Unit04 Building Lab - Sami Parliament IDS Report

Frozentimbe

IDS Report

AR7026 AR6026 Integrated Design Study 08037518 ashley kirk

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Introduction

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01. Site and Cultural Context

5-20

02. Proposal

21-38

03. Professional Context

39-53

04. Environmental & Sustainable Design

54-57

05. Construction, Materials & Structure

58-62

06. Details

63-65

Bibliography

66

Appendix

67

This report should be referenced and read in conjunction with: Process Diary Unit 04 Group Work: Kiruna Site Research Book - See Appendix Kiruna Study Trip Photo Book - See Appendix

Introduction Tutors Jonas Lundberg Andrew Grant Eva Diu (assisting) Agenda Unit04 is concerned with examining and participating on the topic of environmental design and adaption within the Arcitc biome within the current and new town of Kiruna. Threatened by the current mining operations of the worlds largest Iron Ore Mine, the town is being forced to move 3km East of its current location. The new town plan for 23,000 inhabitants will take shape based upon the masterplan developed by Swedish Architects White Arkitekter.

The unit will continue its research into the affect of the built environment on the natural world and the need to design from adaption as the global climate changes. The construction industry accounts for around 40% of global carbon emissions and advances in construction processes, materials, fabrication and digital tools seem the only noble way for meeting needs whilst reducing waste.The projects of Unit04 strive to demonstrate what is achievable with these goals at the core of its practice with the aim to produce architecture, spaces and forms that reciprocally responds to the very parameters that informed them.

The arctic circle location demands architecture adopted to both the natural landscape, extreme climate as well as limited resources. Taking inspiration from Ralph Erskine among others, into the use of locally sourced materials will see the unit research into Engineered Timber and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) building materials, especially through computational and digital tooling and manufacture.

Alongside our focuses on bio-climatic design in Kiruna we will research and explore the possibilities of emerging, immersive technologies within the architectural profession.

Digital scanning and capture techniques will document context in a whole new way. Via advanced computer software we aim to reproduce virtual replicas of the real world in which to use throughout the design process. Utilising Virtual Reality platforms, such as HTC Vive, to interact and develop immersive environments in which to better understand scale, context and our resulting proposals. Furthermore we seek to capitalise on our new skill set to develop first person, immersive, design methods.

Using our new skill set developed as part of the Units’ agenda Unit04 will seek to critique the new masterplan for Kiruna and develop proposals for the major public buildings within the new town plan.

The topic is complex but full of opportunities. Kiruna has just over a century worth of history and now it has to move. How does one move this short lived history and how does one create a nursery for things to continue?

Unit04 in the Arctic - photo by author

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01.

Cultural Context

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01 Cultural Context

Location

The Arctic is described as the most Northern regions of Planet Earth and it’s boundary is defined at 66 degrees North of the Equator - this is known as the Arctic Circle. It captures parts of North America, Asia and Europe. The North Pole is the point within the Arctic Ocean, separated from land mass and is a region that is permanently covered by sea ice. The land masses inside the Arctic circle, for a large proportion of the year are covered with ice.

The project is located in Kiruna - the most Northern town in Sweden.

It is approximately 100km South East of the Norwegian border and 145kms North of the Arctic Circle.

Land regions within the Arctic circle are further characterised by the hindered tree growth as a direct result of the low temperatures and short growing seasons.

The particular areas of connect ot this project are within Northern Europe - Sweden, Norway and Finland.

Satellite Images - goggle earth

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About kiruna

01 Cultural Context

Kiruna has a relatively short history of 120 years and owes its existence today to the presence of Iron Ore. The discovery of the Iron Ore dates back to 1642

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01 Cultural Context

Issues

01 Cultural Context

To Move a city This is perhaps the most obvious contextual issue in play currently.

Kiruna exists because it lies on one of the worlds most productive and pure iron ore mines. Due to mining operations the ground which most of the current Kiruna is built upon is subsiding. Large voids in the Earth from extraction from the Iron Ore body have lead to the ground sinking.

The state funded mine owed and operated by LKAB is reported to have a significant amount of iron ore left in which to extract. As such mining operations are set to continue and to do so they have proposed to relocate the town some 3km west of its current location. LKAB will fund the whole project, however, it is a complex and multi facetted issue and operation.

Climate Being inside the Arctic Circle Kiruna experiences some dramatic climatic changes. Winter temperatures can drop to -25 degrees, where as in Summer can reach +20 degrees. As well as stark changes in temperature there is annual snow fall which lasts from late September to May, snow depth can accumulate to 1m+ in some areas and even deeper in areas of snow drifts. Great consideration needs to be given to snow and how it is managed or treated as part of the project.

Alongside these factors the City is also in a small valley which means that wind speeds can be a factor. The original town was designed to try to limit wind issues and this should be a factor in any new intervention.

Mining The City exists because of the mining activities both in Kiruna and in the surrounding municipalities. Whilst tourism is increasing, mining activities are responsible for fuelling Kiruna’s economy. If the mine were to close the city would arguably close with it. LKAB claim mining will continue for several decades, on the tour of the mine it was stated ‘they do not know how much iron ore there is’. If mining continues past several decades it could lead to further ground stabilisation that could affect the location of the new town.

Cultural

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This area as well as Norway, Finland and Russia is the heart land of Sami people - the natives. Kiruna, more specifically, the mine is one of many thorns in the side of Sami culture. The resource extraction is completely against Sami ethics and furthermore it destroys habitats and distrusts migration routes of reindeer. Reindeer husbandry is a primary occupation for Sami people.

There are also a vast field of social, political and cultural issues within the context of moving the existing population and re-housing the 23,000 inhabitants.

Economic Moving a city is a very expensive operation but, it is necessary to continue mining iron ore. There is the obvious question that without the mine would kiruna’s economy survive?

The now established tourism in the area may not be enough to support the entire population.

Ecology The arctic is an area of ecological importance. It is researched and studied to discover thing about our planets history as well as helping understand climate change.

The region is also home to around 1700 species of trees, which can tolerate the harsh conditions. Whilst these are all slow growing in the climate when considered in the application of engineered timber they become viable and valuable building materials. This is relevant to consider for this project but also for the future of the region if mining were to come to an end.

1. Kiruna City Hall Dusk - https://www.kirunalapland.se/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Polarnatt180624012259-e1529846597415.jpg

Demographics

Population

People are the centre of any architectural project, even more so when you consider moving a city. Generally speaking the residents are close to an equal split of male to female and cohabiting in normal size dwellings or apartments.

There is a significant drop in younger people aged 20-30 which is somewhat reflected in the rest of Sweden. This fact was highlighted by the town planners - that young, especially young females are leaving Kiruna for big cities such as Stockholm. Its felt this is for the prospects of jobs and large supply of social activities and opportunities. It is an issue that White Architects and the town planners are taking forward within the development of the new city because this migration can be seen to negatively impact the economy and in time the demographics and culture in turn.

