape also meant that villages (Doel) have to disappear.

Old traces of natural cut-offs :KHQ WUDFLQJ WKH GLIIHUHQW UHFWLÂżFDWLRQV WKHUH VHHP WR EH D VHW RI old meanders that exists since the glacial time. The river streamed RXW RI LWV EHG LQ D Ă&#x20AC;DW DOOXYLDO DUHD OHDYLQJ D UHVLGXDO FKDQQHO ,Q RUGHU WR VKDSH WKH ZDWHU V\VWHP LQ WKH PRVW HIÂżFLHQW ZD\ several parts of the river have been cut-off and have shortened the river course. As a consequence the retention capacity of the river has diminished. Since the volume of water, which are pushed inside while the surface has diminished, the average water levels have consequently heightened over time. This adds up to eventu-

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al raise of levels due to global warming and worsened by the fact that drainage has been canalised as smooth as possible, having an effect on discharge peaks.

After 1914 the channel has eroded as a result of rationalisations.

Sand and sedimentation plates have changed. Shallow parts of the river have disappeared by dredging, while the river itself has adapted itself to transformations along the banks (eg Zandvlietsluis). Sand plates along the river have in general eroded.

The dike system

wall on the dike

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References: BLAUW TS. & HAAS HA. & ADRIAANSE LA, (2004), ‘Dynamiek terug in de de delta’, in: De Levende Natuur, 105de jaargang, sept 2004 DECAVELE, J., (1977), Honderdvijftig jaar Kanaal Gent – Terneuzen, Dienst voor Culturele Zaken, Gent, pp. 105 DE CLERCQ L., (1997), Vaargids voor Belgie, Uitgeverij Adfrystising NV, pp.417 DE JODE T. & BERNARD P., (1989), De mens en het water: bruggen, sluizen en kanalen in Nederland en Belgie, Uitgeverij MP BV Het Weert, pp. 280 DE KRAKER, AMJ, (2002), De Westerschelde, een water zonder weerga, Drukkerij Duerinck, Kloosterzande, pp.

228 HELMER W. et al., (1996), Growing with the sea: creating a resilient coastline, WWF: Zeist, The Netherlands KLEIN RJT. & SMIT MJ. & GOOSEN H. & HULSBERGEN CH., (1998), ‘Resilience and vulnerability: coastal dynamics or Dutch dikes?’ in: ‘The Geographical Journal’, nov 1998 MINISTERIE DER OPENBARE WERKEN, (1987), Tijdschrift de Openbare Werken: 1937-1987, Ceuterick Leuven, pp.

211 STUYCK, R., (1987), De Schelde van bron tot monding, Lannoo, Tielt, pp. 256, VAN BRAECKEL A. & PIESSCHAERT F. & e.a., (2007), Historische analyse van de Zeeschelde en haar getijgebonden zijrivieren. 19de eeuw tot heden, Instituut voor Natuur en Bosonderzoek, pp. 178 VAN HOOF, W. (ed.), (2002), Stroomverstelling, de Antwerpse haven tussen 1880 en nu, Uitgev Pandora, Antwerpen VANREUSEL J., (1990), Antwerpen ontwerpen, Blonde Artprinting International VAN STRYDONCK M. & MULDER G., (2000), De Schelde, verhaal van een rivier, Davidsfonds, Leuven VOS, PC.. & HEERINGEN, R.M. van, , (1997), The Holocene geology and occupation history of the Province of Zeeland, Mededelingen NITG-TNO, nr 59, pp. 5-109 WENZ, (2008), Het Bekkenbeheerplan van het Benedenscheldebekken 2008-2013, Integraal waterbeleid, pp 589 WEYN K., (2006) ‘Monitoring van het Linkerschelde oevergebied: resultaten van het derde jaar’, in: Scheldenieuwsbrief, nr 48, augustus, pp. 1-3

Websites: www.ontwikkelingsschets2010.nl www.scheldemonitor.org/ www.wenz.be www.ruimtelijkstructuurplanantwerpen.be http://www.waterstanden.be

3

/CONCEPTS

THE FOLD AND THE SPACE OF LIVE. Ivan Dario Solano Doncel “The outside is not a fixed limit but a moving matter animated by peristaltic movements, folds and foldings that together make up an inside: they are not something other than the outside, but precisely the inside of the outside.”1 In the actual cities the territory is develop across the time and also across the traces of the activities, in that way the result is given for many kind of actions during diverse moments in time, in which it shows the pluricultural approximation at the field.

In Flanders region as we saw before, the urban spread is a characteristic approach of the region, but inside on this spread, appears the diversity generating various land uses in the same portion of the “urban” tissue.

To recognize, identify and develop a project in that sense, I am going to refer at the concept, “the fold” based on the book with the same name of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze.2 The fold, not as a technical word, but an ontology idea of becoming, the differentiation maintaining a continuity, and of multiplicity given it permanence and identify.

Source : www.see.leeds.ac.uk

Fold: a flexible or an elastic body still has cohering parts that form a fold, such that they are not separated into parts of parts but are rather divided to infinity in smaller and smaller folds that always retain certain cohesion. The fold is always folded into a fold, like a cavern in a cavern the unit of matter. That is why parts of matter are masses or aggregates, as a correlative to elastic compressive force.2 In other hand the concept, “unfold” which doesn´t show an opposite, but rather one step more of the same material, is the develop of the element, is the result of more activity, like “after that”, the same element to constitute a variable surface but contents itself.

Unfolding is thus not the contrary of folding, but follows the fold up to the following fold.2 In between this two concepts appears many elements to conform a urban and architectural base to design, also to take some advantage of the existing spaces and historical developments.

Quoting a Sophia Vyzoviti in her book Folding Architecture 3 the Deleuze concepts should be summarized in these concepts: 1.

The fold: the infinitive work in process, not how to conclude but how to continue, to bring the infinity.

2.

The inside and the outside: the inside separates or moves between matter and soul, the façade and the closed room, the inside and the outside.

3.

The high and the low: being divided into folds, the fold greatly expands on both sides thus connecting the high and the low.

4. the

The unfold: not as the fold but as the continuation

contrary to of his act.

5.

Textures: as resistance of the material, the way a material is folded constitutes its texture 6. ric

The must

paradigm: the not conceal its

fold of formal

the fabexpression.

To understand why this theory can include all the ideas, it can refer at the urban activities when the intervention will be developed, in that area the activities will be dis- programmed, the word articulated in first stage for the French Architect Tschumi 4 is developed here creating different scales of the intervention and reprogramating activities, strengthening the mixité and urban scenes along the project, in a simple idea, evolving the matter of the difference.

Other texts refers the same difference with many kinds of richness to expand, like Vyzovit in her book: Etymologically relating complexity with pliancy, the architecture of the fold is considered a cunning tactic for intensive integration of “différence” within a heterogeneous yet continuous system, working beyond addition by smooth layering, a concept demonstrated by analogues from geology as mineral sedimentation and culinary mixing techniques.5

In that sense the project will take movements of their own habitants as well of uses land to arrange the relation in proximity with the Scheldt river in each space at diverse scales and in between them, at this activity we can call it Deterritorialization.

Deterritorialization and it´s obverse, reterritorialization, implicitly tie monadic thinking to the art of displacement of transformation. 2 During the design process will be revised as well the frontier, the line when each act is generated, to get a background to study, the project will revise the ecotone concept, as a landscape concept and considering in that way the complexity of the river expressed in a single way to understand the links along the diverse types of interventions.

Ecotone understanding ecotone as a edge, a place of interaction 5, transaction and transition, it will depends of the degree of connection of each intervention and it will be used like instrument of comparison and valuation between the different interventions that could be made in each human settlements, in each in between cities.

The theoretical background try to explore and give an approach of the complex system of the river, with their own movements and the movements of their habitants, given tools to take the best advantage in the creation of a legible and identifiable in between urban spaces with the conditions of the territory of a contemporary and real way.

Bibliography 1. Deleuze Gilles. Foucault. University of Minnesota Press, 2000 p.

2. Deleuze, Gilles. “The Fold-Leibniz and the Baroque: The Pleats of Matter.” Ed Continuum, 2001. Originally published in French “Le Pli: Leibniz et le Baroque, 1993.

3. Vyzoviti Sophia, Folding Architecture, BIS Publishers, 2003 4 Tschumi Bernard, Architecure and Disjuntcion, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996.

5.“Folding in architecture” Architectural Design, Academy Editions, London 1993.

vol 63

6. Ecopolis, Architecture and cities for a changing climate, Spinger + business media, the Netherlands and CISRO publishing, Colingwood, Australia, 2009.

CORRIDOR AND ECOTONES Aryani Sari Rahmanti Ha Tien Van

The Essence of a Corridor

Research of Scheldt with ecological perspective is aimed at observing the meaning of the river corridor. In general, corridor PHDQV D GHÂżQLWLRQ RI SDVVDJH D SDWK RI URXWH D SDVVDJH ZD\ ,Q HFRORJLFDO WHUPV WKH PHDQLQJ DQG UROH DUH VSHFLÂżHG DV 1. Space provision of habitat for certain types of species 2. Conduit for movement 3. Filter separating areas 4. Source of environmental and biotic effects (Norman and Godron in Landscape Ecology, 1986) Corridor is destined as a narrow strip of land that differs from the matrix landscape on either side (Norman and Godron in Landscape Ecology, 1986). Hence, river corridor is a particular case. A stream or river corridor is a strip of vegetation that enclosed a channel ZLWK Ă&#x20AC;RZLQJ ZDWHU 1RUPDQ DQG *RGURQ LQ /DQG 0RVDLF

The corridor is not only determined by its adjacent bank, but also FRYHUV WKH DUHD RI Ă&#x20AC;RRG SODLQ 7KLV Ă&#x20AC;RRGDEOH DUHD LV LGHQWLÂżHG DOVR as riparian corridor.

The dynamism or river corridor is distinguished with the other landscape elements, that is has special ability of controlling the ZDWHU QXWULHQW Ă&#x20AC;RZV DQG VHGLPHQWDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKH G\QDPLVP LV LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQWLDO WRZDUGV WKH HQWLUH V\VWHP D VHULHV RI HFRORJLFDO JUDGLHQWV ZKLFK UHĂ&#x20AC;HFWV RYHUODSSLQJ ]RQHV EHWZHHQ VHYHUDO

The dynamism or river corridor is distinguished with the other landscape elements, that is has special ability of controlling WKH ZDWHU QXWULHQW Ă&#x20AC;RZV DQG VHGLPHQWDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WR maintain the ecological function of river corridor, a concept of strengthening the river corridor by looking at the key points are proposed, with key issues of ecological background to control the built and non built environment, safety, biological value, and the river form alteration, that the river is expected to be ecologically functioning.

The Overlapping Milleu: Ecotones Ecotone in ecology traditionally refers to the overlap or transition zone between two plant or animal communities (Norman and Godron 1986).

Changes in the physical environment may produce a sharp boundary, as in the example of the interface between areas RI IRUHVW DQG FOHDUHG ODQG SDGG\ ÂżHOG JUDVV ODQG (OVHZKHUH a more gradually blended interface area will be found, where species from each community will be found together as well as unique local species. Some time the ecotones area or overlapping area is wide, and in it a mosaic of patches of each vegetation type intermingle (Raposport, 1982b).

Most wetlands are ecotones where existed different species in UHODWLRQ RI IRRG FKDLQV IRU LQVWDQW ÂżVK FODPV DQG ELUGV (FRWRQHV DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ VLJQLÂżFDQW IRU PRELOH DQLPDOV DV WKH\ FDQ H[SORLW more than one set of habitats within a short distance. Changes in the physical environment may produce a sharp boundary, as in the example of the interface between areas of forest and cleared ODQG SDGG\ ÂżHOG JUDVV ODQG (OVHZKHUH D PRUH JUDGXDOO\ EOHQGHG interface area will be found, where species from each community will be found together as well as unique local species. Some time the ecotones area or overlapping area is wide, and in it a mosaic of patches of each vegetation type intermingle (Raposport, 1982b).

The Concepts Scheldt is a distinctive river. It is a natural gallery bonding the individualities of each compartment: natural values, economic DFWLYLWLHV Ă&#x20AC;RRG SURWHFWLRQ DUHDV VHWWOHPHQWVÂŤ \HW DOO RI WKH â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;compartmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; have been accumulated to the river resulting increasing stress level in stages.

With an ecological basis, the idea to strengthen the river corridor for its durability to face the ever changing circumstances is underlined as our proposal.

concepts: strengthening Scheldt river corridor

aims: maintaining the continuity of the river corridor sustaining the ecology systems LPSURYLQJ LWV Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ WR DFFRPPRGDWH WKH FKDQJHV IULFWLRQV Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLWLHV minimizing the fractures

strategies: overlapping and maxilizing the activities and communities (ecotones), carrying out by both perpendicular and longitudinal approaches

3(50$1(1&( $1' ,03(50$1(1&( 0DULDQD &UX] 'LD] Paola Franco Jaramillo The Scheldt river leads in the North Sea, the tide is changing four times per day ranging between 4-5mts affecting the inner land; dikes have been rised to protect the hinterland from the water, and has become major concern to the Scheldt River basin.

7KLV FRQGLWLRQ PDGH XV UHĂ&#x20AC;HFW DERXW WKH FRPSOH[ V\VWHP WKDW LV created around the river. The Scheldt River as well as its dikes is considered as a permanent structure, but it is evident that these Âż[ REMHFWV VXEMHFWHG LPSHUPDQHQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH LW FDQ be understood in terms of permanence and impermanence.

