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SSUE 01: WORLD TELEVISION DAY ** SPECIAL ISSUE 01: WORLD TELEVISION DAY ** SPECIAL ISSU
Editorial Note Entertainment finds its way into our everyday through various forms. The most influential of which, for decades, has been television; this invention of colour that soon became a family commodity, a necessity of each household regardless of country, culture and class. I remember very vividly that one of my History teacherรข€™a warnings back in secondary school, was never to rely on the credibility of televised series or other forms of visualised and broadcasted art that attempt to depict historical facts, for their main purpose is almost always commercial , or entertainment; but while we cannot take what we see on television to be the accurate and only version of the truth, it allows us to analyse society, power dynamics, and much more. It is indeed a screen into society, if not the world in its totality. In this, our first special issue of the term we participate in the World Television Day in our way, the way we know best: contemplating, questioning, and deconstructing the phenomenon that is television. We try to understand the far reaching implications and consequences of entertainment: is it simply and only for divertissement? Or does the production of entertainment and the way it is delivered, reflect certain political or socio-economic trends, objectives, etc? Was the Hamaki concert held a few weeks ago simply a pastime and chance for students to develop their organisation and event planning and management skills, or does it reflect a trend of political apathy within youth under the current Egyptian regime, and perhaps even an institutional university policy that prefers apolitical extra-curricular activity to political student activism?ร That and many more are questions we tackle and try to answer. Happy reading. Happy deconstructing.
Aseel
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Kerry Washington is Jessica Jones,and When the European Became Arab? Other Impossible Headlines
special issue Crew Copyrights
Editor in chief Aseel
Photo Editor Sally El-Fishawy
English Managing Editor Mena Salama
Comic Artist Mahmoud Shaltout
English Associate Managing Editor Hanady Omran
OC & Logistics Head Mohanad El-Tantawy
English Editors
Fundraising Head
Mostafa Sadek Farah EL-Kholy Doaa Abdelghany Lauren Clark Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Saad Fatemah Badawy
Arsani Sinout
Copy Editors Aya Shaaban Sarah Ahmed Amal Idheileh Mohamed ElNokrashy Academic Supervisor Ramy Aly
Fundraising Head Assistant Ahmed Ismail
Disclaimer AUC Times is a student publication. All opinions expressed in the publication are the writers' own and do not reflect those of the magazine or the AUC administration
PR & Marketing Co-Heads Jaydaa Shaalan Nashwa Shaaban Financial Coordinator Dunya ElMagrabi HR Head Nour Beshir
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YouTube Vs. TV ?
All uncredited photography and/or artwork is either used upon permission or licensed for noncommercial use.
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Are We Being Desensitized By Mass Media?
IsA Lookit atJust an Cartoonโs Effect by Rana Mansour W h o o n e a r t h d i d nโ t c r y w h e n S i m b a โs fa t h e r, M u fa s a , w a s k i l l e d by h i s b r o t h e r, S c a r ? A n d w h o d i d nโ t c h e e r w h e n C i n d e r e l l a left her step motherโs house and went to live with the prince? Not only do children watch cartoons, but they also get attached to them to the extent that they walk, talk, dress, and eat like the characters. What would glue a child to a seat in front of a TV for more than 4 hours? Is it the vivid images and sounds? Or maybe it is the freedom found in the animated world? Animals, trees, and rivers can speak; Donald Duck, for example, can walk on air assuming gravity would be delayed. Besides, children love superheroes because of their supernatural powers that enable them to save the world. Although it is entertaining, parents have to consider the negative implications that cartoons impose on childrenโs physical, mental, and psychological health.
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study conducted by University of Colorado Boulder found that children consume low nutrient, high calorie food when exposed to overweight characters. Such food intake is twice as much as children who watch healthier looking characters. If the child watches Winnie the Pooh, then he is more at risk than one who watches Superman. The modeling theory of behavior emphasizes how characters on TV are able to foster beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge in individuals. A study conducted to find the effect of aggressive TV characters on childrenโs behavior concluded that children who watched aggressive cartoons acted in hostile manners similar to the cartoon stimulus figures. Astoundingly, animated movies sometimes include sexual content which causes a psychological state called โnoveltyโ. This leads dopamine to be continuously produced in high amounts which causes the brainโs reward system to become over used and less sensitive, thus more and more stimulation is needed to experience pleasure.
In other cases, dopamine can be secreted due to the fast paced animations and vivid colors of cartoons. The mind can then suffer from a corresponding low activity resulting in depression or even contributing to bipolar disorder when the child is no longer watching TV. Moreover, Experts assert that the prolonged exposure to rapid image change during critical periods of brain development conditions the mind to expect high levels of stimulation, which would lead to a short attention span later in life. The theory of desensitization asserts that exposure to violence in media leads to reduced responsiveness to actual violence due to the emotional and cognitive desensitization.
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Is there a strategy to entertain children while also positively affecting their development? Fortunately, there are many to be implemented. Martha Farah, director of the centre for neuroscience and society at the University of Pennsylvania, led a research that examined participants over the course of 20 years. She took brain scans of children who at the age of four used educational books, had toys that taught them about colors, numbers or letters, or played with real or toy musical instruments; and later studied their brains at ages 18 or 19. Interestingly enough, she found that the more cognitive stimulation a participant had had at the age of four, the thinner, and
Our children are highly prone to scenes of sexual content, violence, and unhealthy characters; this gives rise to unhealthy, violent, or depressed adults. As Winnie the Pooh says, โSometimes the smallest things take up the most room in your heartโ. Therefore, parents should ensure that real, meaningful, and beneficial things are taking this room.
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To m a n d Jerry, a global favorite, often portrays scenes of violence as a joke.
therefore more developed, their cortex. The most affected region was the lateral left temporal cortex which is involved in semantic memory, processing word meanings and general knowledge about the world. In addition to cognitive stimulation, there is active mediation. Mediation is the interaction with children about television. It can take many forms, such as parents praising a certain action taken by a cartoon character, telling their children that what they are watching isnโt real, or by expanding on the information that the cartoon is giving. Research shows that by practicing active mediation, children could become less likely to be negatively affected by television and are often skeptical of televised news.
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Animation? on Childrenโs Health
Can watching TV make you smarter? by Catherine Yassa
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o doubt we all watch TV. We waste hours, days, and miss deadlines, all for the sake of watching โone more episodeโ. Waking up the next day with a head full of junk from last nightโs show can be a bit discouraging, especially when you learn more about Kylie Jennerโs new extensions rather than your History syllabus. What if I told you that television can actually train that brain of yours?
Cartoons like Dexterโs Laboratory give kids a passion for science while getting them oriented with elementary chemistry. Tom & Jerry teaches strategizing in order to reach goals and never giving up, seen in Tomโs perseverance and Jerryโs wit. Also, Carl Sagan praised Scooby Doo because he believed the show adopted a predominantly skeptical attitude towards paranormal themes.
Ever since the rise of internet, the television industry has been working tirelessly to provide the public with exciting shows, all in the name of entertainment. According to USA Today, the average American home nowadays has 2.71 televisions and 2.55 residents. This rise of technological ownership creates more TV shows to satisfy anyoneโs taste than ever before, and we need to take advantage of that. There is no harm in sampling all of what television has to offer, but beware of wasting your time on unstimulating shows and missing worthwhile ones!
On a more adult note, some TV series are very popular with our generation. Shows such as House M.D. and Sherlock inadvertently teach critical thinking while expanding knowledge on an array of principles. Theyโre very appealing in
TV can be a wonderful instrument of learning from a young age; a statement most experts agree on. Aletha Huston, PhD and professor of child development, argues how children who watched educational television โperformed better on tests of school-related skills than children who did not watch educational televisionโ. So what constitutes educational television? Cartoons are the safest way to go. Beneficial shows must provide children with critical and analytical skills, while covertly educating them on complex topics.
how they engage the viewer, while also having an educational undertone which is excellent in learning about fields such as medicine or investigation.
In summary, what have we established so far? Television can be a double edged sword. It can manage to completely waste your time, but it can also help you become more intelligent without resorting to traditional pen and paper. Being a non-formal educator while providing a visually pleasing learning experience results in a deeper understanding of the world around us. Television can serve as an outside of classroom experience, where you can expand your mind without ever leaving your house. So tread carefully! TV just might be your Pandoraโs box.
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I think itโs safe to say that we live in an unprecedented age of progress. Technological advancements in filmmaking are enhancing the way we view the world; from digital previsualization, the fusion camera system, depth sensors, all the way to 3D printing. The way recent documentaries are filmed and brought to the people allow for deeper content and an engaging learning experience. So before you dismiss documentaries for being too long or irrelevant, just remember how much work it took to bring these ideas to you.
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Moving on, what can we - college students - do to educate ourselves, while also getting entertained? The internet serves as an excellent tool for practicality; we can stream anything anywhere, but it can be overwhelming to decide which shows are best for learning. Documentaries are one way to go about it. Nowadays, documentaries serve as an excellent medium between learning and enjoyment. They bridge the gap between academics and boredom by providing engaging content and creating new ways to present facts (think National Geographic and Discovery). Moreover, making documentaries is a strenuous process to find the truth, thus they can serve as windows of information on current pressing issues. Everything from transnational politics to global warming can be found anywhere on TV and the internet, giving viewers an all-rounded view of current affairs. Finally, documentaries can serve as an alternative for biased media which picks and chooses which subject to report on. Commercial media tends to feed us whatโs popular rather than whatโs important. With factual programmes, audiences have a wider range of expert opinions and can formulate their own judgement, independent of dogmas.
LAILA EL REFAIE
Kerry Wash is Jessica
and Other Impo
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hat makes a good actor? Is it where they come from? The colour of their skin? Surely it canโt possibly be how well they can actually act. Nevertheless, according to Associated Press, the percentage of African-American actors on TV has gone up by almost 15% between 1999 and 2015, after almost a century of exerted effort in the industry, including directors like George Romero. Progress, right? But is it enough? While Merlin of Once Upon A Time was portrayed by the gorgeous Elliot Knight, and shows like Scandal and How To Get Away With Murder are becoming increasingly popular, youโve also got shows like Supernatural that have absolutely no Black actors in lead roles. Arabs, Asians, Latin-Americans, Native Americans and members of the LGBTQ community are portrayed by White actors and have to lie about their identity to get any roles at all. All of these are considered โminorities.โ
Funnily enough, the word in itself implies unimportance. Progress depends on you, but to help, you first need the facts. So here they are. The biggest problem with minority casting in TV shows are the roles. 53% of respondents to a survey I conducted answered that an Asian actor would most likely be cast in a nerdy/geeky role or as a victim of bullying. Asians can easily play roles beyond the geek and the samurai, but nobody lets them do it. Thereโs the Black man/woman whoโs most likely in a gang, and of course, letโs not forget the smart-mouthed Latina maid. Which begs the question: Why is this industry so intent on keeping non-White roles in this loop? DC couldโve made Supergirl Asian, and Disney couldโve told ABC to cast a Latina as Emma Swan. Itโs just another way of promoting white supremacy; if everyoneโs convinced that Asians canโt punch, African-Americans are attitudinal and Latinas are just domestic help. White
Americans think thatโs true for every non-White person they meet. How many people still think every gay boy has a lisp and will gasp at your hideous bag-shoe combination?
ossible Headlines
Despite how dark and dismal this all makes the world seem, there is still hope for the future. So what can you do? The first part would probably be to support shows with non-White main actors. Little things like streaming on Netflix, buying merchandise, or even tweeting about how amazing the last episode of Scandal or Empire was can help. Admire the strong and sexy Black woman, and the kick-ass Asian superhero. Companies have people who look at these things. Youโre the reason why all these shows are being made. While you might think youโre insignificant to them, youโre actually the most important piece of the puzzle. It all starts with you. Watch what you like, but play your part. After all, who says you canโt be the next Daryl Dixon or Jessica Jones?
Images: courtesy of Netflix.
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hington Jones,
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Then we move on to the issue of our very own race - Arabs. Arabs are either terrorists, or they donโt exist. Even in a show thatโs all about the Middle East, like Tyrant, the Arab main character is played by a White man. Thereโs also enough violence amongst the main characters to convince an American viewer that indeed, all Arabs are violent terrorists. In a world thatโs constantly calling us violent, we need a show that humanises us. 95% of the surveyโs respondents agreed that TV shows can influence peopleโs perspectives. With great power comes great responsibility; the responsibility to advocate peace and criticise prejudice. The thing is - this is a bigger problem than we allow ourselves to believe. Scrubs is a fantastic sitcom, but when Turk and Nurse Roberts are the only memorable Black characters in a sea of White, itโs irksome, and you should feel it, too. Nevertheless, 29% of respondents said theyโd object to a non-White actor replacing a White one in the main role of a TV show. So how many people would freak out if Rami Malek was cast as a replacement for The Flash? Probably the same number of people who couldnโt accept Noma Dumezweni as Hermione in the Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play. Specifically, a lot. And on a side note, where do Egyptian and Arab shows stand on the matter?
Three Directions In the โWestโ
The Viewing of Foreign Shows by Egyptian Society
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Lauren K. Clark
Shows such as โFriends,โ โSeinfield,โ โI Love Lucyโ (with the exception of a Latino) and others depict the United States, as a lily white society with houses, picket fences, and the dream of success and liberty. Through television, image is everything. Portrayals of โthe Westโ as a paradise, that contrasts with the developing world, become a visible picture for many Egyptian communities; especially those who do not have the opportunity to travel. Simultaneously, this image is ingrained in the psyche of too many Egyptians, who specifically travel to places in โthe West,โ which suits this image. With increasing demand for more visibility of Asian, Black American/AA, Native, Latino, and now Arab actors and actresses on mainstream television and film, the world will have the opportunity to observe other colours
At the same time television centers such as Netflix, YouTube, and others have created other opportunities for the Egyptian public to view Black American/ African-American, Latino, Asian, Native, and even Arab television artistry in the so-called West. Events such as Cairoโs International Film Festival (scheduled to happen this upcoming November) are another outlet that enable the Egyptian public to observe films from the Western world. Nations such as Mexico (a country which geographically would be considered part of โthe Westโ) have also had their films presented on Egyptian channels. It is very easy to be critical of Western media, and its distribution of television and film outside of the United States, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Simultaneously, it leads to criticizing the โnon-Westโ and their responsibility to ensure balance on their media outlets. An important issue for Egyptian communities (and their desire for Western television) is to identify what specifically appeals to this population. The glamour, storytelling, and taboo subjects often prevalent in โWesternโ television are very appealing in a society such as Egypt where restrictions are placed on television. Thus, one reverts back to the analysis of what is needed or missing in the Egyptian television industry, what can be created, and its unique relevance to that society!