Household Size

01 Cultural Context

Since Kiruna’s establishment the population rise has been exponential.

The driving factor of this expansion rate is the mining activities. The mine expanded quickly thus the people come with it.

The annual income is slightly higher than the Swedish average of 290,424 SEK.

Property Size

Income (including pensions)

Diagram: Author / Data: Unit04 Research Book

2. Image from documentary: This is Kiruna: How to Move a City - https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=WKvqJ05AsPY

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01 Cultural Context

Why Is Kiruna moving?

The biggest urban relocation has been instigated by one of the largest Iron Ore Mines. The Iron Ore body is a narrow but long strip within the Earths crust, it is around a 1km long but only 80metres wide. This body is at an angle, seen in the diagram right. This angle means that the deeper you go you become closer and closer to being underneath the city of Kiruna. As material is extracted the earth above collapses into the voids that remain, over time this causes severe land deformation at ground level.

As LKAB plan on digging deeper this deformation spreads and has already begun affecting buildings in Kiruna. If the city does not move, it will eventually fall into the mine.

Kiruna

Further thoughts on the move and mining activities can been seen in the Process diary (p144 -155).

8. Kiruna Mine Levels - http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AUISfghQDSM/UxyyUpp7mBI/AAAAAAAAIMo/nrCZ2lPzFmA/s1600/Kiruna-Mine-Levelsonline.jpg 14

How do you move a city?

Shifting identity

Moving an entire city is of course no simple feat. There are a number of scenarios with Kiruna. Of course, on the whole Kiruna will be mostly new build construction, with a few buildings being moved and others will remain for a few more years, simply because they are far enough away from the deformation zone.

Whilst it is described as a move, in reality Kiruna will be extended linearly to the East and as the deformation zone keeps more and more buildings will be demolished. It is a phased and long shifting of identity.

For those historic or culturally significant buildings there are two logistical strategies available. For some buildings, especially large ones, a piece-by-piece demolition is likely to be used. For smaller, and more manageable buildings these will be craned onto specialist moving vehicles and moved, effectively, on the back of a truck.

Kiruna’s existing church is planned to be moved via the latter.

First to move is the city hall clock tower, this will be placed at the site of the new town hall in the new centre. Of course Kiruna will not be replicated, but the masterplan team including White Architects have focused on place making based upon current Kiruna. However, like with any new town part of the spotinaety, variety , surprise will be lost I feel. The new city is much more dense, partly an attempt to reduce the reliance on the car and also make it easier to improve connections to nature for the whole city, something which the current city lacks.

The linear expansion will occur around the main spine road and will expand to the North and South. A diagonal park will be created following a historic railway route from the mine of Tolevaara to... This will form a central nature corridor where secondary pockets from the periphery will connect.

The plan is to create a more connected city, with more opportunities and efficiencies for the residents as they work, live and play.

The heat maps indicate the shift throughout the phased ‘move’. As 450,000 sqm of building floor space is constructed or moved and demolished.

10. Building Move - https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/171113154215-19-sweden-kiruna.jpg

When it comes to residents and businesses LKAB have provided three options: 1.

2.

3.

01 Cultural Context

Move

LKAB purchased your property for market value +25% and therefore providing you funds to purchase a new property.

LKAB build you a new property which you move into once its built.

Request for your property to be relocated - dependant upon building type, construction etc.

23,000

23,000

3,000

2 billion

Figures from Cars 2018

Kiruna 4-ever Ghilardi + Hellsten Arkitekter - https://static.wixstatic.com/media/10c73e_ed4e2828ec0c402498a9a3eb6f6219ee~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_963,h_4 40,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/10c73e_ed4e2828ec0c402498a9a3eb6f6219ee~mv2.webp

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01 Cultural Context

10. Shifting Density - https://aasarchitecture.com/wp-content/uploads/Kiruna-4-ever-by-White-arkitekter-07.jpg 16

New city Masterplan

City plan 1 City Hall / New Square 2 Rescentrum 3 portal Church 4:05TGA

Nature

a.m.park

City park

6:07District

No public square; Urban sprawl; Car dominates

Park

a.m.

8 9 Köpgatan

The development plan contains nine goals / visions.

01 Cultural Context

The new masterplan (Kiruna Utvecklingsplan 2014) following the wining competition entry has been developed by the municipality alongside White Architects. It aims to resolve current issues with Kiruna at present, which there are 178 according to Goran Cars (2018) Top 3:

1. Architectural qualities that communicate pride 2. A dense centre

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3. A mix of functions and use

a.m.

6

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4. Attractive clusters and paths that tie the centre together

5 8

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5. Active environments and ‘open’ ground floors

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6. High design quality of squares and public spaces 8

7. Public and private social places

4 8

8. Highly walk able 9. Safety and security

8:08

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1

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N White 2014 p28 ScaleArchitects 1: 7500 and Ghilardi+Hellsten Plan from: Kiruna UTVECKLINGSPLA 0

100

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Client - sami

01 Cultural Context

3. Sapmi - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/LocationSapmi.png

Sami People

Culture

Sami are the indigenous people of Sapmi which covers Norway, Sweden, Finland and parts of Russia. For thousands of years they have been the inhabitants of these arctic lands. Their main occupation in recent times is reindeer husbandry meaning that the Sami are often mobile, following their reindeer between the mountains and woodlands as the seasons change forcing annual migrations.

Though they hunt and take from the land - Sami are strongly against unsustainable practices such as exploitation, resource extraction, over fishing to name but a few. Their culture is intertwined with nature, the most convincing example is the annual reindeer migrations between the mountainous and woodland feeding grounds. The Sami move with the change of the seasons because that’s what the animals do.

Their indigenous status was only recognised by the state in 1977 despite having settled in the area long before the borders we know today were drawn. They have also been recently recognised in Swedish constitution, since 2011.

Whilst there were 100s of years of conflict and struggle for Sami people and modern society, the governments are now encouraging protection, promotion and development of Sami culture. The initiative has seen 19 municipalities selected to do so. This has led to a number of new opportunities for Sami in roles within modern society, such as schools.

Amongst reindeer husbandry other occupations include: crafts (duodji), fishing, hunting and more recently tourism.

Flag Their national dress is a traditional garment called the Gakti.

Sami Rights There are six articles which cover the rights of Sami people. These cover rights to own, use and control land, territories and natural resources. In the context of the Nordic regions this is, of course, a matter of controversy due to the scale of resource extraction. In the context of these articles the Sami own the land which the Swedish state could be seen to be exploiting.

In August 1986 at the 13th Nordic Sami Conference and was the result of a design competition which saw over 70 entries. The winning flag was an adaption to an earlier version and was designed by Sami Artist Astrid Bahl from Norway. Most notable of Bahl’s changes was the addition of the colour green to the flag, presumably relating to nature.

