Unit04 Building Lab - Design Studio Diary 2017-2019 by Ash Kirk

Process Diary 08037518 ashley kirk

This process diary is one of a number of documents and submissions that make up my portfolio of work for this thesis project. It should be referenced and read in conjunction with: Personal: Large Format Drawings and Artwork Research File Virtual Reality Experience Group Work: Kiruna Site Research Book Kiruna Study Trip Photo Book Ashley Kirk 2018

Assignment 2 - multi-author scans & piranazi Campo Marzio Assignment 3 - Arctic Shelter Study Trip

Assignment 6.1 - Multi-Author Scans (Kiruna)

156

Assignment 6.2 - New Kiruna Assignment 6.3 - First Person Design

180 206

Snow Drift Studies

226

Proposals

246

Interim Crit

256

Final Crit

271

Postface

272

References

274

80 98

Contents

Assignment 1 - Building Study

unit04

UNIT 04 Building LAB FROZEN TIMBER. Unit 4 has been concerned with two main themes, one of extreme environments and the bio-climatic adaption of Engineered Timber and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) buildings. The other of emerging, immersive technologies within the architectural profession.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Via advanced computer software and techniques we aim to reproduce virtual replicas of the real worldâ&#x20AC;? Specifically, we have explored the use of photogrametry for reality scanning. Via advanced computer software and techniques we aim to reproduce virtual replicas of the real world in which to use throughout the design process. Utilising Virtual Reality platforms, such as HTC Vive, to interact and develop immersive environments in which to better understand scale, context and our resulting proposals.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We are called to be architects of the future, not its victimsâ&#x20AC;? R. Buckminster Fuller

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Our opportunity, as designers, is to learn how to handle the complexity, rather than shy away from it, and to realize that the big art of design is to make complicated things simple.â&#x20AC;?

- Tim Parsey

Building study / Engineered Timber & Climatic Adaptation.

assignment 01 I building study

Assignment 01. Research examples of timber construction adapted to extreme climatic conditions to develop a better understanding of the requirements for building in extreme climates, proposing suitable design responses and making use of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). Communicate your findings through diagrams and comprehensive draw examples.

Assignment 01 I building study Images - www.e-architect.co.uk

Case study Svalbard Science Centre / Svalbard.

Address: Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Spitzbergen) (78° north) Year of construction: 2003-05 Client: Statsbygg / Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction & Property Architect: Jarmund/Vigsnæs AS Architects Structural: AS Frederiksen Gross area: Approx. 8.500m² 8

assignment 01 I building study

Assignment 01 I building study 10

BIO-CLIMATIC ADAPTION Complex simulations and climate analysis was the basis for the design. 3D studies simulated wind speed and direction, snow fall and collection to ensure minimal impact on the existing environment. These studies also highlighted areas not suitable for doors or windows due to snow collection.

The angular shape and form of the building help to avoid snow collection on parts of the building and help to ease wind movement around the mass. The building is elevated on stilts to allow both wind and snow movement but more importantly it prevents thermal pollution from the interior melting the permafrost.

The copper skin ideally suited to this environment as it remains workable even at low temperatures therefore placing less pressure on the construction programme. The materials inherit durability make it idea for harsh conditions with little maintenance or risk of failure.

assignment 01 I building study

Assignment 01 I building study Images - e-architect.co.uk + lpo.no + clt.info

Case study Geodetic Observatory / Norway

Address: Ny-Alesund, Spitzbergen, Norway Year of construction: 2014 Client: Mapping Authority Architect: LPO Structural: Unknown Timber: Stora Enso CLT 12

assignment 01 I building study

Assignment 01 I building study

The most Northern timber building utilises CLT for a number of reasons. - Reduction in the layers of construction - Rapid construction - Prefabrication = less time on site - Ability to with moisture within building envelope - breathing - Simple to insulate with a continuous thermal layer Its form responds both to the programme and the local site conditions. Detailed wind and snow analysis has helped shape and locate entrances and openings. Doors are located in areas of least impact from snow drifts and strong winds. The stilts raise the building off the ground, reducing risk of heat loss affecting the perma-frost beneath and allowing an for an enhanced complete thermal envelope. Snow too can pass beneath the structure.

assignment 01 I building study

Assignment 01 I building study

Images: archdaily.com + markusschietsch.com

Case study Elephant zoo enclosure / Zurich

Address: Zürichbergstrasse 221, 8044 Zürich Year of construction: 2014 Client: Zoo Zürich AG Architect: Markus Schietsch Architekten Structural: Walt + Galmarini AG Timber: ARGE Elefantenpark Holzbau Gross area: Approx. 8440 m² 16

assignment 01 I building study

Section - www.archdaily.com

Assignment 01 I building study

Temporary support structure - www.woodsolutions.com

Panel Fixings - www.woodsolutions.com

Roof Plan - www.archdaily.com

Final cutting by hand - www.markusschietsch.com

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Once positioned and curved over formwork, the first cut layer then acts as a template to cut the openings on site.â&#x20AC;? This CLT dome structure spans 80 metres to form a column - free enclosure to house Thai Elephants. Re-creating an environment similar to that of their natural forest habitat by dispersing sunlight through the 271 differently sized openings. The CLT panels are part-cut in the factory before being delivered to site, this helps protect the panels during transit and the construction process. Once positioned and curved over formwork, the first cut layer then acts as a template to cut the openings on site.

In construction - www.woodsolutions.com

assignment 01 I building study

Roof Layers - www.dezeen.com

Assignment 01 I building study

case study Modeling exercise To further understand this building and to explore both construction sequencing and bio-climatic strategy I created a 3D model in Rhinoceros 3D. Using images previously collected in the research phase as a guide I quickly built up an approximate envelope from which I would make adjustments to obtain the bespoke double curved roof complete with apatures for the ETFE rooflights. Once each layer of the building was modelled I applied textures and created exploded views.

assignment 01 I building study

Assignment 01 I building study

assignment 01 I building study

Reflection + review

Review Despite being focused on BIM and the construction industries rather than design and creative industries it was useful to see what emerging technology is being utilised in building construction. Highlights for the unit included talks by UCL Bartlet’s Computation Lab, Revit Live VR platform, Interactive VR for training, AR (Microsfot Halolens), Digital production methods. Many companies we have come into contact with were exhibitors including, Arup, Bentley Systems, Lumion, Autodesk and a number of VR installations were built in Unity 3D. 24

It was interesting to see the different ways in which drones, scanning equipment and reality capture now plays a part in construction especially with refurbishment projects where its key to capture the existing situation accurately. Drone capture can now produce reality scans accurate to 20mm and laser scans within 3mm. Each of these can be used by the design team throughout a project to add value and inform all involved, not just those that go to site. Coupled with VR - this is a powerful tool, suddenly the site can be ‘experienced’ remotely by anyone.

Conversations took place with Bentley Systems regarding the new cloud processing and how we could work with its weakness of dealing with pure white or black elements. Our project situation will involve snow covered landscapes and may be difficult to capture. We have been promised further information will be sent to us via e-mail on how we can best deal with this.

Reflection + review

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Assignment 02.1 scan scapes.

Develop 3D scanning techniques using Bentley ContextCapture and Photogrametry with the aim to implement a postprocessing workflow to deal with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;messyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; geometry in Descartes and Microstation.

Image: ContextCapture Flyer - Bentley Systems

assignment 02 I scan scapes

â&#x20AC;&#x153;we increasingly find it easier to let computers solve problems in their own way even when we do not understand what they do or how they do it. In a metaphorical sense, computers are now developing their own science - a new kind of science.â&#x20AC;? Mario Carpo, The Second Digital Turn

The Process Ultimately our goal was to get reality scan information from Context Capture into Unity 3D to experience in VR. Secondary goals were to have this with textures, correctly placed and located models.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

It was a long process to find a workflow, the steps are illustrated on these pages. Thanks must go to Conor Scully who assisted our trial and error battle with different software to get a result.

Context capture can produce a hand full of file formats. OBJ being one Unity can accept, so we gave this a try. It came into unity but texutres had to be assigned mesh by mesh and were not always correct or easy to place. The mesh files were also very messy, quite big and generally needed cleaning.

The addition of Descartes enabled us to clean up mesh files without textures and then re-process the scans with the clean geometry back in context capture. It was important that the scan was reproduced with a textured and non-textured copy for this process.

It was discovered that the main source of the texture problem was the model and texture file naming system. By default ContextCapture names files Model_0 and all textures files the same. This would then confuse the UV mapping and therefore, texture assignment in Unity and other software.

However, the problem with textures still existed.

Mesh lab was used here to decrease the size of meshes and also save the files and separate texture files with unique names. SUCCESS! (sort of). Our scan models in Unity could be moved freely and were hard to scale correctly. Microstation was added to rectify this, however it came with a whole host of problems, some of which are explained / reviewed later.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

This workflow was developed through research and testing to obtain the desired result. Overall it was difficult to find a 14/11/2017 Why Microstation Connect Edition 6 doesn't export FBX with textures? - FileFormats Forum - FileFormats - Bentley Communities reliable workflow with less steps for a number of reasons, but mainly the loss of texture information. Meshlab was key to the retention of textures, by using its facility to not only reduce the mesh vertices but also change the UV mapping of each texture files to ensure they are unique and holds its identidy when taken further in the workflow.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Atefact Scan Process

Photograph acquisition Firstly the photographs of the scan subject are required. These must be taken following the photo acquisition techniques outlined by Bentley, following these will achieve the best results. In summary photographs should: • Overlap 70% • Use constant focal length • Be in focus • Have hermogerous lighting • Avoid using flash • Never crop, resize or rotate the input photos

CC / Aerotriangulation The acquired photos are uploaded to the context capture directory with camera information such as, focal length and sensor size are given. The software will now perform Aerotriangulation - a process to calculate, based on the input data, an accurate point cloud for reproduction. This is a relatively quick process, although it does depend on the size of scan, number of photos and size of photos.

Descartes / Mesh retouch In order to ‘clean-up’ mesh geometry two productions must The cleaned mesh geometry is imported back into Context be submitted, one with texture and one without, know as mesh Capture as an update to the reproduction. geometry only. The mesh geometry file can then be imported to Descartes for touch-up. By submitting updates on the textured reproduction the mesh geometry is replaced with the new, clean, version and textures Once imported the mesh is cleaned using a variety of tools to are re-asigned. delete faces, trim and fill holes. After arriving at the resulting cleaned mesh this geometry can then be imported back into Context Capture.

cc / reproduction Once aerotrianuglation has successfully completed the next stage is model re-production. This process takes the computed pointcloud and reproduces a mesh, with or without textures. By selecting with textures, the mesh is populated with the photograph data acquired to create a digital replica of the scanned item. This is process can be time consuming, my record is currently 31hours of processing with a maximum ram usage of 53GB.

retouched Re-production normally is a faster process than the original production and the result is a clean mesh with textures.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

meshlab / remapping textures Due to ContextCaptures naming conventions the mesh files and their texture maps are not named uniquely - this creates issues later on in third party software with multiple mesh files in the same environment.

Microstation / Compilation At this point reality mesh data complete with textures can be referenced into Microstation to compile large files containing multiple references as attachments to be placed within a common environment.

In order to by-pass this issue MeshLab is used to re map the Its ability to deal with multiple references and large file sizes texture files. Whilst doing this we can take advantage of Mesh makes it an ideal tool for tasks such as this. Labâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to reduce the number of mesh vertices. (Unity 3D has a limit on mesh vertices - 60,000). Mesh data, referenced files and geometry can then be exported in a variety of formats. For Unity 3D FBX was used The now uniquely named files are exported into a separate due to its small file sizes and ability to retain texture maps. folder for use later.

Unity 3d / Immersive VR FBX files are imported as assets and placed within the game environment using the native coordinates carried through from Microstation. The environment can be enhanced in a number of ways to improve the VR experience, such as lighting effects, detail textures, interaction behaviours, teleporting and general mobility of the character.

Reflection + Review

review After many attempts (see research file) the workflow was successful. That said it is neither efficient nor elegant in its use of different programs to achieve this result. For example, reality mesh and texture map data from a Bentey Systems package (ContextCapture) is not uniquely named. Meaning even when imported to another Bentley Systems Software it does not map textures correctly. This triggered the requirement for the additional step within the workflow using MeshLab to re-map textures.

Furthermore when dealing with large files Microstation Connect Edition (64bit) handled things very well. However, when exporting to FBX its texture allocation was somewhat sporadic, some files would work, others would not. The solution, albeit clumsy, slow and time consuming was to use Microstation V8i (32bit) to export these files - time consuming due to the ridiculous number of program crashes you would experience.