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As we make our way to nations such as the United States, Canada, and Europe, television series and the Hollywood industry present a particular image or insight into particular realities. For a long time, Eurocentric images have been dominant in American and European media. Some would propose that acceptance of โWesternโ images draws interest into Egyptian-Arab society, as it solidifies existing standards on Arab identity; leaning more on lighter skin and straighter hair. These features depict what is considered civilized, educated, or beautiful in Egyptian society. Those with darker-skin and curly hair are marginalized, viewed as less attractive, or categorized in certain stereotypical roles.
existing in โthe West.โ As previously stated, one of the perks in the world of television and film is to observe something outside of the familiar. Part of that relates to wanting to bring magical worlds into reality; especially if oneโs own life has not had nourishment in the creative imagination that we seek. The world of the rich and famous, and the life of โWesternersโ becomes more appealing to communities labeled as โunderdeveloped.โ Therefore, it is significant to understand how standards of โwhiteness,โ are often associated with โthe West.โ Part of this also stems from film and television distribution and what are deemed acceptable depictions and presentations of โthe West.โ
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s globalization continues to make its way around the world in 360 days, the global becomes smaller. More and more knowledge is distributed about unknown cultures and as television continues to show the faces of the world, the idea of the โworld becoming smallerโ becomes a literal painting, captured in the minds of those who are fascinated with cultures outside of their own. The television has been the primary educator for many who do not have the opportunity to travel, thus reliant on its imagery. To have the world brought to your household is part of the global experience and how the global community is coming together.
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edia has come to impact the relations of world politics and dynamics. In the social world, it is one that continues to influence the mentality of societies. Concerning the arena of advertisements, where graphics are part of the norm, a mental painting is designed as it concerns illusions and peopleโs perception of themselves. The her/history of advertisements in the Arab world represents a highly peculiar dynamic as it relates to Arab identity, and portrayals as to what Arab identity should be. Foreign imports, imitations, and European influences played a heavy role in the advertisements of the 1950s in the Egyptian-Arab world. The rise of advertisements accelerated during the industrial period with the rise of technology. A pivotal observation is the reality in which portrayal of Arab cultural symbols are depicted. Those in particular include the Arabic script, palm trees (which signify the geographical landscape and location), and architecture that symbolizes Egyptian-Arab culture. For example, a 1950 advertisement from the company Vespa showcases a young woman in a red, French beret, riding a motorcycle, with the Cairo Citadel in the background. In an interview with Salma El Shayeb of the AUC Counseling Department, it is articulated that โthere were lots of foreigners back in this period, so fashion in Egypt was a big thing.โ The dilemma of such is that traces of Egyptian-Arab culture are vigilant even in European fashion. โEspecially, college girls would wear European or Western clothes,โ mentions Salma El Shayeb. โI think thatโs what people miss the most. Itโs this blend of Western culture and the Egyptian culture. It was everywhere. In the movies, in the ads.โ Even in the midst of EgyptianArab cultural identity, some would state that it is not as clear cut as it is made to be.
When the European Became Arab? A Look of Late 1940s-1950s Advertisements in the Egyptian-Arab World
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by Lauren K. Clark
Therefore, another question arises as it pertains to European culture and the European gaze towards Egyptian-Arab culture: At the same time that there was colonialism in this region of the world, is it valid to insist that such was a method to re-create and merge European and Egyptian-Arab identities? Again, such is the wonder of this question!
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Various speculations arise concerning this question. Is it possible that the underlying message was the fascination or curiosity in experimenting with oneself in a new European culture, with an Arabic touch? Could the mystics and curiosities of Arab and European culture be one of the underlying agendas for Europeans, and a particular category of Egyptians wanting to recreate themselves in
these traditions? Fascination with โOrientalโ culture is more than just a study. People often desire the foreign or unfamiliar. Painting their imagery in exciting landscapes also stimulates this desire.
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Similarly, in a Retro ice tea Arabic advertisement (1940s), a woman is presented in a sleeveless gown, she looks as if she could be a White American model from a Hollywood scene. Some people would articulate such imagery as a form of colonialism or of cross cultural exchange. โYou would find Italian, Greek womenโฆ in Cairo. They were everywhereโฆ A lot of foreigners were there, and they blended in, and they lived in Shoubra and Bulaq. They would be there and speak good Arabic. So, I think even if she wasnโt an Egyptian woman, she could be born in Egypt.โ Madame El Shayeb also goes on to connect those wearing European fashion with those being of a particular class status. Other examples include 1940โs and 1950โs Coca-Cola advertisements, where the models can be taken as Hollywood pin-up girls from the United States or Europe, while the Arab script continues to remain intact. A majority of the women have brown hair, with instances of blonde-haired women showing up in Egyptian-Arab advertisements. One of the interesting dynamics associated with such images in Egyptian advertisement from this time frame is the use of the Arabic language in synchronicity with a European image. Key question on this observation is why Arabic is used with Eurocentric images in EgyptianArab advertisements during this times period. It is a very pivotal question as it relates to conversations on โcultural blendingโ or colonialism in Egypt at this time.
YouTube Vs. TV ? by Farah Seifeldin
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The other day, my mother very eagerly told her sister that she had w a t c h e d o n e o f h e r f a v o r i t e t e l e v i s i o n s h o w s o n Yo u T u b e . H e a r i n g t h a t m a d e m y e y e s g a p e . W o u l d Yo u T u b e โ s i m m u n i t y t o t i m e f i n a l l y a l l o w m y mother to love some other platform besides television? The answer was n o . S h e s t i l l v i e w e d Yo u T u b e a s i n f e r i o r t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s c r e e n . B u t i t h a s b e c o m e c l e a r t h a t t h a t w a s n โ t t h e q u e s t i o n t o b e a s k e d . Yo u T u b e w a s n e v e r c r e a t e d t o โ t a k e o v e r โ t r a d i t i o n a l T V.
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n 2005, the Internet was nowhere near where it is today. Sharing videos on the world wide web consumed an incomprehensible amount of time. Imagine waiting eight hours for a three-minute video to load. And then imagine what it was like when YouTube came to be. With the development of broadband Internet and the rising availability of digital video cameras, YouTube transformed it all it was an unfettered creative platform for idea sharing via video. While the primary purpose of creating YouTube was to facilitate the online video sharing process, it has now created a culture of its own with a myriad of video genres that are particularly specific to the website. TV channels exploit the video sharing feature of the website to promote their programs and make them available to their viewers. Also, YouTube is famous for its implementation of copyright laws which automatically removes any video that violates these
laws. This evidently demonstrates that the video website is not concerned with โreplacingโ TV. Actually, TV channels are now realizing the significance of this platform to experiment with creative content that may not be suitable for traditional TV. Many television programs are creating special segments dedicated for viewership on YouTube alone. Moreover, YouTube content creators are not interested in competing against TV show producers because both entities create videos that are appropriate for their platform. The reason we think YouTube is more successful than TV
Design by: Farah Seifeldin
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though is that content on YouTube appeals to the younger generation more because it is created by us, the younger generation. This is especially evident in Egypt, where only a few programs on local TV target the younger audience who make up 40.7% of the population since 2015. Obviously, people will start looking for alternatives, and that is when they find YouTube in its full glory. YouTube is a platform that is capable of personalization, relatable, and portable. As the world is becoming more globally connected through the internet, people are becoming less satisfied watching local programs. They want to see what lies beyond the fence. How do people in other countries live their daily life? YouTube, once again, renders that sort of demand. With the rise of โvlogging,โ it becomes possible to get to know the content creator on a more personal basis. That not only reduces prejudice, but it encourages a hub for misfits and outcasts. Everyone has a place on this website. Television has become too expensive and time consuming to be able to expand as profusely as YouTube has. Uploading content to the platform is as simple as connecting to a Wi-Fi port. Anyone can connect โ and as a result, microcultures are created. All this is almost too good to be true. Is YouTube really a place where anyone can identify and flourish without errs or mishaps? Alas, not all that glitters is gold. The direct availability of content poses a privacy risk for users who include personal information in their videos. YouTubers are also always prone to cyber bullying and harassment
by anonymous users, and that isnโt a problem to be overlooked. Mental health issues have arisen as a consequence to these online behaviors, and this amount of violence can influence other viewers to engage in such behavior in their daily lives. YouTube is one of the internetโs most powerful tools. It is the second most used search engine after Google. Whether you want to search for a tutorial on how to braid your hair, watch a video of people tasting bizarre food, learn a new language, or simply entertain yourself by watching ten minutes of adorable cats, YouTube will certainly be your number one source. It is the time capsule that envelops everything about your world. How are you willing to use it?
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n recent years, Egypt has been subject to a substantial amount of violent news from in and outside the country in the wake of the Arab Spring. Provided the civil and political unrest that has spread across the Middle East, from Libya to Syria, it does not come as a shock that in the past few years, Egyptian media has been full of violent content. Consequently, this may have caused the Egyptian population to become desensitized to violent news, especially news relating to death and casualty.
by Amr Helmy
Are We Being Desensitized By Mass Media?
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Photography: Fatma Farrag
An ample amount of research has shown the mediaรข€™s effective role in escalating violent behavior among people in the 21st century. Exposure to violence in media regularly causes diminished emotional responsiveness to similar stimuli when re-exposed to it, in other words, desensitization. We might have become more benumbed to tragic news and scenes. In fact, we may even be underreacting to violent real life events that may happen to us from time to time. AUC Times has decided to find out the extent that the effect of media desensitization has on the Egyptian community, in particular,
The expert opinion on the subject provided substantial insight, however we wanted to test the AUC public and see what they think. AUCians around campus were randomly selected and interviewed. When asked to associate words like Egyptian Media, Al Youm Al Sabie, Ahmed Moussa, CBC, and more with the first thing that came to mind, many students replied with the colloquial Egyptian word โTatbeel,โ which its closest translation is โbiased.โ The replies were mostly words equivalent to โpointlessโ or โbiased,โ but nothing related to violence. In fact, a majority initially said that they do not follow Egyptian media or other Middle Eastern media. Mariam, a sophomore electronics student claimed, โOur media often exaggerates the news, and tries to take advantage of, [for example], crying mothers.โ Adding that our media rather over-sensitizes us towards topics that serve their interests. Moreover, an overwhelming majority of the students agreed that brutal news do not
affect them as much as they used to during the 25th of January revolution or the 2014 bombings of Gaza, where they remember being shocked. But now โItโs become normal,โ many respondents said. When asked what should be changed about the Egyptian media to make it less desensitizing, recent AUC alumni Hani Hawash said, โThe continual display of murdered conscripts in Sinai by the [Egyptian] media, instead of broadcasting news about the terrorist groups.โ He went on to say that our media emphasizes the brutal happenings way too much but doesnโt pay half as much attention to why it happens or the stories behind them.
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Furthermore, Dr. Al-Kadi believes that the institutions of the Middle Eastern media do have flaws, but having a role in the desensitization of the public is not one of them. It is more of a general media problem where weโve gotten accustomed to reporting figures of casualties or news about a city being bombed. But for instance, if we take the example of Omar Daqneesh, the injured Syrian boy whose picture in the ambulance covered in dust from the rubble of the destruction caused by a devastating air strike amidst the Syrian civil war, who went viral on social media, we can see much more reaction to it rather than still figures and titles. Dr. Al-Kadi added that she believes reporting individual stories about such unsettling news and making it more personal would make people relate more, the way they donโt to numbers and headlines, and hence be more affected.
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the AUC community. When asked whether the media has a desensitizing effect on people. Dr. Tara Al-Kadi, adjunct professor of Media Ethics at AUC, said that it does have an effect on whoever is subjected to the different forms of media from news to video games. She added that being subjected to such media on regular basis numbs the person to news or violent events as they become more accustomed to it. However, Dr. Al-Kadi emphasized that even though it does have a numbing effect, it is not sufficient to make someone aggressive or senseless.
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ew events have been as extensively covered in human history as the Egyptian revolution of the 25th of January. 24/7, news outlets from around the world covered every development, every conflict, every tear and every cheer. The world was hooked on the images of waves of people celebrating, police cars tumbling, military spreading, flags burning, guns firing, protesters running. From CNN to France 24 to the BBC, everyone followed the events as they unfolded; however, one media outlet outshined them all: Al Jazeera. Everyone, starting from the families in Egypt fearing for their lives and the countryโs future to the President of the United States Of America, followed Al Jazeeraโs coverage. Ursula Lindsey, managing editor of the Arabist, wrote that the victory of the revolution, at least in achieving Mubarakโs resignation, โwas accompanied by a discrediting of government-controlled news, a flourishing of โhomemadeโ media of all sorts and a validation of outlets such as Al Jazeera.โ While we consider these revolutions to be the product of social media, Leila Zahra, an activist who was stationed in Tahrir Square, stated in an interview with the Guardian that: โit was [about] much more than those who had access to Twitter and Facebook. If it wasnโt for the working class, and the marginalised thousands, this revolution wouldnโt have happened.โ From where do the stated classes receive most of their information, one might ask? Television. Here was Al Jazeeraโs opportunity to expand their viewership, as a result to its extensive coverage of the Egyptian revolution, as Dr. Lina Khatib, former director of the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut, writes.
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With such a portrayal of the Egyptian revolution, Al Jazeera was considered the vanguard for democracy and the defender of Arab freedom (Khatib). An image that it further embraced with the coverage of the Libyan revolution. However, when the Bahrainis started their own uprising, a certain conflict of interest arose and, with it, came the fall of Al Jazeeraโs status. According to Dr. Khatib, despite the channelโs support of the Libyan uprising as a legitimate rebellion, its lukewarm position towards the Bahraini revolution seemed contradictory to its image of the champion of Arab freedom. This stance revealed the limits of the channelโs alleged independence from the Qatari state.
Two In her study, โBased on the peace journalism model: analysis of Al Jazeeraโs coverage of Bahrainโs uprising and Syriaโs chemical attack,โ Zainab Abulnabi presents the different aspects of bias that AlJazeera committed in its presentation of the Bahraini revolution. An example of this bias would be that neither Al Jazeera America nor AlJazeera English classified the uprising as a revolution. Rather, terms like โprotestsโ (56.9% of articles) and โcrisis/turmoilโ (21.5%) were used in describing the situation. The protesters were also classified as Shia opposition (22.5%) but never as revolutionists. Another aspect of this bias is the amount of articles backing the Gulf Cooperation Councilโs (GCC) intervention in the policing of the revolution.
The Egyptian revolution achieved its main goal of overthrowing Mubarakโs regime. It was well portrayed internationally and thus accumulated a worldwide support. In Bahrain, however, 122 deaths and 2,708 injuries later, the royal family remains in power, therefore the revolution has failed. Which gives Al Jazeera the opportunity to question: Was Bahrainโs uprising worth it? and then to voice: โIt was not a revolution, but rather a planned coup.โ With this comparison in mind, can we go as far as saying that Al Jazeeraโs, and other outletsโ, coverage of these two revolutions resulted in their respective demise or victory? I believe that to limit it to the TV and newspaper coverage would not honor the triumph of the Egyptian nor discredit the Bahraini governmentโs and the GCCโs inhumane actions. However, to disregard the mediaโs role in the success or failure of modern revolutions would be a major mistake. One media outlet can make a difference. One people, however, can make even more of a difference. Special thanks to Zainab Abulnabi for her exquisite analysis from which most ofthe sources are derived.