As a result the colours are now considered the Sami National Colours.

The circle on the flag represents the sun and moon which was a concept inspired by motifs on shamans drums.

4. Sami in Lavvu - https://cdn.fjordtours.com/image cache/c/8/a/f/7/b/c8af7b0822d02da6f4f1871cb3795fd706ef23d0.jpg

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5. Sami and Reindeer - https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6c/d6/39/6cd6397be5314efb5c64098494f74022.jpg

01 Cultural Context

A sami Parliament?

6. Sami folk costume - https://d3bwu0f92zgi29.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Sami-folk-costume-2048x1152.jpg

8. Finland’s Sami Plenary -https://www.cazuzegers.cl/content/3-perfil/wood_2013.pdf

Tasks (Sametinget 2019)

Representation

The main task of the Sami Parliament is to act for a living Sami culture.

Sami culture includes even activities pertaining to Sami livelihoods.

This means that the Sami Parliament can bring up and present proposals concerning all of the different questions that are of particular interest when it comes to a living Sami culture. The tasks are regulated in the Sami Parliament Act, where it is stated that the Sami Parliament shall:

Across Sapmi there are 3 main Sami Parliaments, these are located in Kárášjohka (Norway), Inari (Finland) and Kiruna (Sweden). Alongside these main complexes there are also offices. In Sweden the head office is in Kiruna, other offices are located in Jokkmokk, Tärnaby and Östersund.

• •

• • •

• • 7. Sami Elections -https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2013/05/Sami_Elections.jpg

Be a central administrative agency for reindeer husbandry Decide on the distribution of the State grants and of funds from Samefonden (the Sami Foundation) for Sami culture and Sami organizations as well as other funds that are placed at the Sami’s joint disposition, Appoint that board for Sameskolan (the Sami School), as referred to in the Swedish Education Act, Decide objectives for and lead the Sami language work, Contribute to society planning and see to that the needs of the Sami are considered, including the interests of the reindeer industry for the use of land and water, Inform about the situation of the Sami, as well as Carry out the other tasks that are the affairs of the Sami Parliament according to law or another statute.

The parliament body across Sapmi consists of 39 representatives.

Each Parliament complex has a Plenary, a place for political discussions and decisions to be made. Alongside a Plenary there is often an audiatorium or large space, library, administration spaces and a restaurant. Precedent Studies for both the Finland and Norway Sami Parliaments can be found in the Process Diary (p194-197).

EVENTS As a continuation and celebration of their cultural heritage there are a number of events which do such. These include: annual congress, reindeer herders congress, Sami National Day and Sami markets as well as social events.

There is a large annual Sami Market in Jokkmokk for example. The Sami Parliaments may also host these events.

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Sami Challenges

SECTION 3 – COMMUNITY-LEVEL IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION

01 Cultural Context

Sami have for 100s of years faced many challenges during colonisation. Now they culture is accepted and celebrated. However, there are a host of challenges they face, some of which they share with all of humanity.

Our goal: a re si

In summary these are the key challenges that the Sami People face and some which this project aims to respond to. More detailed information on particular sami issues can be seen in the Process Diary (p200-205) and Unit04 Research Book (p74-81) Climate Change An issue that affects all of us. Perhaps the Sami more directly than most however. The first reason for this is the direct relationship they share with nature for cultural reasons, but also practical reasons.

For a reindeer herder for example, a shift in climate has potentially devastating consequences for their livelihood.

Secondly by very nature the Arctic regions feel and see the affects of climate changes more rapidly than anywhere else on the planet. The land is warming twice as fast as the oceans, and the Arctic even faster (Larson 2018). The Arctic is already at +1.5 degrees.

Mining It has been established that the mining is already affecting the people of Kiruna - it is responsible for the largest urban relocation. For Sami it has other implications.

Current mining operations and industrialisation of the landscape have severely violated Sami’s right to land, disrupted natural grazing areas and cut-off migration routes. Moving the town adds further to these issues.

Juvvvá Lem met – Kllemetti Näkkääläjärvii

Liicentiatee in Phillosophy y Presideent of th he Saamii Parliam ment in Finland d

EALLINBIRAS

Abstraact

Climate change will cause all Arctic indigenous peoples similar problems.

They will be less able to ply their livelihoods and a live in theirr traditional territories. SSuch changes will not onlyy affect the t e material culture but b also the cultural foundation, and the entire sphere of social life, of indigenous people.

Consequently, research on climate changee cannot simply focus on analysing the effects oof these changes on material culture, it must also examine thee impact on the foundations ions of o entire cultural systems. Climate change will undoubtedly have significant environmental, economic, cultural and linguistic impacts on Saami reindeer husbandry. y. Inn order to t find ways to adapt to climate change, wee must combine the cultural knowledge of indigenous people with new scientific data.

However, this approach is viable only if more training is i provided for f r scientists studying indigenous people, if the higher education system is developed in the traditional territories of indigenous people, and if resources for research are increased. The most efficient solution to minimising negative impacts and ensuring indigenous peoples’ ability to adapt to climate change lies in securing their autonomy at national and international levels.

Page From UNESCO Digital Library (Learnt, J, Näkkäläjärvi, K, 2009)

Adaption 131

Eallinbiras – our living environment –

If Sami are to survive in these challenging times they must adapt.

This is something they have done continuously, however, some of the most recent and pressing issues, such as climate change, require assistance from a scientific standpoint.

and how we can actively work to protect it and keep it healthy for

Sami Parliam ent Report January 2009 Adopted by th e Parliament February 19, 20 09

future generations.

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∗

My env ironmen t - my h *My En eart! vironm ent – m y respon 3 sibility!

Page From The Sami Parliament’s Living Environment Program. (Sametinget 2009)

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lient an

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Hence, this program focuses on ... 27

01 Cultural Context

Our overall goal: a resilient & sustainable Sami living environment for all

(Sametinget 2009)

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Unit04’s New Kiruna Individual projects from the new masterplan of Kiruna. Render produced by Martins Silins of Unit04

Crematorium Ben

Swim + ice centre Martins

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Ski Centre Thomas

Sami Parliament Author

Ice rink Kasia

Central Park

Culture house Jonas

City Hall

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02.

Building Proposal

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A new SAMI PARLIAMENT

02 proposal

On a reclaimed migration route

A destination For Culture To educate Adaption

Early Concept Development Through Immersive Design Practices 23

02 proposal

DESIGN THESIS

Proposal

Design priorities

A new sami parliament and Swedish sami head office for the new city location of kiruna. It will house parliamentary and cultural functions, be home to a new collaboration, training and climate adaption centre. It will have close links to the climate change research station in Abisko to the North and will commission experts to compile facts and produce accessible scientific material in order to communicate and build a national network for cooperation.

1.

Program specifics of a Sami Parliament

2.

Climatic Design Principles

3.

Engineered Timber Construction

4.