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'HVLJQLQJ D UHOHYDQW VWUXFWXUH RQ D VSHFLÂżF VLWH LW LV LQYROYH LQ the concept of permanence. Permanent structures respond to the physical changing needs, such as the wind, sunlight, places to circulate, etc. People will always be related to QDWXUH DQG WKHVH SK\VLFDO QHHGV UHPDLQ ,QVLGH SHUPDQHQW structures, various occupancy scenarios can be planned and can follow one after another where inalienable elements will EH GHÂżQHG WR FRPSOHPHQW WKH LPSHUPDQHQW FRPSRQHQWV

$ FLW\ VKRXOG UHLQIRUFH SHUPDQHQWO\ LWV UHODWLRQ ZLWK LWV VRLO ULYHUV and reliefs, consequently it will be able to endure, develop and RIIHU TXDOLWLHV WR LWV LQKDELWDQWV 'HVYLJQH

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Âľ0DJQHWÂś 0DJQHW sketch -â&#x20AC;?inbetween KRFNV´ +$5',1*+$0 S

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Âľ0RQWDJX &RXQWU\Âś RQH RI WKH FDVHV UHĂ&#x20AC;HFWV DERXW WKH HVWXDU\ FRPLQJ IURP WKH (QJOLVK &DQDO DIIHFWLQJ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ 6RXWKDPSWRQ >8.@ 3RUWVPRXWK>8.@ DQG ,VOH RI :LJKW >8.@ The inhabitants proposed to solve this problem by giving to the LQGXVWULHV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VSUHDG IUHHO\ DORQJ WKH FRDVW ,Q doing so, temporary conditions allow for a continuous relation between work and leisure, as possible scenarios include temporary beaches when tides are low. Residents and visitors are during leisure time able to enjoy these spaces. Time becomes the base OLQH DQG PDLQ RUGHULQJ WRRO LQ WKH SURMHFW 3ULFH

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until the areas cannot be recuperated. He proposes to give a better status to these places and keep them in a meanwhile available in DQWLFLSDWLRQ RI RWKHU DFWLYLWLHV RU EXLOGLQJV WR FRPH (YHQ LI WKHVH qualities and uses are temporary. This concept is proposed by 'HYLJQH LQ /\RQ &RQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH SURMHFW >)UDQFH@ 7KH /\RQ &RQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH SURMHFW LV EHWZHHQ WKH 5KRQH DQG 6DRQH Rivers, behind the Perrache station; the railroad, highway and a series of industrial plants that are destined to disappear pull the SURMHFW 7KH FLW\ ZDQWV WR FUHDWH D SDUN EXW LQ RUGHU WR UHDOL]H WKLV proposal it is necessary to wait several decades until the land has been voided. Devigne suggests taking control of the site, despite WKLV GLIÂżFXOW\ DQG EHJLQQLQJ WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ E\ JHQHUDWLQJ ÂľLQWHUPHGLDWH QDWXUHÂś

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7R FRQFOXGH ÂľWLPHÂś LV WKH OLQN EHWZHHQ SHUPDQHQFH DQG impermanence, creating a balance between this two seemingly opposite concepts. To develop a successful and coherent project, it´s important to take into account the temporary factors that FDQ EH FRQQHFWHG ZLWK D VWUDWHJ\ RI Âľ'\QDPLFVÂś RU Âľ3UDFWLFHÂś ZKLFK ZLOO DIIHFW WKH SHUPDQHQW VWUXFWXUH WKURXJK WLPH Âł7KH RQO\ VXUH thing is that Time, and the duration of it, allows for change.â&#x20AC;? +DUGLQJKDP

References %$1+$0 5H\QHU %$5.(5 3DXO +$// 3HWHU 35,&( &HGULF ÂľNON-PLAN:AN EXPERIMENT IN FREEDOMÂś SXEOLVK LQ 1HZ 6RFLHW\ 0DUFK '(69,*1( 0LFKHO ÂľINTERMEDIATE NATURE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The landscapes of Michel Desvigneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 7(55,725,(6 $1' 6+$3(6 2) 7,0( (G %LUNKDXVHU %DVHO %RVWRQ %HUOLQ +$5',1*+$5 6DPDQWKD HG

Âľ&HGULF 3ULFH 23(5$Âś :LOH\ $FDGHP\ *UHDW %ULWDLQ 35,&( &HGULF ÂľThe built environment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the case against conservationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; The (QYLURQPHQWDOLVW 9RO 35,&( &HGULF ÂľCedric Price: The Square bookÂś :LOH\ $FDGHP\ /RQGRQ Web Pages 0(55,$1 :(%67(5 ',&7,21$5< 2QOLQH 3DJH :HE http://www.merriam-webster.com/

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RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE Jurgen Remmerie With a mid-range estimate of 1°C by 2050 a sea level rise of 25 cm is expected. The highest estimate of 2°C by 2050 would cause a relative sea level rise of 45cm (STOKKOM & SMITS, 2002) With the expected future rise of the water levels, due to climate change, and in response to a consequently growing need for space for water, different strategies have been used and even more complex strategies will be needed to plan for this extra space for water and the complex environment it structures. While in the past reVLVWDQW V\VWHPV OLNH GLNHV FRQWUROOHG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV DOORZLQJ IRU Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ LQ D KLJKO\ FRQWUROOHG DZD\ GHSROGHULQJ VOXLFH V\VWHPV DQG UHFWLÂżFDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR UDWLRQDOLVH WKH ZDWHU V\VWHP canalise the river and separate the water strictly from land, these resistant systems have shown their limits in terms of safety, do not relate optimal water with its context it structures and take no advantage of possible new opportunities which may arise, as contact with water is often negated or completely blocked by the current resistant systems which stem from a lack of positive perception of the water system. As a consequence, water storage capacity is in the sigma plan limited to extra retention basins as FRQWUROOHG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV DORQJ D FDQDOLVHG ULYHU :KHWKHU WKH\ will be able to manage the extra amounts of water and the new relations with water is doubtful. A new approach is emergingâ&#x20AC;Ś 8QFRQWUROOHG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ RI WKH WHUULWRU\ PD\ RIIHU D VROXWLRQ WR GUDLQ the increasing volumes of water and bring back the water to the population, but does not solve the realities of living with water and planning for the relation between water and risk, agriculture, nature, human habitat, ecology, property values etc. Water has a structuring role in development, which will be even stronger in the future as increasing volumes need to be stored. Living with water and managing the relations with the different uses require new strategies that can cope with these realities, but also new attitudes of the population that is able and willing to accept to live ZLWK ZDWHU DQG HYHQWXDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DW D FHUWDLQ IUHTXHQF\ 7KHUH seems to be a range of conditions that are unexplored, that allow to stretch the threshold with water in space and time, leading to new opportunities. As an example the people of the city of Venice KDYH DFFHSWHG WR OLYH ZLWK IUHTXHQW VRPHWLPHV GDLO\ Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ They adapted wit a minimum of means to these new living conditions by wearing boots or blocking the water outside by raising the threshold of their doors (by putting a board) to keep the water outside. Where will be the balance between resistance and adaptation lays in-between and will be explored by the concepts of resilience.

Resilience can be considered as an operative strategy in searching for new ways, tactics and tools that look for an optimal and

Ă&#x20AC;H[LEOH UHODWLRQ ZLWK FKDQJLQJ DQG XQFHUWDLQ ZDWHU OHYHOV 7KH LQWHQWLRQ LV QRW WR GHÂżQH KRZ PXFK UHVLOLHQFH KLGH FHUWDLQ SURMHFWV TXDQWLÂżDEOH RU ZKHWKHU UHVLOLHQW SURMHFWV DUH EHWWHU YDOXHG WKHQ RWKHU PRUH RU OHVV UHVLOLHQW SURMHFWV DV UHVLOLHQFH LV QRW WKH RQO\ FULWHULXP WR LGHQWLI\ TXDOLW\ LQ SURMHFWV EXW WR H[SORUH WKURXJK parallel thinking and analogies, the richness of the sometimes difÂżFXOW WR FDSWXUH PHWDSKRU RI UHVLOLHQFH 6WUHWFKLQJ RU VXVSHQVLRQ of the limits can be part of the solution to plan for complex and dynamic threats. But what is the scope of resilience?

Resistance and risk mitigation Throughout history the approach and perception on the river has lead to different transformations along the Scheldt, to change the river from a wild river course into a habitable and controllable environment and place. Living near the river meant that households became dependent on it. By rationalizing the river the uncontrollable river was meant to change into a controllable stream, where added value and security needed to be generated. Transformations in the past intended to rationalize the river of the Scheldt but often brought along (besides the positive results) negative side effects and created additional problems as unexpected processes of water as a system were un-adequately considered. But the old resistant approaches seem to reach their limits: further raising dikes and resistant structures would further build on a false feeling of safety while salinity and relation with water are cut-off by an ever raising dike system to respond to climate change.

The metaphor of resilience as a device The concept of resilience as a conceptual metaphor and as a modus operandi for governance is becoming increasingly pervasive.

(Buckle et al in: COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, p110) Searching for new solutions against natural hazards are to be sought: a rethinking of risks, hazards and threats (opportunity-wise), and how to counter them are to be sought. Living in a fear-society can eventually serve political agendas, but does not deliver a liveable society. Threats can be manifold and diverse: knowing the threats, (as far as we can predict them), can lead to awareness rising; understanding them to eventual solutions and allowing to live with and anticipate these threats.

But how much climate change can we expect and what will be the consequence we intend to counter through planning and design?

Are we able to understand all the processes behind the water V\VWHP DOORZLQJ XV WR PLWLJDWH Ă&#x20AC;RRG SUREOHPV ZLWKRXW FUHDWLQJ QHZ SUREOHPV" ,Q RUGHU WR JURXQG WKH WKUHDWV DQG WKH Ă&#x20AC;XLG QDWXUH of these processes and challenges behind, resilience can give an insight and work as a tool to explore those processes, allowing for a certain degree of indeterminateness. %\ ORRNLQJ DW GHÂżQLWLRQV LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW ÂżHOGV UHVLOLHQFH ZLOO UHYHDO

itself in its richness without having the intention to be exhaustive. They can help us in identifying processes underlying change, transformation and transition, as planning for water is inevitably dealing with this. Digging in the different domains, where resilience is deployed, allows us to eventual consider tools that could HQKDQFH VDIHW\ DJDLQVW Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ RU UDWKHU WRROV WKDW ZRUN ZLWK WKH forces of nature and water before they turn themselves against us. Uncovering the different aspects of the generative metaphor and as a heuristic device, can help in searching for planning or design solutions, generated by underlying processes (physical, economic, social, psychological, technical).

Science )URP DQ HQJLQHHULQJ DSSURDFK UHVLOLHQFH LV VLPSO\ GHÂżQHG DV WKH duration taken for a return to the steady state following a perturbation or, otherwise as the recovery time of a system. (COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, p2 & 113) More then being a condition it also stresses the time aspect of resilience. When comparing with elasticity, this time aspect can be considered as frequency. Fluctuating and returning perturbations also can lead to a weakening of a systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stability. While temporary moments of spontaneous balance can be found in systems, ever-changing circumstances (eg. raising water levels) will lead to a range of equilibrium points where variables do co-exist in an unstable way.

This traditional mechanical interpretation of the term resilience relies on an equilibrium state to which a system would rebound after being moved to another position. (KLEIN et al. 1998) But a process is never completely compliable with the concept of elasticity as every perturbation leaves traces (similar for a landscape) DQG ÂżQDOO\ UHGHÂżQHV WKH FRQGLWLRQV RQ ZKLFK WKH ODQGVFDSH DQG vegetation as a (open) system is dependent.

Resilience is the tendency of a system to return to a previous state after a perturbation. Elasticity and amplitude are measures of resilience. Elasticity is the speed with which a system returns. Amplitude is a measure of how far a system can be moved from the previous state and still return. Resilience can be used to explore Ă&#x20AC;XFWXDWLRQV FKDQJH DQG G\QDPLFV 3URFHVVHV WKDW GHDO ZLWK XQstable conditions (eg. degree of salinity or levels of ground water tables) can be seen through the glasses of resilience. Klein (KLEIN HW DO VXJJHVWHG WKDW HFRORJLFDO UHVLOLHQFH FDQ EH MXGJHG E\ using criteria as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;naturalnessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;distinctivenessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, diversity and rarity of (combinations of) ecosystems and their habitats.

Ecology Resilience is a concept often used in ecology, especially to study how a system responses to some perturbation, which are insure DQG GLIÂżFXOW WR GHWHUPLQH :LWK D SHUWXUEDWLRQ DV DQ\ H[WHUQDOO\ imposed change in conditions, usually happening in a short time

period, resistance is a measure of how little the variable of interest changes in response to external pressures. Inertia (or persisWHQFH LPSOLHV WKDW WKH OLYLQJ V\VWHP LV DEOH WR UHVLVW H[WHUQDO Ă&#x20AC;XFtuations. Carrying capacity also refers to the amount an ecological system can stand before altering its characteristics.

Holling (cited in (COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, S GHÂżQHV UHVLOLHQFH LQ UHODWLRQ WR HFRORJLFDO V\VWHPV DV WKH amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand withRXW FKDQJLQJ VHOI RUJDQL]HG SURFHVVHV DQG VWUXFWXUHV GHÂżQHG DV DOWHUQDWLYH VWDEOH VWDWHV 7KLV GHÂżQLWLRQ LV VLPLODU WR WKH DERYH mentioned traditional mechanical interpretation of resilience. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ReVLOLHQFH FDQ EH GHÂżQHG DV WKH GHJUHH WR ZKLFK DQ HFRV\VWHP RU D part/component of it is able to recover from disturbance without PDMRU SHUVLVWHQW FKDQJH 2U ZH FRXOG WKXV DOVR FDOO D V\VWHP resilient when it is organized in such a way that succession leads to a recovery of the original state. â&#x20AC;Ś However, all organisms have bounds to what they can temporarily or permanently tolerate, and when change exceeds some of these limits, the community composition and ecosystem functioning is likely to change.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (http:// ZZZ PDUEHI RUJ +HUH WKH GHÂżQLWLRQ IUDPHV WKH DPRXQW RI disturbance that can be absorbed before a system adapts its structure. Especially the dynamic element or the series of different stable conditions are essential in understanding the changing or unstable threshold.

Coaffee notices that the ecological approach of perturbation often has a negative connotation as it concerns the period able to resist change and before a response is manifest or the time taken to return to a stable or steady state of normality in the post-event period. (COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, p114) Threat and adaptation as a consequence can mean an opportunity along with this transitional condition. In an evolutionary approach, in which nature changes to the next stage or state, this is a natural and spontaneous process. But changing agriculture to nature is a complete different process as the aspect of controlling the process of sewing, growing, harvesting and making money of it is heavily dependent on a carefully planned and coordinated process with a desired outcome, not leaving much space to caprices of nature. Unless they could co-exist â&#x20AC;Ś Risk management â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Walls of fear can be considered as walls of supportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (as per Peter Marcuse in: (COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, p89) Surveillance systems are used to determine the degree of vulnerability. In this regards there could be referred to the warning system that follows-up and measure the tide and changing levels of water in river basins (as eg. in the Scheldt basin).

Resilience as a concept has also grown in importance in relation to the idea of safety and security of communities against perceived KD]DUGV DQG WKUHDWV DV HJ JOREDO ZDUPLQJ UHODWHG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ 5Hsilience has grown as a response to vulnerability, insecurity and,

ultimately change. Living with risk and risk management has become the dominant impulse to explore resilience in relation to vulnerability. Preparedness, prevention and response are main characteristics.

‘Hazard mitigation is action taken to reduce or eliminate longterm risk to people and property from hazards and their effects.

Its long-term focus and proactive nature distinguish hazard mitigation from the more immediate and reactive activities taken during disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The ultimate goals should be to develop resilient cities, able to withstand severe shock without ether immediate chaos or permanent harm.