My Idea to Bentley Systems...





assignment 02 I scan scapes

187 Artefact Scan Statue I used the scenario faced by the people of Kiruna - if you move the town which artefacts would you preserve. This is one artefact of my town which I feel should be preserved - the statue of Saint Edmund. The texture aided the reproduction and overall produced a good scan, although there was some misplacement with some elements. 34

assignment 02 I scan scapes

237

Building scan 15th Century Facade This historical facade is another piece of historic fabric which I would preserve or reconstruct. Therefore the reality scan is necessary. The resulting scan was very impressive, the reproduced model is incredibly accurate. The texture of the flint, undulation and grain of the facade is so close to the real thing. 36

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Building scan Textured Scan Images These images hopefully communicate how successful this scan was - the flint work being captured almost perfectly.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Artefact scan Chinese Warrior This was a difficult object to scan due to the matte and dark texture. These make it difficult to both take photographs and for the software to interpret. However, with persistence and some additional lighting I was able to take some good photos and achieve an impressive output. 42

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Rendered view of the final scan

assignment 02 I scan scapes

150

interior scan unit space This was an experiment to see how successful the scan would be with lots of information and some movement of subjects (people). I also wanted to recreate a virtual version of our unit space in itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; occupied state, with students working with virtual models within a virtual recreation - an interesting parallel.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

â&#x20AC;&#x153;students working with virtual models within a virtual recreationâ&#x20AC;?

assignment 02 I scan scapes

536

multi author reality scan Public realm. The first multi-author scan in a challenging setting - public realm close to St Pauls, London. Lots of people walking around which we thought would cause issues with the capture.

We submitted three sets of photographs from three distinctly different cameras, a DSLR, a Compact and an iPhone. ContextCapture interpreted all three with great success and the result was a convincing reality model seen in the screen shot, right.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

infrastructure Scan wwii bunker. This was an unplanned scan. I was walking the beaches of Algeciras, Southern Spain and went to explore the WWII defences, the now abandoned infrastructures have a great presence and are an architectural language that has always interested me. The scan, despite a super low photo count was very successful, I expect due to the texture and graffiti present on the structure. 48

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Mesh Editing blender. MeshLab was a very easy and lightweight program but it can not handle FBX files. I had a scan in FBX format which I wanted to reduce the mesh and hopefully make it more lightweight for pacement in Unity. Blender, mainly used by animators, has ability to work with FBX file formats and has a number of in-built mesh tools. Its also free - so I thought I would give it a try. The program is a lot more complex than I first thought, but in turn alot more capable and feature packed than Mesh Lab. After importing the mesh FBX file I found the mesh optimising tools. I would focus my attention on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;decimateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tool. By using the sliders you can control the ratio of decimation which effectively breaks down the mesh polygons to reduce the overall number. Once reduced the mesh could be saved back as an FBX file. To my surprise the textures remained intact which has been problematic in other programs.

Reflection + review

review Lecture & Book Inhabitable Infrastructures - CJ Limm In essence a collection of works by CJ Limm and his practice, Studio 8, suggesting ways to address problems of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world. Namely, climate change and evironmental disasters and over population. He explicitly highlighted the book conatins no solutions but provokes thought and change by way of speculation - the what if? He discusses three fields involved within the topic; To Protect; To Prevent; To

There is great criticism for the way the world currently approaches climate change, most of which is a aggressive and impulsive defence. For example, ore extreme weather brings increased risk of flooding, so we currently just build defences higher. This only shifts the problem into the future by a small amount and the exponential increase in extreme weather will render these redundant in a moment.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Assignment 02-2 Multi-authored Mesh Composites.

Scans of objects, landscapes, buildings and infrastructures will be collected as individuals and as a group before composing a 3D â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Exquisite Corpseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as an immersive VR environment.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

A common theme in the process. Microstation 64bit was not able to export our models with textures, so we had to use the 32-bit V8i version. Consequently it could not handle the complex and large file sizes we were working with. Eventually though, we got it to work.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Multi-Aurthor Design The Exquisite Corpse Exqusite Corpse is a game in which participants write or draw on a folded page concealing each turn from the next until a cumulative text or picture results.

“Accident and un-logic” Sam Jacob recently proposed the game be used as an alternative architectural approach based on “multi authorship”, wrote Jacob. The game results in “accident and un-logic”, and might therefore “help us out of the self replicating horror of contemporary architecture and urban design”.

Piranesi’s Campo Marzio We would set out playing the exquisite corpse as a unit with Piranesi’s plan for Campo Marizo, Rome. Along side this we would explore the urban spacial qualities of the plan, learning from Piranesi for our future projects.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Piranesiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan was divided into tiles using a voronoi diagram. Each person would then be given a tile to develop based on the plan. We were required to develop a workflow from Microstation into VR as to develop and refine skills for future project work. Therefore each tile would be developed in microstation where coordinates of each tile would be included in the exported information. This was then taken into unity where the exquisite corpse could be assembled and then experienced in VR.

campo marzio voronoi diagram.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Each team was given a selection of 3 tiles. My particular team was given the three highlighted, with my allocation shown in yellow.

Campo Marzio

Noli Map,Rome

+ assignment 02 I scan scapes

We felt the tiles allocated lacked in urban quality and required refining to capture the classical city plan, with enclosure, thresholds, nieces. Therefore, we combined the Noli Map and Campo Marzio carefully to create a new composite. 57

Composition of our teamsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; three tiles. A varitation on Campo Marizo Work of Merethe RĂ¸svik Granhus, Emanuelle and mself - unit 4

campo marzio creating a variation.

assignment 02 I scan scapes

Immersive VR SCANs IN UNITY Whilst the reality scans were impressive on paper (or screen) the true test was to put them in VR. Here they could be approached, explored in the virtual environment similar to the real world. The results were impressive. These screen shots show my earlier scans placed in my Campo Marzio tile. 60

assignment 02 I scan scapes

A selection of images from my Campo Marzio Tile. Pictured left is a miniature 3D model of my final proposal for the Cave Di Pumice, Lipari, Sicily. A UNESCO World Heritage Site.

assignment 02 I scan scapes 63

Readings I ar, vr & new media 64

Immersive VR HTC VIVE SETUP As a unit we decided to invest collectively in our own Virtual Reality Kit - the HTC Vive. This allows us to test our creations in the VR environment and also use it as a design tool. A few images below and right show our setup and use of the kit.

Readings I ar, vr & new media

photo: Airydas Mikalajunas - Unit 04

SMILE YOUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;RE ON CCTV IN VR

Reflection + Review

stan allen, object & field

review Stan Allen - From Object To Field This text poses the intriguing argument for radical change within the architectural profession, from the current bottom-up strategy, to a more fluid top-down approach. Stan Allen uses a number of examples to make the argument, including ones of nature and the built environment.

The field condition is to respond to local influences, whilst architecture responds to context and environmental factors these elements are often fixed along with the composition of such interventions. By remaining fluid architecture can engage with its environment and or its users more directly. I feel this will also create an increased opportunity for the new and surprise.

vr, ar & new media

Readings I ar, vr & new media

presentation As part of the reading list this topic was of particular interest to me as I have found VR in particular an exciting new media in which to present, immerse viewers within your own environment and communicate far more than in previous 2D / 3D media.

Readings I ar, vr & new media

Ivan Sutherland - inventer of the first VR headset.

This diagram illustrates the first VR setup - not much different from the one we have today. 70

Readings I ar, vr & new media

I found a useful and interesting way to engage your audience is by interacting with them via Mentimeter - an app where by members of the audience can login and answer questions or participate in debates. The results are displayed live on screen.

Whilst this a simple maths based answer, I feel VR provides more than this suggests - an immersive experience provides much more experience to the viewer and therefore provokes unknown results

VR is now widely avaliable to consumers and no longer a specialist item. Our VR setup today!

Readings I ar, vr & new media

VR is quickly becoming part of modern culture, its popularity across the globe is growing, especially in the gaming market.

Another question to the audience - what does VR mean to you? Photo - a shot of Martins â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Insideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Campo Marzio from our crit in Unit04

Mid presentation - the members of Unit04 interacting via Mentimeter 72

Readings I ar, vr & new media

The answers - with the most popular shown bold. VR means EXPERIENCE to the members of Unit04.

Mika â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;inside VRâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; exploring a reality scan of the St Pauls Approach in London.

VR will become more convincing when we immerse more senses into the illusion - touch, smell, temperature etc.

Readings I ar, vr & new media

What is AR? Augmented reality.

AR has made it into popular culture - here you can see how Pokemon Go uses digital models and overlays them onto the real world to create an engaging game that mixes realities.

AR is developing fast and is appearing in a number of industries to engage people. Its benefits are vast, spanning from instructions to assisting doctors and training new students. 74

Readings I ar, vr & new media

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Raising the question - how will our lives in VR affect the real world.â&#x20AC;? A chilling look at the potential of VR as it develops to be more thrilling and rewarding than the real world. The film looks into the lives of VR addicts who claim to only feel free in the virtual world - the only way they can express themselves. So much so that they no longer care about their real world habitat, social interaction or wellbeing. The film focuses on the actions of one particular individual which sees him kill a cyborg. This cyborg then enters the real world and hunts the player down. Raising the question - how will our lives in VR affect the real world. 75

Reflection + Review

REFLECTION To us Virtual Reality (VR) is one giant optical illusion; we know we are in a simulation but there are many ways in which VR can trick our brains. Your brain uses past experiences to compare with these simulations. So when these closely match the memories of the real world the VR experience is very convincing. Our brains will subconsciously look for primary elements such as: • • • • • •

Gravity Shadow Light Sound Ground / sky Laws of physics

Generally at present this is how we judge how successful the virtual world is. However, our brains are extremely good at filling in gaps in information, if some of these primary elements exist, again by comparing these with past experiences.

As architects and designers a main part of our role is to communicate, and to do this we strive to produce convincing illusions which communicate our proposals and solutions to problems. We are the masters of illusions - drawings, images, renders and models, its these that form a basis for the built environment to develop.

The problem of separation When watching a video, viewing images or reading, either as physical media or digital on a screen, the viewer is physically separated from the ‘illusion’. The screen, or media is flat, framed and often some distance away. These make it explicitly distinct within the environment the viewer is in. However, with the introduction of Head Mounted Displays (HMD) and VR, this separation is removed. The absence of distance and frames make it harder to define the illusion. We can blur the lines further by introducing more sensory inputs alongside an HMD such as sounds, smell and environmental features - immersing the viewers sensory network in the illusion. The next phase of immersion is emerging - wearable tech like gloves, contact lenses and implants.

The Future I am interested in the relationship VR will develop with the real world. Currently we replicate the real world in VR and use it as a basis for success. However, will VR overtake reality, what if it becomes a better experience than real life? Maybe our priorities will shift, from our real-world habitat to our virtual environments.

drawings in vr?

Research I software +tools

unity 3D development Continuously throughout the year we are developing our virtual environments, adding elements and refining the experience. The following pages illustrate how I placed my drawings within the VR world for viewers to explore.

Research I Software + Tools

Import Drawing File

Adjust Settings

Quality Check

Once you have a drawing output you need to save as an image You must now make some adjustments. Firstly set the texture Confirm quality settings give adequate image output. file (e.g. JPEG). Import the image file as a new asset within type to Sprite, this will allow you to adjust pixel settings to affect Unity as shown above. the quality of the displayed image within Unity. Another adjustment to play with is the Max size of the image (pixels). The higher the setting the better the image quality however, the more high quality images in the scene, the heavier the file and potential for lagging gameplay.

Finish Once setup the image can then be placed anywhere in the scene. You can add walls, floors, spot lights etc to view the image as you wish.

+ step apply Texture As a additional step the texture can be added to another game object, a cube for example. This could then be interacted with or moved in gameplay.

+ step Cube

Research I software +tools

The Gallery.

VR Start screen - teleport stations to take you to different areas of the map, or the drawing gallery.

Within the gallery.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

Ralph Erskine Sketch - Designing for the Arctic

Image: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bc/5e/0d/bc5e0dfcda8ad6004e7746c63d093a9a.jpg

bioclimatic arctic shelter.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

assignment 03 Design of a shelter adapted to the arctic biome constructed from engineered timber with the objective of forming a concrete understanding of the opportunities of this material.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

image - www.clt.info

the Material CLT Cross Laminated Timber. Its interesting properties for use in panel construction as well as its suitability in extreme arctic conditions make it the material of focus of Unit04.

16m

CLT is made through a lamination process which sees smaller timber elements stacked with opposing grains and glued together, diagram below. This cross-lamination gives the timber to act as a panel, giving it strength in multiple directions rather than traditional beams and columns which mostly deal with forces in one direction.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;This cross-lamination gives the timber to act as a panel, giving it strength in multiple directionsâ&#x20AC;?