Immersive design tools

Location White Architects designated a location for the new Sami Parliament at the end of the centre park. This location, given Sami’s cultural relationship with nature was most suitable. However, I felt the site was restricted by the ‘block’ nature of the masterplan. Therefore, locating the site slightly further North East, close to the mine of Toluvaara.

Client The client is the Sami Parliament (Sametingit) whilst the funding body will be the Swedish State and LKAB. Stakeholder engagement will be key to this project and its success will depend upon it. A close working relationship with the client is required to ensure full understanding of their requirements and to manage their expectations of the project.

VR, whilst used primarily for design explorations and representation will also be a key tool for client engagement. Allowing them to experience proposals first person and contribute to design decisions otherwise proving difficult to achieve or with limited success.

Layers

Auditorium Plenary

Design Purpose The sami people have been forced to adapt throughout history, since colonisation their culture has been under threat only improving in recent times. Now some of the biggest threats to their culture is human induced. Both the urban development, resource exploitation and now climate change. They face further adaptation which must combine cultural knowledge with new scientific data.

The complex will become a destination for Sami people and visitors alike hosting the annual congress, markets and other key meetings with the aim to raise the power of the Sami’s political and social stature.

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Courtyard

Migra tion Rou te

The new town provides the opportunity for Sami people to reclaim what was once theirs and reinstate the migration route lost through mining activities. The site, a former mine adds to the significance of this proposal. Paving a future for Sami culture in the region.

Celebrating the migration routes that were once lost.

Connection

Section

02 proposal

Concept Sketch in VR 25

Site Context SITE

50m 0m Section Through Central Park Looking North West

Location

02 proposal

Outlined in the masterplan for the small cluster of buildings at the end of the park. The Sami Parliament is located on the periphery of the new city plan. It seems appropriate, given its adjacency with nature and surrounding pasture lands.

From the project brief, it was felt that the aforementioned location could be improved upon, to further reinforce Sami culture and importance. Therefore, it was decided that the site would be moved North West of the two existing Tuolluvaara mine towers.

This site is move elevated, closer to surrounding woodland and will both receive and give views to and from the city. This site has further cultural and political meaning - as a mark of reclaimation. The Sami will recover the post-industrial mine.

golf course

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tuolluvaara mine m

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town centre main street Location Plan 1:500 26

50m

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Section Through Central Park Looking South East

golf course

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11. Tuolluvaara Mine Towers - Image: http://www.electriceye.se/galleri/fotoalbum/flygfoto-2015/

main street

Constraints • • • • •

Post industrial site - potential contamination Previous mining activities, unstable ground Level changes / contoured landscape Unsheltered location Noise from E10 highway

Opportunities • • • • • •

Link to reindeer pastures and migration routes Proximity to nature, woodlands Reclaiming a post- industrial site Stabilising area for future Seen from new city park Routes through park to city centre

27

Weather data collected via CC Weather Gen

02 proposal

Climate

28

Ground Temperatures

Temperature Ranges

Wind

Solar Shading

Wind

The monthly average ranges from +11oC to -13oC with the biggest range seen close to the surface. The deeper into the ground, the warmer and more stable the temperature becomes.

The prevailing wind is from the North, West and South bringing snow.

Occasionally reaching speeds of 14m/s.

At 4m the range is from +5oC to -7oC. This will play a role in site preparation and ground works which include foundations and will likely lead to a longer construction programme for these elements.

Air Temperature

Coldest winds emulate from the West, whilst winds from the North bring slightly wetter, warmer wind and with it snow.

Solar Shading / Energy

02 proposal

Ground Temperature

Whilst the months of daylight per are restricted in the arctic, there is solar energy potential. Obviously the highest potential is during the summer months when there is almost 24 hours of daylight per day.

Its important to take into account temperature fluctuations. The results seen here provide both design high and design low values for this reason. https://weatherspark.com/y/86559/Average-Weather-in-Kiruna-Sweden-Year-Round

Kiruna has a huge temperature differential, annual potential ranges between +22oC to -29oC. During summer the design high is 22oC in June, whereas the low is -10C. In Winter the design high is +40C and the low -29oC.

https://weatherspark.com/y/86559/Average-Weather-in-Kiruna-Sweden-Year-Round

29

02 proposal

Site Plan

30

programme

General There are three main programme actives: Parliament (Plenary) Education Auditorium

02 proposal

• • •

Within each of these functions there are sub categories for example, administration offices, exhibition areas, restaurant, circulation and WC provision.

There is also a n entire external programme which remains flexible and will host annual congress, reindeer herders events, lavuu camps and the migration of reindeer.

Primary Spaces

Secondary Spaces

Plenary Auditorium Library Exhibition Space Teaching / Seminar Rooms Meeting Rooms Offices Cafe & restaurant External (camps, migration route)

Washrooms / Toilets Changing rooms / Backstage Reception Foyer First Aid Room Staircases Lift Kitchen Achieve Plant room Storage

Gross Internal Floor Area 6,100m2

31

32

First Floor (Plenary Mezzanine)

Second Floor

02 proposal

33

Ground Floor

02 proposal

Auditorium

Foyer / gathering

Restaurant

Plant / MEP External / Migration Route

Teaching / Seminar / Science

Offices & Administration

Exhibition / Library

Plenary

Key

02 proposal

Key spaces

Lavvu Camps

Plenary

(Parliament chamber)

34

Reindeer Migration Route

Auditorium

02 proposal

View of the Plenary 35

02 proposal

General arrangement

36

1:500

37

02 proposal

38

03.

Professional Context

39

Economic Context

03 Professional Context

General research into Kiruna’s economy can be found in the Uint04 Site Research Book (p.148-156).

COST The new Sami Parliament will be covered within the overall move costs for Kiruna, which is being funded entirely by LKAB. A move which is forecast to cost 2 billion Euros (CARS 2018).

There is likely to be elements of the proposal that are excluded from the main contract sum. This could be elements like the scientific collaboration and teaching elements proposed as there is not currently this facility in the Kiruna Sami HQ. In which case, those elements will be funded by the Sami Parliament body. However, it could be negotiated with the town Planners, LKAB and Swedish state that the opportunity for enhancement is fundamental given the scale of the move. Also given the climate crisis being recognised globally, the need to adapt cultures is all too real.

Land Use Previous land use of the site was the Toullavvara Mine - mining Iron Ore which was operated by LKAB and owned by the Swedish State.

It is now in a post-industrial state with remaining structures and land deformations.

In close proximity is a previous landfill site for Kiruna, woodlands, golf course and the planned route of the E10 highway.

Land Value The specific land value is unknown but it is thought that the entire site is within Swedish State ownership.

Despite this, it is thought the land value would have only recently increased due to the requirement for the move of Kiruna, but if the land is publicly owned by the state, this does not cause any issues if it is reserved for development by themselves.

Its difficult to determine the project cost estimate at this time.