W o r l d Te l e v i s i o n D a y
by Chadi Ghannam
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One Outlet, Revolutions
Lamees Abdelaziz
Sally ElFishawy
Fatma Farrag
Georginea Bassily
Sally ElFishawy
Sally ElFishawy
Sally ElFishawy
Fatma Farrag
โซูุงูุญููุธ ู ุคุฎููุฑูุง ุงุฒุฏูููุงุฏ ู ูุถููุฉ ุฃู ุงูโุชุฑููููุฏโโฌ โซ โฌ โซูููู ู ุชุงุจุนููุฉ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ูุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงุฃูุฌูุจูููุฉ ู ุซูููโโฌ โซู ุณููุชุฑ ุฑูุจูููุชโ ูโุฌูููู ุงูู ุซุฑููููุฒ โ ูโูููุงูุณ ุงููโฌ โซูุงุฑุฏุฒโ ูโ ุฌุฑูููุฒ ุฃูุงุชูู ูููโ ูุบูุฑูููุง ุงููุซูููุฑโช ุโฌูุฃุตุจุญููุชโฌ โซู ุชุงุจุนุชูููู ูุงุฌุจููุฉ ูุถููุฑูุฑุฉ ู ูุชุณููุญุฉ ูุณููุท ุงูุดููุจุงุจโฌ โซุฎุงุตูู ูุฉ ุฌูููููุง ุงูุญุงููููโช.โฌโฌ โซูุนุชูููุฏ ุงููุซูููุฑูู โ ู ููู ูุฌูููุฉ ูุธุฑูููู โฌ โซ โฌ โซุงููุทููููุฉ ุงูุจุญุชููุฉโช -โฌุฃู ุฐูููู ุงุงููุชุณููุงุญ ู ููุง ูููู ุฅุงู ู ุคุงู ููุฑุฉโฌ โซู ููู ุงูุบููุฑุจ ุงูุญุชููุงู ุนููููู ุงูุดููุจุงุจ ูู ุฃููููุง ุจูุฑุงุบููุงุชโฌ โซุชุฌุนููููู ูุชู ููุฑุฏูู ุถููุฏ ุฃูุทุงููููู ูุถููุฏ ุงูููููโฌ โซุงูู ุตููุฑู ุงูู ุชููููุน ุจุทุจุนูููโช .โฌูุฅุฐุง ููููุง ุณูููุชููู ุนูููโฌ โซุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงุฃูุฌูุจูููุฉ ูุจุงุฃูุฎููุต ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ โุฌูููู ุณููุชููุฑุงุชโโฌ โซุงูู ุดููููุฑ ูุณูููู ูุคูููุฏ ูุธุฑูุชูููู ุงููุงุฆู ููุฉ ุนูููู ุฃูโฌ โซู ููู ูุชุงุจุนููููู ู ููุง ูููู ุฅุงู ู ุคูููุฏู ุงุงูููููุงุจ ุงูุนุณูููุฑูโฌ โซุฃู ุฅุฎูููุงู (ูุนููู ุงูุชุนู ูููู ุงูุณูุงุณููู ูุตููู ูุจุฑุงู ุฌูููโฌ โซุงูู ูุถูููุฉ ูุงูุญู ููุฏ ููููู)โช ุโฌูู ุซููู ู ููุง ูุงูููุช ููููุงูโฌ โซูโฌ โซุจููุฏู ู ูููโฌ โซุฅุนุงููููุงุช ูุฏุนููู ุดููุฑุงุก ุงูู ูุชุฌููุงุช ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉโฌ โซุงูู ูุชุฌููุงุช ุงูู ุณููุชูุฑุฏุฉโช ุโฌูุฑูุจูููุง ุณูููุฌุฏ ุฅุนุงููููุงุช ู ุฏุนู ููุฉโฌ โซู ููู ุงูุญููู ููุฉ ูุชุฑููููุฌ ู ุชุงุจุนููุฉ ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูุงูู ุณูุณููุงุชโฌ โซูโฌ โซุจููุฏู ู ููู โุงูุฎูููุงุฑุฌโ ุฅูุซุจููุงุช ูุทููุชูููโฌ โซุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉโฌ โซูู ุญุงุฑุจููุฉ ูููุฐู ุงูู ุคุงู ููุฑุฉโช.โฌโฌ โซุงูุชุญููููู ุงูุณููุทุญู ููููุฐุง ุงุงูุชุฌููุงู ุงูู ูุงุฌููุฆโฌ โซ โฌ โซูููู ุฃููููุง ูุชุงุจููุน ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงุฃูุฌูุจูููุฉ ุญุจูููุงโฌ โซูููู ุงุงูุณููุชุทุงูุน ุนูููู ุญุถููุงุฑุงุช ุงูุฎููุงุฑุฌ ุฃู ุญุจูููุง ููููโฌ โซู ุดููุงูุฏุฉ ูููู ุจุฌูููุฏุฉ ุนุงููููุฉโช ุโฌูุฃูุซุฑูููู ุณููุทุญูุฉ ููููโฌ โซุงูุชุญููููู ุงูููุฐู ูููููู ุฃููููุง ูุชุงุจููุน ูู ูููุก ููููุช ูุฑุงุบูููุงโช.โฌโฌ โซูู ูููุฐุง ููููู ูุณู ูโฌ โซูุจุฉ ูุจูููุฑุฉ ู ููู ุงูุตุญููุฉ ูููู ูููููุฑ ุฐููููโชุโฌโฌ โซูููููู ููุฏุฎููู ุฃูุซููุฑ ูููู ุงูู ุถู ูููู ููุณููุฃู ุณููุคุงูโฌ โซู ููู ุงูุฌููุฐูุฑ ุงูุนุชููุฉโช..โฌู ุงูููู ุงูุณููุจุจ ุงูุญูููููู ุงูููุฐูโฌ โซูุฌุฐุจูููุง ูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูู ู ููู ู ุญุชูุงูููุง ููุฏููููุง ูุฑุณููุงูุชูุงโฌ โซุงู ุชู ููุช ููููุง ุจุตูููุฉ ูููููุฉ ูุงู ุชุดููุจู ุฃุญูุงููููุง ููููโฌ โซุฌูุงูููุจ ุนุฏูููุฏุฉโช ุโฌุงุฃูุฌููุฏุฑ ุฃู ูุฌูููุจ ุฃูุงู ุนููู ุงูุณููุคุงูโช:โฌโฌ โซโู ููุง ูููู ุงูููุฐู ูุดููุจููุงุโ ูุนููู โช ุโฌู ุชููููุน ู ูููุง ุฃู ูุชุงุจููุนโฌ โซุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ูุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุฃูู ุฃููุงุฑูููุง ูุงุจุนููุฉโฌ โซู ููู ุญุถุงุฑุชูููุง ูุชูุงููุฏูููุง ูุฃููุงุฑูููุงโช ุโฌูุฃูู ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ู ูููโฌ โซุงูู ูุชููุฑุถ ุฃููููุง ุชุชููููู ุนููู ุฃุญูุงููููุง ุฃู ุจุงุฃูุตููุญ ุชุชููููู โฌ โซููุงุจูู ูุฉ ุนูููุง (ู ููุง ููุจุบููู ุฃู ูููููู)โช.โฌโฌ
โซุณููุฑ ุชุนูููููุง ุจุงูุชููููุงุฒ ููู ููู ูููู ุฃูููู ู ููุง ููููโฌ โซ โฌ โซุฅุงู ุดููุจุงู ุฃู ุจู ุนูููู ุฃุตููุญ ู ููููุฐ ููุนุงูููู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูููโฌ โซุงูููุฐู ุงู ูู ููุช ูููุงูููุน ุจุตูููุฉโช ุโฌูุญููุงูู ุฃู ููููุฑุจ ู ูููโฌ โซุฎุงููููู ู ููู ุงูุถุบููุท ุงุงูุฌุชู ุงุนููู ูุงูุฏููููู ูุงูุณูุงุณูููโฌ โซููุญูููุงุฉ ุงูููู ูููุฉโช ุโฌุฃู ุจุงููุณููุจุฉ ููุจุนููุถโช ุโฌูููู ู ุญุงููููุฉโฌ โซูููููุฑุจ ู ููู ุงูุชุงุจููููุงุช ุงูุชููู ูุนูุดูููุง ูุงูุชููู ุชุฑุณููุฎุชโฌ โซูููู ุญูุงุชูููุง ูู ุญูุทูููุง ุนูููู ู ููุฏุงุฑ ุฏุงุฆููู โช ุโฌูููููู ูุณูููุกโฌ โซุงูุญููุธ ุฃููููุง ูุฌููุฏ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ูุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุจุตูููุฉโฌ โซุฎุงุตููุฉ ูุงูุนุฑุจูููุฉ ุจุตูููุฉ ุนุงู ููุฉโช ุโฌู ููุง ุนููู ุฅุงู ุงูุชุงุจููููุงุชโฌ โซููุณูููุง ู ููู ููููุน ุขุฎููุฑ ุฃู ุจุตูุบููุฉ ู ุฎุชููููุฉโช ุโฌููููู ุจุฐููููโฌ โซุชุฃููููุฏ ููุงูุนูููุง ุงูู ุฑูููุฑโช .โฌูููููุฏ ูุฑุจูููุง ู ููู ุงูุณููุฌู ูููููุนโฌ โซูููู ุจุงุจููู !!! ููููู ูุนููุฏ ุงูุชููููุงุฒ ู ููููุฐ ูููุฑูุจ ููุนุงูููู โฌ โซุงูุฎุงุฑุฌููู ุงูุฎูุงูููู ุงูุฌู ูููู ุงูููุฐู ูุนุชูููุฏูโช ุโฌุจููู ุตููุงุฑโฌ โซุตูุฏููููุง ุจูููู ู ููุง ุชุญู ูููู ุงูููู ููุฉ ู ููู ู ุนููููโช ุโฌูุตูููุฑโฌ โซุชุญุฑูููู ูููู ููุฉ โุชุงุจููููโ ุงูุชููู ูุนูููุด ูููููุง ููู ููููุงโฌ โซูุชุตุจููุญ ุชุงุจูููุช ูุฏูููููุงโช.โฌโฌ โซููููุฑุจ ููุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงุฃูุฌูุจูููุฉโฌ โซ โฌ โซููููุท ุฃูููููุง ุงู ุชุดููุจููุง ูููููู ุชุดููุจู ุฃููุงุฑูููุงโช ุโฌุฃู ุนููููโฌ โซุงุฃููููู ุชุนุทููููุง ูุฑุตููุฉ ุฃู ูููููู ูุฏููููุง ุชูููููุฑ ุฐูโฌ โซุทู ูููุญ โููุดููููู ุซูููููููุฌโโช ุโฌูููู ุฃู ูููููู ููู ูููุง ู ููุงโฌ โซุจู ุซููู ุชุญุฑุฑูููู ูููู ุงูู ุจููุงุฏูุก ุงูู ุชููุนููุฉ ูุชูุจููููู โฌ โซูุจุนุถูููู ุจุนููุถ ุจุงุฎุชุงููุงุชูููู โช ุโฌููููู ุงูุนุฏูููุฏ ู ูููโฌ โซูููุฐู ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌโช ุโฌุงูุจููุงุจ ู ูุชูููุญ ุฃู ููุงู ูู ู ููุง ูููู ุฌุฏูููุฏโชุโฌโฌ โซูู ู ููุง ูููู ู ุฎุชูููู ููููู ุจุนููุถ ุงุฃูุญูููุงู ุฃูุถููุง ู ููุงโฌ โซูููู ุบูููุฑ ู ุชููููุน ูู ุนุงูููุณ ููููุฑุฃู ุงูุนููุงู โช ุโฌูููู ูููุฐูโฌ โซุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูุณููู ุญ ุจููููุฏ ูุนุชููุงุจ ุฃู ูุงู ูู ูู ููุง ูุงูููุชโฌ โซู ูุงูุชููู ูููู ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ุญุชููู ูููู ูุงู ุงูู ุณููุคู ุงุฃูููโฌ โซูููู ุงูุจููุงุฏโช.โฌโฌ โซุฅููููุง ูุฌุฏูููุง ูููููุง โช-โฌุฃู ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูุงูู ุณูุณููุงุชโฌ โซ โฌ โซุงุงูุฌูุจูููุฉโช -โฌู ููุง ูุณููู ุญ ููููุง ุจุงููููุฑูุจ ููููู ููุช ูุฑุงุช ูุฌูููุฒุฉโฌ โซู ููู ูุงูุนูููุง ูุฃุนุทุชูููุง ูุฑุตููุฉ ููุนูููุด ูููู ุนุงูููู ุฑุจู ููุงโฌ โซุงูุนุฏูููุฏ ู ูููุง ูุญูููู ุจููู ุฃู ุนูููู ุงุฃูููููโช ุโฌุชููููู ุจุชุณููููุชูุงโฌ โซุจุทุฑููููุฉ ุบูููุฑ ู ุชููุนููุฉ ูุบูููุฑ โู ุฑุงูุจููุฉโโช.โฌโฌ โซุงู ูุญุชููุงุฌ ุฅูููู ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ุชููุฒูููููู ุณูุงุณูููโฌ โซ โฌ โซูุฎุจุฑูููุง ุจุฃููููุง ุบูููุฑ ูุทูููููู ุฃู ุฃููููุง ูุญุชููุงุฌ ุฅูููู ุฃู ูุตุจููุฑโฌ โซุฃูุซููุฑ ุนูููู ุฑุฆูุณูููุง ุงูู ุญุจูููุจ ุญุชููู ูุฌููุฏ ู ููุง ูุถุนูููโฌ โซูููู ุงูุชุงูุฌููุฉ โุบูููุฑ ุงูู ููุงุกโโช ุโฌูุงู ูุญุชููุงุฌ ุฅูููู ู ุณูุณูููโฌ โซูููููู ููููุง ูุญููู ููุชูููุงุช ุนูููู ุณููุจูู ู ุซููุงู ุฃู ุดููุฑููุงโฌ โซู ุญุตูููุฑ ูููู ู ุจุงุฏุฆูููุง ุงูุฌูุณูููุฉ ุฃู ูุดููุจุงุจ ุฃู ููู ุชูููุงโฌ โซูููู ุงูุชุณููุงุจูุง ูุณูููุงุฑุฉ ูุฎู ููุฉ ูููููุง ูููู ุงูู ุนููุงุฏูโช.โฌโฌ โซูุญุชููุงุฌ ุฅูููู ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ูููููู ููููุง ุฃู ู ููุง ูุญููู ููููู ูููุฐุง ุงูโฌ โซูู ููุช ููุนููุฏู ุจุตูููุฉโช ุโฌูุฑูููุฏ ุจุฑูุงู ุฌููุง ููุชูููุฏ ุงูุฑุฆูููุณ ูููููโฌ โซุถูููู ุดููุฎุตู ูููููโช ุโฌูุฑูููุฏ ู ุณูุณููู ูุชููููู ููููโฌ โซุฃุจุนููุงุฏ ุฃูุซููุฑ ู ููู ุฃุดูููุงุก ู ููู ุงูู ูุชููุฑุถ ุฃููููุง ุจุฏูููููุงุชโชุโฌโฌ โซุงูุจุฏูููููุงุช ุงูุชููู ูุฃูุณููู ุฃุตุจุญููุช ูููู ู ุญุชููุงุชูููุงโฌ โซุงุฅูุนุงูู ูููุฉ ูุงููููููุฉ ู ุณููุฃูุฉ ุญูููุงุฉ ุฃู ู ูููุชโช.โฌโฌ