MAX. PANEL SIZE

image - www.researchgate.net

upto 2.95m 82

Why CLT??

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

Reduce construction layers Large format panels - quicker construction Higher tollerances - prefabricated Breathing structure structural in btoh directions (with 5 layer) Ability to use smaller pieces of raw timber

Typical CLT Construction

Typical Steel Construction

5 Layers

9 Layers

6. S teel fram e (i nsu latio n in 7. S fill) hea thin g 8. V apo ur C 9. I ont nte rol rna l Fin Layer ish

1. C ladd ing Fini 2. C sh ladd ing S upp 3. B ort rea Fra the me rM em bra ne 4. I nsu latio n. 5. S hea thin g

5. C LT

1. C ladd ing Fini 2. C sh ladd ing Sup 3. B por rea t Fr the am rM e em bra ne 4. I nsu latio n.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

form finding.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

67o north

bioclimatic strategy Solar Power. An arctic shelter is likely to be in a remote location, away from utilities. As a power source, solar energy can be used, but attention must be paid to the angle of PV cells. At 67 degrees north, the angle fluctuates between 90 and 45 degrees during the year (graph left). To optimise the cabin for PV cell placement the geometry is angled to 70 degrees - providing year round ability to capture solar energy.

http://www.itacanet.org/

= 3x

5.2m

16m

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

MAX. PANEL SIZE

2.95m

upto 2.95m

The panels are sized to suit readily available sizes - 2.95m wide and up to 16m long. The largest panel of the cabin is 2.95 x 5.2m meaning 3 elements of 5.2m long can be cut from one CLT panel with allowance for blade thickness. 87

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

Assignment 01-03 Final jury. Group Feedback: Well prepared and clear presentation introducing both the quality and the issues that you are addressing with your tiles. Your plan is getting interesting but maybe their can be more continuity of the fabric with more parts of your buildings with roofs and maybe more apertures and openings Maybe as a team your should do a 3D sketch exercise in VR using the 3d sketch asset to improve the continuity of the fabric and the Spatial effects of Campo di Marzio Individual Feedback: Your documentation of your case studies the process and the scans is well done. The tile could develop the fabric and the spatial qualities inherent to campo di marzio further. The shelter is promising with some exciting design qualities but it can be further developed when it comes to the geometry and the form the timber Construction and also the programmatic content such as stove openings, pv panels.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

Assignment 03 development. The starting point for development was an experimental cardboard model. A quick way to test ideas. The idea of connecting better to the landscape and provide protection to the entrance was the priority. I tested an idea of extending the CLT side panels to then do these two things. The idea was tested in the model pictured above, and then later developed in 3D digital form.

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Using Rhino 3D I developed various options for the geometry based on the earlier physical model. These versions explore the possibilities of the concept with a variety of success. Option 1 and 2 create awkward junctions between the main form and the supporting legs, this is better resolved in options 2 and 3 where the overall form is continued down to the ground plane. Option 5 begins to test the idea of a third leg, this could be part of the landscape, depending on the site. Or, it could be formed by using a different, contrasting, language.

The landscape could offer the opportunity to support the structure alongside two other supports. This creates an interesting relationship between the structure and landscape previously absent. I am still left thinking there is other ways this is resolved to achieve the same thing.

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assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

BIOCLIMATIC STRATEGY arctic module The geometry allows wind to pass around the form easily. The module is raised from the floor, partly to allow wind to pass beneath but to also prevent thermal pollution from the shelter melting any permafrost. Metal sheet cladding remains workable at low temperatures so is ideal for construction in this climate. It also prevents snow building up due to its smooth surface. The reflective nature will assist in locating the module and reflect the suns rays back into space - keeping things cool.

assignment 03 I bioclimatic shelter

The narrow profile evades snow fall and prevents build up on roof areas - which can add significant load to the structure.

Reflection + review

review Before watching this film I had little knowledge of Sami culture. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not to say this film gives comprehensive details but what it does provide is a real insight into the cultural difficulties and battles Sami people faced post colonization.

She does, eventually escape the grasps of the boarding school and goes to find a guy she had met on a previous escapade. She ends up moving in with his family, again, trying to forget her past.

The film follows a Sami woman as a young girl via flash-back style storytelling. One of the early scenes sees the girl, with her younger sister at a Swedish boarding school where they are abused and ridiculed, seeming for being who they are. This upsetting theme runs throughout the film. Slowly, however, the girl rebels and attempts to break free from her past, but her attempts are repeatedly met with failure.

At one point she returns to her roots - her Sami home where she pleads with her mother to sell all of her reindeer in order to get money to live a better life. Her mother refuses and the two argue about what she has become.

The film concludes with the girl, now and elderly woman seemingly regretting her choices but is somewhat understandable given the experiences of young Sami in Sweden. Their culture was put under major threat and the film does a great job of communicating this, whilst some may describe it as dark, it does feel appropriate to portray the real life situation.

assignment 05 I Expedition account

Study Trip Unit Expedition.

As a Unit we planned and visited Sweden, both the capital city of Stockholm and the Northern limits, where most of our time was focused. The trip took us to Riksgransen on the Norwegian border, Abisko National Park , Kiruna, Lulea before ending back in Stockholm. The trip was a chance to have some great times together, experience the Arctic condition, collect research, record accounts of professionals involved in various parts of the Kiruna move and collect site data to interpret later, including reality scans.

arctic circle

kiruna

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stockholm

london

riksgransen abisko kiruna

arctic circ le

lulea map outlines from: http://www.freeworldmaps.net/europe/europe-bw-hd.jpg

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My favorite photograph from the trip. Image taken by Emmanuele Unit 4.

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Lecture 01 Computational Design. We first had a presentation by Valdimire, head of DSEARCH the computational design department within the practice. They focus on providing the tools to architects and designers to deliver complex parametric solutions to design problems. They also have projects of their own including some impressive street furniture and public interventions. The way they organise and have developed a framework for parametric design within visual programming software - Grasshopper is rather impressive. A very ordered, well structured and control-centric approach. It was designed to give everyone, new or experienced to a particular project a snapshot and overview of any changes.

Day 01 - 25/01/18 Stockholm, White Architek + Night Train. Before our explorations in the arctic could begin we had the opportunity to meet with White Arkitekter to discuss both computational design and more importantly the masterplan for New Kiruna. White Arkitekter is the largest practice in Scandinavia and the third largest in Europe with around 900 staff members. They have offices both in Scandinavia and London. They are interdisciplinary practice containing urban design, landscape architecture, architecture and interior design - all connected and based on practice-based research.

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Lecture 02 Kiruna - The New Plan

Victoria started by introducing the social context which is involved here, which is quite unique and she was keen to express how enormous this social challenge is. The town, which is inside the arctic circle, originated around 118 years ago, in 1900, next to the mine, at which time the mining was mostly focused on the surface and the trajectory of the iron ore body was unknown.

Victoria explained how they would look for patterns in interviews they had with locals in an attempt to gain a better understanding of how people view the situation. Generally there is little anger towards the mining company (LKAB), which is thought to be so due to the strong relationship between the mine and the town, and indeed the origins of both.

“There are around 18,000 inhabitants in the town, described as a sprawled settlement resulting in a dependence on cars to get around.”

Kiruna will also be the site for the Swedish edition of the Sami Parliament. A design competition in the early 2000’s placed the new parliament in an area now highlighted by LKAB as within the deformation zone. The site of the new centre will be on the periphery of the new town and ideally placed to connect to nature and the passing reindeer.

It was explained that historical buildings and buildings of significant importance to the heritage of Kiruna will be moved to new sites outside of the deformation zone. Some of these The problem of connecting to nature is exaggerated by the fact will be moved whole but where this is not possible they will be that the new town is located within a natural depression in the dismantled and re-constructed. “It is well above the Arctic circle, in that landscape. Meaning the views of surrounding mountains and sense an Arctic Town, the climate is called forests will not be present from the new town. To help combat “Sami people who have a long standing Sub Arctic, it’s a little warmer than what this the new town plan has been developed around nature history here, and actually the reindeers you usually get when you’re up this high” ‘corridors’ which accumulates in a new central park running used to pass right through where the town is today.” The people of Kiruna really love the nature and it is something through the entire plan along the route of an old railway to the, that must be core to the new town plan. Whilst this requirement now disused, mine. A full transcript of this meeting can be found in the Unit 4 Site for a connection to nature there is also a need for a new Research Book. cultural centre. It is felt that the current town does not have a cultural centre, a place for people to meet, shop, eat and host events etc.

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We sat with three key members of the project team: Victoria Waldin - Social Anthropologist Peter Eklund - Landscape Architect Krister Lindstedt - Architect

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Day 01 - 25/01/18 Stockholm - Katterjok Night Train. After the two talks we headed back to the central station to get some food before catching the night train, where we would travel for 16 hours to the North.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;we left the window open a few mm - big mistake. We woke to find the space between the window and the blind filled with snowâ&#x20AC;?

The night train was a cosy setting for 6 people together for 16 hours. Each cabin had two opposing bench seats with two fold down elements above to form 6 bunk beds. The heater never seemed to turn off so, to get some air, we left the window open a few mm - big mistake. We woke to find the space between the window and the blind filled with snow. So much snow we could make snow balls.

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Day 02 - 26/01/18 Katerjok, Riksgransen + The border. After checking into the Katterjok apartments we stopped in the restaurant for lunch and tried out some traditional Swedish dishes.

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That afternoon we ventured out in the direction of nearby town, Riksgransen which lies on the border with Norway. The town is the highest point along the iron ore line and was the site of a traditional roundhouse. Maintenance work on the trains would take place here as well as storage and fuel stops. Due to the harsh weather at this high point the roundhouse was decommissioned in favour of a more sheltered site. On the way to the border we walked through the old roundhouse, currently the site of construction works to build a new hotel. The border was just 100 metres from the roundhouse and posessed an amazing view of the landscape.

On The Border with Unit 4

Sun Rise Over The Slopes at Katterjok

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Day 03 - 27/01/18 the slopes + The Hunt for the Aurora. A cold misty night, but we had high hopes. It was late but we decided to wrap up and head out up the ski slopes to try and get above the mist to see the Aurora. Sadly the fog was too dense. We only got a slight glimpse of the colourful lights but we did get a lot of beard frost.

Ben and Freddie after our night walk

Our Apartments

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The members of unit4 trying to catch a glimpse of the Aurora, but instead the moon stole the show.

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Photo: Author

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Day 04 - 28/01/18 aBISKO cLIMATE cHANGE rESEARCH sTATION.

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Situated at the edge of ....lake within Abisko National Park the Climate Change Research Station is home to some of the most significant research projects within our lifetime. We met with Keith Larsen - the resident Ecologist and Scientist posted at the station. Keith has traveled the world doing his job and speaks fluently about many aspects of life and our relationship to our planet. More specifically he introduced us further to the Arctic Condition. Keith expressed his fact based thoughts on our climate and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future. He explained that the tipping point for human induced climate change to be prevented has been passed. Even if all greenhouse gas production ceased today, feedback loops set in motion, such as thawing permafrost which releases vast amounts of methane accelerating the greenhouse effect. It is now possible for scientists to give indicators to how climate change has increased the severity of natural events.

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“exposed for 100 years” The environment at inland areas within the arctic is very dry. Perhaps the best way to communicate this is via the pictured timber posts (left). These posts have been removed from the mountain side in Abisko following an experiment setup by the original resident scientists in 1913. These posts have been left exposed for 100 years and show no signs of decay. It was also apparent how the original research station house, timber frame also clad in timber panels with timber soffits, windows etc, was in remarkable condition. I questioned Keith and what point was it refurbished? He replied “never, maybe it was painted once.” 111

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Day 04 - 28/01/18 KIRUNA. Following our visit to the Research Station we returned to the train to travel further south to Kiruna. We were greeted in Kiruna by some light snowfall, adding to the giant piles at the sides of the road. We settled in to the hostel and sat down for a group meal where we enjoyed some traditional Swedish dishes.

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Day 05 - 29/01/18 ICE HOTEL.

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A few KM out of Kiruna on the side of the Torne River is the site of the world famous Ice Hotel. Here there are two hotels one which is re-born every year named after the year it was built since the opening, this year was the 28th. This is meticulously carved from Ice taken from the river Torne every year. The hotel melts every year around March and is rebuilt in November.

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The other hotel at the site is called the 365. This is a similar Ice Hotel built within a protective envelope to keep it frozen and in use all year round.

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We took the tour of the resort and explored each of the hotels which house bespoke rooms designed by a variety of visiting artists. Every year artists enter a competition to design a room, if selected they have 2 weeks to sculpt their creations which are then showcased for the following year in the hotel.