However, data from Aecom (2017) on New Concert Halls (similar to the project complexity) suggests a cost of £8,000 per m2 - for a 2000 seat concert hall which is somewhat larger and higher specification than what is proposed here. The Spon’s 2008 Price Book outlines for a University £2000 per/m2. As the Sami Parliament is a mixture of these types it is suggested the project will be in the region of £4,000 per m2.

Building Gross Floor Area: ~6000m2 Rate: £4000/m2 Estimated Cost: £24,000,000 Site

Client / requirement 13. Tuolluvaara - https://payload.cargocollective.com/1/9/300074/4651952/tuolluvaara1_o.jpg 40

Political Context English

  

About us

News

Herders

Challenges

Projects

Gallery

Assn of World Reindeer Herders

ICR/WRH Projects 5 WRHC 6 WRHC Dávggas EALLIN EALLU Nomadic Herders Nomadic Herders Sápmi RIEVDAN UArctic EALAT Institute

August 28, 2013 •

• Blog, Challenges, Reindeer, Reindeer Herders

(Article from Barents Observer) Sami activists protesting the British company Beowulf Mines attempts to

03 Professional Context

“The Swedish Government Has Abandoned Us”

Challenges

start blasting for Iron in Kallak were cleaned away by Swedish police.

Reindeer

“You can`t image how it feels standing there behind police road blocks with you hat in your hand,

Reindeer Herders

when all you want is to make sure your reindeers are safe. It is humiliating and surreal. The Swedish

Wild Reindeer

government has abandoned us,” says Henrik Blind to Barentsobserver. He is a Sami spokesman and local politician.

Wednesday the first explosives were detonated in Kallok where Sweden`s indigenous Sami population

Search

herd their reindeers.



Artworks made by Sami artists were bulldozed and about 50 peaceful activists were forced to disperse.

10 people were carried away by police officers.

Tags

“It made a huge impression when one of the protesters doused himself with gasoline and threatened to

Anders Oskal

Arctic Council

Association of World Reindeer Herders Canada

Caribou

says Blind.

The reindeer herders were not given an opportunity to gather the animals still grazing in the area.

“It was brutal. It is impossible for me to describe how it feels in words. We have used this territory for

thousands of years. The Swedish government is giving away the very basis of our existence to a foreign

Climate Change

Dukha

EALAT

company”.

EALLIN

Evenki

Finland

Blind believes the situation is quite symbolical.

EALLU

Finnmark

Food Culture

Kautokeino

14. Current Sami Parliament in Kiruna - http://www.langdale-associates.com/sweden_2013/part_5/images/pic_30.jpg

Chukotka

set himself ablaze. Our local Sami politican, Hanna Sofie Utsi, was singing (joiking) while carried away”,

Loss of Pastures

Mikhail Pogodaev Mongolia

Herders

Mining

Nenets

Oil and Gas Predation

Norway

Reindeer Reindeer Herding

reindeer herding youth Reindeer Meat

Sweden

company that only pays 0,02% of its incomes in taxes to the Swedish state.”, says Blind.

https://reindeerherding.org/

Ånyo en polisaktion i Kallak - 21 augusti 2013

Photography

Reindeer Herders

Sakha

“The police are representing the Swedish government. I am a Swedish inhabitant and tax payer. One

should assume that the police would protect my interests. Instead they choose to protect a foreign

Research

Salekhard

Sami

Russia SDWG

Traditional Food

Traditional Foods Traditional Knowledge

Tromso

Wind Power

Yamal

Yakutsk

Political structure

Wider Politics

The Sami Parliament is both a publically-elected parliament and a State agency. Their tasks are regulated by the Swedish Sami Parliament Act. The new Sami Parliament will be where officials carry out the daily tasks of the agency and there is a political level with publically-elected politicians. (sametinget).

It has already been established that aside from housing the tasks of the Parliament and Plenary, a key aim of this project is to celebrate and strengthen Sami Culture generally, but even more so in the context of the move and reasons behind it. The building holds great significance politically especially considering some of the feelings within the Sami community - heading right.

The leadership consists of a Plenary assembly and the Sami Parliament. The president of the Sami Parliament is also known as the Chairman.

Mining activities in Arctic Sápmi cause controversy when they are taking place in traditional grazing

and calving areas. The Kallak mine is situated between two Sami settlements.

RSS Feed

The project is an opportunity to recover relationships and nurture Sami acts like reindeer husbandry.

SITE

“For us mining is an existential question. Reindeers don`t eat stone. Neither can they migrate from winter to summer grazing land when there is an opencast mine blocking the way”, says Blind.

The site also has a certain level of political significance, the disused mine which previously would have impacted Sami movements and cultural believes will be reclaimed as theirs.

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Architects Role & MANAGEMENT

03 Professional Context

The architects role is explained via the RIBA Stages, Plan Of Work 2013.

Stage 1 The first step would be to hold an introductory meeting with the Sami Parliament to discuss the brief. Existing information about the site, existing structures, including any measured surveys. We would engage with the Sami community to understand their experiences to understand any aspects of the current parliament in Kiruna that need to be resolved as part of the project.

Simultaneously we would engage other key stakeholders - LKAB and the Kiruna Development Council.

Stage 2 The layout will be established, primary circulation patterns and distribution strategies for people, services, ventilation and the movement of goods and collections. A more developed project brief would result. Key to this is agreeing necessary adjacencies, patterns of use through the day and month by month, and an overview of environmental requirements. These would be recorded via an agreed method with the client.

The concepts would be tested through informal workshops with key stakeholders. These discussions and conclusions would be recorded to provide an audit trail. Through engagement a finalised concept can be developed with anticipation of sign off with a short time scale.

STAGE 3

Stage 6

A design workshop would be held to confirm the brief, which must then be fixed if the overall timetable is to be achieved. This would include looking at the implications of phasing, particularly on procurement and site safety. Simultaneously developing drawings of the scheme and the supporting documentation needed for planning / building control applications.

At this stage of the project handover of the building and conclusion of the building contract are achieved. It covers the training in the use of the MEP systems, together with completion of commissioning in use.

It is also when records of the work, maintenance manuals etc, are handed over.

A key document will be the Design and Access statement which will explain the background and development of the project.

Stage 4 Following submission of the applications, ideally at the end of Stage 3, work Stage 4 would start. This will be a period of intense activity in the design team. A traditional procurement route has been identified meaning the project will be fully designed and tendered prior to entering the construction contract and Stage 5.

At the end of stage 4 a level of cost certainty should have been reached.

Stage 7

With a complex project that requires high quality it is anticipated the architect would have a substantial input of time whilst on site as its expected that there will be discoveries, anomalies and unexpected conditions as is common when working in post-industrial sites and extreme climates, such as the arctic.

Acoustic Specialists - Responsible for design advice and specification of acoustic systems to limit the transfer of sound and ensure optimum acoustics for the auditorium, plenary and teaching spaces.