โซโชูกู โฌโฌ
โซูู ุงุฐุง ูุดุงูุฏโฌ โซู ุง ุงู ูุดุจููุงุโฌ โซููู ุทู ููุงุณููู ูู ุจููุฑุดโฌ
โซโุงูู ูููโ ุงูุณูุงุณูโฌ
โซโุงููุงุจููู ู ููโ ุงููููโฌ
โซุงู ุจููุฏ ู ููู ุฃูููู ุณูููุฏู ุงููููุงุฑูุก ุณูููุฏุชู ุงููุงุฑุฆููุฉโชุโฌโฌ โซ โฌ โซูุชุญููุช ููููุงุฉ ุงูโช MBCโฌููููู ู ููุง ูุชุดููุงูุฏ ู ุณูุณูููู ุงูู ูุถููู ุฃูโฌ โซูููููู ุฃุฌูุจููู ุฃู ูุฑุชูููู ุนูููู ููููุงุฉ ุงุฃูุทูููุงู ูุชุฌููุฏ ุณูุณูููุฉโฌ โซู ููู ุงูุชุนููุงุฒู ูู ูููู ู ููู ุขู ุณููุนูุฏ ุฃู ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ูู ุฐูููุน ุณููุนูุฏูโฌ โซููุงูููุด ุชูุงุตูููู ุฏูููููุฉ ููุบุงูููุฉ ูููู ุงูุญูููุงุฉ ุงูุณููุนูุฏูุฉ ุฃูโฌ โซุฅุนููุงู ูุนููุฑุถ ุฃุทูููุงู ูููู โู ููููโ ุจุฌููุฏุฉ ุฃู ุงูุฑูููุงุถโช ุโฌูููุฏโฌ โซุชุณููุชุฌูุจ ุชููุงุฆููููุง ุจโูุงูููุง ู ููุงู ุฃููููู!!โ ูููููู ููููุง ุฃุฐูููุฑูโฌ โซูโฌ โซูุนููุงโช .โฌุชูู ููููู ุงูโช MBCโฌู ููู ูุจูููโฌ โซุฃูููู ููููุณ ู ููู ู ููุงู ุฃูููููโฌ โซุงูุณููุนูุฏู ูููููุฏ ุงุจุฑุงููููู ุงูููุฐู ูุชู ุชููุน ุจุตูููุฉ ูุณููุจ ููุนุงุฆูููุฉโฌ โซุงูู ูููููุฉ ุงูุณููุนูุฏูุฉโช ุโฌููููุฐุง ุงู ูุนูููู ููููุท ูุซููุฑุฉ ุงูู ุญุชููููโฌ โซุงูุณููุนูุฏู ูููู ููููุงุฉ ุชูููุฑูุฌ ุนูููู ุฃููููุง โููููุงุฉ ูู ุงูุนููุฑุจโโชุโฌโฌ โซูููููู ุงูู ุญุชูููู ุจุฃูู ูููู ูุชุฃุซููุฑ ุจุงูุจุนููุฏ ุงูุณูุงุณููู! ูุงู ุฃุนููููโฌ โซููููุง ุงูุซูุงููููโช ุโฌููููุฐู ููุณููุช ุญุงูููุฉ ู ููู โุงูุบููุฒู ุงูุซูุงููููโฌ โซุงูุณููุนูุฏูโโช ุโฌุจููู ูููู ุบููุฒู ุงูุซูุงูููุฉ ุงูโู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏูููุฉโ ุชุญููุชโฌ โซุณูุงุณููุงุช ุณููุนูุฏูุฉโช.โฌโฌ
โซููููุง ููุชููู ุจุฑุฌููุฑ ุฌูููุฏ ุงูุตูููุน ุญุชูููโช ุโฌููููู ูุงุชููู ุจููุงโฌ โซ โฌ โซูููููุฉ ูุฃูููู ุงูุชุฑุงุถูููโช ุโฌูุซูููุฑ ุงูู ูููุญ ูุซูููุฑ ุงูุฏููููู ูููููุฏู ู ููุนโฌ โซู ุดููุฑูุจ ูุซูููุฑ ุงูุณูููุฑโช ุโฌุงู ูุฎุชูููู ุนููู ุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูโช ุMBCโฌูุฃูููู โฌ โซู ุนูููุงุฑ ููููู ูู ุญุชูุงูููุง ูููู ุงููุซููุฑุฉ ูุงูุจูุฑุฌููุฉโช ุโฌูุดููุนุจูุฉโฌ โซุงูู ุญุชูููู ุงุฃูู ุฑููููู ูุงูุชุฑูููู ุนูููู ุงูููููุงุฉ ูุฃุชููู ุบุงูุจูููุงโฌ โซู ููู ุงูุบู ุงุณููู ูููู ุชูููู ุงูุจูุฑุฌููุฉโช ุโฌูุชููููู ุงูโช MBCโฌุฃู ูููุงูโฌ โซุจุงูุธููุฉ ุนูููู ุฅูุชููุงุฌ ู ุญุชูููู ุบูููู ุจุงูุฏูููููุฑุงุช ูู ุตู ู ูููโฌ โซุงูู ุงูุจููุณ ูู ุตููููู ุงูุดููุนุฑ ูุชุฐุงูููุฑ ุงูุณูููุฑ ูุณููุชูุฏููโฌ โซุจุฏุจููู ุฃู ุจูููุฑูุช ูุฌูุงุฆููุฒ ู ุงููููุฉ ุจุงูุฑูููุงู ุงูุณููุนูุฏูโช ุโฌุงู ุนููููโฌ โซุงุฅูุจููุฏุงุน ุฃู ุงูููุฐูุงุกโช .โฌูุซูููุฑูุง ู ููุง ูุดููุงูุฏ ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูุญูุงุฑูููุฉ ุงููููููุฉโฌ โซุงููู ุทูููุฉ ุฃู ุงูู ููููุฏุฉ ุงูุชููู ุชุฌุนููู ุงููุงุญููุฏ ูุชุณููุงุกูโช :โฌููููโฌ โซูููุตูููู ุงูู ููุงู ูููููุง ูุฃุชูููู ุจูุฑูููู ู ุจููุฏุน (โช)Creative Teamโฌโฌ โซูุฃุชููู ุจุฃููููุงุฑ ุฌุฏูููุฏุฉุ ุฃูููู ูููููููู ุฃู ูููุงู ุฅุนุงููููุงุช ุงูุนุทูููุฑโฌ โซุงุฃูุฌูุจูููุฉุ ูุจุงูู ูุงุณููุจุฉโช ุโฌุชุนููุฏ ุงูโช MBCโฌุฃูู ู ููู ุฑููุฌ ููู ููุงุฑูุงุชโฌ โซุงูุนุงูู ูููุฉ ู ุซููู โช Gucciโฌู โช Dolce and Gabbanaโฌุนูููู ุดุงุดููุงุชโฌ โซุนุฑุจูููุฉโช ุโฌูููู ุชุนูููู ู ููุงุฐุง ุฑููุฌููุช ุฅููููู ุฃูุถููุง ุงููููููุงุช ุจุงุฃูุฎููุตโฌ โซููููุงุฉ ุงุฃูุทูููุงูโช ุโฌูุณููุงูู ุช ูููู ูุตููููู ุฅููููู ู ูููุฐ ุงูุตุบููุฑุโฌ โซู ุงูุฏููุงูููุฏุฒโช.โฌโฌ
โซู ููู ุตูููุงุช โุงูู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏูููุฉโ ููููููุง ูุนุงูููู โฌ โซ โฌ โซุงุงูุฌุชู ููุงุน ุฌูููุฑุฌ ุฑูุชููุฒุฑโช ุโฌู ุคูููู ุงูู ุตุทูููุญ ูููู ุงูุชุณููุนููุงุชโชุโฌโฌ โซูููู ุฃู ุชุตุจููุญ ุงูุซูุงูููุฉ ู ูุญููุฏุฉ ููุงุณูููุง ูุจูููุฐุง ุชุตุจููุญ ุฃูุซููุฑโฌ โซูุงุจููููุฉ ููุณูููุทุฑุฉโช ุโฌููููุฐุง ูููู ู ููุง ูุฌููุฏู ูููู ู ุญุชูููู โชMBCโฌโฌ โซุงููููููโช .โฌู ุญุชูููู ุฎููุงู ู ููู ุฃู ุฌุงูููุจ ูุงูุนููู ุณูุงุณูููโชุโฌโฌ โซู ูุณูููุฎ ู ููู ูู ูููุฐุฌ ุฃู ุฑููููู ู ูุญููุฏโช ุโฌููุตุจููุญ ุณููููโฌ โซุงูููู ูููุฉ ูุงุงูุณููุชูุงููโช ุโฌููุฌููุฏ ุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูุตุญููุฉ ู ุซููู โุงูุชูููุงุญโฌ โซุงุฃูุฎุถููุฑโ ุชุญุซูููุง ุนูููู ุงูููุฌููุง ูุชูููุงูู ุงูโุฌุฑุงููููุงูโ ู ูููโฌ โซุบูููุฑ ุฃุจุณููุท ุฐูููุฑ ูู ุคุณุณููุงุช ุงูุตุญููุฉ ูุงูุจูุฆููุฉ ุงูู ุญูุทููุฉ ุจูููุงโฌ โซูุงูุชููู ุชุตูุจูููุง ุจุฌู ูููุน ุงุฃูู ููุฑุงุถ ุงูู ุฒู ูููุฉโช ุโฌูโูุงูู ููุงุนููู โโฌ โซููุงูููุด ุงูู ููุฑุฃุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูููุฉ ู ูููุฐ ุนุดููุฑูู ุณูููุฉ ุจุบูููุฑ ูุฌูููู โฌ โซู ุจุงุดููุฑ ุนูููู ุฃูุธู ููุฉ ุณูุงุณูููุฉ ุชุคูููุฏ ูู ุนูููุงโช ุโฌูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ููููููุฉโฌ โซุฃู ุฑูููููุฉ ุงูุทุจููุน ู ุซููู โุงููููููุฉ ู ููุน ุจููุฏุฑโ ูููููู ุจููุฏูู ุงูู ูููููโฌ โซุงุฃูุณุงุณููู ููููุง ููููู ุงูุณููุฎุฑูุฉ ุงูุณูุงุณูููุฉโช ุโฌูุจุงูุทุจููุน ุฌู ูุนูููุงโฌ โซูุชุฐูููุฑ ู ููุงุฐุง ุญููุฏุซ ูุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ุจุงุณููู ููุณูููโช.โฌโฌ โซูโฌ โซู ุซููุงูโฌ โซููู ูููููุง ุฃู ูุนุชุจููุฑ ุฃู ุจุงุณููู ููุณููู ูุงูโฌ โซ โฌ โซูุณูุงุณููุงุช ุงูุชููููุน ูููู ุงูููููุงุฉโช ุโฌููููุงู ู ุญุชูููุงู ู ุฎุงููููโฌ โซูููู ูโฌ โซูุงโชโ ุโฌุดูููู ุดููููุฉโโช ุโฌุบูููุฑ ู ุทุงุจููู ูู ุญุชูููู ุงูููููุงุฉโช ุโฌูููููโฌ โซุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ุณููุฎุฑูุฉ ุณูุงุณูููุฉ ุตุฑูุญููุฉ ูู ููู ูููู ุงูุญูููู โช ุโฌูุชุนุชุจููุฑโฌ โซุชูุจููู ุงูููููุงุฉ ูุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ู ุนุงุฑุถููุง ูู ุซูููุฑุง ููุฌููุฏู ุณูุงุณููุฉ ู ุซูููโฌ โซุณูุงุณููุฉ ู ุงูุฏููุงูููุฏุฒ ูููู ูุถููุน ุงูุณูููุทุฉ ุงูุฎุถููุฑุงุก ููุทููุนโฌ โซุงูุชูููุงุญ ุนูููู ุงููุงุฆู ููุฉโช ุโฌูููููู ุธูููุฑ ููููุง ุงูุญูููุง ุฃู ููููุงูโฌ โซุฎุทูููุท ุญู ูุฑุงุก ููุชููููุน ู ุณููุชุญูู ุฃู ุชุชุฎุทุงูููุง ุงูููููุงุฉโช ุโฌูุฑุฃููููุงโฌ โซุดุงุดููุงุช ู ุดูุดููุฉ ูุจููู ุฃู ูููุทููุน ุงูุจููุซ ููุงุฆูููุงโช ุโฌูู ููู ุงุฃูู ุซูููุฉโฌ โซุงุฃูุฎููุฑู ูุณูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุชููููุน ุชูููู ูููู ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ โุฎูุงุทููุฑโ ุงูููุฐูโฌ โซููุนููุฏ ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ุฅุตุงูุญููู ููููุงุฏู ุจุชุบูููุฑ ุงุฃูู ููู โช ุโฌูููุฐููููุฑ ูููู ุฃููููโฌ โซุณููุงูู ุจุงููุนููู ูููู ูุนููู ุงูุดููุจุงุจ ุงูุนุฑุจููู ุจู ููุนููู ููููโฌ โซุงูุนุงูููู ูู ุดููุงูููโช ุโฌูุจุงุฃูุฎููุต ุงูุดููุจุงุจ ุงูุฎููุฌููู ุงููุงุดููุฆโฌ โซูููู ู ุฌุชู ุนููุงุช ุธูููุช ุฃููููุง ู ููููุช ุงุฃูุฑุถ ูููููุง ุจุฃู ูุงููููุงโฌ โซุงูุทุงุฆูููุฉโช ุโฌููุนููุจ ุจุฐูููู ุงูุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ุฏูุฑุง ุฅุตุงูุญูููุง ูุชูุนููููุงโช ุโฌููููููโฌ โซุงูุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ ูุนููุฑู ุฌูููุฏูุง ุฃูููู ููููู ูููููู ุนููู ุงุงููุชูููุงุฏโช ุโฌููููู โฌ โซูุจููุฏ ุงูููููุฉ ุฃุจ ูุฏูุง ููููููุฏ ุงูุฌููุฐุฑู ุงูุฑุงุฏููุงูููู ููู ุคุณุณููุงุชโช ุโฌูููุฐุงโฌ โซุจุงุฅูุถุงูููุฉ ุฅูููู ุฃู ุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูุดููููุฑู ุชุนุชุจููุฑ ุงู โช McSaladโฌุงูุชูููโฌ โซูุทูุจูููุง ู ููุฑุฉ ูููู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุซููู ูุณููุฃู ุงูุฏุงูููุช ููุนูููุฏ ูุทูุจูููุงโฌ โซุงูู ุนุชููุงุฏ ู ููู ุดููุทุงุฆุฑ ุงูุจุฑุฌููุฑโช.โฌโฌ