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Day 04 - 28/01/18 THE NEW TOWN HALL. Following our trip to the Ice Hotel we took the bus back and got off a few stops early to take a walk around the site of the new town square. Here the new town hall is nearing completion but remains an isolated landmark in the open. Here you can see the new location of the Clock Tower which was relocated from the current town hall.

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Day 04 - 28/01/18 WHITE ARKITEKTER, KIRUNA OFFICE. Now we had started to grasp the arctic condition and the setting of the town. It was time to turn our attention to the White Masterplan, the artefacts of the existing town and how to best capture this context.

As a unit we would then be able to create an asset library of our scans to use within our digital environments.

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We met at the White Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office in the evening to draft a plan. We would split into teams and scan: - Timber building - Historical Building - 2 or more Artefacts

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Day 05 - 29/01/18 LKAB - The Iron Ore Mine. The very reason we are here and infact the only reason Kiruna exists is because of the mine. It was therefore important we visit the mineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visitors centre some 500 metres below ground. We caught the bus in Kiruna which took us towards the mine, eventually driving into the side of the mountain and slowly down to the visitor centre level. There is a well established road network underground of high standards. Road lighting fades as you enter deeper to help drivers adjust to the darkness. 118

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The Iron Ore body extends more than 2km below the surface, is 80m thick and has an angle of 60degrees which means that the present Kiruna Town centre is above the iron ore being extracted.

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Day 06 - 30/01/18 The Current Town Hall. One of the most famous buildings both in Kiruna and Sweden is the current Town Hall. Built in the 1960s, it won several architectural awards. The moment our visit began and we entered the main foyer space the quality and detail of this building was obvious. Designed by Architect Artur Von Schmalensee to use the finest materials and many beautiful details. One of the first noticeable details is placed on the main entrance - two wooden bases of noaidiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s drums which act as door handles. These handles are planned to be transferred to the new town hall. Unfortunately the building is within the deformation zone, infact the next zone to become at risk of subsidence. The building has been de-listed to enable it to be demolished. It was previously planned to move it but it became too costly due to its construction - a concrete frame. I think this was the first time I have actually been moved by the thought of a building being demolished.

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Illustration taken from book: En Stadshussaga by Lars Isetig

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Day 06 - 30/01/18 Lecture 03 - town planners. We met with Professor Goran Cars, Director Of Planning. Goran had been brought in by the council from Stockholm in 2013 for the task of moving Kiruna, specifically, the planning of the new town. He began by setting the scene and background to the task in hand. A great deal of his presentation told the story similar to that we heard from White Arkitekter, however, it was a little more detailed in other areas and therefore provided us with an overall greater understanding. Kiruna has 23,000 inhabitants across 20km2

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He explained how, during the 1950s and 60s development in the town was solely focused on the motor car and as a result the town is reliant on vehicles. This is something they seek to change in the new plan.

“I went to weekly knitting classes to question locals on what they wanted from the town.“. The process of designing the new town centre and surrounding neighbourhoods began through stakeholder engagement meetings. The meetings took 5 months but their value has shown. The engagement later progressed onto locals, where Goran explained “I went to weekly knitting classes to question locals on what they wanted from the town.“.

The move would consist of: • 3000 housing units • A new commercial centre A list of 178 issues with the current town was compiled, the • 1500 new workplaces • New public buildings such as hospitals, schools, leisure top three being: • The current city is dispersed • Infrastructure • Car dominates A move which is thought to cost in the region of 2 billion euros. • No public square The new town centre in located in what is known as ‘death These would be priorities, amongst other goals, for the new valley’. Being located upon the site of the towns’ previous town planners and architects. landfill site and industrial area, including historic mines. Goran explained how this was a difficult decision to make but The number of other goals included, connections to nature, ultimately they had to make it due to other constraints. places for informal meetings, a new Sami Parliament.

The Town Hall. Generally town halls are seen as boring bureaucratic buildings. Goran highlighted two exceptions in Sweden, these were the town halls of Stockholm and Kiruna. People tend to come to these buildings for a number of reasons, wether it be for an event, to meet friends, have coffee or even for a celebration. They aspire to continue this in the new town hall and this desire to create a destination has ruled the design. Housing Options. People affected by the move have been given three options: • Receive the market value of their property + 25% from LKAB • Have a new house built for them at expense of LKAB • Move their existing use *if possible

Day 06 - 30/02/18 scan scapes / reality scanning.

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Celebrated as one of the most popular examples of pre-1950 Swedish Architecture this is the Church of Kiruna. The timber framed building was opened in 1912. Designed by Architect Gustaf Wickman the exterior is in Gothic Revival Style whilst the alter is Art Nouveau. Indeed it is a special piece of architecture. Goran Cars expressed his view that the surrounding birch trees are as, if not, more important than the church itself. Thankfully the Church will be moved to a new site away from the deformation zone. It is understood that despite previous plans to move the Church in near-complete form it will infact be disassembled and rebuilt in its new location. Right is a screen shot of our reality scan result created from 4 cameras and drone footage.

reality scan

Photograph

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Day 06 + 07 - 29+30/01/18 The Existing Town. The existing town has a number of important buildings relating to the history of mining in the town, famous architects and some award wining architecture. Some of the notable examples have been discussed already. Architect Ralph Erskine, specialist in environmental design has a number of built projects in Kiruna. Two of these are shown pictured above and right. Erskineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work in Kiruna was initially part of a wider proposal to renew the entire city centre, but instead the development ended up being limited to a small neighbourhood called Ortdrivaren. Erskine employed his comprehensive research into extreme climatic design and these examples are a product of that. Help the buildings cope in the extreme climate of the arctic but also provide a comfortable space for inhabitants. The external form is streamlined aimed at avoiding unwanted air turbulence and heat loss associated with high surface area envelopes. - Roofs are pitched to reduce shading of buildings to the North, as the low arctic sun produces long shadows. - Snow collection pockets are incorporated into the roof to stop snow falling onto pathways and roads below. - Small balconies perform a number of duties; they act as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;lobbyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to reduce heat loss from the main building, they provide a winter garden capitalising on solar gains particularly in the morning, they act as natural freezers. - The development used the topography to help further reduce shadows from the low arctic sun on surroundings and take advantage of solar gains internally. 124

assignment 05 I Expedition account Town centre shops and restaurants

The famous Carl Wennberg grocery store.

Clock in the town centre

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Snow sculptures floodlit under the darkness

The LKAB mine mountain visible day and night, identified by the rows of floodlights on the contoured hill side.

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Day 07- 31/01/18 night walk. On one of the last nights in Kiruna I decided I wanted to experience and capture the town scape under the darkness of the night. The snow, reflecting light from all sources, makes for impressive experience as well as softening all sounds. I particularly enjoyed walking through the snow sculptures produced for the recent annual snow festival.

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Day 08 - 01/02/18 road trip to the tree hotel + Lulea. A project, or projects that have been in recent architectural publications is located 100km north of Lulea. We decided as a small group, rather than fly back from Kiruna to hire a car and take the drive down through the countryside and stop to visit these architectural interventions. Inspired by the film ‘The Tree Lover’ by Jonas Selberg Augusteen the individual living ‘tree houses’ are suspended in the trees around 4 - 6 metres from ground level. In collaboration with some of Scandinavias top Architects each treehouse designed is unique. Offering different moments of theatre. One thing links them all, that is the tranquil context in which they inhabit. We took a guided tour and were shown into a number of the treehouses, including the dedicated sauna suits. What was immediately noticeable during our visit was the connection to nature across the senses. From the stillness, to the sound deadening snow, views into the Lule River Valley and the smell of the forest. This connection to nature was inspiring to say the least, I think it reflects Nordic culture, possibly in an exaggerated form but nonetheless something to take forward into our design proposals.

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Day 09 - 02/02/18 stockholm. Our trip would end back where it started - Stockholm. But not before a weekend taking in the sights we didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get chance to previously. After the long drive and then a flight back to Stockholm we retired to our hotels the first night ready for some sight seeing the next day. Wanting to take in some history we headed to the old town first. A dense urban fabric with winding streets carved between the buildings. There was a romantic porosity, a journey of discovery as buildings, plazas emerged by surprise.

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Day 11 - 04/02/18 Inside Out Exhibition, Photography Museum. Another visit whilst in Stokholm was Fotografiska (Photography Museum). There was an interesting exhibition called Inside Out by Nick Veasey who specialises in X-Ray photography. I could relate some of his work to our explorations into reality scanning. Some of the most thought provoking pieces were his collages whereby multiple x-rays of individual objects were augmented to collectively produce another whole object.

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Day 10 - 03/02/18 Biget + Bergstorm Exhibition, Artepelag. This exhibition was on my radar for sometime as it included the Solar Egg - a pod style sauna designed for the residents of Kiruna as a place to go, meet, and discuss matters of daily life.

The rest of the exhibition was, too quite interesting. Exploring the challenges of climate change, weather adaption and ways to manipulate the world to suit our needs. An amazing fact that I did not know was the Chinese government successfully manipulated the weather to prevent rainfall during the days around and on the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.

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The sauna was impressive, a simple structure made from timber panels and clad in reflective gold-coloured metal in order to reflect the landscape beyond.

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Day 11 - 04/02/18 stockholm subway. Many of the subway stations in Stockholm are painted by artists. I wanted to see these and experience them for myself so grabbed my camera and a ticket.

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timber rising Exhibition the roca gallery

Research I engineered timber

The exhibition explored recent rise in popularity of engineered timber as it becomes more viable due to technological advancements and with the spotlight being on carbon reduction itts inherent low embodied carbon makes it an ideal choice. Shown here are a few key diagrams explaining the environmental benefits of timber construction, from its carbon storing properties (900kg of CO2 per 1m3 of wood) to the reduction in transporting cost, both economically and environmentally.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cross-Laminated Panels: Stability and speed â&#x20AC;&#x153;

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Typical wall - floor construction detail shows layers of construction. CLT offers comparably fewer layers than a steel equivalent. CLT is often also left unfinished internally avoiding the need for internal finishing, timely and costly plastering and then subsequent drying times. Panel thickness determines fire resistance category

â&#x20AC;&#x153;New materials, new structural formsâ&#x20AC;? Research I engineered timber

Some of the exhibited models of ground breaking timber projects utilising new computational design, tooling and fabrication methods. 143

Research I KIRUNA

kiruna 4 - ever white arkitekter masterplan

Before approaching the design project it required some reflection on the masterplan in place for the development of the new town. Prepared by White Arkitekter in collaboration with Ghiardi + Hellsten Arkitekter and Town Planners the plan attempts to address many issues thought to be present in the existing town of Kiruna. Detailed research into the new town plan is documented in the Unit 4 Kiruna Research Book. The following pages are used briefly introduce the move and then give my thoughts on the plan. Image: White Arkitekter

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Research I KIRUNA

“Cities don’t often decide to pack their bags, get up and move down the road. But that’s exactly what Kiruna, an Arctic town in northern Sweden, is having to do – to avoid being swallowed up into the earth.” Oliver Wainwright – The Guardian.

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Research I KIRUNA

Current TownCentre church

LKAB Mine

Current deformation zone Previous railstation

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Tuolluvaara Mine Research I KIRUNA

newTown Centre Tuolluvaara

airport Estimated Deformation Zone Extent by 2100

Image from Google Earth Pro 147

mOVING kIRUNA The development timeline

Research I KIRUNA

As the deformation zone eats up the town the race to move Detailed research into the new town plan is documented in the the town becomes ever more pressing. Some buildings have Unit 4 Kiruna Research Book. already been demolished such as the old railway station. The next zone is about to be decommissioned before ground becomes unstable. The current town hall is due to close in mid - late 2018 with the new town hall nearing completion.

2018

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Research I KIRUNA

2033

2100

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Reflection + review Image: White Arkitekter

rEFLECTION The plan attempts to cater for many things, including the priority list discussed earlier. Most notably however, is the block based approach the masterplan appears to have. We were encouraged by White that they had developed the plan whilst mindful of creating variety, rhythm and density variation seen in the existing town of Kiruna, however I am left searching for this. I think the plan does address the key points raised and provides a basis for less car use and improved social interaction. However, I feel it lacks spontaneity and character. Perhaps this will manifest in the more detailed design stages as with most masterplans they only act as a guide to development. 150

Furthermore, whilst bio-climatic research is evident in the development plan it still feels like the urban grid has taken precedent over these areas of analysis. How the plan deals with wind and snow is interesting and I think it could have been shaped more to help deal with the unique environmental conditions such as those illustrated by Ralph Erskine (left) in the Rolsute Bay design and works of Frei Otto and Arup for the Arctic City. It feels then that the new Kiruna plan could be placed anywhere and it would work.

The architectural language also mimics this generic approach. Kiruna at present contains a diverse selection of architecture, many buildings possessing characterful details and materiality. Yet the new plan feels, again, like it could be anywhere - whilst the modern material palette applied has nice qualities, these do not possess the same character of the existing town.