A post-occupancy evaluation and review of project performance, project outcomes and, research and development aspects will be undertaken.

Principle Designer - As with any construction project, health and safety is key. With such a large building, the sub-consultant will be able to have a clearer overview of the entire scheme and advise on designing out risks.

External Consultants

Planning Consultants - A politically contentious project, where expert advise will be key to gaining planning approval and ensuring the design responds to any issues which may be raised.

A significant number external design consultants are required due to its size and complexity.

Structural Engineer - Responsible for the full design and coordination of sub and super-structure in accordance with Eurocodes and Building Control Regulations. They would liase closely with an engineered timber specialist for the design of glulam and CLT elements.

Stage 5

Environmental Consultants - Will advise on environmental performance of the building, including thermal, energy, bio-climatic and embodied carbon for example.

Other key members and the consultant team organisation is set out in the diagram below.

MEP - Full design and coordination of building services including, heating, ventilation and plumbing systems.

Client

Project Manager

Design Team

Structural Engineers Engineered Timber Specialist Project Organigram 42

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

civil engineers

MeP Engineers

Planning Consultant

Architect (lead consultant)

Principle Designer

Acoustic Engineers

Approved Building Inspector Environmental Engineers

Landscape Architects

fire engineers

Project development Program Its anticipated that the design period will extend 16 months and construction period of 24 months.

Year 1

RIBA Stage

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

Year 2 M

A

M

Break line - construction period 24 months

J

1 - Preparation and Brief Architect Appointment Intial Project Brief - Schedule of areas Launch Workshops Design Team Appointment Surveys Initial sketch Layout/Adjacency Diagrams

2 - Concept Design Client Engagement Workshops Final Project Brief Sign off Desgin Development Pre-app submission preparation Pre-application meetings Procurement/risk workshop CDM Workshop Stage 2: Design Report + cost estimate Design & Access Statement

J

Year 4 A 03 Professional Context

Sami Parliament

29/10/2017

3 - Developed Design

Client Engagement Workshops Developed Design Initial Tender Tender Review Appoint Contractor Constructabiltiy Review with contractor CDM Workshop Cost Risk Workshop Stage 3 Design Report + cost plan Planning Application Prep Planning Submission

Planning Determination

4- Technical Design

Stage 4 Workshop (VE workshop) Technical Design Packages Building Control Submission Tender Preparation Tender review and approval to proceed Tender Period Tender Evaluation Appoint Contractor

`

5- Construction 24 Months

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03 Professional Context

Regulations & Procurement

Procurement Route

Legislation

It is recommended that this project follows a Traditional procurement route with a two-stage tender using a JCT contract. Through engagement of contract lawyers we will adapt an amended form of contract as to mitigate shortfalls of the standard forms with respect to extension of time claims; contractor design potions and liquidated and ascertained damages.

The building will meet a number of regulatory requirements to ensure its fit for purpose and built to the correct standards in order to perform and protect health and safety for its’ occupants.

For the purpose of this document Building Regulations England and Wales has been used. However, the building will be required to follow Swedish Building Standards.

The Architect, along with the design team will remain employed by the client and will maintain design control throughout the project. This will ensure the client’s expectations and requirements are met. It will also allow for better control of quality.

Building Regulations are explained through Approved Documents, those relevant at this stage are:

Associated risks with this form of procurement include: • Time associated with full design pre-tender • Limited cost certainty until contractor engagement • Client maintains responsibilty / risk • Risk of claims for mistakes in the design documents

A: Structure B: Fire safety E: Resistance to the passage of sound F: Ventilation K: Protection from falling, collision and impact L: Conservation of fuel and power M: Access to and use of buildings

Ecology

Culture & Leisure

Through a two-stage tender process a contractor will be employed during RIBA stage 3 to add build ability and construction advice.

Planning Policy The building is located within the new city masterplan for Kiruna developed by White Architects.

The following diagrams from the document: Kiruna UTVECKLINGSPLA (Cars et al.2014) explain those relevant.

Central Park

Open Activities

44

Pedestrian Network

Part A Structure Substructure Reinforced in-situ cast concrete will form the part-sunken ground floor, retaining walls and foundations. The use of 100% recycled aggregate and the cement substitute Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) to reduce embodied carbon.

It is noted that the arctic climate sets limits for both programme and ease of construction when considering ground works and wet trades like concrete.

03 Professional Context

Superstructure Largely formed of engineered timber elements. Glue laminated timber and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) will be used in conjunction. Interior walls formed from CLT will help reduce need for complex ‘tectonic’ partition systems and stud work. CLT partitions will be load bearing and will therefore, reduce secondary structure for the upper floors.

Glulam will be formed into the curved roof net-like structure. Each barrel acts as a system distributing forces evenly and as a whole reduces the depth of structural frame. The junction to the foundations will be made via cast concrete plinths and fabricated steel connection plates.

The structural engineer will design in accordance with EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5 and TRADA guidance documents and standards.

Loading Consideration The bio-climatic approach to form finding has resulted in curved forms and minimal flat surfaces in attempt to avoid ‘hot spots’ in either wind or snow loading. However, the structural engineer will have to make significant allowances for snow loadings equivalent to a metre or more of cover.

From earlier tests the circular forms avoid, in some cases, large snow piles forming on opposing building sides. However, further environmental analysis is required. The addition of snow ‘barriers’ to disrupt wind flow and purposely create snow piles away from the building could be used - see section on bio-climatic and Process Diary (p226-243)

Roof Structure

CLT, Support Ribs, Kerto Q Panel and Fixings - Image: New Architecture in Wood: Forms and Structures 2015

CLT Dome of The Zurich Elephant House - Image: New Architecture in Wood: Forms and Structures 2015 45

03 Professional Context

Part b 2019 fire Safety

Escape routes

Escape stairs

Multiple escape routes are required, partly due to the number of people they can contain but secondarily because of the distances involved in travelling to a place of safety in the event of a fire. The max. Travel distance allowed, where two directions are available, is 45m, 32m in the auditorium. For single direction that decreases to 18m and 15m respectively.

These are located in accordance with the maximum travel distances and terminate at a final exit to the outside. Occupant figures have been used to calculate the required width in accordance with the table 3.1 of Part B (2019). Each will be 60min fire protected and include refuge areas for wheelchair users.

Width of stair cases is calculated using occupation figures to determine how many people will need to it down each stair. See plan right for occupation figures.

The building will be split into three fire compartments. Each compartment will have a 60minute fire rating, meaning it can contain fire and smoke for a minimum time of 60 minutes to allow people to escape. Providing three compartments aids containment of a fire whilst aiding fire fighting and escape.

Wheelchair refuge is provided in all escape stairs as the diagram right.

