Climatology report

CLIMATOLOGY REPORT

Ashwini S Kokate 4th Yr B Arch.

L.S.Raheja school of Architecture 2012-2013 kokateashwini15@gmail.com

MUMBA/SANTACRUZ , INDIA The Climate of Mumbai is a tropical wet and dry climate.

Mumbai's climate can be best described as moderate temperatures with high level of humidity.

Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures moderate temperatures throughout the year, average of 27.2 째C and average precipitation of 242.2 cm (95.35 inches).

The temperatures in average about 30 째C in summer and 18 째C in winter.

Thus Mumbai has a hot and a humid climate

Green Building in Mumbai • Hindustan unilever headquarters, Andheri,mumbai.

In 15-09-2011 received certification of LEED® India Gold in ‘New Construction’ category, by Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), Hyderabad, under license from the USGBC (United States Green Building Council).

•The campus is based on the concept of a lifestyle office with a spacious layout, open to natural light and energy efficient.

•The campus has an abundance of green cover with about 800 trees. In fact, the green cover of the site was enhanced from 7450 sq. meters of green cover earlier to the commissioning of the new campus to 11669 sq meters of green cover now

•Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Manufacturer is reduced substantially as they have Replaced up to 30% of the cement in concrete with fly ash •The materials used for construction are locally sources to reduce the carbon footprint of the building.

• Optimum high –performance curtain-wall glazing unit is installed to reduce the internal glaring and thermal mass, this reduces the dependency on artificial lighting.

The sustainable design has got its inspiration from Genzyme centre,cambridge,MA Behnisch Architects, Massachusetts. Which received a platinum rating in2006.

Water efficiency Energy like rain water harvesting and zero waste water concept quality.

There is also an onsite sewage treatment plant.

•Skylights are incorporated wherever possible.

•The building is sensibly oriented to reduce the direct south solar radiation.

•32% of the exterior envelope is a ventilated double façade •The site has avoided paver block inlays wherever possible to reduce the urban heat island effect.

•There is also carbon dioxide monitoring system installed this increase the human work efficiency

NEW YORK CITY, UNITED STAES OF AMERICA The Climate of New York state is generally humid continental, and features significant variation over the year.

Winter temperatures average below freezing during January and February but near freezing along the Atlantic coastline, while summerlike conditions prevail from June to August state wide.

Cold air damming east of the Appalachians leads to extended periods of clouds and precipitation east of the mountain range, particularly between October and April.

On average, western New York is cloudier than southeast New York, much of it generated from the Great Lakes.

Greenhouse gas emission is low on a per capita basis when compared to most other states due to the extensive use of mass transit, particularly across New York City. precipitation

temperature New York experiences an average of ten tornadoes per year, with one tornado every five years considered strong or violent.

The significant urbanization within New York City has led to an urban heat island, which causes temperatures to be warmer overnight in all seasons.

Thus New York has a cold climate

Green Building In New York • Visitors centre at the queens botanical garden •The Visitor’s Center at the Queens Botanical Garden in Flushing tops our list as the first LEED Platinum building in New York City (once USGBC officially confers the designation). Designed by BKSK Architects to reflect the surrounding natural landscape of the Botanical Garden, the Center is an excellent demonstration of design excellence intersecting with sustainability.

•Building status :built in 2007 •The design's creative force is •Number of stories: 2 the visible expression of water-a resource not to be squandered. Visitors and staff are immersed in a setting where stone, concrete, and steel are artfully crafted to display water in a range of textures and characteristics.

•The water elements make use of harvested rainwater, as water is cooled and filtered with bioswales that mimic the function of natural ecosystems in lush, colourfully planted gardens with open water surfaces.

•Graywater from the Centre's sinks, dishwashers, and showers is piped to a constructed wetland, then returned to the building for use in toilet flushing.

•A priority for the landscape plan was to use existing vegetation where appropriate and restore a healthy habitat.

Even the materials that are crucial in creating this design are •locally salvaged hemlock, •certified western wood, • and recycled concrete.