Reflection + review

Ralph Erskineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Resolute Bay - Climatic Adaption Image: http://www.grahamfoundation.org

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Research I KIRUNA Illustration taken from book: En Stadshussaga by Lars Isetig

Book En Stadshussaga

I found this book in the lobby of our hostel. Its illustrations immediately caught my attention. They are elaborate, interesting and very telling images - telling the story of Kirunaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s move, specifically the town hall. The book begins with the design of the current town hall before explaining the story of its importance in the social and cultural heritage of Kiruna. Sadly the town hall is being demolished and the book creates a sense the building and its contents is alive and has feelings. Some of my favourite illustrations show an eraser causing havoc erasing parts of the existing building whilst the contents try to protect it and themselves.

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Another telling image is that explaining the design of the new town hall (right). Stating with a blank piece of paper, and Henning Larsen Architects arranging a model of the new building with assistants engrossed in code amungst the cracks in the ground beneath.

Research I KIRUNA Illustration taken from book: En Stadshussaga by Lars Isetig

Illustration taken from book: En Stadshussaga by Lars Isetig

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kiruna in the hands of lkab. An illustration created to explain my thoughts and feelings on the situation of Kiruna. 154

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The making of objects appears to be, intuitively, a quintessentially participatory endeavour, because large or complex objects in particular must often be made by many people and their design must draw from the skills of many specialists.â&#x20AC;? Mario Carpo, The Second Digital Turn

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multi-author scans + Cityscape

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assignment 06.1 As a Unit we had taken images of all the key landmarks, artefacts and buildings in Kiruna it was now time for us to develop our own asset library. We would continue to work in groups to process our raw images into 3D reality meshes for future use as context within our proposals and virtual environments. Alongside this we would work as a Unit to build a digital model of the new town. This would provide us the context for our projects. This was done in a similar way to Assignment 2 where, in groups, we modelled tiles which were then stitched together to form a greater whole.

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Building scan Kiruna Church. Working in a team of 4 each facade was captured working independently using different cameras. A drone was also used to capture images at high level circulating the building to get all angles. The multiple photograph sets were combined and submitted to ContextCapture producing an impressive digital reproduction. 158

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Building scan shopfront + Street scene. Wanting to capture the current street scape of central Kiruna we decided to scan some of the central shopfronts attempting to also capture the street scene. Two of us scanned this shopfront and quite successfully captured part of the street too. I think this reality scan could be split to create a number of separate models. 164

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scan editing creating a standalone tree. The scan of the shopfront picked up part for a large tree covered in snow. This gave me an idea, could I edit the mesh to separate out the tree from the rest of the scan?

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After this I could copy and position the mesh to create a whole tree.

original scan.

mesh mixer

Once cropped I then copied the mesh and rotated this to create four side to the tree.

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The finished model - exported as an FBX file meaning it can now be one of my assets within the virtual environment.

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assignment 06.1 I multi-aurthor scans

Artefact scan villa model. During our visit to the LKAB mine we explored the mining museum where I found this great model of an old villa, typical of the area. We were about to leave so I had to be quick, so I shot a video instead of pictures - this way I could be quick and take frames from the video later in ContextCapture. The results, however are not as good but needs must! 168

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artefact scan boulders. Situated in the centre of the old town this is a water fountain (frozen at the time of capture) built from large boulders. I liked the way it was covered in snow and wanted to see how this would manifest in the 3D reality model. The result was very pleasing albeit with some texture mapping errors where buildings in the distance have made their way onto the model. 170

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artefact scan sculpture. Another rock based sculpture, this time close to the Erskine Development. The snow collection was again the primary reason for taking this scan. The results were great, with a little trimming in MeshMixer to neaten the base. 172

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artefact scan stockholm figures. During the return leg of the trip I kept my eye out for interesting artefacts in Stockholm. This was one of them, the uniform material posed some risks as ContextCapture really likes to deal with unique images - for example with a pattern or texture. The figures send two messages for me - one of united front, the other of holding onto something. I think I can relate this to Kiruna, a couple standing staring while the town is swallowed up by the mine below. 174

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Building scan Ceiling of the Royal Palace. This was captured very quickly with only a handful of images taken with a phone camera from ground level. The results were surprising. I anticipate the success was due to the texture for the ceiling being scanned including elements of sculpture. 176

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Reflection + review

How do we draw in VR? cAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY STUDY vr, ar & new media

Stavros made me aware of a research project by Cambridge University Engineering Department into how people sketch in VR compared to reality. I responded to the study, where I was accepted to take part.

review The study was developed by the Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and titled: Comparative Experiences of Immersive Virtual-Reality Sketching.

voice all of my thoughts. I decided to draw my project from last year which featured a large contoured landscape covered by large biomes, pathways, ponds, towers and pods. The first part of the study featured a number of small tasks in During the study I gradually got increasingly comfortable with order to get me used to using the setup before being tasked the sensation of being inside the sketch pad. My drawings Purpose of the Study: with the main element of the study. I was asked to speak aloud, were suddenly 3-Dimensional and I could move around them, To understand how professionals experience virtual reality (VR) voicing my thoughts as they come into my head. This was so view them from different angles. I found myself physically sketching and to assess the following: the results of my sketching could be compared to my thought moving to gain access to new areas of the sketch in which process. to develop it. Occasionally I would find myself ‘bumping’ - What things do professionals choose to sketch in VR into the sketch and stopping because my mind was telling - How do professionals sketch in VR “A relatively basic sketch was able to me I couldn’t walk through it. Of course I could but this - Where do professionals situate VR sketching in the design provide a spatial condition and experience phenomenon was very interesting, my brain was telling me process? that a 2D sketch could not provide so this was a physical object I could not walk through. I was introduced to the HTC Vive setup which I would be using to draw in Gravity Sketch. My sketching in VR would be captured on video as would my physical movements and 178

actions in the room via GoPro cameras. Alongside this my thoughts (spoken aloud) were captured on sound recording.

easily or convincingly.”

The main part of the study lasted 20 minutes where I was asked to draw something of my choice and whilst doing so

A relatively basic sketch was able to provide a spatial condition and experience that a 2D sketch could not provide so easily or convincingly. This I believe is the future.

Reflection + review

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assignment 06.2 I cityscape

assignment 06.2 multi-author scans + Cityscape

Now, having reviewed Whiteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s masterplan we intend to use it as context for our own proposals. As a Unit we would divide the city into tiles, much as we did with Piranazis plan in assignment 2. These tiles would be drawn up around the new major centralities of the plan. Once tiled, members of the unit voted to focus on a particular tile, roughly speaking this meant 2 or 3 students per tile. We then worked together to build a digital model of the new town. This would provide us the context for our projects based upon the particular major programme on our tiles.

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1. City Hall / New Town Square 2. Swimming Centre 3. Crematorium and Church 4. Transport Centre 5. Culture and Recreation Centre 6. Sami Parliament 7. Winter Sports Centre

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assignment 06.2 I cityscape

I selected Tile 5 - the location of the new Sami Parliament. This lies at the top of the new central park which follows the route of the old railway connecting to the, now post-industrial Tuollavaara Mine.

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Image: White Arkitekter

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5 y wa igh 0h E1

Proposed Site rk l pa a r t cen

y wa igh 0h E1

9 1

8 new town centre 183

assignment 06.2 I cityscape Image: http://www.electriceye.se/galleri/fotoalbum/flygfoto-2015/

Tuolluvaara Mine The Site The site for the new Sami Parliament is adjacent to the, now disused, Tuollevaara Mine. Closed in 1984 after being active for 82 years. The two towers are thought to be linked to the ventilation system for the mine. Whilst the site is close to the new town centre, it remains on the periphery of the development area. This means the site maintains its strong connection with the surrounding landscape. Something key to Sami culture. There is a slight increase in elevation which is nice as it will give better views across the town - with the new centre being at a low point.

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Image: Google Earth Pro

Close to the site is the new town hall, shown here under construction. Due to be complete mid 2018. It also marks the new centre of the town. Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Tuolluvaara_September_2017_03.jpg

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assignment 06.2 I cityscape

Unity 3d New Kiruna in VR Having selected the tile and as a group went about modelling these tiles to give context to our projects we then began building our Unity 3D environments which would form the basis of our VR experiences. These would also act as a platform for which to design in first person. These selection of images show the various artefact and building scans placed within the environment created in Unity.

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Both scans of the church and Erskine towers were brought into unity in amazing detail. Also seen here is the tree I built from dissecting one of my other building scans.

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SAMI Parliament Research & Cultural Context

Some research had been compiled in the Unit 4 Research book and depository, however, knowing I will be designing a new Sami Parliament I needed to become more familiar with the culture, and the job of the Sami parliament in order to develop the brief.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;As an indigenous people, the Sami have a different standing than other ethnic minorities in Sweden. The Sami are not immigrants, having lived in their settled areas long before the borders were drawn for todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nations. In 1977, the Swedish Riksdag recognized the Sami as an indigenous people in Sweden.â&#x20AC;?

- www.sametinget.se

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Sami National Colours

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the moon the sun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_flag#/media/File:Sami_flag.svg

Culture Sami Flag Only recently recognised, in August 1986 at the 13th Nordic Sami Conference and was the result of a design competition which saw over 70 entries. The winning flag was an adaption to an earlier version and was designed by Sami Artist Astrid Bahl from Norway. Most notable of Bahlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s changes was the addition of the colour green to the flag, presumably relating to nature. As a result the colours are now considered the Sami National Colours. The circle on the flag represents the sun and moon which was a concept inspired by motifs on shamans drums.

Sami Regions - Sapmi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi#/media/File:LocationSapmi.png

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39 representatives

Finlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sami Parliament Chamber

Image: https://news.grida.no/the-protectors-reindeer-herders-gather-in-sweden/photos/4083158;

Culture Sami Parliament The representative body of Sami people across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, consisting of 39 representatives. Each Parliament has a place for political discussions and decisions to be made - known as a Plenary. The top photo is of the Plenary within at the parliament in Finland. There a number of other events where Sami representatives meet including the annual congress, reindeer herders congress, Sami National Day and Sami markets as well as social events. Image: http://www.inarisaariselka.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PetteriLaiti_nayttelyavajaiset3_SaamelaiskultturikeskusSajos_TerhiTuovinen-1440x960.jpg;

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PRECEDENT STUDY SAMI PARLIAMENT, INARI, FINLAND. Designed by HALO Architects. The programme is split nicely into its particular areas and then distributed in wings leaving the central space free to house the two main components - the auditorium and plenary. Constructed mainly from in-situ concrete but there is a vast amount of timber used on this project, both internally and externally. Relating directly to Sami culture and their connection with nature and timber as a way of life. Images from: https://www.archdaily.com/228027/sami-cultural-center-sajos-halo-architects

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Through a series of diagrams the plan and section of the building was analysed picking out key points, constraints and opportunities. Learning what spaces were successful and why. I particularly like the tension between the two round spaces - the auditorium and plenary.

Research I sami people

Bio-Climatic Analysis

Key Programme Arrangements

Programme Overview

Site Constraints

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PRECEDENT STUDY SAMI PARLIAMENT, Norway. Designed by Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter. A circular plan dictates a fairly strict and linear arrangement compared to the Finland example. However, the Plenary is highlighted and has been given clear hierarchy over the rest of the building. Constructed from engineered timber, steel and concrete. Again lots of use of timber both internally and externally. Relating directly to Sami culture and their connection with nature and timber as a way of life. Images from: https://www.archdaily.com/5489/parliament-for-the-sami-people-sh-arkitekter

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offices

Library Restaurant

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Plenary

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Research I sami people Image: http://reindeerherding.org

Cultural Context Reindeer Herders Congress Reindeer Husbandry is the single most popular occupation of Sami people. Reindeers provide everything from meat, clothing, modes of transport but to name a few. As a result of this there is a Reindeer Herders Association which meets at regular events and annual congress meetings. They hold lasso competitions, lectures, talks, practice traditional craft and have formal dinners. I would like to cater for this type of event in the new Sami Parliament in Kiruna. I feel it could help strengthen the culture and also help support the battle with mineral extraction and the resulting disruption to the reindeer industry.