Designed in advance to anticipate and recover from the impacts of natural hazards, resilient cities would be built on principles derived from the past experience with disasters. While they might bend from hazard forces, they would not break. Also he notices that building resilient cities is not only a matter of building strong structures. Besides the physical aspect, also social aspects are necessary in avoiding loss.’ (GODSHALK, 2003) Also for Mileti ‘local resilience with regards to disasters means that a locale is able to withstand an extreme natural event without suffering devastating losses, damage, diminished productivity or quality of life and without a large amount of assistance from outside the community.

A resilient city is therefore to be seen as a sustainable network of physical systems (natural environments and constructed components) and human communities.’

Godshalk looks at risk mitigation from a twofold perspective: enable societies to be resilient to natural hazards, while ensuring that development efforts do not increase the vulnerability to these hazards. Its long-term focus and proactive nature distinguish hazard mitigation from the more immediate and reactive activities taken during disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.

(GODSHALK, 2003) But in responding why resilience could offer an answer Godschalck explains that because vulnerability of technological and social systems cannot be predicted completely, the ability to accommodate change is critical in times of disaster. If we knew exactly when, where and how disasters would occur in the future, we could engineer our systems to resist them. But hazard planners have to cope with uncertainty and contingencies.

Psychological resilience In studying human behaviour, the concept is used to address resilience to stress and quality of life and responses to loss and trauma, factors that are inherent to threat and assessment of risk. It is used to describe individuals and their capacity to adapt to extraordinary (or new) circumstances, achieving positive and unexpected outcomes in the face of adversity. Here, the potential for a positive outcome is encapsulated. (COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, p 114-115) Resilience is interpreted as recovery after the disaster. But it also deals with readiness for

change and adaptation to the new and unexpected.

Social United Nations approaches the cybernetic concept of resilience in terms of the capacity of a system, community or society, to resist or to change in order to maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. (COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., 2009, p2) â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;For the Netherlands, a country mostly below VHD OHYHO DQG DIĂ&#x20AC;LFWHG E\ QXPHURXV GLVDVWURXV Ă&#x20AC;RRGV DQG VWRUP VXUJHV WKH V\VWHPV IRU Ă&#x20AC;RRG FRQWURO OHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D KLJKO\ HIÂżFLHQW VRFLDO V\VWHP Âś &2$))(( - :22' ' 0 52*ERS P., 2009, p15) An alternative response to a natural disaster or climate change can be that complete areas or regions will be abandoned and people are relocated. Socio-economic resilience explains the extent to which social and economic systems are able to adapt in changing economic policies and land use. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Adaptation must be seen as a process that is itself adaptive and Ă&#x20AC;H[LEOH LQ RUGHU WR DGGUHVV ORFDOO\ VSHFLÂżF DQG FKDQJLQJ FLUFXPstances.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (OSBAHR, 2007) Therefore, it refers to improving the capacity (resilience) to respond to climate change impacts. Adaptive capacity is the potential capability or ability of a system to adapt to climate change stimuli or their impacts. Also in socioeconomic terms, individuals, communities, nations had to varying degrees to cope and adapt. People are already adapting to climate variability (cultivation methods, land use patterns, organization of agriculture) and change on a daily basis and there is evidence that people act positively to enhance their resilience to livelihood stresses.

Morphological resilience: planning and process Building resilience is a way to control within limits and anticipate eventual consequences of a disaster. Besides the social aspect of building up social acceptance, building resilience can also mean that built form becomes more resilient, not only by creating stronger morphological resilience, enabling inhabitants to live with a threat and prepare and adapt them for the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;what ifâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; question. Acceptance and the psychological dimension are also preconditions to change and transform and starts from a more positive attitude. &RDIIHH HW DO DUJXH WKDW GHIHQFH V\VWHPV DUH ÂżQDOO\ D VRFLDO RUGHU written in material form. Likewise, constructing and looking for VROXWLRQV DJDLQVW HYHQWXDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ FDQ QRW RQO\ VROYHG E\ DZDUHness rising only.

Designing and planning for the physical form inevitably should translate the different dimension of planning into materialized and adapted built form. With planning intending to integrate different dimensions of reality, non-built approaches can deliver a contribution in building resilience (eg warning and monitoring systems DJDLQVW Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ LQVWLWXWLRQDO LQWHJUDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV 3ODQ-

ning for threats allows for working with different types of risk levels. To plan for risk, the processes behind need to be understood allowing then to integrate topography, vegetation types, IUHTXHQF\ RI Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ WHPSRUDO SURFHVVHV LQ KDUYHVWLQJ DQG FXOtivation, new housing typologies and water-related public spaces.

The threats are consequently to be seen as new opportunities, which can eventually lead to recombining of methods in new spaWLDO VWUXFWXUHV DQG FRQÂżJXUDWLRQV FKDQJLQJ DJULFXOWXUH PHWKRGV (towards more water-based types of agriculture or aquaculture, eventual relocation of settlements on higher grounds, water-reODWLQJ SXEOLF VSDFHV WHUULWRULDO ÂżJXUHV QHZ W\SRORJLHV WKDW FDQ withstand water pressure, â&#x20AC;Ś) Compartments or the subdivision of a territorial valley into a controllable rooms is an example of how transition and transformations could be organized on regional scale and is supported by hydraulic processes and structure of sub-basins.

For Osbahr adaptations can be explored in different responses: changes in the farming practice in the short-term (e.g. changing crop type or variety); or, exploiting the spatial and temporal diversity of the landscape (e.g. using irrigated, lowland or highland areas); or commercialising livelihoods through individual and collective action (e.g. specialising in a particular marketable crop or livestock product). (OSBAHR, 2007) Resilience requires combinations of apparent opposites, including redundancy (with a number of functionally similar components so that the entire system does not fail when one component fails) DQG HIÂżFLHQF\ GLYHUVLW\ D QXPEHU RI IXQFWLRQDOO\ GLIIHUHQW FRPponents in order to protect the system against various threats) and interdependence (with system components connected so that they support each other), strength (with the power to resist RXWVLGH IRUFH DQG Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ DXWRQRP\ FDSDELOLW\ WR RSHUDWH LQdependently of outside control) and collaboration (with multiple opportunities and incentives for broad stakeholder participation), and planning and adaptability (with the capacity to learn from exSHULHQFH DQG WKH Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ WR FKDQJH )RVWHU H[SODLQV UHVLOLHQFH as a physical systems composed of small, semi-autonomous units to be used for fail-safe design. (GODSHALCK, 2003) For Godshalk is planning for hazard mitigation: identifying the hazards (raising ZDWHU OHYHOV DQG FRQVHTXHQW HYHQWXDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DQG YXOQHUDELOity, avoiding hazard areas (directing new development away from hazardous locations, and relocating existing structures and land uses to safer areas. Land use patterns should avoid exposure of people and property to risks of natural hazards.

5HVLOLHQFH FDQ DOVR EH GHÂżQHG ZLWKLQ DQ LQWHUHVW LQ VWUXFWXUH DQG preserving things: maintaining and enhancing the functions of wetlands, dunes, and forests that reduce hazard impacts through acquiring property or development rights in hazard areas, and limiting development in these areas. Resilience is then to be seen as the capacity to adapt to stress from hazards and the ability to recover quickly from their impacts, or, resilience as the capacity WR DGMXVW WR WKUHDWV DQG PLWLJDWH RU DYRLG KDUP *RWFKDON DUJXHV WKDW UHVLOLHQW FLWLHV DUH FRQVWUXFWHG WR EH VWURQJ DQG Ă&#x20AC;H[LEOH UDWKHU

than brittle and fragile. Their lifeline systems of roads, utilities and other support facilities are designed to continue functioning in the face of rising water, â&#x20AC;Ś (GOTCHALCK, 2003) Development is not sustainable when directly placed in risk zones JURZWK LQ FORVH SUR[LPLW\ WR RFHDQ IURQWV VXEMHFW WR VWRUP VXUJH and erosion, constructing in high risk zones, â&#x20AC;Ś But also land use is unsustainable when land use patterns do undermines the ability to absorb hazards or alter natural systems. Land use and settlement patterns should be that they support the values of an ecological system rather that they interfere or disturb them. For example the use of hard impermeable surfaces and materials can OHDG WR LQFUHDVHG GRZQVWUHDP Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ 6HD ZDOOV DQG Ă&#x20AC;RRG ZDOOV may exacerbate the problem in other areas or reduce the ability of the larger ecosystem to naturally buffer or absorb these natural forces. Restoring and re-creating the natural functions that may have been diminished or destroyed or the ecological capital (eg. creation of wetlands, natural drainage swales), replacing engineering solutions by ecological infrastructure where possible.

Solutions that work with nature, rather then against nature can enhance and preserve at the same time a range of natural values (protection of wildlife habitat and creation of recreational areas), which often require planning on regional scale. They can achieve to solve the same problems but create added natural values, often at a lower cost. A resilient society for Beatley is one that seeks to understand and live with the physical and environmental forces at a location. ,Q D FRQWH[W RI ZDWHU Ă&#x20AC;RZV DQG Ă&#x20AC;XFWXDWLQJ WLGDO HQHUJLHV UHsilience can be a way to approach the problem and its dynamics.

Approaching the dynamics in terms of processes (dissipation of tidal energy, cyclic response to tidal changes and friction) can offer a perspective to the problem. Rationalizations need to aim for D G\QDPLF HTXLOLEULXP RU WR ÂżQG V\VWHPV WKDW HQDEOH WR ÂżQG VSRQtaneous points of balancing itself. Ever-changing circumstances (the range in which sea-level rise are unknown as well as the rise in temperatures) of sea-level rise oblige us to think of an unstable point of convergence that in the long term will change again. These ever-changing circumstances oblige us to recognize and think of a design for change and uncertainty.

Resilience and landscape â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Eco-systems are self-organizing, open, cyclic, and dynamic systems, marked by often sudden, unpredictable change. In an ecoV\VWHP ZKHUH ORFDOL]HG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ LV D VHDVRQDO EXW QRW SUHFLVHO\ predictable occurrence, park designs can accommodate several HSKHPHUDO KDELWDWV WKDW DSSHDU DQG GLVDSSHDU EDVHG RQ Ă&#x20AC;XFWXDWing water levels, with minimal management interventions.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (LISTER, 2007) Design for the landscape is challenged by the paradox of dynamics and needs to be perceived as an opportunity to balance ephemerality and permanence. Sudden change in an ecosystem as a result of a catastrophe or a perturbation is a normal

and cyclic event, but is mostly considered to be catastrophic. A certain state in for example large parks are maintained to some degree and require inputs to be remained in a stable state, in opposition to an evolutionary and spontaneous process of organizing itself. Designing for a dynamic condition of landscape, with the idea of nature making nature (hiding the productive capacity of nature), means that based on logics inherent to the landscape, new landscapes can evolve in a path-dependency and therefore logically evolve to a next temporary state. Initiating processes and manipulating these could eventually lead to small-scale solutions for large-scale problems, where because of the scale, a compositional or master-planning approach is not feasible (budgetary constraints or scale to be solved).

For Lister (Lister, 2007) the emphasis should go to adaptive (rather then suppressive) strategies. The ability of ecosystems to recover, reorganize, and adapt in the face of regular change, rather than stability, is critical to their survival. The essence of this primordial ability is resilience, with biological diversity vital to ecosystems as the basis for resilience. An ecosystem has the ability to buffer itself from being pushed into a less reliable state and to regenerate itself following a systematic shift or other disturbance. Since we cannot predict how ecosystems will evolve and behave, and since complex ecosystems are unpredictable, we should move away from a deterministic approach of planning in which certainty and a designed end-state is envisioned, in the knowledge that we cannot determine the consequences of our actions. Accepting this change and using as an opportunity for design means that another approach could be that design searches WR DFFRPPRGDWH IRU FKDQJH E\ FUHDWLQJ D Ă&#x20AC;H[LEOH DQG DGDSWDEOH context in which processes can take place. Lister proposes to use a range of different approaches, which are safe-to-fail, as in practice little is known about design for change. But failures to predict could also lead to a new state in which the system could enter and might not be a liability in terms of self-organising itself against perturbations. (Lister, 2007) Growing with the Seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Continuously reducing the natural interaction between land and sea and building hard sea-defense structure, large-scale wetland reclamation, large-scale agricultural drainage, urbanization along the rivers with impermeable surfaces, harnessing the rivers and reducing the hydro-morphological resilience of the river systems, meander cut-offs and shortening of the rivers, causes during high precipitation high water discharge peaks.

7KH DPRXQW RI GDPV ORFNV DQG IRUWLÂżHG ULYHU EDQNV LPSHGHV WKH replenishment of the upstream beds and diminished the morphological resilience of the river banks. In other words, maintaining the state of dis-equilibrium and restoration of the morphological resilience has become essential for The Netherlands.

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Growing with the Seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; intends to contribute to this debate and

highlights strategies for the enhancement of a resilient coastline, LQ D QHZ DSSURDFK WR Ă&#x20AC;RRG GHIHQVH DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR D ULJLG DQG continuous coastline. In creating more space for water it looks to restore natural coastal and river processes along the Dutch coast and let natural and socio-economic systems interact more dynamically.

The project â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Growing with the seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; intends to tackle this process.

By developing resilient nature areas as vast buffers for sediments (broader dunes and salt-marshes) and water (in lagoons and peat bogs), room will be created to counteract unpredictable climatic change; allowing estuaries, dunes, lagoons and peat bogs to utilize their natural capacity to grow in response to rising sea levels.

This strategy aims at counteracting the ongoing trend of subsidence caused by drainage. The project looks to allow for inundation RI ORZ O\LQJ DUHDV WR VWRUH IUHVK ZDWHU WR IDFLOLWDWH ZDWHU SXULÂżFDtion and to create wetlands. To reverse the process of drainage and subsidence, agricultural land could be set aside to allow autochthonous water to saturate the land and even re-create lakes, a possible evolution ZKLFK FRXOG SHUIRUP LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQV VXFK DV SXULÂżFDWLRQ DQG of sand plates to sedimentation buffers storage of fresh water, buffering of excess rainwater and peak near Elewoutsdijk ULYHU Ă&#x20AC;RZV VXSSO\LQJ ZDWHU WR LQGXVWU\ DJULFXOWXUH DQG IRU KXPDQ - G A G

@ @ F $ .+23+8 $ ##

(source: HELMER, (1996))

consumption, provision of habitats for important plant and animal species and provision of recreation opportunities. The creation of large, gradient-rich nature areas in which a wide variety of SODQWV DQG DQLPDOV FDQ PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ ZLWKVWDQG Ă&#x20AC;XFWXDWLRQV LQ climate. At the same time large nature areas will grow with the sea and will form buffers to protect from the sea. They will also be places for housing and recreation and sources for drinking-water The ongoing subsidence, by as much as 40-50 centimeters per century in some peat-bog areas, has put a large burden on freshwater management in the western part of The Netherlands. Large quantities of fresh water are required to prevent salt-water seepDJH DQG R[LGDWLRQ RI SHDW 7KHUH VKRXOG EH VXIÂżFLHQW PRELOH VDQG to respond to uncertain future changes in sea level and storm regime, as much use as possible should be made of dynamic natural processes rather than human effort to create and protect new land.