โซูุฃู ููุง ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูุบูุงุฆูููุฉ ู ุซููู โุฃุฑุงุจ ุงูููุฏููโโฌ โซ โฌ โซูโุฐุง ูููููุณโ ูููุฑู ููููุฑุฉ ุงูุชูุฌูููู ุงูุซูุงูููู ุงูู ุชุณููู โฌ โซุจููู ู ุงูุฏููุงูููุฏุฒโช ุโฌููุฏุฎููู ู ุงูุฏููุงูููุฏุฒ ุฏููููุฉ ู ููุง ููุชุฏุฎูููโฌ โซูููู ุซูุงูุชูููุง ุงูู ุญููููุฉ ู ููู ุฎููุงู โู ููุงู ุงุฑุงุจูููุงโ ุฃู โู ููุงูโฌ โซูุงูููููโ ูุฎุงูููููโช ุโฌููููุฏ ูููู ูููุง ุงูู ุทุนููู ุจุบูููุฑ ุฐููููโช ุโฌููููููุงโฌ โซูุนูููู ุจุฏุงุฎููููุง ุฃู โู ููุงู ุฃุฑุงุจูููุงโ ุจุนูููุฏ ูู ุงูุจุนููุฏ ุนููู ุงููุจููุงุจโฌ โซูุงูููุชููุฉโช ุโฌูุฃูููู ุฃุดููุจู ุจููุฃู ุณููุงูุฏููุชุด ุขุฎููุฑ ุนูููู ุงููุงุฆู ููุฉโช.โฌโฌ โซูู ุชุณููุงุจูู ุชูููู ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ูู ุดูููู ุนูููู ููููุณ ููููุงุณโฌ โซุงููุณููุฎุฉ ุงุฃูุฌูุจูููุฉ ู ููุง ุนููุฏุง ุชุบูู ูุฑุงุช ุจุณูููุทุฉ ู ุซููู ุบูููุงุก ุงูุบูููุงโฌ โซูโฌ โซุจููุฏู ู ููู ุงุฃูุฌูุจูููโช ุโฌูููููู ุงูุชููุฑุงุซ ููููโฌ โซุงููุงูุณููููู ุงูุนุฑุจูููโฌ โซูููู ุชูููู ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุจูููุฏุฑ ู ููุง ูููู ูููู ุงูู ููุงู ุงุฑุงุจูููุงโช :โฌุงู ุดูููุกโชุโฌโฌ โซุจุฎููุงู ุจุนููุถ ุงูุฏุจูููุฉ ุงูุฎูููููุฉ ู ููู ุญูููู ุฅูููู ุขุฎููุฑ ุฃูโฌ โซุฃุบููุชูููู ูุนุฏููููุฉโช ุโฌูุงู ุชุชุณููุน ูููุฐู ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌโช ุโฌู ุซููู ุบูุฑูููุงโชุโฌโฌ โซุฃูู ุงุฎุชููุงูโช ุโฌูุฌู ูููุน ุงูู ุชุณููุงุจููู ูุฑุชููุฏูู ููููุณ ุงููุณููุงุชููโฌ โซูุงูุจููุฏู ููุบููููู ููููุณ ุงุฃูุบุงูููู ุงููุงูุณูููููุฉ ุฐุงุชูููุง ู ููุน ุจุนููุถโฌ โซู ููู ุงูุจูููุจโช.โฌโฌ โซูููููุฑ ุนุฒูููุฒู ุงููููุงุฑูุก ู ููุง ูุงู ุณูููุญุฏุซ ูููููุงูโฌ โซ โฌ โซู ุซููู ู ุญู ููุฏ ู ููููุฑ ุฅู ูููู ููููู ู ุณู ูโฌ โซูุชูู ููุงู ู ุชุณููุงุจููุง ููููโฌ โซโุฃุฑุงุจ ุงูููุฏููโ (ุงูููุฐู ูุงู ุถูููููุง ุนููููู ุจุงูู ูุงุณููุจุฉ)ุ ูููู ุชููุฑูโฌ โซููููู ุทูุชููู ูุบูุงุฆููู ุงูููุจููู ูุซูููุฑูุง ููููุฏ ููุชููุฑุญ ุนููููู ุฑุงุบููุจโฌ โซุนุงูู ููุฉ ุฃู ููุชุณููุจ ุจุนููุถ ุงููููุฒู ูุจููู ุฃู ูุฎููุฑุฌ ูููู ุงููุตูููโฌ โซุงูููุงุฆูููโช.โฌโฌ โซูุจููุฏูุฑู ุณูููู ุฃุคุฏู ุงููุงุฌููุจ ูููู ุชููุฆููุฉโฌ โซ โฌ โซุงูู ุฌู ูุนููุฉ ุจุนูุฏูููุงโช :โฌุดูููุฑูุง โช MBCโฌุนูููู ุฎู ููุณ ูุนุดููุฑููโฌ โซุนููุงู ู ููู ุงููููู ุงููุตููู ุงูู ููููู ุงูู ุนููุฏ ู ุณููุจููุงโช ุโฌุดูููุฑูุงโฌ โซุนูููู ู ุญุชูููู ู ุณููุฎ ู ูุญููุฏ ุณูุงุณููููุง ุงู ููุฌููุฏ ุจููู ูููุฑูโฌ โซุฅุงู ูููู ุฅุถุงูููุฉ ุงูุทู ุงุทููู ููููุง ุฃู ุงูุฎููุณ ูโุงูุจูููุฌ ู ููุงูโฌ โซุตูููุตโ ููููุงูโช ุโฌุดูููุฑูุง ุนูููู ุงูุชุฑููููู ุงูู ูุณููุฑู ุงูู ุจุงูููุบโฌ โซููููู ุฒุงุฆููุฏ ุงุฃูู ููุงุญ ูุงูุฏูููููโช ุโฌูุดูููุฑูุง ุฃูุถููุง ุนูููู ุฅุถุงูุชูููโฌ โซูุจุนููุถ ุงูู ุญุชูููู ุนููุงู ุงูููู ููุฉ ูููุงุฏุฑ ุงููุฌูููุฏ ู ุซููู ูุทููุนโฌ โซุงูุชูููุงุญ ูููู ูุฌุจููุฉ ุฃุทูููุงู ู ุถููุฑุฉโช ุโฌูุฃุฎูููุฑูุงโช ุโฌุดูููุฑูุง ูุชุณูููููโฌ โซูุถู ูููุง ูุซูุงูููุฉ ุงูโู ุงูุฏููุงูููุฏุฒโ ูุฌุนููููุง ุฌููุฒุก ุงู ููุณููุชุฃุตูโฌ โซู ููู ุญูุงุชูููุงโช ุโฌูุงุณููุชุบูุงุฆูุง ุนููู ู ุดููุงูุฏุฉ ูููุงุชููู ูููู ุจููููุณโฌ โซุตุนูุจููุฉ ุงุณููุชุบูุงุฆูุง ุนููู ุงุฃูุทุนู ููุฉ ุงูุณููุฑูุนุฉโช.โฌโฌ
โซโชูจโฌโฌ
โซโช 25โฌุนุงู ู ูุง ู ููู โชMBCโฌโฌ โซโู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏูููุฉโ ุงูููููโฌ โซูููุฏุง ูุจููโฌ
โซูููู ุญูููู ุชูุฑูู ููู ู ููู ุงูุจูุฌููุฉ ูุงูุณููุฑูุฑโช ุโฌูุงููุณููุงุชูู ุงูุจุฑุงูููุฉ ูุงูุณููุชุฑุงุช ุงูุงูู ุนููุฉโช ุโฌูุงูุชูุงุฑูููุฑโฌ โซ โฌ โซุณููุงุนุงุช ุทูููููุฉ ููููู ุชุชููููู ุญุชููู ูุนููุฑุถ ู ููุงโฌ โซูุฑุณููุงุฆู ุงูุดูููุฑ ูุงูู ุฏูููุญ ูุงุงูู ุชูููุงู ุงูุชููู ุฏุงู ููุชโฌ โซูโฌ โซููุชุธููุฑู ุงูุฌู ููููุฑ ู ููู ู ุณูุณููุงุช ููู ูููุฉโช ุโฌุงุญุชููููุช ู ุฌู ูุนููุฉ โช MBCโฌุจู ููุฑูุฑ ุฎู ุณููุฉ ูุนุดููุฑูู ุนุงู ูููุงโฌ โซุนูููู ุฅูุดููุงุฆูุงโช .โฌุดูููุฑ ุงูููุงููููู ุงูููููุงุฉ ุนูููู ููููููุง โูููุฏู ุงูุณููุนุฏโ ุนูููููู ูุฃุฎููุฐ ุงููุงุฆู ูููู ุนูููููุงโฌ โซู ููู ู ุฏูุฑูููู ูู ูุชุฌูููู ุจุงูุชุจุงูููู ุจู ุนููุฏุงูุช ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏุฉโช ,โฌูู ููุง ุฃุดููุงุฏ ุงูุฎุจููุฑุงุก ุงุฃูุฌุงูููุจ ุงูู ุฏุนูููููโฌ โซุจููููุฏู โช 7โฌูุฌูููู ูููู ู ุฏููููุฉ ุฏุจููู ุจููู ููุฉ ูููุงุชูููุง ุงููููููุฉ ููุฒุงูุชูููุง ุงุฅูุนุงูู ูููุฉ ุจููู ููุง ุธูููุฑ ูุฌูู ูููุงโฌ โซูููู ุงุฅูุนููุงู ุงูุณูุงุณููู ูุญูููููู ุชุฃุซูุฑูููุง ูููู ุณูุงุณููุงุช ุงูุญูููู ูุงุงููุชุตููุงุฏโช.โฌโฌ โซูุญููู ุงู ูุณููุชูุซุฑ ุนูููููู ุชูููู ุงูุณููุนุงุฏุฉโช ุโฌูุฅูููู ู ููู ุงูู ุณููุชุญูู ุฅููููุงุฑ ุชุฃุซูููุฑ ูููููุงุช โชMBCโฌโฌ โซ โฌ โซูุชุฎูููููุง ุงูุนุฏูููุฏ ู ููู ุงูุฌูุงูููุจ ูููู ุญูุงุชูููุงโช ุโฌุชุฎูููู ูุฌุนููู ุฃุฌููุฏุฑ ู ุคุณุณููุฉ ุฅู ุจุฑูุงููููุฉ ุฃู ุชุฑููุฌูููุฉ ุชุดููุนุฑโฌ โซุจุงูุญุณููุฏโช ุโฌููููุฐุง ูุฃุฎุฐูููู ูู ุคุณุณููุฉ ุฃุฎููุฑู ุฏุฎูููุช ุงูู ูุทูููุฉ ูููู ููููุช ู ูููุงุฒู ูุฐุงุช ุชุฃุซูููุฑ ู ูููุงุฒูโฌ โซูุญููุฑู ูู ููุงุน ู ูููุงุฒโช ุโฌู ุคุณุณููุฉ ุฃุฎููุฑู ูุงุณููุนุฉ ุงูู ููุฏู ุฏุฎูููุช ุงูุจููููุช ุจุณููุฑุนุฉ ูุงุฆูููุฉ ููุณููุฑโช ุโฌู ุคุณุณููุฉโฌ โซูููู ุงุฃูุฎููุฑู ูุฏููููุง ุชู ููููู ุถุฎููู ู ููู ู ุตููุฏุฑ ููููุฉ ูุคูููููุง ูุฅููุชููุงุฌ ุงูู ุณููุชุฏุงู โช ุโฌู ุคุณุณููุฉ ุชูุฏุฎูููโฌ โซุงูโุจูููุฌ ู ููุงูโ ุนูููู ููุจููู ูุบุฑูููุฉ ู ุนูุดููุชู ู ุซููู ุจุฑูุงู ููุฌ โช MBCโฌุงูโช franchiseโฌูุชุดููุนุฑ ุจุงูุณููุนุงุฏุฉ ุงูุนุงุฑู ููุฉโฌ โซุบูููุฑ ุงูุจุงูุธููุฉ ู ุคูุชูููุง ูุจููู ุฃู ุชููุฏุฑู ููููุฉ ุงูููู ููุฉ ูุงูุฌูููุฏุฉ ูู ููุง ูููุฏ ุงุณููุชูููุชู ูุชุดููุนุฑ ุจุนููุฏู ุงุงูุฑุชูููุงุญโฌ โซูุนุณููุฑ ุงููุถููู ูุฑุจู ููุง ุนููุฏู ุฌููุฏูู ุงูุญูููุงุฉโช.โฌโฌ
โซุชุตููููุฑโช :โฌูุงุทู ุฉ ูุฑุงุฌโฌ
โซู ููู ุดููุงู ุฅูููุฑุงู ู ู ููุง ุฃุฏู ุฅูููู ู ูุนููู ู ูุนููุง ุจุงุชููุงโฌ โซุฎููููุง ู ููู ุงูู ุณููุงุณ ุจุงูุนุงููููุงุช ุงูุฏุจููู ุงุณูููุฉโฌ โซุจูููู ุงูุฏููุชููููโช .โฌุซููู ุงูุฏูุนููุช ุซูููุฑุฉ ููููููู โช1952โฌโฌ โซุงูุชููู ุฃุทุงุญููุช ุจุงูู ูููููุฉ ูุฃุญูููุช ุงูุฌู ููุฑูููุฉโฌ โซูุชุญููุฏุซ ุฃุซููุฑุง ูุงุฆููุง ูููู ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุง ููููโฌ โซู ุตููุฑ ูุชุญููููุช ุงูุณููููู ุง ุงูููู ู ุณููุฑุญุง ุงููุชูููุงุฏโฌ โซุนููููุจ ุงูู ูููููุฉ ูุฅุธูููุงุฑ ุณูููุจูุงุช ุงูุญูููู ุงูุณููุงุจูโฌ โซูุงุฅูุดููุงุฏุฉ ุจุฃุญููุงู ุงูุซูููุฑุฉ ููุงุฆุฏูููุง ุงูุฑุงุญููู ุฌู ููุงูโฌ โซุนุจููุฏ ุงููุงุตููุฑ ูุฃูุชุฌููุช ุงูุณููููู ุง ุฃูููุงู ู ุซููู โุฑุฏโฌ โซููุจูููโ ูโุงุฃููููุฏู ุงููุงุนู ููุฉ โ ูโุงููุงุตููุฑ ุตููุงุญโฌ โซุงูุฏููููโ ุงูููุฐู ูููุฑู ุจุนููุถ ุงูููููุงุฏ ุฃูููู ุฌููุงุก ููุคูููุฏโฌ โซููููุฑุฉ ุงูุจุทููู ุงูู ูุชุธููุฑ ูุฅุณูููุงุทูุง ุนูููู ุดููุฎุตโฌ โซุนุจููุฏ ุงููุงุตููุฑโช .โฌูู ููู ุงูุญูููุงุฏุซ ุงูู ุซูููุฑุฉ ููุฌููุฏู ููููโฌ โซุฐูููู ุงูุนูููุฏ ู ูููุน ูููููู โุงููููู ู ุนูููุงโ ุงูููุฐู ูุงูููุดโฌ โซุชูููุฑุท ุนูุงุตููุฑ ู ููู ุงูุฌูููุด ูููู ุชูุฑูููุฏ ุงุฃูุณูููุญุฉโฌ โซุงููุงุณููุฏุฉ ุงูุชููู ุชุณููุจุจุช ูููู ูุฒูู ููุฉ ู ุตููุฑ ุนููุงู โฌ โซโช 1948โฌูููู ุญููุฑุจ ููุณููุทููโช .โฌููููุฏ ุชููู ู ูููุน ุงููููููู โฌ โซุฃููููู ูููู ูููุฑู ูุนุจููุฏ ุงููุงุตููุฑ ุงูููุฐู ุชุฎูููู ู ูููโฌ โซุชุดููููู ุตูููุฑุฉ ุงูุฌูููุด ุฃู ููุงู ุงูุดููุนุจ ูููููู ุงูู ุซูููุฑโฌ โซุฃูููู ุณููู ุญ ุจุนุฑุถููู ูููู ููููุช ุงูุญููู ูููููู ุจุนููุฏโฌ โซุฅุฒุงูููุฉ ุดููุฎุตูุฉ ุฃูู ุฑุฆูููุณ ููุฌู ููุฑูููุฉ โู ุญู ููุฏโฌ โซูุฌูููุจโ ู ููู ู ุดููุงูุฏ ุงููููููู โช.โฌโฌ