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Image: https://news.grida.no/the-protectors-reindeer-herders-gather-in-sweden/photos/4083158;

Cultural Context Winter Market Every winter, the Sami community hold a large fair / market in Jokkmok, a few miles south of Kiruna. The event sees large numbers of both Sami people, local residents and tourists visit. Like most fairs there are a vast number of things going on, including stalls where Sami crafted items are sold, food is prepared alongside this a number of activities take place involving reindeer, dance, craft music and such. Its a celebration of Sami culture. I am wanting to propose the new Sami Parliament in Kiruna could provide for such event. Research I sami people

Image https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2013/jan/23/jokkmokk-sami-market-swedish-lapland-pictures

Image: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2013/jan/23/jokkmokk-sami-market-swedish-lapland-pictures

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SECTION 3 – COMMUNITY-LEVEL IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION

Juvvvá Lem met – Kllemetti Näkkääläjärvii Liicentiatee in Phillosophyy Presideent of th he Saamii Parliam ment in Finland d

Abstraact

Climate change will cause all Arctic indigenous peoples similar problems. They will be less able to ply their livelihoods and a live in theirr traditional territories. SSuch changes will not onlyy affect the t e material culture but b also the cultural foundation, and the entire sphere of social life, of indigenous people. Consequently, research on climate changee cannot simply focus on analysing the effects oof these changes on material culture, it must also examine thee impact on the foundations ions of o entire cultural systems. Climate change will undoubtedly have significant environmental, economic, cultural and linguistic impacts on Saami reindeer husbandry. y. Inn order to t find ways to adapt to climate change, wee must combine the cultural knowledge of indigenous people with new scientific data. However, this approach is viable only if more training is i provided for f r scientists studying indigenous people, if the higher education system is developed in the traditional territories of indigenous people, and if resources for research are increased. The most efficient solution to minimising negative impacts and ensuring indigenous peoples’ ability to adapt to climate change lies in securing their autonomy at national and international levels.

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Climate Change Threats to Reindeer Herders Reindeer husbandry and infact reindeers’ survival is dependant on a number of factors, most notably however, the particular climate. From the type of plants that grow - reindeers only eat lichens which grow in the cold winter months, to the annual climate patterns which dictate their migration schedule. Taking what we learnt from our visit to the Climate Research Station in Abisko we know that what ever happens the climate will shift in some way. This shift will hit the extremes of our planet first - the arctic regions. Minor shifts could be overcome with adaption but major shifts in climate may have a more damming affect on both the arctic environment and therefore reindeers. 200

The Climate and the Reindeer Industry The Sami Parliament is concerned about the changed conditions for the reindeer industry caused by the climate changes. Warmer climate

CLIMATE CHANGE AND arctic SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SECTION 3 – COMMUNITY-LEVEL IMPACTS AND ADAPTATIO

Introdductionn

Research and discussions on climate change have focused on atmospheric and environmental impacts. In recent years, however, the effects of climate change on humans have been highlighted to an increasing degree (e.g. Arctic Human Development Report). From indigenous peoples’ perspective, the effects of climate change on human life are critical, since these peoples depend on the environment, and theirr cultural foundations are based on itss sustainable use. Consequently, climate change may rob Arctic indigenous peoples of their living environment, livelihoods and cultural foundations. For them, climate change is a question of justice.. Indigenous peoples have survived colonialism but if nothing is done, climate change may be more effective at destroying their cultures than colonialism ever was.

The Arctic region is also attracting increasing interest from world politics and energy policy. From the perspective of many indigenous peoples, such interest is unwelcome. The sensitive of sustain large tive nature n o the Arctic environmentt cannot c numbers of people oor tthe wide-scale exploitation of energy resources. Climate will therefore have an impact on thee resource base of thee entire Arctic change w Arcti rctic region, preventing the ing tth he traditional, sustainable use oof thee environment by indigenous people. Changes iin thee flora flora, ora, ra, fauna and climate, combined with the loss of entire living territories, willl force iindigenous peoplee to seek new ways of adapting. ptin Meanwhile, these changes are obliging national states to seek opportunities for securing the Arctic region and its indigenous cultures for future generations. In the Arctic region, climate change will cause all indigenous peoples similar problems.. Reindeer grazing will become more difficult with in snow w the increase inc cover ver and crusts on the snow. People will be less able to ply their livelihoods

In this picture a small reindeer herd (čora) is being gathered to the main herd (eallu) in the Stálovárri area of Eastern-Eanodat in northernmost Finland. The reindeer were startled and started to canter (ruvgalit) because there are wolverine (geatki) tracks nearby. It is spring time and the snow has a hard crust (ceavvi), which allows reindeer to travel a great distance rapidly. Herders have to keep the herd together because of the predators, and consequently the herd has to be circled by snowmobiles many times a day (photo: Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi).

Research I sami people

Representatives of the dominant culture have commonly regarded the Arctic regions as beingg sparsely populated. Itt should be understood that t thee Arctic regions are, in fact, densely populated places, since the people living there have fully inhabited their territories in order to securee sufficient and d ecologically sustainable livelihoods for both animals and themselves (Anderson 2004:2). The view of the Arctic regions as infertile and barren is misleading. In reality, some of the most dense seasonal biomass concentrations can be found there,, although their exploitation is not as simple aas in other areas, such as at the equator (Kankaanpää 1997:104). Arcticc indigenous ppeoples have populated their regions in a way that is purposeful and economically sustainable. Now, climate change is about to alter this balance.

and live in their traditional territories. Such changes will not only affect material culture but also the cultural foundation, and the entire sphere of social life, of indigenous people.. Forced relocation from traditional living territories will erode f the foundation of indigenous peoples’ culture and compel them to adapt to a new environment. Climate change will w affect cultural and social life, ass the survival skills llearned by b the previous generations may m y cease se to to matter and a the social hierarchy of the community will erode. Consequently, research on climate change cannot simply focus oon analysing thee effects effect ffects ts of o these changes chaangges on material culture, but must also examine the impact on the foundations of entire cultural systems. Indigenous peoples live within national states, where their views and suggestions for adapting to climate change, minimising its negative impacts and conducting relevant research are almost invariably left without support. Securing opportunities for Arctic indigenous peoples to influence decisions and wield decisionmaking power is of vital importance. Partnerships between Arctic indigenous peoples and scientists can produce new ways of adapting to climate change.

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“they must work with industry specialists, scientists, to give them the best tools in which to cope with this global issue”

Sami people have tackled adaption before, in the form of sociocultural adaption since capitalism tired to push them out. Climate change is one of the new and pressing challenges Sami people must learnt to adapt to. Their culture is deeply connected in nature, efficient ways of living and I feel they have the knowledge to deal with this. As the report suggests, they must work with industry specialists, scientists, to give them the best tools in which to cope with this global issue.

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win ter -

su mm er mig rat ion

kiruna

wildlife + Culture reindeer migration. Reindeers migrate twice per year based around seasons. In the winter months they seek shelter and vegetation in the low, forested areas. Whereas in the summer they spend their time in the highlands. Since the mining industry boom and subsequent expansion of urban developments this migration has become more troublesome. In some cases causing major issues. Over time however, the reindeer and herders have learnt to deal or have adapted to the conditions. However, the further expansion of mining activities and construction of new towns mean there is still a great threat to valuable pasture lands and migration routes. Image: https://news.vattenfall.com/en/article/life-revolves-around-reindeer

Image: https://news.vattenfall.com/en/article/life-revolves-around-reindeer

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SITE

Po ten tia lm igr ati on ro ut es Research I sami people

Image: http://www.nordregio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/S%C3%A1mi_reindeer_ herding_villages_herding_areas_Sweden_2014.png

Image: Issue 12; Sweden-The Long Journey Home; Lonely Planet Traveller Magazine;

Kiruna lies directly in the path of migration routes, and mining activities have added to the issue as their footprint extends further each year. In particular the deformation zones seen in Kiruna between the LKAB mine and the town. However, there are routes to the North West which pass Tuolluvaara and the outskirts of the new town developments. Perhaps a chance to strengthen / re-introduce these routes via the intervention of the Sami Parliament. 203

Research I sami people

Mining threatens to eat up northern Europe’s last wilderness

Reindeer herds in danger as Australia's mining boom comes to Sweden

Vast network of rivers, lakes and mountains in Finland, Sweden and Norway at risk from being exploited for rare earth and other minerals John Vidal

Lars Jon Allas, whose family has herded for generations, says mine dust kills the lichen reindeer eat in winter Kim Paul Nguyen

Wed 3 Sep 2014 06.00 BST

Thu 2 Jan 2014 04.52 GMT

reat stretches of Europe’s last wildernesses risk being damaged and polluted as the international mining industry gears up to develop northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway in search of uranium, iron ore, nickel, phosphorus, and valuable rare earth minerals, according to environmentalists.

The town of Kiruna in far north Sweden is home to the largest underground iron mine in the world. Piles of mined earth dwarf the town and smoke churning from the processing plant at the mine's entrance creates the impression of an active volcano.

The prize for British, Australian, Canadian and other companies is billion-dollar mega mines in Lapland, a region which covers all three countries and Russia, able to supply burgeoning industry in Asia.

Lars Jon Allas and his reindeer herd spend their winters in the pastures just outside Kiruna. Allas, whose family has herded reindeer for countless generations, says mine dust can carry kilometres and kills the lichen reindeer eat during winter.

But conservationists say the rush could bring permanent damage to the vast network of rivers, lakes and mountains which are home to many of Europe’s largest mammals, such as the lynx, wolf, bear and wolverine.

Allas is apprehensive about the mining boom taking place in Sweden: “We have mining exploration everywhere, it's frightening.” Now an Australian company is planning a mining complex just south of Kiruna and Allas's Sami community is determined to stop it.

In addition, human rights groups argue that Lapland and Sami indigenous commuities who live by reindeer herding and ﬁshing will be hit, along with the region’s tourist industry, which depends on pristine nature.

Hannans Reward Ltd, a Perth-based company, is planning a collection of open-pit mines just a few kilometres from Kiruna, mining iron, copper and gold. The project is in the advanced exploratory stages, the company hoping environmental impact assessments and ﬁnal resource

cultural context Sami Resources & Land Management

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Sami have little records of land ownership. The countries making up Sapmi were theirs - they effectively owned the land and had free movement - being the indigenous people of the land they never had to deal with the issue of ownership until colonisation.

Whilst the Sami Parliament have powers in Sami culture, language , predator control etc they do not have any legal powers in the wider governments. This makes it difficult to fight for their rights. Ultimately they are in the hands of the government and big corporations.

Colonisation saw the Sami people struggle to maintain this ownership and free movement, suddenly they were in competition for land and their way of life was under threat. As natural resources were discovered the inevitable mining companies began to setup this problem only got worse.

As part of their culture they do use natural resources, like timber however in a sustainable way. They do not believe in resource exploitation, which is exactly what is happening in the number of mines surrounding them.

The mass resource exploitation is still very current and new mines pose new threats to Sami land, reindeer pastures and migration routes. Not only do these mining companies stand for something completely against Sami culture, its also directly affecting day to day life and livelihoods.

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ENG

Mine dispute intensifies in Arctic Sweden

Research I sami people

  Jonas Vannar, a Sami reindeer herder, surveys a proposed mining site in the Jokkmokk region of northern Sweden. (Photo: Colin Rich)

JOKKMOKK: Sami reindeer herders and mining companies have coexisted uneasily in the forests of northern Sweden since 1890, when the regio

About us

By Daniel Bush September 30, 2013

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“The Swedish Government Has Abandoned Us”

Challenges JOKKMOKK: Sami reindeer herders and mining companies have ICR/WRH coexisted uneasily in the forests of northern Sweden since 1890, when the region’s first modern mine opened in the town of Kiruna, Projects a few dozen miles north of the Arctic Circle.

Location

5 WRHC 6 WRHC In the contest for natural resources that followed, both sides kept Dávggas up with the times. The Kiruna complex grew into the world’s largest iron ore mine, and the indigenous Sami – who have livedEALLIN in the area for more than 4,000 years – now use snowmobiles and EALLU helicopters to herd their reindeer. Nomadic Herders

ews

Herders

Challenges

Projects

Gallery

August 28, 2013 •

  

English

Nomadic Herders Sápmi

Assn ofRIEVDAN World Reindeer Herders

(Article from Barents Observer) Sami activists protesting the British company Beowulf Min

UArctic EALAT Institute

LKAB & Swedish Government Deny Reindeer Herders Funding to ReindeerWild Herding Reindeer Villages Reindeer

March 27, 2008 •

• Blog, Challenges, Reindeer, Reindeer Herders

• Reindeer Herders

Search Two Sami villages in northern Sweden have been denied compensation from the state-owned mining

start blasting for Iron in Kallak were cleaned away by Swedish police.

“You can`t image how it feels standing there behind police road blocks with you hat in y

when all you want is to make sure your reindeers are safe. It is humiliating and surreal. T

government has abandoned us,” says Henrik Blind to Barentsobserver. He is a Sami spoke local politician.

Wednesday the first explosives were detonated in Kallok where Sweden`s indigenous Sam herd their reindeers.