7KH 5KLQH Ă&#x20AC;RRG SODLQ UHJLRQ IRU H[DPSOHÂŤ As an example, the project of Agence Ter (with Undine Giseke ) IRU WKH 5KLQH Ă&#x20AC;RRG SODLQ UHJLRQ EHWZHHQ &RORJQH DQG %RQQ XVHV the minimal rationality of difference in topography as a concepWXDO IUDPHZRUN WR GHVLJQ IRU D UHJLRQDO ZDWHU ODQGVFDSH &KDQJing water volumes meant that the Rhine river changed its course RYHU WLPH DQG WKDW WKH UHJLRQ Ă&#x20AC;RRGHG UHJXODUO\ &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH FLW\ RI &RORJQH ZDV VRPHWLPHV RQ WKH ULJKW EDQN DQG VRPHWLPHV on the left bank, following the caprices of the river. The Rhine is FXUUHQWO\ XVHG DV D WUDIÂżF DUWHU\ IRU UHFUHDWLRQ DQG IRU HFRQRPLF ORFDOLVDWLRQ 7KH FLWLHV RI &RORJQH DQG %RQQ DQG WKHLU XUEDQ LQdustrial corridor dominate the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic importance. In order to accommodate the petrochemical and metallurgic industries along, the river has been straightened and terraced, not allowing for meandering, a similar story as for the Scheldt river. The river and its nearby landscape have been transformed to make it perform in an optimal functioning infrastructure-line. In the past WKH ULYHU PHDQW WR EH D VRXUFH IRU SOHDVXUH DQG SURÂżW IRU WKH LQKDELWDQWV RI 5KLQHODQG ,Q WKH UHFHQW SDVW UHJXODU Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ KDV appeared in the alluvial planes and it is expected that in the coming decades the limits of the river as a drainage and infrastructure line will increasing be tested, due to global warming. In being an XQFRQWUROODEOH ULYHU QDWXUDO SURFHVVHV RI WKH ULYHU DQG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ have been taken as the starting point to reconcile the space for water in the low-laying areas and existing pits with urban design strategies at the level of the region.

The design starts from the hydraulic system on the scale of the region, as a framework for future urbanization. Rising water levHOV DQG LPPLQHQW Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUH WDNHQ DV D QHZ RSSRUWXQLW\ IURP which 2 design strategies and spatial concepts were drawn. In the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Rhine Unleashedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the spatial consequences were examined ZKHQ WKH ULYHU ZRXOG RYHUĂ&#x20AC;RZ LQ DQ XQFRQWUROOHG ZD\ ,W ORRNV how space can be negotiated with other usage in an integral approach: urban development, roads, industries, agriculture and

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Rhine Unleashedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The branches of the river Rhineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

(source: Diedrich, 2009) leisure. The second scenario â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the Branches of the Rhineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; looked in to delineate the perimeters of the river within which high deYHORSPHQW SUHVVXUH QHHGV WR EH FRQÂżQHG %\ VXSHULPSRVLQJ WKH 2 scenarios, unconstructed sites were discovered that in the near future would be soon be urbanized, being the former loops of the 5KLQHÂśV EHG ,Q WKH SURMHFW WKHVH DUHDV ZHUH SURSRVHG DV QRQ constructible and as a network of grassy hollows that could channel and spread excess of water over the territory. At the same time they compensate for densely-constructed areas on the river banks of these potential new water courses. These new pits will allow for water leisure activities on existing gravel pits reservoirs and water meadows. The deepest hollows would be used for waWHU VWRUDJH LQ SHULRGV RI GURXJKW LQ EHWZHHQ SHULRGV RI Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ A new insular urban fabric would be shaped and be dependent on the natural topography. The risk of an uncontrollable river would be turned into a dynamic system of new river loops in which temSRUDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DQG UHWHQWLRQ FRXOG EH GHDOW ZLWK DQG UHJXODWHG DQG organized in relation with agriculture and enriched biodiversity. A more varied landscape and adapted housing, soft transport tracks would accommodate for living with water.

7KH SURMHFW UHWKLQNV WKH FRPSOH[ ULYHU V\VWHP DV D ZKROH DQG recombines and integrates the urban functions in an integral ZD\ VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH K\GUDXOLF ZDWHU V\VWHP ZKLFK GHÂżQHV WKH landscape at regional scale, as a basis. Using and allowing for QDWXUDO SURFHVVHV EDVHG RQ WRSRJUDSKLFDO GLIIHUHQFH WKH SURMHFW responds to the growing pressure and need for space for water.

Looking at the past and re-articulating the beds of the old tradi-

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Flooded corridors & island hillsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (source: Diedrich, 2009)

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Green dry corridorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;New quarters on the Rhineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

tional river beds is not meant to be primordial or a goal in itself.

7KH SURMHFW LGHQWLÂżHV WKH LQKHUHQW ORJLF DQG UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WRpography levels and water streams: anticipating on the intention of water courses and how water would react. As such it looks for the paths of least effort (according to the natural laws of gravity) and works with the forces of nature.

The combination of natural development of the Rhine and creation of new locations or development possibilities are based on coalitions. The new created and stabilized islands take advantage of the surrounding landscape by proximity (development overlookLQJ ULYHUVLGH SDVWXUHV DQG DIÂżQLW\ 7KH SODLQV ZRXOG HYROYH WR the place where nature and urban settlements would fuse. Also the lowlands between the raised settlements will reactivate residual backwaters (gravel pits) and become the basis for new landscapes. Introducing additional river branches accumulate to the amount of contact spaces, where people can reconnect with the river.

0RLVWHQ QDWXUDO DUHDV FRQWULEXWH WR ELRGLYHUVLW\ 7KH SURMHFW ORRNV for blue infrastructure in terms of storage capacity for an excess of water. These water corridors, which work in times of drought as green landscape corridors, have their value in linking remaining green patches and in linking them as ecological infrastructure.

The green corridors that are reminders to the blue river branches are partly meant as ecological biospheres. By preparing the site, E\ UH OHYHOOLQJ WKH WRSRJUDSK\ WKH SURMHFW DSSURDFKHV DQG PDQLSXODWHV VSHFLÂżFLWLHV RI WKH ODQGVFDSH DV D ZKROH DQG XVHV WKH minimal rationality of the working of a landscape and the hydrological system to design the framework, with the intention to anticipate on an eventual failing of the relation between the ecological/hydrological system and urbanization that uses the land-

VFDSH 7KH SURMHFW DQWLFLSDWHG RQ ZKDW HYHQWXDOO\ PD\ EHFRPH the outcome, when water levels will rise. If water is to rise then D IDLOLQJ UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ Ă&#x20AC;RRGHG DUHDV DQG XUEDQL]DWLRQ PD\ happen if not anticipated. These processes and the design with WKH IRUFHV RI QDWXUH DV VXJJHVWHG IRU WKH 5KLQH SURMHFW DUH WKH longer the more recognized to be the solution for problems in the South-West Delta, and could be a starting point for the Scheldt DV D ZKROH :KLOH WKH SURMHFW VWDUWV IURP WKH SUHPLVH ZKDW FRXOG be the solution against a negative outcome and in looking for H[WUD VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ UHVLGXDO ZDWHU SLWV DQG ORZHU Ă&#x20AC;RRG SODLQV are recycled. Starting from processes of the landscape, eventual negative side-effects can be avoided. )RU &]HUQLDN OHJLELOLW\ DQG UHVLOLHQFH DUH WKH PDMRU FKDOOHQJHV LQ designing for large parks. The capacity to design for a park that is self-explaining the processes it supports and the logics behind it can also be used as a design strategy and design process. ReVLOLHQFH LV IRU &]HUQLDN WKH DELOLW\ WR UHFRYHU IURP RU DGMXVW WR change. The system can experience disturbance and return to a recognizable steady state. In a less traditional and more useIXO HFRORJLFDO GHÂżQLWLRQ UHVLOLHQFH LV WKH DELOLW\ RI D V\VWHP WR DGMXVW LQ WKH IDFH RI FKDOOHQJLQJ FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH DPRXQW RI disturbance it can absorb, while still maintaining its function beIRUH LQVWDELOLWLHV Ă&#x20AC;LS WKH V\VWHP LQWR DQRWKHU UHJLPH RI EHKDYLRXU Designing for resilience is designing for absorption and facilitating for change (organizational, infrastructure, form, logics,â&#x20AC;Ś) â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;DeVLJQLQJ IRU UHVLOLHQFH LV ORRNLQJ IRU WHQVLRQV HIÂżFLHQF\ DQG SHUVLVtence, constancy and change, predictability and unpredictability.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Czerniak, 2007) + 1 6 DQG Âľ*RLQJ ZLWK WKH Ă&#x20AC;RZ WRZDUGV D QHZ ZDWHUV\VWHP IRU Randstad Hollandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ,Q SODQQLQJ WKURXJK UHVLOLHQFH WKH SURMHFW RI + 1 6 IRU 5DQGVWDG Holland looked how the surface water system of Randstad Holland can be rethought. The work (presented in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Water Biennaleâ&#x20AC;?, the second International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam) starts from the following premise: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sea levels are rising, precipitation peaks are breaking new records, the land is subsiding and the groundwater is becoming brackish. Living in a metropolis below sea level is, in short, faced with a big challenge: storage capacity is required for fresh water LQ RUGHU WR Ă&#x20AC;XVK RXW EUDFNLVK DQG SROOXWHG ZDWHU GXULQJ GU\ SHriods; there is a need to drain and store the saline seepage that rises to the surface in low-lying polders; peak storage capacity in extensively urbanized areas must temporarily retain water from precipitation; and lastly, the outlet and drainage system that interconnects these components needs renovation. Why shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t we bring together all these tasks in an open and attractive landVFDSH ZLWK DQ DEXQGDQFH RI ZDWHU WKDW EHQHÂżWV UHFUHDWLRQDO XVHUV GHYHORSHUV Ă&#x20AC;RUD DQG IDXQD"Âś (http://www.hnsland.nl) 7KH SURMHFW ORRNV WR UHFRQYHUW D ZKROH UHJLRQ VWDUWLQJ IURP LV-

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VXHV RI VDOLQLW\ VDIHW\ DQG Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DV D PDMRU IUDPHZRUN 6LPLODU DV WKH SURMHFW RI 7(5 IRU WKH 5KLQH UHJLRQ WKH GLIIHUHQW FODLPV IRU land are weighed and brought together in coalitions. H+N+S talks DERXW FRPSHWLQJ LQWHUHVWV DQG PRQH\ LQ ZKLFK Âľ6XUÂżQJ DORQJ LQ the Floodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; appeals for a phased and collective approach in the form of preparation and facilitation: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;reserve space here and put a stop to urbanization, invest in new components of the water structure and hitch a ride with new opportunities elsewhere. This places polders and peatland areas in a surprising spatial planning perspective.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; By opposing the different claims, areas and claims will be weighed. Preserving means that other things will also be given up, and choices are to be made. Agence TER (Rhine SURMHFW DSSURDFKHV WKH ZHLJKLQJ SURFHVV E\ UHWKLQNLQJ FODLPV as peers, in a more sectoral approach. Space is approached as a mediated or negotiated space. ÂŤ WRZDUGV D ZRUNLQJ GHÂżQLWLRQ Every system has a limited capacity to adapt and recover. The degree in elasticity in which a system is able to cope with changes, in a reversible manner, can be understood as resilient. An elastic system is determined by its frequency, magnitude and energy that it is able to withstand. The way it can withstand changes a system (process). Since weather-related disasters such as drought, VWRUPV DQG Ă&#x20AC;RRGV DUH XQFHUWDLQ LQ WKH IXWXUH EXW H[SHFWHG WR become more frequent, the limits within a system needs to respond is also undetermined. But planning for this uncertainty has become the assignment for planners; exploring and re-thinking

the process characteristics of a system the means the means IRU UHVLOLHQW SURMHFWV .OHLQ VXJJHVWV WR GHYHORS D FRPSUHKHQVLYH GHÂżQLWLRQ WKDW FDQ FDSWXUH WKH HVVHQFH RI UHVLOLHQFH EH PHDQingful to both scientists and policymakers, a functional approach that integrates the morphological, ecological and socio-economic processes which determine coastal resilience. Thus, coastal resilLHQFH LV GHÂżQHG DV IROORZV â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The resilience (of the coast) is its self-organising capacity to preserve actual and potential functions of (coastal) systems under WKH LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI FKDQJLQJ K\GUDXOLF DQG PRUSKRORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV This capacity is based on the (potential) dynamics of morphological, ecological and socio-economic processes in relation to the demands that are made by the functions to be preserved.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; )RU .OHLQ WKLV GHÂżQLWLRQ GLYHUJHV IURP WKH WUDGLWLRQDO GHÂżQLWLRQV of mechanical or ecological resilience, which refer to some original or equilibrium state to which a system returns after being perturbed, or to the speed with which this occurs: morphological, ecological and socio-economic coastal processes produce a coastal system that is continuously changing, so no original or HTXLOLEULXP VWDWH FDQ EH LGHQWLÂżHG SHUWXUEDWLRQV DUH QRW LVRODWed events from which a coastal system may or may not recover but are ever-present and occur at different temporal and spatial scales.

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Conclusion The 3 different approaches of resilience, resistance and acceptance (adaptation) have been tested during the studio on-site and through design. It seems that 1 approach will not be enough to VROYH Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ D FRPSOH[ YDOOH\ RI WKH ULYHU 6FKHOGW that is inhabited, has been changed, where value has been created and diverse activities are co-existing. Different strategies were tested and it seems that the 3 different approaches will be needed to solve the complexity of realities along the river to its maximal extent. Maximizing resilience will have the advanWDJH WKDW WKH H[LVWLQJ DQG VLWH VSHFLÂżF OLPLWV FDQ EH H[SORUHG DQG ZKLFK ÂżQDOO\ FRXOG OHDG WR D OHVV VWULQJHQW UHODWLRQ ZLWK ZDWHU Taken into account the structure of the sub-basins and the hydraulic system, the existing topography, the limits of what natural Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DQG ULVN PHDQV H[SORULQJ WKH GLVWDQFH QHHGHG WR UHODWH with water, sound out what planning for risk means in terms of creating topography (dikes, landforms), new vegetation and water landscapes and how time can be used to intensify relations with waterâ&#x20AC;Ś A series of designs explored (in the next chapter) the extent of these resilient tactics in planning for the river Scheldt with resilience and raising levels of water as a motive.

