Agencies in Planning Jakarta: the Capital Megacity Challenge

Agencies in Planning Jakarta: The Capital Megacity Challenge

Contextual Overview [Indonesian+Jakarta] Politics and Spatial planning in A Nutshell Colonial Prior and early independence Globalization-neo liberalism influence and New Order regime Democratic Planning for a Larger Territory of Jakarta Reestablishment of the New Laws and Institutions Operational Planning Framework and Roles of the Institutions Case Study: North Jakarta Coastal Development Concluding Remark

“Spatial and environmental planning …is not just a response to problems. It has the potential actively to shape, or frame, the ongoing flow of events and attitudes…It contributes to the enterprise of building up institutional capacity in urban regions, through ways of thinking and ways of organizing over issues to do with co-existence in shared spaces…” (Healey, 1997)

To perceive the institutional role in a spatial planning, it is necessary to understand the system to which extent the multilevel spatial planning is coherently performed through the strata of powers distributed in each organization or agency as they are embedded with the policy decree and operations, in which it is run under a justifiable political umbrella

Contextual Overview

Source: RTRW 2010 Jakarta, redrwan by author)

Territory area

Population

Administrative divisions Governance level

The nation Jakarta

4,92 million sqkm archipelago 234,2 million 33 provinces national

7.659,02 sqkm coastal city 8,96 million 5 municipalities, 1 regency provincial

Democratic Republic Trias Politica: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial bodies Contextual Overview

Politics and Spatial planning in A Nutshell

Democratic Planning for a Larger Territory of Jakarta

Concluding Remark

[Indonesian+Jakarta] Politics and Spatial planning in A Nutshell Source: Putri & Rahmanti, 2010 reinterpreted by author

ancient kingdoms

dutch colonialism

Significance political history and regimes related to spatial planning and planning system in Indonesia [and Jakarta] Contextual Overview

Politics and Spatial planning in A Nutshell

independence

… early 20thC – 1940’s Colonial 1940-1950’s Prior and early independence 1960-1998 New Order < Globalization – Neo Liberalism 1998 - ...

Post Reformation

Democratic Planning for a Larger Territory of Jakarta

Concluding Remark

Ancient kingdoms Inland kingdoms city structure based on traditional/ normative values Coastal towns as economic motors no city structure No considerable impact of spatial formation No development and systemic organizations

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Colonial administration

Early Dutch colonization Governor as Dutch subgovernance Coastal cities occupation Indische cities Landscape, waterworks, and indische architecture With more considerable impact of spatial formation No systemic organizations

Late Colonial time (since 20th C to 1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) Birth of spatial planning and planning system in Indonesia Semi decentralisation (scale was smaller) Batavia expansion to the south

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Late Colonial time (since 20th C to 1940’s) Birth of spatial planning and planning system in Indonesia Semi decentralisation (scale was smaller) Batavia expansion to the south

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Prior to and Early Independence (1940’s-1960’s) Democracy republic Government structure revision Constitution formulation Trias politica: Executive, Legislative, Judicial Bodies Spatial Ordinance Decrees No legal strucure clarification between national and provincial level (Jakarta) President’s dominacy over spatial planning Jakarta satellite city masterplan Jakarta fashioning

Late Colonial time (since 20th C to 1940’s) Birth of spatial planning and planning system in Indonesia Semi decentralisation (scale was smaller) Batavia expansion to the south

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Prior to and Early Independence (1940’s-1960’s) Democracy republic Government structure revision Constitution formulation Trias politica: Executive, Legislative, Judicial Bodies Spatial Ordinance Decrees No legal strucure clarification between national and provincial level (Jakarta) President’s dominacy over spatial planning Jakarta satellite city masterplan Jakarta fashioning

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New Order regime (1965-1998) Spatial planning law issuance to establish the multilevel planning frameworks Clarity in plan making process Citizen participation (?)

Plans for Jakarta metropolitan area Infrastucture and property developmet

New Order regime (1965-1998) Governance structure

Spatial plan system in Indonesia in multigovernance (based on Spatial Planning Law 24/1992)

(Source: Hudallah and Wojtjer, 2007)

Plan system in Indonesia in multigovernance (based on Spatial Planning Law 24/1992)

(Source: Winarso, 2000)

New Order regime (1965-1998)

Criticisms: Central governanceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dominacy Corruptive and nepotism governance bodies in all levels Neo liberalism and globalization impact was too strong Social issues remained untouched Social gap and segregation Urban decay Monetary crisis

Reformation 1998 Government and laws reestablishments

Democratic Planning for a Larger Territory of Jakarta Since 1998: new phase of political identity More transparent and accountable system of government Governance bodies were reformed Reestablishments of new laws Regional Administration Act 2004 from a centralized into a highly decentralized structure

Post reformation 1998 Governace strucure

Spatial Planning Law 24/1992 > Spatial Planning Law 26/2007: concept of TURBINLAKWAS (management, guidance, implementation, and supervision) from planning process to execution; more strictness and regulated spatial planning control with zoning system; incentive and disincentive mechanism; punishment for improper planning process and implementation.