  

English



company LKAB for the time village representatives spent on planning for the relocation of Kiruna. The Artworks made by Sami artists were bulldozed and about 50 peaceful activists were force reindeer herding villages of Gaban and Leavas first turned to the government for money to make up for time spent tending to the relocation of nearby Kiruna instead of tending to their reindeer. After the

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10 people were carried away by police officers.

government refused the request, they then turned to the LKAB mining company Aboutfor us 500,000 News kronor Herders“It made Challenges Gallery Assnofofthe World Reindeer Herders a huge Projects impression when one protesters doused himself with gasoline and ($82,000) to cover income lost due to the consultation process.

Anders Oskal

Arctic Council

LKAB is funding the relocation of Kiruna’s city centre so the company can continue operating a Challenges

set himself ablaze. Our local Sami politican, Hanna Sofie Utsi, was singing (joiking) while says Blind.

Mining Reindeer Pastures, Sweden The reindeer herders were not given an opportunity to gather the animals still grazing in (ABC)

lucrative mine which has created underground cracks that threaten to sink the city in the coming years. Read the Full Story Here (The Local.se)

5 WRHC Chukotka 6 WRHC Dávggas Climate Change Dukha EALAT EALLIN EALLU EALLIN EALLU Evenki Nomadic HerdersFinland Nomadic Herders Sápmi RIEVDAN Finnmark Food Culture Herders UArctic EALAT Institute

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Reindeer Herding Sami in Sweden Suffer Depression,...

AssociationICR/WRH of World Reindeer Herders Projects

Mining Reindeer Pastures, Sweden (ABC)

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Kautokeino Loss of Pastures Reindeer Mining on Reindeer Canadian Pastures in Sweden Blackstone Reindeer Herders Attracts Int... Pogodaev Ventures to Mine Mikhail Mining Reindeer Past...

Wild Reindeer Mongolia Nenets Norway Oil and Gas

Photography

“It was brutal. It is impossible for me to describe how it feels in words. We have used this

February 7, 2014 •

• Blog, Challenges, Reindeer, Reindeer Herders

thousands of years. The Swedish government is giving away the very basis of our existen

company”.

Blind believes the situation is quite symbolical. 00:54

15:06

“The police are representing the Swedish government. I am a Swedish inhabitant and tax

shouldReward assume that the several policeexploratory would protect mynear interests. Instead Hannans is undertaking operations a town called Kirunathey to seechoose if it can

proceed with open iron-ore, company thatpit only payscopper 0,02%and ofgold its mines. incomes

to protect

in taxes to the Swedish state.”, says Blind.

But the location of the proposed mines is on Indigenous Saami land and critical reindeer herding habitats.

Ånyo en polisaktion i Kallak - 21 augusti 2013

The Saami say the mines will threaten their millennia old culture and they’ve started a campaign to

stop the Australian company.

Mats Berg is a representative of the Laevas and Girjas Saami Communities in Sweden’s north.

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

assignment 06.3 1st Person design + VR

Unit 4 are interested in the opportunities new tools can give us when designing. In particular the new tools in Virtual Reality that allow design in 1st person. As part of assignment 6 we were to explore these tools, specifically Tilt Brush whos platform works with HTC Vive. It is a 3D painting / sculpture tool that you interact with using the controllers as tool palate and paintbrush. Sketches can be captured using the camera feature and the 3D geometry exported as FBX format.

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select brush style

choose paint colour

Paint in 3D!

Scale, rotate and move in the sketch

explore at different levels

select different tools

take snapshots

export video walkthroughs

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

Import context model

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migration route

enclosure

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

main volume

new town

landscape

3d Painting Concept 1 I began by exploring the concept of two main volumes intersecting but being separated by the migration route of the reindeer. The opportunities of the sketch are highlighted in the annotations.

texture and porosity

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open space

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

existing mine towers

migration route

scale

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

3d Painting Concept 2 Further exploration of concept 1 using a more formal approach and different textures and colours. I enjoy the immediate spatial qualities achieved using first person design. The opportunities of the sketch are highlighted in the annotations.

migration route

connecting bridges

landscape continuation

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

movement

3d Painting Concept 3 This looks more into the internal condition, walkways, connections, programme.

texture and porosity

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form assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

internal connections

programme elements

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

enclosure

program elements

3d Painting Concept 4 Using different brush styles it was possible to start to pick out a number of ideas. This sketch explores ideas about how the form of the building interacts with wind and snow, program organisation and spatial compartments. 214

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

wind and snow

215

3d Painting Concept 5

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

Testing 2D sketch ideas in 3D is a useful way of determining the success of the idea before it goes too far.

ramps / walkways

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

landscape

migration route

3d Painting Concept 6 Taking the idea of three volumes into development as it provides a better sense of place in the courtyard between the masses. This could be the outside event area.

217

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

3d Painting Concept 6 Exploring landscape, snow drifts, snow collection on buildings, texture and materials. Right are a selection of paintings looking at snow drifts and how these can be represented in this form of media.

snow collection context

landscape

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

3d Painting Concept 7 Exploring more colours, brush styles and forms.

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

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assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

3d Painting Concept 2 development I decided to progress more with concept 2, adding enclosure by way of ribbons creating a roof which lets light in the large open spaces below. Using different brush styles to illustrate ideas of movement, entry, circulation and connection.

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enclosure

assignment 06.3 I 1st Person Design

movement & entry

transition

225

Research I environment

Drifting Snow study models.

To better understand snow and how it drifts around different building forms I decided to do a practical experiment. This would be a quick and easy way of me comparing forms and I think give me a better understanding than using computer software. For the experiment I made two building forms at roughly 1:100 scale. One was rectangular and the other round. I used flour to represent snow and a fan to represent the wind. A cardboard base and side walls would help contain the flour. I used a D-SLR to capture videos of the tests and then photos of the results.

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Research I environment

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Research I environment

drifting snow Round Form Study 01. This was the first attempt at using the round building form. I placed the snow (flour) close to the form and began to apply wind (via the fan) as the flour began to drift and hit the building you could see its path swirling around. Shortly after the test began you could clearly see a void appearing in the flour drift behind the building - some distance away.

228

The test revealed that not much snow collected behind the form, but instead it flowed around forming a collection in a circular form some distance away from the building face.

Research I environment

229

Research I environment

drifting snow Round Form Study 02. I tested the round form again to get a comparison against study number 1. The results were by in large the same, albeit with a slight difference in the form left by the drifting flour. This time it produced a more heart-shaped void leaving a trail of deposited flour behind the building. This suggests the wind passing around the form meets and produces a vortex pulling the flour back towards the reverse side of the building. 230

Research I environment

231

Research I environment

drifting snow Rectangular Form Study 01. This was the first attempt at using the rectangular building form. Again, I placed the flour close to the form and turned on the fan. An immediate observation was the flours path, somewhat different to the round form. The flour was being pushed upwards and outward much more. Shortly after the test began you could clearly see a significant collection of flour behind the building with only the areas to the side being clear of flour. The test revealed that a much larger amount of flour collected behind the building compared to the round form. Although this may suggest this side is sheltered from the wind were as the circular form would not do this. 232

Research I environment

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Research I environment

snow Rectangular Form Study 02. For the second test on the rectangular form I turned the building through 90 degrees to see what effect reducing the size of the elevation would have. The test ran very similar to study 1 but with some different effects - the flour passed more freely around the sides and the resulting clear area produced had a more acute angle. Again, the flour formed a significant collection on the opposing side of the building. 234

Research I environment

235

Reflection + Review

review

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Ralph Erskine published a number of diagrams illustrating methods to compact or reduce snow drifts producing piles against your buildings and how bioclimatic design could prevent this. He stated that you should place the smallest building elevation into the direction of the wind. From these tests this appears to be true. However, I wanted to test some building forms myself to gain a better understanding of what happens and the affects of different building forms have.

how it moves around the different shapes. The resulting flour the one behind it acts as a block to the snow and thus passes patterns on the ground plane then give you clear answers as to onto the next, and so on. how these different shapes react in snow drifts.

The experiment has given me a greater understanding, from watching the video footage of the drifting flour you can see

Erskine stated that with rectangular forms placing them close to one another will reduce this collection behind each block as

The round form encourages wind flow around the whole circumference and as a result has very little flour collection on the reverse side. In contrast the rectangular form seems to encourage a greater collection of snow on the reverse side.

Research I environment

Lets TRY some Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

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Research I environment 238

You begin with a form

The test area is then drawn which acts as the area which will receive water

Resize the test area to simplfy result

You input the parameters for water flow.

Selecting inlet and outlet

Renamed Inlet

Renamed Outlet

For a simple plan analysis Z values are disabled

Checking of grid lines before running simmulation

Research I environment

This doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t look right?

239

Research I environment

still not right

= expected outcome

Image: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tao_Xing/publication/249780948/figure/fig3/AS:298297475518477@1448131068837/Numerical-results-for-the-velocitymagnitude-distribution-over-a-circular-cylinder-using.png

240

https://www.esi-group.com/company/events/2016/openfoam-x-plexus-cae I Decided to try another software package which would work with butterfly in Grasshopper - however I had many issues installing it. Eventually I gave up.

Research I environment 241

Finally the testing worked and I got some good results. The images display air velocity.

Research I environment

Low air velocity = snow collection

242

High air velocity = snow passing

Research I environment

243

Reflection + review

Review This short film sees a man in a Virtual World, the opening scenes sees him look at a countdown timer and some old pictures of a woman. He then starts building blocks, manipulating them, stacking them, copying groups to form a street. he then goes around adding texture and colour, pain particular attention to a yellow flower. After the timer runs out the scene he has built â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;bakesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as if he has exited the editor mode. He hides quickly before the woman from the picture emerges from a building. Dressed in a hospital gown she is shocked by what she sees. She spots the yellow flower and takes a moment to appreciate it. Shortly after this virtual world starts to disappear, pixel by pixel. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s left is a new picture of the same woman, this time with a smile. 244

The film then cuts to a woman in a hospital linked to machines, There is another, more direct link between the film and unit here the man visits her leaving the same yellow flower by her 4 and that is the way the character is seen interacting with bed. the virtual world. Using hand gestures, first person design, decisions in VR are all tools and methods we have been Could virtual reality play host to these practicing throughout.

moments of reminiscence?

The result is a built virtual environment, an experience which The film has some interesting messages, one about our someone interacts with and develops emotions, feelings and memories, illness and sadness but also about our potential memories. It also suggests that what experience in VR has future and role of technology. Could virtual reality play host to influenced the real world. these moments of reminiscence? Perhaps they could be used to help coma patients recover quicker or with more memory. This goes some way into explaining the

power of this new media for architects and designers.

Reflection + review

245

Proposal I Developing a response

Proposal Design proposals

With the context work documented it was time to focus energy on our design proposals. This process starts with a brief - right.

246

activities. These changes will be most noticed at the poles of our planet. The indigenous

people of

Proposal I Developing a response

Significant changes in our climate are now inevitable, feedback loops have been set in motion by human

these lands will be affected in similar ways. Less able to ply their livelihoods and live in their traditional territories without

adaptation. Physical changes in temperature, nature and habitat will hold

consequences for the entire cultural system of these indigenous people. The Sami

people have been forced to adapt throughout history whilst in a battle, only improving

in recent times, for their place

amongst modern society. Now the biggest threat

to their culture is climate change and the . To adapt they must combine cultural knowledge with new scientific data from Scientists trained in Sami Culture. A new Sami

Parliament will house parliamentary and cultural functions,

be home to a new collaboration, training and climate

adaption centre. It will have close links

to the Climate Change Research Station in Abisko to the North and will commission experts to compile facts and produce accessible scientific material in order to communicate

and build a national

network for cooperation.

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Herding Reindeers

Proposal I Developing a response

Image: https://www.regent-holidays.co.uk/upload-files/product-tours-gallery/reindeerspring-migration-adventure_4_reindeer-herds-in-norway.jpg;

Sami shines found in North America

Image: https://peopleofonefire.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Labyrinths-Bolshoi-POOF-1280x640.jpg;

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Design Key concepts Reindeer migration

Rocks in the landscape

The migration routes are key to reindeer survival and the livelihood of the herders. Its why that I want to mark this route by incorporating it into the project. The new building mass will surround the route as if to protect and celebrate it.

Primary method of heating and cooking is by fire, a fireplace is the centre of the Sami Lavvu. Its is part of the ventilation system too, helping to draw air into the tent and out of the top. When they move location, stones from these fireplaces are left in the landscape. I plan to take this concept forward into the new Sami Parliament.

Proposal I Developing a response 249

Proposal I Developing a response

programme spatial adjacencies I used quick hand sketching just to explore different spatial adjacency options and to document what I felt was the best approach to program layout. These sketches later developed into section and internal perspectives of design ideas.