References: BAVA, H. & CHRISTIANSEN, D. & GISEKE, U., LAUBER, D. & REINICKE H-J. & SCHUTTE, M., & SIEWEKE, J., (2008), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Dynamics of the Rhineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: MONTAG STIFTUNG URBANE RAUME AND REGIONALE 2010 (eds.) Riverscapes: designing urban embankments, Birkhauser, Berlin BEATLEY, T., (1998), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The vision of sustainable communitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: Cooperating with nature: Confronting natural hazards with landuse planning for sustainable communities, R. J. Burby (ed.), Joseph Henry Press, Washington BERRIZBEITIA, A., (2007) , â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Replacing processâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: CZERNIAK, J. & HARGREAVES, G (eds.), Large Parks, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, pp255 COAFFEE J. & WOOD D.M. & ROGERS P., (2009), The every day resilience of the city, New security challenges series, Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp. 330 CZERNIAK, J., (2007), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Legibility and resilienceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: CZERNIAK, J. & HARGREAVES, G (eds.), Large Parks, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, pp255 DIEDRICH, L., (ed.), (2009), Territoires: Agence Ter - from land-

scape to city, Birkhauser GODSHALK, D.R., (2003), Urban hazard mtigation: creating resiioent cities, Plenary paper presented at the Urban Hazards Forum, pp13 HELMER W. et al., (1996), Growing with the sea: creating a resilient coastline, WWF: Zeist, The Netherlands KLEIN RJT. & SMIT MJ. & GOOSEN H. & HULSBERGEN CH., (1998), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Resilience and vulnerability: coastal dynamics or Dutch dikes?â&#x20AC;&#x2122; in: The Geographical Journal, nov 1998 LISTER, N.M., (2007), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sustainable large parks: ecological design or designer ecology?â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: CZERNIAK, J. & HARGREAVES, G (eds.), Large Parks, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, pp255 OSBAHR, H., (2007), Building resilience: Adaptation mechanisms and mainstreaming for the poor, Background paper for UNDP Human Development Report, UNDP, Oxford ROYLANCE, D., (2001), Stress-strain curves, Cambridge, pp14 STOKKOM, HTC van & SMITS AJM, (2002), â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Flood defence in the Netherlands, a new era, a new approachâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: WU et al. (eds.), Flood defence, Science Press, New York =+$1* / Âľ/LYH ZLWK ZDWHU Ă&#x20AC;RRG DGDSWLYH ODQGVFDSHV LQ the Yellow River Basin of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in: Journal of Landscape Architecture, autumn 2008, pp6-17 Websites: http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Resilience,_adaptation_and_ resistance_of_coastal_and_marine_ecosystems (retrieved on 08-04-â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;09) http://www.marbef.org/wiki/Resilience_and_resistance (retrieved on 08-04-â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;09) http://www.hnsland.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar WLFOH LG SURMHFWHQ FDWLG RQGHU]RHN HQ VWUDWHJLH ,WHPLG 22&lang=nl-NL (retrieved on 20-06-â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;09)

4

/STRATEGIES

RETERRITORIALIZATING AND REINTERPRETING THE WAY OF LIVING IN SCHELDT RIVER. Ivan Dario Solano Doncel

The project will take one zone of the Scheldt River in a town called Rupelmonde.

The proposal focus on this town, because in that place occurs both situations and conďŹ&#x201A;icts to solve as an example for the general project.

In one hand the project will explain an intervention in a industrial zone, who actually is used to repair chips.

In other hand the project will try to recover the front of the public space of the city looking at the river.

Actual Territory

Actual Ecotones

Directions The actual ecotones show us one kind of mixitĂŠ but not organized and a territory advance in front and reverse as well as one fold.

In the place actually exist traces of the water, of the old greens, and the approach of the towns is not frontal, they have just few points of contact with the river, the main squares are far of the main pedestrian way in the river.

Permeability

Areas to Scan Footprint

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Images Front

The typology of the new project results understanding the way of the “backside”.

Is a footprint of the movements of the population in action to construct, building “homemade”.

If these are the appropriations of your space inside, the project will take the same kind of feelings to give you the tools to make your space of life.

Images back

Public space inside of the houses, gardens, ports, rivers and squares, the public space construct other common areas.

Create a new kind of housing, taking as a principle of the organization the urban tissues in the actual city, giving ways to develop similar topologies in the future

Industrial Areas

What happen if we change the diversity of the backside of the houses, and we put that diverse mixitĂŠ in the territory to use as a complete living?

Living as the last space of the house, A house is dived in two parts: The front side, the facade of the city, formal city, identity, social living.

The backside, diverse uses, combined activities and materials, combined that developments in time, area to construct life, private space and hobbies.

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Find the sustainable process to change during the time, the city will be ready to act.

Urban Urba Ur ban n Ti Tiss Tissue ssu u and uses River as a panorama vision extended the concept of interior, outside and inside is the same concept in the house.

Elements in the environment as an “objects” to live, open machines with the landscape.

House is the machine for live, machine shared with water.

Create new buildings either to configure urban figure in the front of the river or to make an identification of the town

Urban Tissues

Connect the public spaces from the river to the city in perpendicular way, in the same way the parallel direction is clearly redeďŹ ned Along the river

Use the actual history and recreation strategic zones to involve the activity of the city and the border of the river

Scales of intervention.

Ecotones and uses

Connecting green Maintain the mixitĂŠ in the territory and make interventions with the diverse kind of uses, linking in a transversal way the landscape, creating sector and ports in directly relation with the town.

Conclusion: The project solve the industrial uses recreating new projects in that territory giving a key to clarify and to share the space, maintaining the actual complexity, as a main characteristic of the River.

In the other hand the proposal connect the main public spaces recreating the urban life along the corridor in the border of each portion of the village.

I ask myself if, beside gardens for private homes, we may be able to build gardens of a private comunity housing groups.

Luis Barragan

Global Concept

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REINFORCEMENT OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR

Aryani Sari Rahmanti Ha Tien Van

PROJECT OUTLINE

Situating the project Project is situated in between the city of Hemiksem and Schelle, along the tributary of Schelde: Struisbeke river. The little river shows the complications Schelde river also has: nature in contrast with man made elements. The pressures of housing projects, heavy duty industrial sites, residual spaces, a backside of built environment, interruptions of infrastructure constructions, and

Struisbeek West Project Project of Struisbeek West begins from the void stripe to Scheldt ULYHU %HIRUH LW DUULYHV DW 6FKHOGW WKH VPDOO ULYHU SDVVHV LQGHÂżQLWH banks and areas of industrial sites, backside of the houses, agressive residential developments, and also pathways annexed WR DEEH\ SDUNV DQI ÂżQDOO\ 6FKOHGW ,Q IHZ PRUH \HDUV LPDJLQH what more will happen there...

Around the two rivers (were)â&#x20AC;Ś Aa remembrance of what the rivers once had: water related natural and cultural landscapes, Hemiksem Abbey, the castles, and the landscape mosaics.

Ferraris Map of Hemiksem and Schelle, with Stuisbeke in between and Scheldt as the bond.

Map drawn after industrial revolultion.

New features are the infrastructures (road,railways), settlements

Around the the rivers (are)...

Industries, housing projects, supermarket, apartments, with a tendency to push their area to the Scheldt and Strusbeke river. But WKHUH DUH DOVR SDUNV ÂżVKLQJ SRQG KLGGHQ DQG YLVLEOH SDWKZD\V along the river, which is somehow an effort to be engaged with the river again. The condition of the two rivers are morelike a backyard rather than a living room...

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Two visible voids which are the rivers Porosity inside the island

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Land usage

Mixture of land usage in an area Industrial and r e s i d e n t i a l building push their development to the rivers

Landscape and biologically valuable areas

Relations of water salinity, important habitats, and soil type.

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Sloping degree betzeen upper and lower banks of Stuisbeke river Flooding risk caused by rain water

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Dikes along Scheldt are mostly industrial platforms.

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working with...

green pockets the edges ZDWHÀRZ RI WKH ULYHUV

with the concepts of corridor and ecotones

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LEGEND 1 abbey park 1a abbey 1b water reservoir 1c viewing platform 1d scheldt riverstairs 1e forest pathway 1f path(rail)way corridor 1g wetland habitat

2 pocket valley 2a viewing balcony 2b viewing bridge 2c ponds park 2d mini golf park 2e pathway and cycling route 2f viewing terrace

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alteration zone between the complex the to the void stripe

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provision corridor for future pathway networking the heritage sites and leisure facilities along struisbeek

Site Interpretations Maps Non-Built area

Industry and houses are devloping along the A12 road

Buit area

Industrial area are spontanously d e v e l o p e d encroaching the non-built area

PROJECT A12 - Boomsesteenweg Road Map of biodiversity & landscape

Schetch: Struibeek river

Function: Industry, commercial buldings, Garden house is typical along the A12 Road

Schetch: Garden House

Concept: Ecotones - working with the edges 3 steps: (1)Positive uses of water to create new landscapes (ecotones). (2)Engage commercial activities of A12-road to these new areas. (3)Strengthen the river corridor in crucial locations.

Keeping water Method: refers to the “ladder ULFH ¿HOG´ LQ 9LHWQDP

Sketch: 1. Hard and sorf edges 2. Ecotones

Strategic project 'HVLJQ LQVWUXPHQW :HWODQG DFWV DV ZDWHU SXUL¿FDWLRQ facilitiy. (2) Wadies collect water from impermeable areas to ZHWODQGV DQG KHOS UHGXFLQJ ÀRRG ULVNV

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Perspective

Present river-corridor

Industry

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Car park project: Instroduce water collector or wadies into parking lot to collect rainwater and durty water from this hard surface. This project is an example creating a new apprence for Car parks along the A12 1. New Car park plan

Wetland

detail

Wetland

2. Detail plan 3. Perspective

Crossing the A12 project - This project maximizes the biodiversity of the Struibeek river ecology, enhances the continuity of the river corridor, creates a favorable public space attracting people to the river.

What do we do?

- Making a tunel for the river corridor under the A12 road (50m in width, 10 lanes) - Constructing a walk way along the river and 2 stair cases.

1. Plan over the A12 Section

Section 2. Plan under the A12

3. Perspective 4. Present A12 road

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The value that Scheldt River has is irreplaceable, particularly for its ecological richness. Nowadays, although the position of the ULYHU LV VWLOO VLJQLÂżFDQW LQ DQ\ SHUVSHFWLYHV DW WKH VDPH WLPH its ideal condition of the river has been undermined gradually, particularly due to interference of human activities which carry the GHFRPSRVLQJ HFRORJLFDO LPSDFWV 7KH FRUULGRU PLJKW EH XQGHÂżQHG corrupted, broken up. Leaving the river with its conditions as it is now, predicting the future, without any attempt is initiated, the role of the river will be less.

With ecological standpoint, reinforcement of Scheldt River by GHÂżQLQJ WKH ULYHU FRUULGRU FRPELQLQJ LW ZLWK RWKHU IXQFWLRQV WR maximize the overlapping zones, with adjacent, longitudinal, and transversal strategies is anticipated to minimize the frictions that Scheldt River can slowly regain its role back. By looking at the possibilities of creating and reconnecting the ecological network, identify the locations of the crucial and interrupted points, minimizing the fractures, restructurising the river valleys, and ZRUNLQJ ZLWK WKH ZDWHU Ă&#x20AC;XFWXDWLRQV DUH WKH HIIRUWV WKDW ZH DUH experimenting our concepts in Struisbeek project. It is expected that the meaning of Scheldt River would be recovered, in particular towards the sustainability in future directions.

Reference ANDRE, V., BOHN, VILJOEN, (2005), School of Architecture and Design, University of Brighton, UK. ERIC M., FRANCIS M., (2008), Ground and water levels change in the Scheldt basin, UniversitĂŠ des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (USTL), France.

GARRETT, E., (1964), Urban landscape design, McGraw-Hill Book company, US. GILBERT, A., SCHAAFSMA, M, NOCKER, L., D., LIEKENS. I., BROEKX. S., (2007), Case study report, EU funded project AquaMoney, Development and Testing of Practical Guidelines for the Assessment of Environmental and 5HVRXUFH &RVWV DQG %HQHÂżWV LQ WKH :)' %HOJLXP GOETHALS, P., DE PAUW, N., D., (2001), Development of a concept for integrated ecological river assessment in Flanders, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology & Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Belgium.

HELLE, P., BERT, V., H., ANNEMIEK V., WIM C., (unknow year), The Scheldt HVWXDU\ FDVH IRUP FRQĂ&#x20AC;LFW WR FRSSHUDWLRQ 6HOHFWHG &DVWH 6WXG\ RI &$%5, 9ROJD 3URMHFW 'HOLYHUDEOH ' ´(QYLURQPHQWDO 5LVN 0DQDJHPHQW LQ /DUJH 5LYHU %DVLQV 2YHUYLHZ RI FXUUHQW SUDFWLFHV LQ KH (8 DQG 5XVVLD´ Wageningen University, The Netherlands MODELKEY Newsletter No. 4, (2007), Models for Assessing and Forecasting the Impact of Environmental Key Pollutants on Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems and Biodiversity, Report, http://www.modelkey.org, 21 February 20h30 NICOLETTE, B., (2007), New landscape Architecture, Braun, Berlin INTERNATIONALE Scheldecommissie, (2005), Scheldt international river basin district, Roof report, European Water Framework Directive 2000/60, Berlin RICHARD T.T.Forman, EDWARD O. (1995) Wilson, Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, Harvard University, Massachusetts, US SMIT, H., KOP, R., WESTMACOTT, S., (2001), Eco-morphodynamic processes in the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta and the Dutch Wadden Sea, Samenvatting, Belgium SISTERMANS, P., NIEUWENHUIS, O., (unknow year), Western Scheldt Estuar, Eurosion Case Study, The Netherlands

Website http://avn.geog.uu.nl http://sigmaplan.be http://www.agiv.be/gis/diensten http://www.aquamoney.ecologic-events.de http://www.giswest.be http://www.rjdelta.com http://www.schelde-landschapspark.be http://www.scheldenet.n http://www.verruimingvaargeul.nl http://www.vismigratie.be http://www2.vlaanderen.be

PERMANENT STRIPE IN BETWEEN TEMPORARY CONDITIONS Mariana Cruz Diaz Paola Franco Jaramillo

As one of the strongest and expanding economy in Belgium, the port of Antwerp faces many challenges in guaranteeing protection WR WKH FLW\ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ DUHDV DQG PDNLQJ DQ HIÂżFLHQW XVH RI its inner space.

Following the concepts of permanence and temporary conditions, we proposed a long term development strategy. The purpose is to activate the existing buffer areas, and unused open areas within the port for the use of nature and the city.

GENERAL CONCEPT The city of Antwerp has taken advantage of the qualities of the Scheldt River; they established their port on its edges. The Scheldt River became an important access of goods for Belgium and its neighbor countries, and the harbor holds the position of the second largest port in Europe. Due to the fact that the port QHHGV WR H[SDQG WR JHW PRUH FDSDFLW\ DQG SURÂżW WKH\ VWDUWHG WR grow towards the natural agricultural and nature reserve areas ÂżJXUH . The Flemish government decided to create a regulation that guaranties the environmental protection.