Innovative sustainable method deployed in thIs project are: Rainwater collection Active Green Roof Biotopes, Bioswales, geothermal heat exchange system, lighting system, natural ventilation, site orientation, low/no VOC

MATERIALS AND LAND USE: Concrete, asphalt, and masonry materials from the existing buildings were ground up on site and used as backfill and sub base. Roughly 90% of the deconstructed buildings and 95% of new construction waste was diverted from landfills.

The concrete mix is 70% slag These and other measures reduced construction carbon emissions by 32%.

Design and justify suitable glazing unit for two contrasting climates of Mumbai and New York for a 3 M3 block, using LBNL Windows software & Design Builder software This first report examines the properties of the glazing and its sensitivity i.e. the solar transmittance and its U value conducive to the climate under consideration and the optimum useful solar gain Obtained .

Thus 4 different types of glazing along with its u values were used to derive the most conducive glazing required for that climate.

MUMABI:

Thus u-value 1.2 was selected for the climate of Mumbai.

SOLAR GAIN As seen in all the three cases the total solar heat gain is noticeably and drastically reduced by choosing a double glazing unit with a considerably low e value.

Here a glazing unit with a u-value 1.2 and solar transmittance g of 0.2 will also decrease the total cooling requirements.

Heating/cooling requirement

NEW YORK:

IN CASE 1: The u-value is more so the cooling requirement in summer increses this contributes overall to the total annual heating/cooling requirements.

In case 2: the u value is(lesser than case 1) acceptable considering the climate but it also has a high solar transmittance comparatively.

So accordingly the cooling/heating requirements are considerably reduced.(both in summer and winter.

In case 3: has the lowest u value however the total overall heating requirement in winter increase s drastically .

Though not so much difference in cooling in the summer is noticed between case 2 and case 3,

NEW YORK

MUMBAI

GLAZING UNIT USED ID:11396 PLANITHERM ONE 10MM SGG Saint gobain air gap 6mm Clear 6 dat glass

ID: 3456 grd tex 62c5 guardian low e 12mm air gap Clear 6 dat glass

Similarly for the contrasting climate of New York 4 different types of glazing were selected and And keeping in mind the climate , double glazed unit with the u value of 2.297 was selected.

Thus this glazing was selected.

Thus one can infer that glazing with low u value for Mumbai thus decrease the cooling load.

And the glazing with slightly higher u value (but not to high considering the slightly warm summers of new York) thus decrease the heating load especially in winter.

The glazing unit thus selected is then incorporated in the 20 x 15x12 block .

Keeping the u value constant and only changing the window to wall ratio on all the facades , the optimum window to wall ratio is determined .

Annual space cooling requirement kwh

For mumbai:

The following can be deduced from the above graph •Case 3 has the most annual cooling requirement considering the solar gains are the most due to large window openings It has the annual cooling requirement of 171785.45 kWh the highest.

•The lowest is found in case 2 •By keeping the south facing façade a mere 10% glaze.

Since from the solar irradiance we can infer that there is more solar gain in thesout side •There fore it is more ideal to keep the south glazing as minimum as possible.

•As the north irradiance is the least compared to the east and west it is beneficial to keep more glazing in the north side for visibility.

•Even in case 4 in spite of reducing the glazing in the north the annual cooling effect is not considerably reduced . Thus we can deduce that more glazing in the east west and south façade only increases the annual cooling requirement.

NEW YORK

As seen in case D the heating requirement is maximum ,for the same type of glazing with the same u value and solar transmittance.

Therefore to optimise the working of the structure the window to wall ratio case C is taken considering in summers the cooling should also be optimum.

Detailed performance based analysis for a bungalow • Concluding from the 1st and 2nd assignment we can arrive at the optimum glazing requirements and the optimum window wall ratio for the respective climate .

• This data is the applied in the bungalow designed for both the climates using design builder software.

• Where necessary required information regarding the glazing U- values(derived from the above assignment) location, Occupancy is fed in and the simulation is run.

•The simulation graphs thus obtained are attached .

MUMBAI

NEW YORK

Mumbai roof’s simulation

NEW YORK roof’s simulation graph