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Proposal I Developing a response

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Design Key concepts

Proposal I Developing a response

Taking the concept of three volumes and started to develop it around the program and the CFD analysis. Using the analysis to form the masses as to reduce snow piles in the central courtyard.

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clearer zones

https://d2dvlr1w1gfn2q.cloudfront.net/-v0ojFQurwdk/S4ZkiXHq4UI/AAAAAAAEGHY/nHDiRh8-910eElJVQnURndVfq7liOj7eACHMYBhgL/IMG_8580.JPGHthe%2Bsnow%2Bcovered%2Brocks%2Balong%2BJordan%2BPond.jpg?imgmax=800;

Proposal I Developing a response

snow collection

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ICES OFF

Proposal I Developing a response

EXH IBIT ION

G HIN EAC T / ION CAT EDU

MS ROO

RY RA LIB

AUDITORIUM

PARK

PLENARY

Design Development 254

ENTRANCE

Proposal I Developing a response

layers

Auditorium plenary connection

Migr atio n Ro ute

courtyard

section

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Proposal I Developing a response

Assignment 04-06 Interim Crit. Individual Feedback: “Good presentation and account of your design process. Maybe it would be good to always show your project with and without snow. At your final iteration you ought to develop or forge a more integrated connection to the ground and consideration of the man made landscape Personally I thought there were some interesting design ideas in your 2nd to last sketch with the flying particles that seems to be missing in the final iteration with the collected volume with countyand on the perimeter. Maybe it would be good to be more articulated when it comes to the opportunities provided by the tilt brush technique To me the walkways and the blankness of the volumes need more design development How do you create openings apertures and textures for an example or how do you integrate program in a closed volume ( does it need another concept to organize the program) Good progress but we need to get on with developing the design and the interior of the building asap.”

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Reflection + review

Review Possibly the single most related text to our fields of study and interest. I found it to be one of the most thought provoking and relevant texts I had read this year.

Carpo suggests these methods and other technologies of data compression are not needed anymore - our technological tool kit can now handle big data. Architects and designers are beginning to wake up to this fact and exploit these new tools These tools that will see the end of the projected image as we know it.

Big data will see the end for the need for mass production, in a product as well as an architectural sense. The new digital tools and fabrication methods available mean that digital mass-custimisation is now as easy. It will see the return of craftmanship.

Mario Carpo explains the evolution of digital design, representation and form through a historical journey of the projected image, how they were used to reduce data first used Geometry and forms can stop following pre-determined rules by painters and sculptures to send information. I cannot help but agree with his theory. It seems crazy that we placed upon them by certain software. are now designing with complex software, building 3D replicas â&#x20AC;&#x153;The end of the projected imageâ&#x20AC;? of buildings and components yet we output 2D information. The role of VR and AR inevitably play a role in seeing the end of the projected image and I have no doubt we will move into a more immersive media rich profession. 257

Event Space reindeer feeding

Proposal I Developing a response

lavvu camping

first person design Development From the feedback it was clear my development in first person was more successful and was worth pursuing as the results has a number of qualities which communicated interesting design concepts and ideas.

porosity

migration route

258

light through ribbons

Proposal I Developing a response

Walkways connecting level

main foyer space

climatic buffer zones

interstitial courtyards

259

Proposal I Developing a response

Elevated walkways

connection to ground

260

purosity

buffer zones

protected courtyards

plenary connection

Proposal I Developing a response

foyer

movement

views into spaces

sweeping forms

261

262

Proposal I Developing a response

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Proposal I Developing a response

The complex geometry created within tilt brush can be best understood through the use of planametric cuts. Each of these cuts then begins to reveal and explain the expanding and contracting of volume, space and circulation. This sires of diagrams helps to understand the interstitial spaces created at each level. 264

First Floor

5 6

Interior 5. Public Gallery 6. Plenary 7. Auditorium 8. Climate Study Centre 9. Library 10. Exhibition Space 12. Atrium 13. Backstage 14. Meeting Rooms 15. Offices

7 9

12 10

Proposal I Developing a response

Exterior 1. Viewing area / Terrace

1 5

Ground Floor Exterior 1. Reindeer Migration Route 2. Reindeer gathering area 3. Lavu Camp 4. Approach & Main Entrance Interior 5. Reception 6. Plenary 7. Auditorium 8. Climate Study Centre 9. Library 10. Exhibition Space 11. Restaurant 12. Atrium 13. Backstage 14. Meeting Rooms 15. Offices

6 11

12 10

9 1 8

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Proposal I Developing a response

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Proposal I Developing a response

Terrace

Central Park

Building Model Development Taking the 3D sketch geometry into Rhino alongside the 2D Plan sections I had created. Using these began formalising the building, creating interstitial spaces, bridges, walkways etc. As part of this development I worked on the ground plane adding a lower level which would connect the three volumes. Roof lights would puncture the topography and allow light to the foyer beneath.

Entrance

268

Proposal I Developing a response

269

Proposal I Developing a response

unity 3d user interface To enhance my VR experience I wanted to develop a User Interface (UI) Menu so that the user could view my different design elements as they wanted, switching them on and off via buttons displayed at the press of the HTC Viveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Menu button. Working with some tutorials I built some C# scripts and using VRTK built a menu follower which would follow the headset position and then built the menu within that. It was important the menu could be hidden and unhidden so I linked itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visibility to the controller button press.

270

Proposal I Developing a response

Feedback Final Crit / Mock Presentation It was a general theme again that my attempts to formalise my earlier 3D paintings into more sweeping geometry in Rhino had not been successful. I was trying to simplify or rationalise the richness and complex information that was present in my 3D sketches. It was suggested I develop my plans and sections and then use these within Tilt Brush as a guide to form a refined 3D sketch. Currently my sketches had questionable scale and incomplete parts. The process I had been following and the result had left me incredibly frustrated. As I knew I wanted to pursue this differently but I did not know how. In other words I knew my formalisation, or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;data reductionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to quote Mario Carpo, was wrong. I had been preoccupied with reaching a goal I had always known. However, I was on a different path, exploring opportunities and tools I had not experienced before. However, I was convinced of the spatial qualities I had achieved in my earlier 3D sketches and this would be what I would pursue.

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Reflection + review

postface This, then would be a project in the realms of the Post-Digital. An exploration into the possibilities of First Person Design using new forms of representation but returning craft, artistic elements to the design process.

With the introduction of these new design tools however, this reduction process need not happen. The designer can sketch and experience their decisions in 3 Dimensions as they happen. The creations can be immediately explored through immersive media (VR) by others which breaks down the Hand sketches can be described as a performance, a point translation process of old. Communication becomes clearer in time where an idea is translated into 2D lines and shapes. and architectural ideas are experience without translation or They are full of imperfect moments and spontaneity, but as 2D simplification. elements they rely on the readers’ interpretation to effectively communicate the original concept. It is then possible to take these 3D drawn elements and turn them directly into buildings. Our digital fabrication toolkit has Since the introduction of CAD software and design tools these the capacity to realise complex, ‘messy’ geometry. sketches would often go through another translation process, or reduction. Where the initial spontaneous lines are translated into either 2D or 3D elements on screen. Through this process the idea once again is reduced or formalised in a new media. 272

Along side 3D printing and robotics I believe this new media can see architects and designers reconnect with crafts of sketching, painting and sculpture, removing complicated ‘data reduction’ steps from the process, simplifying the route to built forms by not simplifying the geometry we create.

Reflection + review

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References digital design and fabrication

DESIGN QUALITIES

TEDCESCHI.A - Algorithms-Aided Design Parametric Strategies using Grasshopper, 2014

Schumacher, Patrik, “Arguing for Elegance”, Architectural Design: Elegance, vol. 77, issue 1, (January/February 2007),

ROBELLER.C - “Design and Fabrication of RobotManufactured Joints for a Curved-Folded Thin-Shell.” Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design(2014): 67-81.

CARPO.M. “Breaking the Curve.” Artforum, February 2014: 168-173. Cramer, Florian. 2015. “What is ‘Post-digital’?”

form finding AGKATHIDIS.A - Generative Design: Form Finding Techniques in Architecture, 2015 RICHARDSON.P - XS Green: Big Ideas, Small Buildings, 2007 (2016). Advances in Architectural Geometry, Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich. Beorkrem, C. (2012). Material Strategies in Digital Fabrication, Routledge BLANCIAK.F - Siteless 1001 building forms, MIT PRESS, 2008

the future RIFKIN.J - The Third Industrial Revolution, How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, The Economy, and The World, 2013 BUCKMINSTER FULLER.R - Operating Manual For Spaceship Earth, 1969 GUATTARI.F - The Three Ecologies, 1989

representation Lim,CJ - Inhabitable Infrastructures, Science Fiction or Urban Future? 2017 CARPO.M - The Second Digital Turn, Desgin Beyond Itelligence, 2017

GEOMETRY & MATERIAL REISER + UMEMOTO - Atlas Of Novel Tectonics, 2006 Mayo, J. (2015). Solid Wood: Case Studies in Mass Timber Architecture, Technology, and Design, Routledge

TECHNICAL DETAILS & MATERIALS DETAIL 1+2/2016 - Timber Construction (English)

CITY PLANNING Le Corbusier (1929), The City of To-morrow and Its Planning

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In Postdigital Aesthetics: Art, Computation and Design, edited by David M. Berry and Michael Dieter, 12-26. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. JACOB.S - Architecture Enters The Age Of Post Digital Drawing, Metropilis, 2017

DESIGN THINKING Gross, Matthias. 2010. “Introduction: Brave the Unknown.” In Ignorance and Surprise: Science, Society, and Ecological Design, 1-10. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Stan Allen, “From Object to Field” Architectural Design; Architecture After Geometry p24-31

SAMI LEHTOLA.V-P - The Sami People, Traditions In Transition, University of Alaska Press

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AR7026 AR6026 INTEGRATED DESIGN STUDY 08037518 ASHLEY KIRK PART TIME UNIT 04

FROZEN TIMBER

PROCESS DIARY ADDENDUM

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT SINCE STUDIO SUBMISSION

Since the studio submission in 2018 the project has been developed further in order to realise the strong concepts. These next pages introduce these developments alongside the IDS report.

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

DEVELOPMENT PLANS & PROGRAMME Further development of the programme spaces and building forms was needed. Following on from the work in tilt brush the 3D sketches were sliced into ‘plans’. Through multiple iterations it evolved further around the programme elements and requirements.

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

REINDEER HOLDING AREA

OFFICES

REI ND EER

MIG RAT ION

RO UTE TO E IT IT EX MPS CA

PLE NAR Y

NT RESTAURA ATRIUM / EXHIBITION

LAVU CAMPSITE

RY RA LIB

RE STO

MEETING ROOM

EXIT TO CAMPSITE

DELIVERIES

EN CH KIT ATRIUM / EXHIBITION

N CTIO EDU CE ATE SPA CLIMLTI USE MU

MU LTI USE SPA CE

PLANT / STOREA GE

MAIN ENTRANCE

AUDITORIUM

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME & SPACES

PLENARY

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

The plan developments materialised into a more resolved layout seen left. Further work in immersive VR developed spatial concepts for the key spaces of the building. These included the Plenary, auditorium and main foyer / library.

AUDITORIUM

FOYER / LIBRARY / EXHIBITON

SAMI PARLIAMENT MAIN APPROACH

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

OUTSIDE SPACES MIGRATION ROUTE

OUTSIDE SPACES LAVUU CAMPS

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

DEVELOPMENT CLT ROOF STRUCTURE The concept of ‘ribons’ was developed through parametric modeling in Rhino 3D using Grasshopper visual programming tools. Parameters were set for Frame thickness, depth, amount of subdivisions etc. Through a network of script components the 3D geometry was produced using simple curves as a base generator. Some of which is pictured right.

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

DEVELOPMENT PLAN & SECTION

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

Further refinement of the plan via sketching before 3D modeling and preparing the detailed outputs.

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

SECTION

DEVELOPMENT PLENARY ENCLOSURE

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

The plenary takes inspiration from lavuu strucutres (Sami Tents) which use lots of small members, often branches, in a ti-pi like form which are then covered with reindeer hide.

Through developmental sketches a concept was prepared which differentiates the plenary within the building from both inside and outside the space.

PROPOSAL I DEVELOPING A RESPONSE

CONCLUSION The development of the project since the immersive concept designs and sketches has been interesting - the geometry and quality of the building was challenging to deal with. It is thought that with further development, and use of more advance digital tools the final output could get closer to the concept in terms of texture, porosity etc. The use of engineered timber and recent technological developments with material shaping and assembly are exciting and the project draws on these in interesting ways. Engineered timber as a building construction material has great potential. In the light of climate change and the need for the built environment to reduce embodied carbon it is the single most important alternative to steel and concrete.

REFLECTION + REVIEW