PROTECTION of Structure CLT and mass timber products will for a charred layer when exposed to heat and flames. This charring is a self-protecting layer (see picture). In accordance with EN 1995:1-2 exposed timber structures can use this method of fire protection if they include additional ‘sacrificial’ timber. Meaning thicker sections will be used to gain a level of fire protection without the need for chemical treatment.

Diagram from Part B 2019

Escape Widths According to occupancy figures, escape widths set out in Part b are met as table 2.3 from Part B (2019)

Table 2.3 from Part B 2019

Charred CLT - photo from Timber Rising Exhibition by author 46

Table 3.1 from Part B 2019

Fire Strategy 1:500

Stepped seating

Escape

The auditorium will have raked seating to improve audience views and experience for performances, conferences, presentations for example.

Two double fire exits ensure the capacity of 450 people can exit safely. As part of the wider fire strategy, the auditorium is a 1hr fire compartment.

03 Professional Context

BS EN:9999:2017 & auditoria

The seating is designed following guidance set out in BS EN 9999.

Rows do not exceed 8 before a transfer walkway and a minimum of 450mm of legroom has been provided. Whilst these standards are focused on fire safety, they also are dimensions that are recognised in good auditorium design.

An angle of 18.5o will ensure visibility for viewers (diagram below).

Accessible seating, including wheelchair spaces are located on the ground level.

Stage

47

03 Professional Context

Part E Resistance To Sound

Part F Ventilation

Transfer Of Sound

Ventilation

A common requirement will be the reduction of sound passing between spaces, especially within the auditorium, plenary and teaching spaces.

The building will be designed with semi-passive ventilation. Due to the climatic variation and extreme cold the building will need to be very efficient and consider how to supply fresh air whilst maintaining comfortable temperatures.

Using CLT will reduce airborne noise due to its material mass. Due to the activities in the Sami parliament, vibration pads or isolated floors will not be required, due to the creation of vibration not likely to occur.

The climatic context, size and complexity of the building makes a pure passive ventilation strategy unsuitable. Instead, a naturally ventilated mechanical system will be used. This will incorporate heat recovery to recover heat from exhaust air to pre-temper incoming air.

In other areas insulation batting will be used to insulate noise from drainage systems for example.

Spaces with potential to create loud noises or those sensitive to noise - auditorium and Plenary will have specific door sets which use drop seals and heavyweight door leafs. For the auditorium a separating lobby is also employed.

15. Ergofrom-3D acoustic panels - https://www.leadingarchitecture.co.za/wp-content/ uploads/2015/08/Ergofrom-3D-acoustic-panels-absorb-sound-and-add-colour-to-spaces.jpg

The auditorium will feature a plenum, whereby air is supplied to the space via under-set grilles and extracted at higher level.

ACOUSTICS

Heating

A number of different and varied functions are housed within the Sami Parliament, each requiring their own set of specific acoustic considerations. Teaching spaces will require less than 0.6 seconds, whereas auditoria can be closer to 1 second. (wellcertified 2019).

Underfloor heating will be installed in the floor build up. This heats to the height of 1.5-2m above floor level. Maintaining comfortable temperatures for occupants but not unnecessary heating the air in the large, full height spaces. Additional insulation below these systems will be used to prevent heat escaping to the surrounding ground.

The acoustic consultant will analysis each space and will advise on measures to meet standards. The use of sound dampening materials, ceilings, wall panels, textiles etc, can then be designed.

16. Timber acoustic panels - https://www.spec-net.com.au/press/1014/sup_151014/images/ sup151014_img02.jpg

Ventilation 48

The building will incorporate opening vents at high level to exhaust air, especially in summer. This can be used in conjunction with air inlets at low level for a stack effect.

Part L2A Conservation Of Fuel & Power

Heat Gains

03 Professional Context

Due to the extreme cold in winter months, solar gain is welcomed as it will aid heating the building. Glare is more of an issue. Solar control glass and integral shading to ETFE pillows will be used to limit this.

The larger sections of curtain walling around the restaurant and uppers are either orientated North, or are shaded by the building mass opposite which will, in summer help reduce excessive gains.

HEAT LOSSES 420mm total insulation

The building will have high levels of insulation thickness, 420mm on the roof. This is followed by robust and adequate detailing of key junctions, especially with the ground.

High air tightness valve will be achieved by using prefabricated elements with high tolerances, like CLT. Good site management and workmanship along with testing will ensure an air tight building is achieved.

17. Perovskite Solar Cells - https://i0.wp.com/ greatlakesledger.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ perovskite-solar-cells-improve-flexibility-and-lower-thecosts.jpg?w=1000&ssl=1

Target Emissions Rate As a strategy to reduce the CO2 emissions from electrical demand the building will incorporate Perovskite Solar cells on its outer layer to generate electrical energy for use within.

Efficient LED lighting, low velocity fans and energy efficient plant equipment will also be specified.

49

Part K Protection From Falling

03 Professional Context

stairs The building shows compliance with the regulations with all general staircases not having any risers greater than 170mm and goings between 250mm and 400mm.

The feature stair in the atrium will have risers of 95mm and goings of 500mm - this will not be classed as a general access stair as other points of access are available to the same levels. It also has tapered treads Handrails at 900mm with 300mm overruns are provided throughout.

Staircases are not under width 1200mm.

RAMPS Externally ramps at no more than 1:20 provide level access accommodating ground levels, external finishes and the new building floor levels.

Internally ramps with no more than 1:15 gradient provide access to the Plenary upper levels with 5m maximum run lengths.

Typical Stair Plan 1:50

50

Typical Stair Section1:50

Part M Access To & Use Of Buildigns

Most of the circulation is via large foyer-like spaces, limited corridors are present, this is intentional, to create a building where the people are visible, can see each other and interact. It is also the best for accommodating large groups, which will congregate on a regular basis. Where there are corridors, to final exits for example, these are sized according to the occupation figures for the area they serve, but none are less than 1.2m.

03 Professional Context

Circulation

Passenger Lift To access the upper floors two passenger lifts are provided suitable for up to 6 people. These will form part of the wheelchair accessible routes.

Sanitary provisions A total of 4 accessible WCs are provided in accordance with the required standards for size, layout and design.

51

52

03 Professional Context

03 Professional Context

View of the Atrium / Exhibition Space

53

04.

Environment Sustainability

54

bio climactics

Snow Drifts Snow fall is a significant factor and even more so is snow drifts. A large amount of research and testing into wind flows and snow drift patterns which can be seen in the Process Diary (p.228-243). The outcome suggested an orthogonal form creates increased snow drifts on the opposing side to the wind. It therefore supported a circular, or curved building form.

Interstitial spaces

Lobbies All building access points have lobbies to act as a buffer between the outside and inside environments. This will hopefully prevent excessive cold air entering the building and also allow users to transition for comfortably.