Âľ1DWXUDO 5HVHUYHÂś 3KRJUDSK\ E\ Mariana Cruz Diaz

)LJXUH Âľ1DWXUDO 5HVHUYH areasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - Port of Antwerp

Âł6LQFH HYHU\ SRUW DUHD LQ )ODQGHUV KDV WR GUDZ XS a Strategic Plan and a Land Use Plan that guarantee maximum protection of the surrounding residential areas, build up the â&#x20AC;&#x153;ecological infrastructureâ&#x20AC;? inside and RXWVLGH WKH SRUW DUHD DQG PDNH HIÂżFLHQW XVH RI VSDFH ´ The port authority generated a plan taking in consideration two main challenges economy and ecology. Furthermore, the port established some â&#x20AC;&#x153;nature compensation measuresâ&#x20AC;? spaces to create new nature areas; however they are not enough to get equilibrium between the new size of the port and the already decayed ecology structure. ÂżJXUH

Analyzing the current situation, we realize that they are some industrial terrains that at the moment are not used; most of them DUH DWWDFKHG WR WKH WUDQVYHUVDO D[LV ³5 PRWRUZD\´ ¿JXUH , which works as the main natural connection between the two natural reserves that enclosed the port ¿JXUH . These unused areas are strategic places to reactivate ecology; taking in consideration that at any moment these places will be occupied by new industry, therefore the proposed landscape will be temporary.

)LJXUH µ1DWXUH Compensation’ Port of Antwerp

µ1DWXUDO DUHDV¶ Proposal by NEW!DELTA

)LJXUH µ8QXVHG DUHDV 5 PRWRUZD\ ¶ Port of Antwerp Unused area in the port of Antwerp 3KRWRJUDSK\ E\ Paola Franco Jaramillo

7KLV LGHD KDV EHHQ HYROYHG E\ 0LFKHO 'HVYLJQH â&#x20AC;&#x153;If the landscape is a structure frame, it also offers the possibility of temporarily occupying some parts of the city undergoing transformation, in which many unknowns remain. While waiting for construction, these intermediate natures immediately provide positive attributes to the site. Of course, this is an DUWLÂżFH WKLV SURYLVRU\ IXOÂżOOLQJ ODQGVFDSH LV OLDEOH WR be destroyed one day to make room for buildings.

We see how this idea differs from the concept of SUpYHUGLVVHPHQW SODQW WRGD\ EXLOG WRPRUURZ ZKLFK GHYHORSHG LQ WKH ÂśV ,W FDQQRW EH D TXHVWLRQ RI producing the negative of a site plan, but rather of giving the land an immediate status, maintaining it, and accepting its transformation. This falls in the category of management, maintenance, and respect, even thought the qualities and uses are only temporary.â&#x20AC;?

7KH ERRN E\ 'UDPVWDG 2OVRQ DQG )RUPDQ GHVFULEHV Âľ&OXVWHU RI stepping stonesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as â&#x20AC;&#x153;The optimal spatial arrangement of a cluster of stepping stones between large patches provides alternate or redundant routes, while maintaining an overall linearly-oriented array between the large patchesâ&#x20AC;? ÂżJXUH Creating this temporary landscape which is meant to aloud the environment to recuperate can be seen as a stepping stone connecting to reserve areas and a new habitat for birds.

)LJXUH Âľ&OXVWHU RI stepping stonesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Birds habitat

R5 motorway and temporary landscape

µ/RFDWLRQ LQ WKH SRUW RI Antwerp’

µ&XUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ¶ unused areas between industry

µ7HPSRUDU\ ODQGVFDSHV¶ Bird habitat Bird watching

Moreover, there is a stripe that attracts our attention because of its conditions. Primarily, it is a clear connection between the city RI $QWZHUS DQG WKH KDUERU 6HFRQGO\ LV SRVVLEOH WR ÂżQG DOO NLQG of landscapes, such as old forts, lakes, wetlands and forests ÂżJXUH

. Finally, it is an ignored dyke; its current function to protect and divide the port industry from the Scheldt River and to protect the harbour from the high tide. The strategy is to use this stripe as a mechanism to give back the river to the citizens, a place integrated to the green plans of the city of Antwerp, as well as to activate the river edge along the port in an economical object where ecology is a main interest. In addition create a permanent park that reacts to the changes in time, such as the tide of the River and the dynamics of the port. ÂżJXUH

ÂżJXUH Âľ%XIIHU DUHD VWULSH Âś

¿JXUH µ/DQGVFDSHV sequences’ Stripe

PERMANENT STRIPE IN BETWEEN TEMPORARY CONDITIONS ,Q WKH FLW\ RI $QWZHUS DV WKH RWKHU FLWLHV RI )ODQGHUV ZDV UHTXLUHG WR FUHDWH D 6SDWLDO 6WUXFWXUDO 3ODQ 7KH ,WDOLDQ ÂżUP 6HFFKL and Vigano was commissioned to create this plan as external team working close together with the city. The plan was divided into two parts one of them was the informative part which explains how the city develops related with the society and the culture of its inhabitants. The Second part is the directive part dedicated to H[SODLQ WKH VWUDWHJLHV IRU WKH IXWXUH RI WKH FLW\ EDVHG RQ ÂľJHQHULF SROLF\Âś DQG ÂľDFWLYH SROLF\Âś 7KH ÂľDFWLYH SROLF\Âś UHFRJQL]HV VWUDWHJLF VSDFHV WKH +DUG 6SLQH Soft Spine, Green Singel, Lower Network and Lively Canal. The 6WULSH LV FRQVLGHUHG DV SDUW RI WKH 6RIW 6SLQH ZKLFK LV GHÂżQHG

by Willem and Vandenbroucke as â&#x20AC;&#x153;â&#x20AC;Śa program comprising a VHTXHQFH RI ÂżYH ODUJH SDUN ZKLFK FRQQHFW WKH 5LYHU 6FKHOGW ZLWK the hinterland and which are mutually linked by the green corridor constituted by the Singelâ&#x20AC;? as well can be considered an important HOHPHQW LQ WKH FRQÂżJXUDWLRQ RI WKH *UHHQ 6LQJHO Âł7KH VWUDWHJLF space Green Singel aims to convert the current fragmented and LQVXIÂżFLHQWO\ XVHG VSDFH LQWR D WRS FODVV XUEDQ VSDFH ZLWK D ORW of green zones and open space. It thus serves as a link between the inner city and the outer city, within a corridor, which connects WKH ÂżYH ODUJH SDUNV ´ 7DNLQJ LQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKH 6SDWLDO 6WUXFWXUH Plan is evident to consider this stripe as a Park, which returns the port to the city.

Âľ6RIW VSLQHÂś Antwerp strategic plan Âľ*UHHQ VSLQHÂś Antwerp strategic plan

7KH VWULSH LV NLORPHWHUV ORQJ DQG LWV ZLGWK YDULHV EHWZHHQ PW WKLV PHDQV WKDW WKH 3RUW RI $QWZHUS KDV KHFWDUHV of buffer open space towards the river. To understand the scale and the magnitude of this place it is necessary to compare it with µ6SRRU 1RRUG¶ 7KH VWULSH KDV WKH VL]H RI WKLV QHZ FLW\ SDUNV WRJHWKHU ZKLFK LQ KHFWDUHV RIIHUV WR WKH FLWL]HQV D YDULHW\ RI places, such as play areas, a bmx, skate park, multifunctional shelter, as well as places to play, practice sports or enjoy the nature.

µ8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH VFDOH¶ Stripe vs Spoor Nord $QWZHUS FLW\ SDUN

µ6WULSH TXDOLWLHV¶ Variation of the width and landscape

In order to understand better the logic and characteristics of the stripe, the current relations between the river and the harbor were VWXGLHG HLJKW VHTXHQFHV ZHUH LGHQWLÂżHG 7KH SURSRVDO UHLQIRUFHV WKH TXDOLWLHV JHQHUDWLQJ D SDUN ZLWK FKDUDFWHULVWLF SDUWV ZKLFK will be crossed by three different paths, one for walking, other for jogging and a bike route. The entire park will be served by EXV DQG ERDW ZRUNLQJ RQO\ RQ ZHHNHQG DV ZHOO DV SURYLGLQJ FDU accessibility to the visitors through different places to rent a bike and parking places.

Âľ0RELOLW\ SODQÂś Bikes and people always have a path in the stripe

Âľ'XFNODQGÂś Reference to understand the realtion between spaces, places to go through, to see, to feel The stripe will have this same sequences of places Cedric Price

:LQGPLOO 3DUN FRPSRVHG E\ ZLQGPLOOV LW LV WKH HQG RI the stripe connecting the park with the harbor its image is an economical landscape.

Âľ3ODWIRUP IURP /LOOR looking to the wetlands and the windmill parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

:DWHUVFDSH WRXULVP LW FRPSRVHG E\ D VHTXHQFH RI WKUHH successive waterscapes. Starting with a wetland area intended for contemplation. Intended to be a habitat for animals and accessible for people to enjoy this natural environment by through Ă&#x20AC;RDWLQJ WHUUDFHV 2QH RI WKHP RIIHUV D JUHDW YLHZ WR WKH ZLQGPLOO park, but if you turn your view to the industry a series of trees will open a perfect axis to the port water. When the tide level changes WKLV SODFH FDQ EH Ă&#x20AC;RRGHG FUHDWLQJ GLIIHUHQW VFHQDULRV GXULQJ WKH year.

Âľ:DWHU VSRUW DFWLYLWLHV LQ the Scheldt riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Front of Lillo

Secondly, the fort of Lillo integrates into the waterscape structure as an accessibility point through the marina. Currently many Jet ski and rowing boats on the river reach the shore at this point on weekends.

3KRWRJUDSK\ E\ Mariana Cruz Diaz

Finally, we proposed a water system, which starts in a natural wetland, going through a canal and arriving to a man-made area, a public swimming pool.

)DFLOLWLHV 2QH RI WKH PRVW DPD]LQJ SDUW RI WKH SDUN LV GH¿QHG by the second lock of the right bank of the port, the perfect place to get in touch with the activities of the harbor. The space is opens to the people through terraces where you can experience different views into the Port activity and a broader perspective of the 6FKHOGW 5LYHU 'XH WR LWV SUR[LPLW\ WR µ5 PRWRUZD\¶ LW RIIHUV WKH users a parking place, restaurants, and a children play ground, which relate with the houses that currently are located in the port.

µ:DWHU V\VWHP¶ Public swimmig pool

µ%RXGHZLMQVOXLV DQG 9DQ Cauwelaertsluis lock’ +RXVLQJ DQG )DFLOLWLHV

Âľ5HFUHDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHVÂś ÂżVKLQJ SODFH UHVWLQJ place, beach, marina, rent a bike and bus stop

7RSRJUDSK\ WH[WXUHV 1RZDGD\V WKLV DUHD RIIHUV D YDULHW\ RI places, colors and textures. The topography will be used to create activity spaces, such as a beach, motocross circuit, a hill that will offer a view to the industry and the different activities. The ODNH ZLOO EH VHUYH DV D SODFH IRU ÂżVKLQJ DQG WKH IRUHVW ZLOO VWD\ LQ its natural condition, a new promenade in the river will link the beach, marina and the facilities area.

$TXDFXOWXUH 7KLV SODFH KDV VRPH VSHFLÂżF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKH stripe is narrow, an empty space and the road divided the dock of the stripe. The proposal looks forward to emphasis this water structure, by narrowing the stripe as it is possible giving more SODFH WR WKH ULYHU WKH HPSW\ VSDFHV LV XVHG WR FUHDWH D ¾¿VK spawning groundâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; corresponding to NEW!DELTA plan.

Because of the vicinity of the River Scheldt, different VSHFLHV RI ÂżVK DUH IRXQG LQ ODUJH QXPEHUV LQ WKH Antwerpâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s docks. Fish spawn mainly in shallow, calm waters where water plants grow. Because of the depth of the docks, the steep quay walls and all the shipping movement, there are few good spawning places in the port area. Thanks to the new integrated water policy, greater attention is now being paid to WKH DTXDWLF ELRGLYHUVLW\ )RU LQVWDQFH D ÂżVK VSDZQLQJ area connected to the docks has been created on the right bank in the port of Antwerp. This investment is part of the efforts Antwerp Port Authority is making to encourage wildlife that is compatible with port activity.

7KH $QWZHUS GRFNV DUH FODVVL¿HG XQGHU WKH EUHDPSLNH SHUFK GHHS ZDWHU ¿VK VWRFN W\SH DQG LQGHHG WKH FRPPRQHVW W\SHV RI ¿VK IRXQG KHUH DUH EUHDP SLNH perch, perch, ruffe, roach and eel. The spawning ground will probably be used mainly by bream, perch, roach and SRVVLEO\ E\ UXGG DQG VLOYHU RUIH ´ 1(: '(/7$

Âľ)LVK VSDZLQJ JURXQGÂś Compensation proposed

by NEW!Delta

6. Meeting point, the main structure of this section is led by trees DQG YHJHWDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW KHLJKWV ZKLFK FUHDWH D ÂľWXQQHOÂś WKDW emphasis the longitudinal character of the stripe.

Âľ'HOLJKW HOHPHQWVÂś opening the view to the natural park in the left bank and the other looking towards the port industry

The users who go through this stage will experiment different sensations where in certain parts one of the sides disappears IUDPLQJ VSHFLÂżF YLHZV VXFK DV WKH ULYHU DQG WKH QDWXUDO ODQGVFDSH of the left bank, or one of the most incredible industries in the port, this way the user will experience a dynamic place.

6SRUWV 7KH H[LVWHQW ODNH DQG LWV UHODWLRQ ZLWK WKH PDULWLPH school suggest a water sports scenario, where water competences will take place, as well as spaces where people can practice or FRPSHWHQFHV FDQ EH VXFK DV NLWH VXUÂżQJ ND\DNLQJ DQG ZDWHU skiing.

:DWHU XUEDQLW\ WKH DEDQGRQHG PDULQD ORFDWHG LQ WKLV DUHD ZLOO EH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D ÂľQHLJKERUKRRGÂś RI ERDWKRXVHV ZKLFK will take advantage of the renewal projects happening at this moment in the North of Antwerp.