Contextual Overview

Politics and Spatial planning in A Nutshell

Democratic Planning for a Larger Territory of Jakarta

Concluding Remark

Improved spatial plan system at different levels

SourceL MLIT, 2010

Spatial Planning Act No. 26/2008: National general spatial plan (RTRWN) procedure covering20 year period Highlighting the decentralization system as it should include guidelines for effective and efficient planning processes to achieve the stated objectives of the plan Spatial Plan Act 15/2010: Spatial planning procedure reinforcement Strategic development framework To achieve security, economic viability, and sustainability in the use of land in this archipelagic country, in addition to national cohesiveness and stability (MLIT, 2010)

Mechanism of Spatial Planning and Roles of the Institutions National level National Spatial plan RTRWN 1:1000000

Java Bali island spatial plan 1:500000

Provincial Spatial Plan RTRWP

Regency/Municipality Spatial Plan RTRWK 1:50000 Source: Indonesian Benelux Chamber, 2009

Provincial level mechanism (Jakarta)

Source: INA Benelux Chamber of Commerce, 2009, redrawn by author

Provincial Spatial Planning Case Study: North Jakarta Coastal Development Testing the idealism and practice sides Project brief Jakarta Coastal Development is believed to be the solution of future urban expansion need of as the search of vacant land has attained to its limit. The city will expand its land territory 2 km depth toward Java Sea, replacing 32 km the city coastline with approximately 2700 hectare reclaimed area and 8 meters deep. Scheduled to be accomplished in 20 years, the project, which is a joint of public and private venture facilitating commercial, residential, recreational, luxury hospitalities, and industrial areas for approximately 1.750.000 inhabitants, is expected to recapture the new identity of Jakarta as a waterfront city.

Project history (political background) Five presidential regimes (from New Order to Post Reformation) Three generations of DKI Jakarta governors, Policies of spatial planning (1992, 2004, 2007 and 2008) After long disputes and postponement due to the analysis of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s damaging impacts to the natural environment and the city itself, it officially obtained government endorsement in 2003 and resumed to be constructed in 2010

Project history Revitalization and development was inaugurated in 1993â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s from the provincial government of Jakarta Sixth - Five Year General National Plan program (PELITA VI) in Presidential Decree 17/1994: North Jakarta bay area is one of the strategic areas for regional development to possess a high economic value Presidential Act 52/1995: full authority for the appointed Jakarta Governor to carry on the development plan Establishment of North Jakarta Reclamation Development Board.

Legal fightings since 2003 between the institutions: plan was rejected by the Ministry of Environment calling for project termination due to the negative environmental impact. But, provincial government of Jakarta assigned developers Bappeda developed the masterplan to be incorporated in DKI Masterplan RTRW 2010 May 2008, with the overturn of the ministryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ban (Ministerial Decree 14/2003), the reclamation started The Conflicts Worsen city floodings, the area was reserved as natural polder Agglomeration area will be affected with bigger floods Islands in Java sea will be environmentally threatened Power supply operation in North Jakarta is disturbed Social problems of resettlements unclarity Project of East Canal Drainage to mitigate flooding was abandoned due to priority comes for the coastal development

Legal endorsements leaves a question mark of the coordination between the planning institutions Rough transitions between the governance: different leader, different program/priority Low public investments Decentralized system with lack of coordination between the institutions Democratic planning without public participations Polarity of planning philosophy and performance

Source: google image

Concluding Remark “Spatial and environmental planning practices are embedded in specific contexts, through the institutional histories of particular places and the understanding that are brought forward by the various participating groupings, and the processes through which issues are discussed, through this double activity of embedded framing, spatial and environmental planning practices thus both reflect the context of power relations and carry power themselves” (Healey, 1997).

The age of systematic spatial planning in Indonesia existed over centuries ago does not imply a smooth spatial planning realization Constant missing linkage: the planning idealism and performance No methodical planning framework within the story of democratic political point of view When will the ‘bottom up approach’ be applied?

Inheritance of moral defect in all levels of governmental bodies, including the planning institutions The external factor globalization and neo liberalism is not well accepted by the unprepared status quo, inefficient spatial planning coordination, process, and implementation Reduction of the role of government required a strong rule of law, which remains a big challenge in Indonesia (Hudallah, 2010)

Although principally speaking democratic system and decentralization are the legal basis in all governance aspects, the root the spatial planning problem in Jakarta needs an improvement of capacity of the planning institutions with the intention that they can be more reliable to bear the heavy responsibility of the city’s urban development and planning with its dynamic situation and rapid changes.

Indonesian planning system still indicates an incomplete adoption of an integrated-comprehensive approach, because they were the responsibility of different institutions (Hudallah and Woltjer, 2007). It promotes privatization instead of participation (Hudallah and Woltjer, 2007; Housing and Settlement Act of 1992; Winarso, 2002; Siregar, 2005) Contextual Overview

Politics and Spatial planning in A Nutshell

Democratic Planning for a Larger Territory of Jakarta

Concluding Remark

Who runs Jakarta?

Why, it runs by itself (Thomas Belfield, 2009) Welcome to Jakarta....