โซุฌูุฏุชูููโช .โฌูู ููุง ุฃู ุญุธููุฑ ุงุฃููููุงู ุงุงูุฌุชู ุงุนูููุฉโฌ โซูุฌุนููููุง ุฃูุซููุฑ ุชููุฏุงูุงู ุจูููู ุงููููุงุณ ูุฎุงุตููุฉ ููููโฌ โซุธููู ุณููุฑุนุฉ ุงูุชูุงุตููู ูุชุณููุฑูุจ ุงุฃูุนู ููุงู ููููโฌ โซููุชูููุง ุงูุญุงููููโช .โฌูู ููุง ุฃู ุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ูููู ู ุตููุฑโฌ โซุฎุงุตููุฉ ุชุนูููุฑ ุงูุชุจุงูููุง ุฅูููู ุงูุชุนุฏูููุงุช ุงูุณูุงุณูููุฉโฌ โซูู ูุงูุดููุฉ ุงูุฏูููู ูุงูู ุดููุงูุฏ ุงุฅูุจุงุญูููุฉ ููููโฌ โซุงุฃูุนู ููุงู ุงููููููุฉ ูููููููุง ุงู ุชุนูููุฑ ุงูุชุจุงูููุง ูุนูุงุตููุฑ ูููุฏโฌ โซุชููููู ุฃูุซููุฑ ุถููุฑุฑุง ุนูููู ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏ ู ุซููู ุงูุนููููโฌ โซูุชุนุงุทููู ุงูู ุฎููุฏ ุฑุงุชโช .โฌููููุฐุง ูุฌุนููููุง ุชุนู ููู ุญูููุงโฌ โซูุตุงูููุญ ุงูุฏููููุฉ ูุณูุงุณููุชูุง ูููููุณ ูุตุงูููุญ ุงูุณููููู ุงโฌ โซูุฑูุงุฏูููุงโช.โฌโฌ
โซุจุงูุทุจููุน ููุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุญููุงู ู ุซุงููููุฉ ููููููู ููููุณโฌ โซ โฌ โซูุถุนูููุง ุงูุญุงูููู ุจููุฃู ุญููุงู ู ููู ุงุฃูุญูููุงู โช .โฌูููููโฌ โซูุญููุงุฆูููุง ู ููู ุฌูููุงุช ุงูุณูููุทุฉ ูุงูุตุญุงูููุฉโฌ โซุงูู ูุณูุณููุฉ ูุงูู ุคุณุณููุงุช ุงูุฏูููููุฉ ุชู ููุงุฑุณ ูู ููุนโฌ โซุญุฑูููุงุช ุงุฃูุนู ููุงู ุงููููููุฉ ุงูุชููู ุชูุฐุฑูููู ุจุงูุฎุทููุฑโช.โฌโฌ โซูู ููู ูุนูููู ูุฑุจู ููุง ูููููู ู ูููุน ุจุนููุถ ุงุฃููููุงู ุงูุชูููโฌ โซุงู ุชู ููุณ ุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ ููููุณ ุฅุงู ุบุทููุงุก ูู ูููุน ุชูููู ุงูุชูููโฌ โซุชู ุณูููุงโช .โฌูุจุฐูููู ุฃุตุจููุญ ุฐูููู ุงูุณููุญุฑ ุงูููุฐู ุชูุฏู ูููโฌ โซุงูุดุงุดููุงุช ุณูููุนุฉ ุชุจููุงุน ูุชุดููุชุฑู ูุฃุฏุงุฉ ูููู ุฃูููุฏูโฌ โซุงูุณูุงุณููููู ูููู ุจุนููุถ ุงุฃูุญูููุงู ุชู ูููุฏ ุงูุทุฑููููโฌ โซููููู ูุชุนููุฏ ููููู ุงูุญุดูููุฏ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุงุฏูุงโช .โฌุงูููู ู ุชูููโฌ โซุซููู ุฑุญููู ุนุจููุฏ ุงููุงุตููุฑ ูุญููู ุนูููุฏ ุณูููุธู ุณูููุงุท ุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุฎุงููููุง ูุญุฑูููุฉ ุงูุชุนุจูููุฑุโฌ โซ โฌ โซุงูุณููุงุฏุงุช ุงูููุฐู ุฃุชููุงุญ ุจุนููุถ ุงูุญุฑูููุฉ ูุงุงูููุชููุงุญ ูุจุงูุฑุบููู ู ููู ููููููุง ูููู ุนุตููุฑ ุงูุญุฑูููุฉ ุงูุฒุงูููุชโฌ โซูุงูุทููููุช ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุง ูููู ุฅูุชููุงุฌ ุฃูููุงู ุชูุจููุฑุฒ ุฌูููุฏุงุช ุฐูููู ุงูุณูููุงุท ู ุณููุชู ุฑุฉ ุนูููู ูุญููู ู ููุงโช.โฌโฌ โซูู ููุน ูุธูููู ูุธููุงู ุนุจููุฏ ุงููุงุตููุฑ ูุชุธูููุฑ ุงูุญุฑูููุฉโฌ โซุงูู ุชุงุญููุฉ ูููู ุนูููุฏ ุงูุณููุงุฏุงุช ู ุซููู โุงููุฑููููโโฌ โซูโุฅุญูููุง ุจุชูููุน ุงุฃูุชูุจูููุณโโช .โฌูููููุงู ุนููุฏุฏุง ู ููู ุงุฃููููุงู โฌ โซุงูุชููู ู ูุนููุช ูููู ุนูููุฏ ุงูุณููุงุฏุงุช ุฃูุถููุง ููููููโฌ โซุฃุจุฑุฒูููุง ูููู ูููููู โุงูู ุฐูุจููููโ ุงูููุฐู ู ูููุน ููููโฌ โซูุงูุนููุฉ ูููู ุชุดูููุฏ ุงูุจููุงุฏ ู ุซูููุง ููููุงโช .โฌููููุฏ ูููุงู โฌ โซุงูุฑุฆูููุณ ุงูุฑุงุญููู ุฃููููุฑ ุงูุณููุงุฏุงุช ุจุชูุฏูููู ุดูููููโฌ โซูููู ุฑุฆูููุณ ููุฆููุฉ ุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงุฅูุฏุงุฑูููุฉ ูุงูุนุงู ูููููโฌ โซุจูููุง ูุณููู ุงุญูู ุจุนููุฑุถ ูููุฐุง ุงูุนู ููู ุงูููุฐู ุฑุฃูโฌ โซุงูุณููุงุฏุงุช ุฃูููู ุบูููุฑ ุฃุฎุงููููู ูููููู ุฃุณููุจุงุจ ู ูููุนโฌ โซุงููููููู ุงูู ุจูู ููุฉ ุญุชููู ุงุขูู ุชุซูููุฑ ุงูุดููููู ุญููููโฌ โซู ูุนููู ุฃููููู ููููุฏู ููููุฏ ููุณูุงุณููุงุช ุงููุงุณููุฏุฉ ููููโฌ โซู ุตููุฑ ู ููู ุฎููุงู ุชุดููุจูููุง ุจุงูุฌูููุณโช .โฌูููู ุนูููุฏโฌ โซู ุจููุงุฑู ุชุบูููุฑุช ุงูุฑุคูููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุงุฆูุฉ ูุชูุณููุนุชโฌ โซูุชุดููู ู ู ูุงูุดููุฉ ุฃุญูููุงู ุงูู ูุงุทููู ุงุงูุฌุชู ุงุนูููุฉโฌ โซูุงูุซูุงููููุฉ ูุงุงููุชุตุงุฏูููุฉ ูููููู ูููุฐุง ุงู ูู ูููุน ุธููููุฑโฌ โซุฃูููุงู ู ูุงุทุญููุฉ ููุณูููุทุฉ ุจุตูููุฑุฉ ู ุจุงุดููุฑุฉ ุฃูโฌ โซุบูููุฑ ู ุจุงุดููุฑุฉ ุฃุจุฑุฒูููุง ูููููู โุงูุจููุฑุฆโ ุงูููุฐู ุชููู โฌ โซุญุธููุฑู ุจุนููุฏ ุนุฑุถููู ุจุฃูููุงู ูู ููุง ุชููู ุญููุฐู ุจุนููุถโฌ โซุงูู ุดููุงูุฏ ุจููู ูุชุนุฏูููู ููุงูุชููู ุงูุชููู ูููู ูุชููู โฌ โซุนุฑุถูููุง ุฃุงู ุจุนููุฏ ุชุณููุนุฉ ุนุดููุฑ ุนุงู ููุงโช.โฌโฌ โซุฅู ุฃุซููุฑ ุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ูู ูุนูููุง ูุฃูุนู ููุงูโฌ โซ โฌ โซุงูุณููููู ุงุฆูุฉ ูุงุถููุญ ูููู ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุนุ ูุญุธููุฑ ูู ูููุนโฌ โซุงุฃููููุงู ุงูุณูุงุณูููุฉ ูุฌุนููู ู ููููุง ุฃููููููุงุช ูุฑู ูููุฒโฌ โซุซูุฑูููุฉ ุจุบููุถ ุงููุธููุฑ ุนููู ู ุญุชูุงูููุง ุงูููููู ุฃูโฌ
โซโชูงโฌโฌ
โซโชูฆโฌโฌ
โซุนููุงุด ุงู ููููู โช ...โฌโฌ โซ ู ุงุช ุงู ูููโฌ โซูุงุฏู ุฃู ุฑูโฌ
โซูู ููุฏุฉ ุชุฒูููุฏ ุนููู ุงููุตููู ูููุฑู ุธููู ูููู ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุง ุฃุญููุฏ ุฃูููู ุฃูุฌูููโฌ โซุงูุชุนุจูููุฑ ุนููู ุงูู ุฌุชู ุนููุงุช ุงูู ุฎุชููููุฉ ูููู ุงูุนุงูููู ุจูุฌููู ุนููุงู ุ ููููู ูุณูููุทโฌ โซุฃุถูููุงุกู ุนูููู ุญูููุงุฉ ุงููููุงุณ ููุถุงูููุง ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ูู ุดููุงูููโช .โฌููููุฏ ุฃุตุจููุญ ูููุฐุง ุงูููููโฌ โซุณููุญุฑุง ูุฐูููุจ ุงูุนููููู ุฎุงุตููุฉ ุจุนููุฏ ุงูุทููุงู ุซูููุฑุฉ ุงูุชูููููุฌูููุงุ ูุฃุตุจููุญ ู ูููโฌ โซุงูู ุณููุชุญูู ุฅููููุงุฑ ุงุฃูุซููุฑ ุงููุงุฆููู ููุณููููู ุง ุนูููู ุงูุนุงูููู ุฃุฌู ููุน ูููููู ูููู ุชุชููุฑูโฌ โซุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ ุฃุญููุฏ ุงุฃูุฏูุงุช ุงูู ุคุซููุฑุฉ ุนูููู ุงูุดููุนูุจ ูุดููุฃููุงุ ุญุงุดููุง ุฃู ุชุชููุฑูโฌ โซุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ ุฃุณููููุจุง ููุชุนุจูููุฑ ุนููู ุงูููุฑุฃู ูุงูุชุฃุซูููุฑ ูููู ุงูุฌู ููููุฑ ุฏูู ุงูุชุฏุฎูููโฌ โซูุชุญุฌู ููู ุฃู ูุชุณููุชุฎุฏู ู ูุฃุฏุงุฉ ุชูุนููุจ ุจูููุง ูุตุงูุญูููุง ุฃู ูุชูู ุนููู ุฃู ุฃูุณููุจุงุจโฌ โซุฃุฎููุฑู ุฑุจู ููุง ุงู ูุนูู ูููุงโช .โฌููููุฏ ูุฒู ููุช ุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ ู ุชู ุซูููุฉ ูููู ุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉโฌ โซุงููููููุฉ ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุง ู ูููุฐ ูุดููุฃุชูุง ุญุชููู ูุถูุฌูููุง ูุชู ุชูููุฆโฌ โซุชูููู ุงูุนุงููููุฉ ุงูู ุชูุชููุฑุฉ ุจูููู ุงูุทุฑููููู ุจุงูุนุฏูููุฏ ู ููู ุงูุตุฑุงุนููุงุชโฌ โซูุงูู ูุงูููู ุงูู ุซูููุฑุฉ ููุฌููุฏู ูุชููุงุฑุฉ ุชูุชุตููุฑ ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุงโฌ โซูุชููุงุฑุงุช ุชูุชุตููุฑ ุงูุณูุงุณููุฉโช .โฌุฅุฐู ููููู ุฃุซููุฑุช ุงูุณูุงุณููุฉโฌ โซุนูููู ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุง ูุชุทูุฑูููุง ูููููู ุชุคุซููุฑโฌ โซุนูููููุง ุญุชููู ููู ูููุง ูููุฐุง ูููู ู ุตููุฑ ุจูุฌูููโฌ โซุฎููุงุตุโฌ
โซุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ุฃู ุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงูู ุตููููุงุช ุงูุชููู ุชุญุชููุฑู ุญุฑูููุฉ ุงูุชุนุจูููุฑ ูุชุญูููุธ ุงูุนู ูููโฌ โซ โฌ โซุงููููููุฉ ุนูููู ูุญููู ุฃุฏู โ ูููู ู ุตููุฑ โช -โฌูููู ุงูููููู ูุงูุฏููููุฉ ู ููู ุฃู ุญููุฑุฌุโฌ โซุตูููุฑุฉ ููุตุงูููุฉ ุงูุฏููููุฉ ุนูููู ุงุฅููุชููุงุฌ ุงูุซูุงููููโฌ โซูุงู ุชุฏุฎููู ุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ ูุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ููููโฌ โซุจูุฌููู ุนููุงู ูุงูุณููููู ุงุฆู ุจูุฌููู ุฎููุงุตโช ุโฌูุถู ููุงู โฌ โซุญู ุงูููุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนููุฉ ุนูุงุตููุฑ ุฑุฆูุณูููุฉ ุงู ูุฌููุจ ุงูุฎูููู ุจูููุง ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุณููููู ุง ูุงุถุญููุง ู ูููุฐ ู ููุฏูููุง ููููโฌ โซุฃู ุงุงููุชููุฑุงุจ ู ููููุง ูููููโช :โฌุงุฃูู ููู ูุงููุธููุงู ุงูุนููุงู โช ุโฌู ุตููุฑ ููููุงู ูุฌููุจ ุนูููู ุงูุนู ููู ุงูููููู ุฃุงู ูู ููุณโฌ โซูุงูุฌุฑูู ููุฉโช ุโฌูุงูุฌูููุณโช ุโฌูุงูุฏูููู โช .โฌููููุฏ ุธูููุฑ ูุงููููู ุจุณูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฏููููุฉ ูุงู ุงูููุฆููุงุช ุงูุญุงูู ููุฉ ูุฃู ูุญุงูููุธโฌ โซุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ูููู ู ุตููุฑ ุจูุงู ููู ู ุงูู ุญููู ูููู ุนูููู ุตูููุฑุฉ ุฑุฌููู ุงูุดููุฑุทุฉ ุงูุดููุฑูู ูุฃุงู ูุฌุณููุฏโฌ โซุนููุงู โช 1947โฌุจุนููุฏ ุฅููุฑุงุฑ ุงููุงููููู ุงุฃูู ุฑููููู ูููู ุนููุงู ูุงูููุน ุงุฃูู ุงูููู ุงูุนุดูููุงุฆูุฉ ูุฃุงู ูุญุชูููู ุนูููู ุฃูููุงโฌ โซโช 1946โฌู ููุน ุงูุนูููู ุฃู ูุงู ุงูุฏููุชููุงู ูุงูุชููุง ุชู ุชููููุงู ู ููู ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏ ุงุฅูุจุงุญูููุฉ ุงูุชููู ุชุญุชู ููู ุงุฅูุซููุงุฑุฉโช.โฌโฌ โซูุธููู ู ุฎุชููููุฉ ููุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ูุจููู ุฐูููู ุงูุชุงุฑูููุฎโช .โฌูุจููุฏุฃ ุตููุฑุงุน ุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ โ ูุจููู ุชุดููุฑูุน ูุงููููู ุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉโฌ โซุจุงูุทุจููุน ููุฑูุงุจููุฉ ู ููู ู ูุธูููุฑ ุฅูุฌุงุจููู ููุงุฆููุฏโช โ ุโฌู ููุน ุงูุณููููู ุง ู ููุน ุธููููุฑ ูููููู โุงูุดููููโ ุฃููโฌ โซููููู ุชุถู ููู ุฌูููุฏุฉ ุงูู ูุชููุฌ ูุงูุนู ููู ุงูููููู ูููููู ู ุตููุฑู ุถููุฏ ุงูุณูููุทุฉ ุขูููุฐุงู ูุชููู ู ูุนูููโฌ โซูุชุญู ููู ุญููููู ุงูู ูููููุฉ ุงูููุฑูููุฉ ูู ููู ุจุนููุฏ ู ููู ุงูุนููุฑุถโช .โฌูุชูุงูููุช ุจุนุฏูููุง ุญูููุงุฏุซ ุนุฏูููุฏุฉโฌ โซุณูุงุณููู ููููู ุชุถู ููู ุนููุฏู ุชุณููุฑูุจ ุฃู ู ููู ู ู ุงุซูููุฉ ุฃูุบููุฑุงุถ ุณูุงุณูููุฉ ู ุฎุชููููุฉ ู ุซููู ูููููู โฌ โซุงูู ุนููู ููุงุช ุงูุณููุฑูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุตููุฉ ุจุงูุฏููููุฉ ู ููู ุฎููุงู โูููููู ุจูููุช ุงูุตุญููุฑุงุกโ ุงูููุฐู ุชููู ู ูุนููู ุฃูููููโฌ โซุฃู ู ููู ุงุฃูุนู ููุงู ุงููููููุฉโช .โฌูููููู ูููู ุงุญุชูุธููุช ูุธูููุฑ ุธูููู ูุณููุฑู ู ูููู ุงููููุฑุณ ููููุฏ ูุงูููุชโฌ โซุงูุฑูุงุจููุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ูููู ู ุตููุฑ ุจุชูููู ุงูุตูููุฑุฉ ุงูู ุซุงููููุฉ ุงูู ููููุฉ ููุฒูููุฉ ุฃุฎููุช ุงูู ูููู ูููุงุฑูู ู ุชุฒูุฌููุฉโฌ
โซุจุนููุฏ ุซูููุฑุฉ ุงูุฎุงู ููุณโฌ โซ โฌ โซุฃุฐูููุน ู ุณูุณููู ุฑุฃูููุช ุงููุฌููุงู ุฃููู ู ููุฑุฉ ุนููุงู โช1987โฌโฌ โซ โฌ โซูุงูุนุดููุฑูู ู ููู ููุงูููุฑ ุจููุฏุฃุชโฌ โซููููู ู ููููู ู ููู ุซููุงุซ ุฃุฌููุฒุงุกโช ุโฌููุนุชุจููุฑ ุฃุดูููุฑ ู ุณูุณูููโฌ โซุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงุฃููููุงู ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ููููโฌ โซุฏ ุฑุงู ููู ูููู ุชุงุฑูููุฎ ุงูุฏ ุฑุงู ููุง ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ูุฐูููู ูุนูููุฏ ููุตุชูููโฌ โซุงุงููููููุงุฑ ูุชูุฌููู ุฃูุซููุฑ ุงูู ู ุซูููููโฌ โซุงูุญููููููุฉ ูุงุญุชุฑุงููููุฉ ุงุฅูุฎููุฑุงุฌ ูุงูุชู ุซููููโช .โฌูุงู ุฅุฎููุฑุงุฌ ูุญููููโฌ โซุฅูููู ุงูุดุงุดููุฉ ุงูุตุบูููุฑุฉ ุฎููููุง ูโฌ โซุงูุนูู ููู ูุจุทููููุฉ ู ุญู ูููุฏ ุนุจููุฏ ุงูุนุฒูููุฒโช .โฌุชููุฏูุฑ ุฃุญุฏุงุซููู ุญููููโฌ โซู ููู ูุดููู ุงูุณููููู ุงโช ุโฌูุฃุตุจุญููุชโฌ โซุงูุฌุงุณูููุณ ุงูู ุตููุฑู ุฑูุนููุช ุนูููู ุณููููู ุงู ุงูุฌู ููุงู ุงูููุฐูโฌ โซุงูุฏ ุฑุงู ููุง ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุชูุชููุธ ุจุงูุนุฏูููุฏโฌ โซุจูุนููุซ ุฅูุณููุฑุงุฆูู ููุชุฌุณููุณ ูุตุงูููุญ ุงูู ุฎุงุจููุฑุงุช ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉโช.โฌโฌ โซู ููู ุงุฃูุนู ููุงู ูุฎุตูุตููุง ู ููููโฌ โซูููููู ู ููุน ุจุฏุงูููุฉ ุงูุชุณููุนููุงุช ุจููุฏุฃุช ุธุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุชโฌ โซุดูููุฑ ุฑู ุถููุงู ุจุนููุฏ ุฃู ุงูุญุตููุฑโฌ โซุงูุฑู ุถุงููููุฉ ูุงุดููุชูู ุงูุนุฏูููุฏ ู ููู ุงููููุงุณ ู ููู ุนููุฏุฏโฌ โซุนููุฑุถ ู ุนุธููู ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุจูููโช.โฌโฌ โซุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงูู ุฐุงุนููุฉ ุจูููุฐุง ุงูุดูููุฑ ุงููุฑูููู โช .โฌููููู ุฑู ุถููุงูโฌ โซูุงู ุฏุงุฆู ูุง ู ูุฃุจููุฏุง ู ุงููููุฏู ู ููู ุญุจูุฉโฌ โซุชุฑุชูููุน ูุณููุจุฉ ุงุงูุณููุชูุงูู ุงูุบุฐุงุฆูููโช ุโฌูุชุชุตููุงุฑุน ุงูุดููุฑูุงุชโฌ โซุงูู ุณูุณููู ุฃู ุงูุฑูุงูููุฉ ูููู ู ูุงูุดููุฉโฌ โซูุฌููุฐุจ ุฃูุจููุฑ ุนููุฏุฏ ู ููู ุงูู ุณููุชูููููโช .โฌูู ููู ููููุง ุชุฃุชูููโฌ โซูุถูููุฉ ุฃู ุงูุชูุนูููุฉ ุนููู ุฃุญููุฏุงุซโฌ โซุนููุฑูุถ ุงูู ู ูููููู ูุฃูุนู ููุงู ุงูุฏ ุฑุงู ูููุฉโช ุโฌุงูุชููู ุชู ููููโฌ โซุชููุฏูุฑ ุญูููููุงโช ุโฌููููุฏ ูุงูููุช ุชู ุชููุงุฒโฌ โซุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ู ูุงุจููู ุฅุดูููุงุฑ ู ูุชุฌุงุชูููุง ูู ููุง ูุดููุฌุน ุฃูุซููุฑโฌ โซุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ูุฏูู ููุง ู ุจุบุงูุชูููุง ููุดููุฑโฌ โซูููู ุฒูููุงุฏุฉ ุนููุฏุฏ ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏูู ูููู ุดูููุฑ ุฑู ุถููุงู ุฎุงุตููุฉโฌ โซุงูููููู ุงุฅููุณููุงููุฉ ูููู ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ู ุซูููโฌ โซุฃู ุณููุงุนุงุช ุงูุนู ููู ููููู ุฃูููู ูุงููููุงุณ ุชุชุฌู ููุน ููููโฌ โซู ุณูุณููู โููู ูููุงุช ูููููุณโ ูููููู ุงุขููโฌ โซุงูุจููููุช ุฃูุซููุฑ ูุงู ููุฌููุฏ ุฃู ุงู ูููู ุดูููุก ุณูููู ุงูุชููููุงุฒโช.โฌโฌ โซุฃุตุจุญููุช ุชูููู ุงูููููุงุท ุงู ุชูููู ุตุงูุนูููโฌ โซุงูุฏ ุฑุงู ููุงโช .โฌููููู ู ููุง ููู ูููู ุงุขูู ููููโฌ โซูู ููู ุซูููู ุฌููุงุกุช ุงุฃููููููุงุช ูุฌููุงุกุช ู ุนูููุงโฌ โซ โฌ โซุฃู ูุฑุจููุญ ุงูุนู ูููโช ุโฌููููู ุชุนููุฏ ูุตููุฉโฌ โซููููุฑุฉ ู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงูู ูุงูููู ุงูู ุถุญูููุฉ โ โชโsitcomsโฌโฌ โซุงูุนู ููู ูููู ุฃูู ูููุฉ ุฃุจุทููุงู ุงูู ุณูุณูููโฌ โซููููู ุนุจููุงุฑุฉ ุนููู ู ุณูุณููู ูุตูููุฑ ุงู ูุชุนููุฏู ุงูุซุงูุซููููโฌ โซูุดูููุฑุชูู โช .โฌููููู ู ููุง ูุฑูููุฏูู ู ุนุธููู โฌ โซุฏูููููุฉ ูููููุงู ุชุตููููุฑู ูููู ุฃู ุงูููู ููููููุฉ ุซุงุจุชููุฉโฌ โซุงูู ูุชุฌูููู ุงุขูู ูููู ุจุทูููุฉ ุฌู ููููุฉโฌ โซูุงูุจูููุช ุฃู ู ููููู ูุบุงูุจ ูุง ู ู ููุง ูููููู ุงูุญูููุงุฑ ู ุถุญูููุงโช.โฌโฌ โซูููููุง ูุงุณููุนุฉ ููุฌุฐุจูููุง ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏููโฌ โซุญุตููู โุชุงู ููุฑ ูุดูููููู โ ุนูููู ููููุจ ุงูู โโชโsitcomโฌโฌ โซูุนู ููููู ! ูู ู ููุง ุฒุงุฏ ุงุฃูู ููุฑ ุณูููุกุง ุธููููุฑโฌ โซู ุตููุฑู ูุงุฌููุญ ุนููุงู โช.2006โฌโฌ โซุฏูุฑ โุงูุจูุทุฌูููโ ุนูููู ุงูุดุงุดููุงุชโช .โฌุฐุงูโฌ โซุงูุดููุงุจ ุงูููุฐู ูุญู ููู ุณููุงุญ ุฃุจูููุถ ููุนูููุดโฌ โซุณูููุฉ โช 2008โฌูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุงูุชู ุดูุฏุช ุชุฌู ุนโฌ โซ โฌ โซูููู ุงูุญููุงุฑุฉโช .