Âľ:DWHU VSRUWV SDUNÂś fun,training and competitions

References

'(69,*1( 0LFKHO µINTERMEDIATE NATURE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The landscapes of Michel Desvigneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 7(55,725,(6 $1' 6+$3(6 2) 7,0( (G %LUNKDXVHU %DVHO %RVWRQ %HUOLQ

'5$067$' :HQFKH 2/621 -DPHV ' DQG )250$1 5LFKDUG 7 7 /DQGVFDSH (FRORJ\ 3ULQFLSOHV LQ /DQGVFDSH $UFKLWHFWXUH DQG /DQG 8VH 3ODQQLQJ &DPEULGJH +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ *UDGXDWH 6FKRRO RI GHVLJQ DQG :DVKLQJWRQ ,VODQG 3UHVV DQG WKH American Society of Landscape Architects, Washignton. +$5',1*+$5 6DPDQWKD HG

µ&HGULF 3ULFH 23(5$¶ :LOH\ $FDGHP\ *UHDW %ULWDLQ :,//,(06 'ULHV 9$1'(1%528&.( 7DQLD µ7KH 6SDWLDO 3ROLF\ 4XHVW LQ $QWZHUS ¶ LQ 3DROR /D *UHFD /RXLV $OEUHWFKWV -HI 9DQ GHQ %URHFN HG

8UEDQ 7ULDORJXHV &R SURGXFWLYH ZD\V WR UHODWH YLVLRQLQJ DQG VWUDWHJLF XUEDQ SURMHFWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6RFLHW\ RI &LW\ DQG 5HJLRQDO 3ODQQHUV >,62&$53@ %HOJLXP SS Web Pages

3257 2) $17:(53 )RFXV RQ WKH SRUW ± (QYLURQPHQW 5HWULHYHG $SULO :HE SDJH ZZZ SRUWRIDQWZHUS EH 1(: '(/7$ 5HWULHYHG 0D\ :HE 3DJH KWWS ZZZ QHZGHOWD RUJ QDYLJDWLH IUDPHVHW DVS

µ2YHUYLHZ RI WKH VWULSH¶ Metropolitan park of the port of Antwerp

To conclude, this park works as a connection between the city, Scheldt River and the harbor, responding to the impermanent factors, such as the water tide, the wind, the seasons, the port activity, etc. The park offers diverse environments for the users, but always taking into account its importance as an ecological tone, which guaranties the coexistence between economy, ecology and leisure.

GIVING SPACE TO WATER THROUGH RESILIENCE Jurgen Remmerie Alexandra Espinoza

1 delta and a mesh of oases At present it seems that interventions of poldering (and later the dams in the 20th century) have resulted in a poor biodiversity of an in general saline environment (soil and water system) and which will worsen due to global warming. Saline water tables are rising since pumping up of the water causes seepage of salt water in the sweet water tables of the poldered landscape. Poldering and claiming land caused smaller canals, and a smaller retention capacity for sweet water.

The past has shown that diversity of water types leads to an enriched biodiversity. In order to diversify the landscape and to solve the problem of sweet water storage capacity, a system of oases could be introduced, based on an old system of sweet water pockets on top of the sandy ridges. Against the hard mesh of roads and urbanization, a soft mesh of oases and water ways FRXOG UHWDLQ ZDWHU DQG UHGLVWULEXWH VZHHW ZDWHU DQG GLYHUVLÂżHG nature over the territory.

2 the linear river and the reconstruction of a valley In creating space for water and frame this space for water a valley will be (re)constructed. To ameliorate the legibility of the valley, the old borders of the alluvial planes are retraced on basis of the XQ EXLOW RU QHJDWLYH VSDFH WKH QDWXUDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV WRSRJUDSKLcal differences, historical boundaries or a combination of these since global warming may cause that the historical boundaries are not the future ones.

While, in the Delta an obsession with safety lead to negative sideHIIHFWV VDOLQLW\ SRRU IDXQD DQG Ă&#x20AC;RUD VDIHW\ LV WDNHQ DV RSSRUtunity and starting point to re-construct a valley as a system of compartments. Since building resilience means enhancing safety, a system of safety rooms will be constructed that are independent of each other, but as a whole form a continuous valley. When looking at the origin of the water, the compartments could be divided along the hydrographical sub-basins. Within an integral water management approach, the hydrographical system is to be looked at in a holistic way and not as an end-of-pipe solution.

4 projects explored the generic strategies for resilience on-site and tested them against the exsting and differences in topograSK\ K\GURORJ\ QDWXUDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV YHJHWDWLRQ ZDWHU ODQGscapes, levels of safety and spatial qualities ... in a perspective of raising water levels.

A. Upstream industrial retention project 7KH ÂżUVW SURMHFW H[SORUHV WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI ZDWHU UHWHQWLRQ XSstream. Based on the structure of the sub basin and topography a PXOWL VWHS ZDWHU UHWHQWLRQ V\VWHP RI LQÂżOWUDWLRQ DQG EXIIHULQJ LV proposed to retain rain water upstream and allows for controlled drainage. New wadiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s can serve as meeting places, as a blue infrastructure and form a bunch of infrastucture lines with rthe roads and new introduces nature. The existing sand pits can be re-used and and re-connected for additional storage and become recreational areas.

B. Reconnecting a residual meander in Weert This project explores the consequences of reconnecting an old meander. Throughout history the borders of the valley have been inhabited and are formed by a natural elevation of an old sandy ridge. Safety levels are controlled by the connecting points where meanders connect with the river. A serial system of compartments allow for extra storage. The existing housing in the lower areas will need extra protection and tought as a system of safety rooms that are connected with higher roads as escape roads.

C. The resilient landscape in Bornem The resilient water landscape starts from the premise, wat would happen if dikes would be broken or no protective measures were WDNHQ LQ WKH ZKROH YDOOH\ 7KH QDWXUDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV 12* DUH used to identify the topographical safe areas. With a raising waWHU OHYHO RI PHWHU DGGLWLRQDO KRXVLQJ FDQ EH LGHQWLÂżHG WKDW ZLOO QHHG SURWHFWLRQ (QODUJLQJ WKH VXUIDFH PHDQV D Ă&#x20AC;DWWHQLQJ RI WKH amplitudo of the tidal waves. Lower water levels means that the existing topography gives way to new relations with water and the valley, as lower landscaped landforms (dikes of a third generation) will only be needed where topography and settlements DUH WKUHDWHQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH QDWXUDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV $ ZHWtening of the landscape means that new vegetation would cause a wildening nature of willows. To be able to manage this new nature, topography is remoulded to create open (water) versus FORVHG KLJKHU LQGLJHQRXV IRUHVW ODQGVFDSHV E\ D FXW DQG ÂżOO strategy where nett displacement of ground is balanced. Breaking dikes will cause erosion and silting-up of the existing water ditch system, causing that a new logic of water streams will superpose.

Landforms are designed according to the stream lines of the river.

Safety levels are in this area following the topographical levels and different types of vegetation. New relations with water can enhanced by reconnecting the surrounding villages and the valley as an overspill space, through a system of soft recreational areas along the landforms or raised â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;blueâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boulevards.

D. Co-existing water landscapes in Baasrode / Vlassenbroek This project explores the relation between existing settlements and different types of water landscapes, based on topography and hydrological basin.

The 2 logics are explored seperately: a rationalised cultural landscape of polders and drainage canals, where solutions for sweet storage needs to be searched for versus a system of safety compartments that can accomodate for sweet water storage and enhance capacity in relation to different and complex conditions. hard mesh + soft mesh WRZDUGV D V\VWHP RI VZHHW 露oases路

the South-West delta

(source: BERENDSEN, 2005)

1 delta and a mesh of oases A difference needs to be made between the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Nieuwlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Oudlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the delta with regards to the functioning of the landVFDSH DV WKH PRPHQWV RI GLNLQJ DQG JHRORJLFDO IRUPDWLRQ GHÂżQH the natural height levels, quality of water and type of land-use.

2XGODQG DUH WKH DUHDV ZKHUH WKH FUHHNV KDYH EHHQ ÂżOOHG ZLWK sand and lie above the surface. The differences between the ridges of the creeks and the pools were about 2 meters. Where peat is found in the soil, the surface is even lower circa 2 meters minus 1$3 7KH ORZHU DUHDV ZHUH GLIÂżFXOW LQ WHUPV RI ZDWHU PDQDJH-

ment because of the homogeneous clay layer and were mainly useful as pastureland. The lower pools are brackish, meaning that water regularly had to be refreshed to be used for the cattle. The higher sandy ridges contained miniature sweet water pockets as a consequence of the slightly sloping ridges. The areas which have been formed after 1000 AD and are diked after 1200 AD are called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Nieuwlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Through erosion the peat has been eroded, meaning that subsidence and inversion in topography have not happened.

Because of their (at average) higher levels (0,5m to 1,5m +NAP) and their sandy composition they are more percolating and less brackish since rain water desalinizes through percolation through the ground. Since the situation of salinity is the worst in Oudland, this area has been taken as an example how sweet water can be stored by a system of creeks ridges. Not only it means that VZHHW ZDWHU FDQ Ă&#x20AC;RZ IURP KLJKHU WR ORZHU DUHDV LW DOVR PHDQV WKDW QHZ DQG PRUH GLYHUVLÂżHG QDWXUH FDQ SHUFRODWH DQG UHFRORQL]H the territory. Besides retaining sweet water, they also could used recreational activities along infrastructure and become a system of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;airesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, referring to the existing resting places in France along highways.

Salt Brackish Dunes

Oudland Nieuwland Dunes

a hard mesh of hierarchical roads and urbanities 0

5

10 km

a soft mesh of the water system and percolating vegetation connecting a hierarchical system of oases

Upstream storage capacity can limit the peaks in discharge in the GRZQVWUHDP SDUWV RI WKH ULYHU &UHHN V\VWHP LV WKH EDVLV WR GH¿QH the safety compartments. %RUGHUV RI WKH YDOOH\ EDVHG RQ ÀRRGLQJ DUHDV

Additional storage capacity by all possible strategies and tools.

Borders of the valley based on unbuilt space

Within an integral water management approach, drainage and and retention is not an end-of-pipe solution but needs also attention upstream. a multi-step retention system: 1. on-site LQÂżOWUDWLRQ RQ JUHHQ URRIV RI LQGXVWULDO ELJ ER[HV LI SRVVLEOH

parking spaces and green front gardens which serve for buffer areas. 2. blue infrastructure of wadiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s along regional road. 3. reFRQQHFWLQJ VDQG SLWV DV ODUJH UHWHQWLRQ EDVLQV DQG ÂżVKLQJ SRQGV from which vegetation can percolate as ecological infrastructure, green/blue corridors and access to green recreative areas. 4. drainage to the valley

1. buffer basins

2. blue infrastructure

3. large recreational retention basins

Settlements are located and have developed along a sandy ridge. West of the regional road (A) (N16) topography is steeper.

Dwellings have adapted to the steeper edge and turned their backsides to the valley. Gardens slope over the edge gently down and extend to the valley (section B). At the backsides garages are constructed, creating a backside condition along the valley. Inside the lower lands, housing can be found and will need additional protection. At the east (B) the topography is PRUH GLIIXVH DQG OHVV GH¿QHG DQG PDkes that (historically) some settlements have devHORSHG DORQJ D VHFRQG ¿QJHr, inside the valley.

B

A

B

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In the past unplanned settlements have developed along the higher ridge following a minimal rationality. The Van der Maelen (1836) map shows the hydrological drainage system in the brooks.

&XUUHQW QDWXUDO Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV VKR LI IRU WKH ZKROH YDOOH\ QR protective measures are taken.

With raising water levels of 1 meter, additional housing areas will need protection. The settlements on the ridge are in general safe. Housing below 3,75 meters will need an extra height of 1,25 meter. This type of landform (or dike of a third generation) allows for new relations between settlements and valley/river

Reconnecting a residual meander The project to the west of the N16, is characterised by a meander that has been cut off in the glacial time. Reconnecting the meander to store extra water means that the existing dwelling in the surrounding laying lowlands will be threatened. The meander is QRZ XVHG DV D ¿VKLQJ SODFH DQG LV VXUURXQGHG E\ ZRRGHQ YDFDWLRQ KRXVHV :KHQ WKH PHDQGHU ZLOO EH UHFRQQHFWHG WKHQ GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI VDIHW\ DUH WR EH GH¿QHG DQG LPSOHPHQWHG E\ UDLVLQJ URDGV GDPV DQG GLNHV IROORZLQJ GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV DGDSWLQJ WKH ZRRGHQ YDFDWLRQ KRXVHV DV Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQV 7KH GZHOOLQJV DW WKH HGJH RI WKH ROG YDOOH\ ERUGHU ZLOO QRW EH VXEMHFWHG WR KLJKHU ZDWHU OHYHOV RI DERXW PHWHUV DV WKH EDFNVLGHV RI GZHOOLQJV DQG JDUDJHV DUH KLJKHU ORFDWHG ,Q WKH ORZHU YDOOH\ WKH SDUWV ZKHUH the meander would reconnect, could works as depoldered arHDV ZKLFK ZRXOG Ã&#x20AC;RRG HYHU\ GD\ WZLFH ,Q VHFRQG LQVWDQFH WKH meander could be connected by inlet and outlet locks, which beFRPH PDMRU FRQWURO SRLQWV LQ FRQWUROOLQJ WKH YROXPHV WKDW FRXOG EH VWRUHG LQ WKH DUHD 7KH H[LVWLQJ URDGV DUH EHLQJ UDLVHG RYHU DERXW PHWHU DQG FRXOG EH XVHG DV D ¿UVW UDLVHG GDP WR OLPLW spreading the water. This means that the meander could store more water and be raised twice a year. The roads can be used as HVFDSH URDGV SURYLGLQJ VDIHW\ ,Q WKLUG LQVWDQFH WKH DUHDV RXWVLGH WKH URDGV ZRXOG EH Ã&#x20AC;RRGHG OHVV WKHQ D \HDU 7KH H[LVWLQJ FUHHN V\VWHP FDQ WKHQ EH XVHG WR GUDLQ WKH H[FHVV RI ZDWHU ZKHQ Ã&#x20AC;RRGed. The existing housing between the Scheldt and the meander need extra protection and can be enhanced by constructing safety rooms. Dams need to be constructed besides the existing ditch V\VWHP %\ FXW ¿OO WKH ORZ GLNHV RI XS WR PHWHU FRXOG WKHQ EH used to protect the houses in which safety can be guaranteed.

This height still allows for maximum contact between the houses and the areas behind. As escape roads are needed, the houses will be connected to the existing and raised road system.

2x / day 2x / year <2x/ year 1x/5O years

0

100m

Based on the existing water/vegetation structure, different waterlandscapes can exist. To the nort-east the landscape can be recreated by keeping open wedges of meadow and wetland (based on concentration of existing ponds), in opposition to more densely FRQVWUXFWHG ZRRGODQG 'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ different vegetation types will develop and take over in an evolutionary process. The existing vegetation and water structure: 65% of the woods are exogenous construction woods of poplar trees, with a lifespan of 30 years. Regular cutting is needed and can be taken as an opportunity in transforming the vegetation and landscape form productive forests to wetlands and estuary nature. Around the meander is more open meadow on the old fertile alluvial sediments. Around the county the landscape structure is characterised by a grid system and a system of lanes: a structure that could be preserved, while a series of rectangular basins are able to retain water volumes. At the same time these water basins could have an educational or recreational function (as a botanical ODQGVFDSH RU EUHHGLJ SODFHV IRU ÂżVK

Resilient water landscape

principle section

The project C at the east of the regional road N16 is based on the idea of resilience and exploits the topography to its maximum.