04 Environment & Sustainability

A number of bioclimatic strategies have informed the design from early concept stages.

snow breaks

snow Breaks The extended structures from the primary external walls out into the landscape are wind and snow breaks. These are designed to collect snow in strategic places and prevent unwanted build up. These can also be ‘natural’ in the form of landscaping

The building may be subject to strong, cold winds and snow in the winter months. Interstitial spaces aid separating the main building envelope with the full force of the elements. (See images).

snow breaks

protected courtyards

Protected courtyards

Interstitial Spaces

Protected courtyards

CFD Analysis

Snow/Wind Breaks - image from: Kiruna UTVECKLINGSPLA Cars, Ekelund, Falk

Lobbies on the Ground Floor

55

04 Environment & Sustainability

water & Snow collection

The large roof forms will receive vast amounts of snow and also rain.

Drainage from the roof runs via filters and into storage tanks whereby the water collected can be used throughout the building to flush toilets.

Thermal Envelope

In such an extreme climate there is more pressure on the thermal envelope to perform to keep occupants comfortable. High levels of mineral wool and PIR insulation are proposed.

Mineral wool suits the roof construction as it can be used to fill gaps and curved faces easiliy.

The PIR insulation is used for its highly insulating properties on the walls.

56

04 Environment & Sustainability

Engineered Timber

Boreal Forest - Picture, author

LOCAL SOURCE

Natural carbon store

The Swedish Arctic regions are covered with boreal forests - slow growing, smaller trees. These produce smaller timber sections when harvested, which is ideal for engineered timber which can transform these smaller elements into large, and versatile products.

Engineered timber products have a negative embodied carbon because trees absorb carbon as they grow and that carbon is then locked in the material.

Sourcing Engineered timber locally will: • Reduce CO2 from transportation • Support the local economy • Promoting timber production • Assist promotion of carbon sensitive industry

Shown here are a few key diagrams explaining the environmental benefits of timber construction, from its carbon storing properties (900kg of CO2 per 1m3 of wood) to the reduction in transporting cost, both economically and environmentally.

57

05.

Construction Materials structure

58

Wall construction

Why CLT Panels?

Off site manufacture Large format elements - fast construction Less time on site in challenging conditions Less finishes ‘Breathing’ structure Fire protection (with designed charring margin) Less component parts

05 Construction

• • • • • • •

Curving process A recent technological development has been made by the ICD unit at Stuttgart University whereby CLT panels have been curved through a new process. By altering the materials water content. https://icd.unistuttgart.de/?p=23336 The project will utilise this method: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Computational design tools used to design and calculate precise curvature.

High water content spruce layers are cut and loaded into driers.

Following the drying the panels are removed and precisely curved to the precalculated values.

The parts are overlapped and laminated together to lock the geometry in place

This process allows for large building elements with freeform geometry to be produced away from site and then transported for rapid construction.

3D Of Wall Structure

18. Moisture Content Curving - https://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/wp-content/gallery/urbach_ process_icd-itke/URBACH-TURM_-process_-1.jpg

19. Curved Panel Process - drying - https://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/wp-content/gallery/ urbach_process_icd-itke/URBACH-TURM_-process_-7.jpg

22. Urbach Tower Construction - https://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/wp-content/gallery/ urbach_transport-and-assembly_icd-itke/URBACH-TURM_transport-and-assembly_-4.

20. Urbach Tower Panels - http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=21454

21. Urbach Tower Transportation - https://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/wp-content/gallery/urbach_transportand-assembly_icd-itke/URBACH-TURM_transport-and-assembly_-1.jpg 59

Roof Structure The roof structure is a combination of engineered timber elements, CLT and Glulam to form a curved ribbons over the three building volumes. The panels will form openings which will contain light weight etfe pillow rooflights.

The space between ribons will also use etfe pillows to allow natural light into the spaces below.

Largest span - 54m Height- 9 - 14 metres Structural Depth: 480mm (240 CLT + 240 Glulam) Overall Roof Depth - ~1500mm

05 Construction

The elephant house at Zurich Zoo has been used as a precedent which has a clear span of 80m - see Process Diary (p 16-23)

18. CLT Panels - http://www.eurban.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2017/08/clt-main-image.jpg

24. ETFE Pillows - https://i.pinimg.com/originals/28/ d2/bf/28d2bf303084a1652b240a4889d55ce6.jpg

25. Curved glulam - http://www.bucklandtimber. co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/IMG_2606Copy-e1418119108322.jpg 60

ON site / Off Site

Phases of Construction

health, safety & Security on site

The sub structure, retaining walls and roof plinths will be constructed on site using in-situ reinforced concrete and will require earthworks, temporary support and associated machinery.

1. Ground Works / Excavation Earthmoving machinery will be used to remove earth required to build the part - sunken ground floor and to prepare the site for the works ahead. Excess ground removed can be used to construct the snow barriers and landscaping around the site.

1.

The engineered timber super structure will be made off-site in controlled conditions.

Items like the ETFE pillows will be manufactured off site but with some assembly work being necessary on site for installation. sub contractors The following items are expected to each be sub-contracted out working underneath the Main contractor overseeing the works: • • • • • • • • • • •

Groundworks CLT / Glulam Installer ETFE / Glazing Roofing MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) Cladding Tiling Interor finishes / decoration Ceiling Sound / AV FF&E

2. Foundations & Retaining Structures - Due to the previous land use it is expected pile foundations will be requried. A piling rig will be used to drill and install piles. Thermal piles will be used as to protect the from thawing ground and causing movement of the structure.

2.

3.

4.

5.

It must be recorded at all times who is onsite and for what purpose / company.

Correctly qualifed and certified professionals shall cary out the works.

Correct PPE will be worn and enforced at all times Safety signs, barriers and first aid must be in place.

The site will be securely fenced and monitored 24hrs.

05 Construction

Construction Phases

3. Temporary Structure - To build the ribbon roof structure a scaffolding frame is requried as temporary structure to build from.

4. Super Structure - CLT and Glulam elements will be erected using cranes.

5. Staircases, doors and remaining partitions.

7. Envelope/Glazing - External wall and roof insulation as well as windows installed to make the building water tight.

8. Initial services infrastructure - Ducting, cable routes, and plant rooms will be fitted out including access hatches for maintenance 9. Second Services Fitout - Including air handling plant, boilers, wiring.

10. First Interior - Doors, sanitaryware 11. Second Interior - Interior finishes handrails, FF&E, AV. lights 12. Landscape - Paths, lavvu camps, bin store, service road completed.

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MEP Strategy The building will have one main plant room with a secondary one serving the auditorium. Distribution zones have been allowed as shown.

05 Construction

Horizontal Routes

Vertical Routes & Plant Rooms 62

05.

Construction Details

63

64

05 Construction

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05 Construction

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APPENDIX The following documents were prepared collectively within Unit04.

These are referenced in this report and can be viewed by following the links below

https://issuu.com/ashkirk3/docs/unit04_research_documentation_-_low

https://issuu.com/ashkirk3/docs/field_trip_book-final_for_issuu

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