In looking for the maximum possible space for water this alternative proposal tests the hypothesis of what would happen if no dikes would exist or dikes would be broken on certain places. In the updated sigmaplan, dikes are foreseen up to 8,25 meters to ensure safety. Whether safety can be guaranteed behind a wall (dike) is to be seen. When they break the consequences will be severe. Progressively raising dikes neither offers qualitative relations with water and water landscapes. The current differences of water levels lay between 0 and 6 meters. With global warming, the average water levels would rise.

If more space is given to water, then tidal differences would be Ă&#x20AC;DWWHQHG RXW RYHU D ODUJHU DUHD DQG ZRXOG YDU\ EHWZHHQ SRVVLEO\ PHWHU DQG PHWHUV DQG PHDQV WKDW Ă&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DW SUHVHQW would arise to around 2,5 meter. If water levels will rise with 1 meter at average, due to global warming, then the safe height is situated at the next topographical height line of 3,75 meter. A precondition to make this concept work is that space for water needs to be maximized on a regional scale as, otherwise, this area would work as a drainage pit for the whole Scheldt.

7DNLQJ WKHVH KHLJKWV DV D K\SRWKHVLV ZKLFK DUH WR EH YHULÂżHG E\ computer models), the design look what the consequences would be.

6DIHW\ LV QRZ GHÂżQHG E\ KHLJKW OHYHOV $V WKH EURRNV ZLOO EH Ă&#x20AC;RRGed completely new nature will grow and develop, according to raising water levels and water tables (amongst other characteristics). Poplars can only grow when water tables are 50 cm down the surface. Adler trees are more appropriate indigenous tree for wet environments and are able to grow with water tables of 30cm

G 5-6m

present situation

Gâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 3,75m

opening dikes: no intervention

Gâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 3,75m

flooded situation opening dikes: adapted nature through remoulding topography

below the surface. Willows can stand with their feet in the water.

7KH SUREOHP LV WKDW ZLWKLQ VZHHW ZDWHU ZHWODQG ZLOORZV ZLOO RYHUJURZ WKH DUHD LQ GHQVH EXVK ODQGVFDSH DQG ZLOO EH GLI¿FXOW WR EH PDLQWDLQHG :KHQ WKLV DUHD ZLOO EH Ã&#x20AC;RRGHG FRQWLQXRXVO\ LW PHDQV WKDW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WRSRJUDSK\ DUH WR EH FUHDWHG LI GLYHUVH DQG HQULFKHG KDELWDW DQG YHJHWDWLRQ LV WKH RLEMHFWLYH (VWXDU\ IDXQD LV JHQHUDOO\ DFFHSWHG WR EH YHU\ ULFK LI ZHOO PDLQWDLQHG DQG WKHUHfore areas are to be kept open.

Therefore, the area will need to be reshaped into a completely QHZ ZDWHU ODQGVFDSH WKDW LV GH¿QHG E\ DQ DUWL¿FLDO WRSRJUDSK\ The topography is created but according to streamlines of water WKDW ZRXOG ¿OO WKH YDOOH\ DIWHU EUHDNDJH RI GLNHV :KHQ WKH GLNH will be broken at certain places, then water will stream rapidly in WKH YDOOH\ DQG DEOH WR HURGH WKH H[LVWLQJ VRLO 2YHU WLPH WKH H[LVWing ditch system of the brooks will silt up and disappear, while new depressions will be eroded. This process could be anticipated. By constructing islands of least protection or maximum resilience, a landscape could be constructed in which nature recreates itself and adapts further the topography. Minimal protection is needed WR EH DEOH WR PDLQWDLQ WKH ODQGVFDSH XS WR D FHUWDLQ OHYHO DFFHVsibility by bridges, maintenance of nature).

To protect the existing residential areas (mainly along the ridge) WKH H[LVWLQJ WRSRJUDSK\ ZLOO EH KHLJKWHQHG XS WR WKH OHYHO RI meters. This means that at certain places only one meter and a half extra will be needed, that allow for an better relation with the YDOOH\ DQG ZDWHU ,QVWHDG RI KDYLQJ D ZDOO RI PHWHUV KLJK WKH H[WUD WRSRJUDSK\ FRXOG EH XVHG WR UHODWH ZLWK WKH YDOOH\ 7R OLQN WKH YDOOH\ ZLWK WKH VXUURXQGLQJ PXQLFLSDOLW\ RI %RUQHP WKH H[LVWLQJ URXWH RI SDUNLQJ VSDFHV FRXOG EH IXUWKHU GHYHORSHG DV QRGHV ZKHUH VWUHHWV OLQN ZLWK ZRRGHQ EULGJHV JLYLQJ DFFHVV WR WKH YDOOH\ 7KH YDOOH\ ZRUNV DV D JUHHQ EOXH RYHU VSLOO VSDFH for the municipality of Bornem. The landforms works more as a ODQGVFDSH RU PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ GHYLFH VLQFH SHRSOH GR QRW like rigid infrastructure). In creating acceptance these landforms DUH LPSRUWDQW DV WKH\ FDQ EH WKH EDVLV IRU GLIIHUHQW DFWLYLWLHV DQG micro-landscapes.

0

100m

'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DYDLODEOH VSDFH EHWZHHQ WKH YDOH\ ERUGHU DQG VXUURXQGLQJ VHWWOHPHQWV ODQGIRUPV RU ERXOHYDUGV FDQ EH FRQVWUXFWHG EULGJLQJ WKH GLIIHUHQFHV RI PD[LPDO PHWHUV WKDW DOORZV IRU PD[LPDO FRQWDFW EHWZHHQ FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH YDOH\ DQG RXWVLGH WKH YDOOH\ 7KH ODQGIRUP FDQ EH VHHQ DV PHGLDWLQJ body, rather then a separating infrastructure if related program SLFNQLFN %%4 2UFKDUGV SOD\JDUGHQV ORRN RXW VSDFHV ELUG watching points,â&#x20AC;¦) are linked by the current system of cycle SDWKV DORQJ WKH ERUGHU RI WKH YDOOH\ ,W FDQ WKHQ HQKDQFH DFFHSWDELOLW\ RI WKH YDOOH\ DQG ULYHU DV D UHJLRQDO SDUN

2,5m

3,75m 0m

retention basin & fish breeding orchard playgarden look-out point picknick place bbq place P

parking

P

0

50

100m

present situation

future situation with a new estuary nature reaching up to the settlements by remoulding topography

7KH ODVW H[SORUDWLYH SURMHFW 9ODVVHQEURHN %DDVURGH VWDUWV IRUP WKH QDWXUDO Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV H[LVWLQJ WRSRJUDSK\ YLOODJHV road network and hydrological structure.

1DWXUDO Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHDV

Topography

Hydrological system

Settlement structure

9DQ GHU 0DHOHQ PDS (1836)

I

Section I

3.50 TWA

0

4.00 mTAW Old Dike 8m

50m

Fill

2.50m TAW

Fill

Fill

3.00 mTAW

4.00 mTAW

100m

The existing road and water system form the basis to create 4 different water landscapes, with programs compatible with GLIIHUHQW IUHTXHQFLHV RI Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ 7KH H[LVWLQJ WRSRJUDSK\ LV FKDQJHG FXW ¿OO SULQFLSOH DFFRUGLQJ WR QHHGHG VDIHW\ OHYHOV )URP QRUWK WR VRXWK WKHUH LV D FRQWUROOHG Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ DUHD *2* ZLWK D ORZHUHG GLNH DORQJ WKH Scheldt of 6 meters; a system of pathways will make the area DFFHVVLEOH $ QHZ ULQJ GLNH RI PHWHUV SURWHFWV WKH *2* IURP WKH DGMDFHQW YLOODJH D UDLVHG DQG DUWL¿FLDOO\ FRQVWUXFWHG SODWIRUP IRU UHFUHDWLRQDO DJULFXOWXUH ZKHUH OHYHOV DUH UDLVHG DQG UDQJH EHWZHHQ WR meters; D IRUHVW WKDW ZLOO EH SUHVHUYHG DQG ZLOO EH FXW DQG UHSODQWHG according to optimal planting schemes (with more indigenous WUHH W\SHV &RQWLQXRXV UHSODQWLQJ ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DQ HYHU FKDQJLQJ wood landscape, where differences in densities will allow for bird habitats.

3.00 mTAW

5.00 mTAW

DW WKH VRXWK WKH H[LVWLQJ ¿VKLQJ SRQGV ZLOO EH SUHVHUYHG 7KHVH SRQGV KDYH EHHQ GXJ EHIRUH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH 9DQ GHU Maelen maps.

7R SURWHFW WKH YLOODJH LQ WKH :HVW 9ODVVHQEURHN D JHQWO\ VORSing dike of 8 meters will be constructed that can accomodate IXQFWLRQV LQ UHODWLRQ ZLWK WKH YLOODJH DW WKH VRXWK DQ H[WUD ORZ GLNH ZLOO EH QHHGHG PHWHU WR SUHYHQW %DDVURGH IURP Ã&#x20AC;RRGing.

Conclusion 7KURXJK D KLVWRULFDO UHDGLQJ RI ZKDW XVHG WR EH WKH ULYHU¤ PLQLmal rationalities and natural (geological/hydrological) processes can be explored that allow for design with the forces of nature.

Now that problems start to arise as a consequence of lowering the water tables and subsidence, there seems to be a need to retrace the older landscape to work with these processes, which balanced in a resilient way water and land, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;as a dynamic PHGLXP LQ PRWLRQ¶ 0,7&+(// $Q REVHVVLRQ ZLWK VDIHW\ LQ WKH GHOWD KDYH OHDG WR D ELRGLYHUVLW\ WKDW LV QHDUO\ GHDG ,Q planning for uncertainty, the minimal rationalities that lay in an old landscape from the era before the big rationalisations, are re-used to plan with the forces of nature. )RU WKH OLQHDU ULYHU LQ ORRNLQJ IRU WKH PD[LPXP VSDFH IRU ZDWHU WKH KLVWRULFDO YDOOH\ LV WR EH UH DUWLFXODWHG 5HVLOLHQW VWUDWHJLHV DUH XVHG WR PD[LPL]H WKH OLPLWV LQ UHFRQVWUXFWLQJ WKLV YDOOH\ ,QKDELWDQFH ODQG XVHV VDIHW\ GUDLQDJH KDYH GHWHUPLQHG SURJUHVVLYHO\ WKH YDOOH\ 7R WDFNOH WKH FRPSOH[LW\ D V\VWHP RI GLIIHUHQW VWUDWHJLHV DQG WDFWLFV ZLOO EH QHHGHG WR FRQYHUW WKH ULYHU DV D V\VWHP RI VDIHW\ FRPSDUWPHQWV LQWR D FRQWLQXRXV YDOOH\ EDVHG on the minimal rationality of the landscape (topography, hydrology).

References %(5(1'6(1 +-$ Landschappelijk Nederland, de fyVLVFK JHRJUD¿VFKH UHJLR¶V .RQLQNOLMNH 9DQ *RUFXP SS 0,7&+(// : µ,QWURGXFWLRQ¶ LQ : - 7 HG Landscape and power &KLFDJR 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV SS

5

/CONCLUSIONS

The design research on the Scheldt estuary confronted us with the correlation between the permanent elements of the water landscape: the dikes, locks, roads, buildings …

DQG WKH UK\WKP RI WLGDO ÀXFWXDWLRQV LQ WKH 6FKHOGW EDVLQ ,W HYRNHG D JHQHUDO UHÀHFWLRQ RQ XUEDQ GHVLJQ DQG regional planning.

7KH VWXGLR UHÀHFWHG RQ WKH FRQFHSWV RI SHUPDQHQFH DQG LPSHUPDQHQFH ZH UHÀHFWHG RQ WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ VWUDWHJ\ EHWZHHQ WHUULWRULHV LQ HYROXWLRQ OHDGLQJ WR QHZ FRQ¿JXUDtions of the landscape as opposed to a temporary colonization of the territory leaving the stable and permanent elements of the territory untouched.

Every project is an exploration of this duality in time. In the projects on resilience and resistance we literally explore the impact of permanence and impermanence. What is the balance between protecting oneself from the river and giving space to the river? At present this balance is disturbed in the estuary. Where the Dutch Scheldt landscape shows the ecological impact of extreme resistance and protection, the Belgian infrastructure for protection is weak or non existing. The studio projects are reinterpretations of the historic cohabitation of settlement and river using the topography. Reminding us not only of the LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH ODQGVFDSH IHDWXUHV LQ ¿QGLQJ D EDODQFH between protection and resilience but also of the need of ¿QGLQJ D WLPH IUDPH ZKHQ OLYLQJ ZLWK WKH ULYHU 7KH SURMHFW for the harbour of Antwerp demonstrates the permanence impermanence correlation on different scale levels. The permanent strip, the urban park, is a dynamic space as the width and impact of the park varies daily in relation to the tide. The open space structure of ecological step stones in the harbour is a colonization of the harbour landscape using the vacant plots in the port. A temporary open space structure that will change or disappear with the evolution of the port. The project demonstrates the possibilities of a permanent – impermanent water landscape in the most urbanised and economical area of the territory of the Scheldt. The resilience project and the harbour landscape project relate to the Price perspective of a temporarily colonization the Scheldt territory.

The two other projects relate to the idea of gradually transforming the territory into a complex and multilayered tissue. The Steendorp project shows how the relation between settlement, landscape and river is constantly

changing scale, changing character, changing meaning, like a fractal structure . In the Schelle â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hemiksem project we look at the river and its tributaries as a corridor and an eco tone. The river functions only partly as a corridor as the eco system of the estuary constantly changes going from brackish to sweet water and because the system of the river is fragmented by human intervention. In the project the complex eco system is enriched by relating the water landscape to the urbanised open space structure of WKH VXUURXQGLQJ VHWWOHPHQWV VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKH ÂżJXUH RI an eco tone.

In the four projects the estuary appears as a complex and dynamic system in any perspective: ecological, economic, social or as a rational body. However rich, the space of the river is evolving towards a corrupted, broken up and XQGHÂżQHG VSDFH ,Q WKH SURMHFWV WKH IUDJPHQWHG DQG KHWerogeneous space of the river is reinforced by maximizing the overlaps of the fragments along the river. By relating the space of the river with adjacent transversal territories.

Thus creating a complex regional structure in which the river regains its role as a backbone. In analogy with the concept of the eco-tone we use the metaphor of a Scheldt tone to characterise the evolution of this multilayered water landscape.

permanent temporary

ecological co

reterritorializin the way of livin

giving space to wate

t stripe in between conditions

orridor reinforcement

ng and reinterpreting ng

er through resilience