โฌูููู ุชูููู ุงูู ุดููููุฉ ููููโฌ โซุงุฃูุณููุฑุฉ ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุฌู ูุนูููุง ู ุฌููุฏุฏุง ุญูููู ุงูุชููููุงุฒโฌ โซุธููููุฑู ุนูููู ุงูุดุงุดููุฉโช ุโฌููููู ุนูุตููุฑ ููููโฌ โซูููููู ูููุฐู ุงูู ููุฑุฉ ูุชุดููุงูุฏ โููููุฑโ ุงูู ุณูุณูููโฌ โซู ุฌุชู ุนูููุง ูููููู ุงูู ุดููููุฉ ุชุจููููุฑุช ุญููู ููุงโฌ โซุงูุชุฑูููู ุงูู ุฏุจูููุฌ ุจุงูููุฌููุฉ ุงูุณูููุฑูุฉโช ุโฌุงูููุฐูโฌ โซุฃุตุจููุญ ุฐูููู โุงููุชููููโ ุจุทููุง ูุฃูุนู ููุงู ุงูุฏ ุฑุงู ูููุฉโฌ โซูุจุงูุฑุบููู ู ููู ุฃูููู ููููุณ ุฃูู ู ุณูุณููู ุชุฑููููโฌ โซูู ุซููู ููููุฏูุฉ ูุจุนููุถ ูุฆููุงุช ุงูุดููุนุจ! ูุจุฐููููโฌ โซู ุฏุจูููุฌ ูููุฐุงุน ุนูููู ุงููููููุงุช ุงูุนุฑุจูููุฉโช ุโฌููููุฏ ุชููู โฌ โซุตููุงุฑ ุงูุชููููุงุฒ ุนุจููุงุฑุฉ ุนููู ู ุฒูููุฌ ุนุฌูููุจ ูู ูููุฒุฒโฌ โซุนุฑุถููู ุจุนููุฏ ู ุณูุณููู โุณููููุงุช ุงูุถูููุงุนโ ู โุฅููููููโฌ โซู ููู ุงููุตูููุฑ ุงููุงุฑูููุฉ ูุงูุนุดูููุงุฆูุงุช ุงูู ุชุฏููููุฉโช.โฌโฌ โซุงููููุฑุฏโโช ุโฌุฅุงู ุฃูููู ุฃูู ู ููู ุญุตููู ุนูููู ุฌู ููููุฑโฌ โซู ุตููุฑู ูุจูููุฑโช .โฌูู ููุน ุธููููุฑ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงูุชุฑููููุฉโฌ โซุฃูู ุฃุญูููุงู ุงูุจููุงุฏ ุชุชุบูููุฑโช ุโฌูุชุบูููุฑ ู ููุง ูุนููุฑุถโฌ โซุนูููู ุงูุดุงุดููุงุช ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุธูููุฑุช ูุฎุงู ููุฉโฌ โซุนูููู ุงูุชููููุงุฒโช ุโฌูุงููููุงุฑู ุจูููู ุฃุฌููุฏุฏ ู ุณูุณูููโฌ โซุงุฃูู ุงูููู ูุฑูุงููููุฉ ุงูู ุนูุดููุฉ ุฃููู ู ููุฑุฉ ุนููููโฌ โซูููุฐุงุน ูุจูููู โูููุงุฑุจ ู ููู ุงุฃููููุงู โ ูููู ูู ุดูููุกโช.โฌโฌ โซุงูุดุงุดููุงุชโช .โฌูุฃุตุงุจููุช ุงูุฏูุดููุฉ ูุงูุฐููููู ููโฌ โซูุฐูููู ุทุจูุนููู ูุฃู ููุฑ ุญุชู ููู ููุชู ุงุดููู ู ููุนโฌ โซู ููู ุงููู ูุฑุงุก ูุฐูู ุงูุฏุฎููู ุงูู ุญููุฏูุฏ ููุงูููุชโฌ โซุชุบูููุฑ ุงุฃูุฒู ููุงู ูุงุฃูุญููุฏุงุซโช ุโฌูููููููุง ุฃุตุจุญูููุง ูุนุงููููโฌ โซุชูููู ูููู ุฃูู ู ููุฑุฉ ูุดูููุฏูุง ูููููุง ุชููููโฌ โซู ููู ููููุฑ ูููู ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงูููู ููุฉ ููู ููุฑโฌ โซุงูุญูููุงุฉ ุงูู ุฑููููุฉโช .โฌูุจุงูุทุจููุน ุฃุซููุฑ ุฐูููู ุนููููโฌ โซุนูููู ุนุดููุฑุงุช ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ููุฌููุฏ ู ุณูุณูููโฌ โซุงูุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูู ุญููููุฉ ููู ุณูุณููุงุช ููููุฏ ุชููุฑูโฌ โซูุณููุชุญู ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏุฉโช .โฌูุงุฅูุฎููุฑุงุฌ ุชุทูููุฑ ูุงูุชูููููุงุชโฌ โซุจุนููุฏ ุฐูููู ุงููุซูููุฑ ู ููู ุงูููููุงุช ูุงูุณูููุงุฑุงุชโฌ โซุชุญุฏุซููุช ูุงุฃูุฏุงุก ุงูุชู ุซููููู ุชุญุณููู ูููููู ู ููุง ุญููุงูโฌ โซุงููุงุฑูููุฉ ูููู ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ููููุฏโฌ โซุงูู ุญุชูููู ุงูู ููููุฏู ุ ุฑุจู ููุง ูููููู ุฐูููู ูููู ูุชูุฌููุฉโฌ โซูุงู ุฐูููู ูููููู ูุจููู ุธููููุฑ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุชโฌ โซุฒูููุงุฏุฉ ุนููุฏุฏ ุงูู ูุชุฌูููู ูุงูู ู ููููููโช .โฌููุฏูู ููุง ู ูุงูโฌ โซุงูุชุฑููููุฉโช .โฌุงูุฏูููููุฑุงุช ูุงูุณูููุงุฑุงุช ูููู ุชููููโฌ โซุงุชุญููุงุฏ ุงุฅูุฐุงุนููุฉ ูุงูุชูููุฒููููู ูููู ุงูู ูุชููุฌ ุงููุญูููุฏโชุโฌโฌ โซุงูุดูููุก ุงููุญูููุฏ ุงูููุฐู ุชุทุจุนููุช ุจูููโฌ โซููููุงู ูุชููู ุงุฎุชูููุงุฑ ุงูุนู ููู ุจุญููุฑุต ุดููุฏูุฏโช .โฌูุงู ูุงูุฒุงูโฌ โซุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุจููู ุฅู ุงูุชุทูููููโฌ โซุงูุชููููุงุฒ ูุนูููุณ ุญููุงู ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ุงูู ุตููุฑู ูู ููุง ูููุฏูุฑโฌ โซูููู ุงุฃูุญููุฏุงุซ ูุฒูููุงุฏุฉ ุนููุฏุฏ ุงูุญููููุงุชโฌ โซุจูููโช ุโฌููููู ุงูุฎุทููุฃ ุงุขูู ูููู ุงูุฏ ุฑุงู ููุง ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุฃู ููููโฌ โซูุงู ุฃู ููุฑุง ู ูุญูุธููุง ุฃูุถููุง ูโช.โฌโฌ โซุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ุงูู ุตููุฑู ุฐุงุชูููุโฌ
โซุงู ูุณูุณุงูุช ุงู ูุฑุตูุฉโฌ โซุงูุนููุฏโฌ โซุนุฑุจโฌ โซู ูู ูุงุฑููโฌ โซโูุง ุดููุงุจ ูุง ุตุบูุฑ ูุง ู ุงุดููู ุงูุณูุฉโฌ โซุงูุญุฒู ููู ุจูููู ุนููู ุงูุถุญูุฉโฌ โซุชุถูููโช ..โฌูุชุงููู ู ูุงูโช ..โฌูุช ูโฌ โซุถูโฌ โซูโฌ โซุนุทุดููุงู ูุญุชุฉ ุดู ุณโช ..โฌูุฏุนุฉ ุธูโฌ โซููุง ุดููู ุณ ูุงููู ุจุชุฒุฑุนู ุงุฃูุญุงูู โฌ โซุชุญุชู ููุฏโฌ โซูุงุฑุจ ู ู ุงุงููุงู !!โโฌ โซูุงูููุช ุชูููู ููู ููุงุช ุชุชููุฑ ุฃูู ู ุณูุณููู ู ุตููุฑู ููุนููุฑุถ ุนูููู ุดุงุดููุงุช ุงูุชููุฒููููู ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉ ุนููุงู โฌ โซ โฌ โซโช 1962โฌููุชุจูููุง ุงูุดููุงุนุฑ ุงูุนุธูููู ุนุจููุฏ ุงูุฑุญู ููู ุงุฃูุจููููุฏู ูู ุณูุณููู โูููุงุฑุจ ู ููู ุงุงููููุงู โโช .โฌุงูุนู ููู ู ูููโฌ โซุฅุฎููุฑุงุฌ ููููุฑ ุงูุฏู ููุฑุฏุงุด ูุชุฃููููู ุซููุฑูุช ุฃุจุงุธููุฉ ูู ููู ุจุทููููุฉ ุนุจููุฏ ุงููููู ุบูููุซโช ุโฌุชูููููู ุงูุฏูููู ูู ุฏูุญููุฉโฌ โซุณููุงูู โช .โฌุชููุฏูุฑ ูุตุชููู ุญูููู ุฃุญูููุงู ุงููุฑูููุฉ ูุนู ุฏุชูููุง ุงูู ูุชููุฏุฑ ุฐู ุงููููููุฐ ูุงูุณูููุทุฉ ุงูู ุชุญูููู ุงููุญูููุฏโฌ โซูููู ุฃูุงูููู ุงููุฑูููุฉโช ุโฌููู ููุงู ุงูุทุจููุงู ุงูููุฐู ูุนุงูููู ู ููู ุงูุชุฃุฎููุฑ ุงูุนููููู ุตุจุงุญ ูุง ู ููุชุญูููู ุฅูููู โูุชููููโโฌ โซุงููุฑูููุฉ ูุฒุนูููู ุนุตุงุจููุฉ ููููุงูโช .โฌุงููููู โูููุงุฑุจ ู ููู ุงุงููููุงู โ ูุฌููุงุญ ุณููุงุญู ูุณููุงุจูุฉ ุฃู ููุฑู ูููููุงู ุฅูููู ูุงูโฌ โซุณููุจุจ ูููู ุฒูููุงุฏุฉ ู ุจูุนููุงุช ุงูุชููููุงุฒ ูููู ู ุตููุฑ ูููู ุชูููู ุงูุญูุจููุฉ ููููุท ููุดููุงูุฏู ุงููููุงุณโช .โฌูุจุงูุทุจููุน ูููู โฌ โซุชุฎุชูููู ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ู ููู ุดุงุดููุฉ ุงูุชููููุงุฒ ู ูููุฐ ููุชูููุง ุฅูููู ููุชูููุง ุงูุญุงููููโช ุโฌุฃุชููุช ู ุณูุณููุงุช ุฃุฎููุฑู ููููโฌ โซุงูุณููุชูููุงุช ู ุซููู โุงูุถุญูููุฉ โชโุโ1964โฌุงูุฑุญูููู โช โ1965โฌูโุงุงูุจูููุงุจ ุงูู ุบููููุฉ โช โ1967โฌูุฃูู ุนููุฏุฏ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุชโฌ โซูุงู ูููููู ูุฏุงุฆู ููุง ู ู ููุง ูุงู ูุฑุตููุฏ ุฃูุซููุฑ ุงูู ุดููุงูุฏููโช.โฌโฌ โซู ููุน ุจุฏุงูููุฉ ุงูุซู ุงููููููุงุช ูุงู ูููุฏ ุชูุบููู ูููู ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุช ูููู ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ุงูู ุตููุฑู ูุชุญููููุชโฌ โซ โฌ โซุฅูููู ุนููุงุฏุฉ ุงู ุบูููู ุนููููุง ูุฎุตูุตููุง ู ู ููุน ุฒูููุงุฏุฉ ุงูู ู ุชูููููู ูุฌูููุงุฒ ุงูุชููููุงุฒ ูุฒูููุงุฏุฉ ุนููุฏุฏ ุงูู ุณูุณููุงุชโฌ โซุงูู ุนุฑูุถููุฉโช.โฌโฌ
โซุชุตููููุฑโช :โฌูุงุทู ุฉ ูุฑุงุฌโฌ
โซูุฑูููู ุนู ู ุงูุนุฏุฏ ุงูุฎุงุตโฌ โซุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุชุญุฑูุฑโฌ โซุฃุณููโฌ
โซู ุฏูููุฑุฉ ุงูุชุตููุฑ ุงูููุชูุบุฑุงููโฌ โซุณุงูู ุงูููุดุงููโฌ
โซู ุฏูุฑุชุง ุงูุชุญุฑูุฑโฌ โซููู ุทูโฌ โซูุงุณู ูู ุจููุฑุดโฌ
โซู ุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุจุดููุฑูุฉโฌ โซููุฑ ุฎุงูุฏโฌ
โซุงูู ุญุฑุฑููโฌ โซูุฏุง ูุจููโฌ โซู ูุณู ุนุงู โฌ โซู ููุฏ ุงูุทูุทุงููโฌ โซุงูู ูุณู ุงูู ุงููโฌ โซุฏููุง ุงูู ุบุฑุจูโฌ โซู ุณุชุดููุงุฑ ููุฆุฉ ุงูุชุฏุฑูุณโฌ โซุฑุงู ู ุนููโฌ
โซโช08โฌโฌ
โซโช 25โฌุนุงู ุง ู ู ู โช:MBCโฌโฌ โซโู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏูุฉโุงูููโฌ
โซู ุฏูุฑ ุงูุชู ูููโฌ โซุฃุฑุณุงูู ุณูููุชโฌ โซู ุณููุงุนุฏ ู ุฏูุฑ ุงูุชู ูููโฌ โซุฃุญู ุฏ ุงุณู ุงุนููโฌ
โซุญููู ุงููุดุฑโฌ
โซุฌู ูููุน ุงูุตูููุฑ ูุงูุฑุณูููู ุงุช ุงูุบูููุฑ ู ุฐููููุฑโฌ โซู ุตุฏุฑูููุง ุฅู ููุง ู ุณููุชุฎุฏู ุฉ ุจุชุตุฑูููุญ ู ูููโฌ โซุตุงุญุจูููุง ุฃู ู ุฑุฎุตููุฉ ูุงูุณููุชุฎุฏุงู ุงูุบูููุฑโฌ โซุงูุชุฌููุงุฑูโฌ
โซุชูู ููโฌ
โซู ุฏูุฑุชุง ุงูุชุณูููโฌ โซุฌูุฏุง ุดุนุงููโฌ โซูุดูู ุดุนุจุงูโฌ
โซโช AUC Timesโฌู ุฌูููุฉ ุทุงูุจูุฉโช .โฌุฃู ุขุฑุงุก ู ุฐููุฑุฉโฌ โซูููู ุงูู ุฌูุฉ ุชู ุซููู ุงููุงุชุจโช/โฌุงููุงุชุจุฉ ููุทโช ุโฌูุงูโฌ โซุชุนูููุณ ุขุฑุงุก ูุฑูููู ุงูุชุญุฑูุฑ ุฃู ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉโฌ โซุงุฃูู ุฑูููุฉ ุจุงููุงูุฑุฉโช.โฌโฌ
โซุฑุณูู ู ุตูุฑุฉโฌ โซู ุญู ุฏ ุดูุชูุชโฌ
โซโช10โฌโฌ
โซูู ุงุฐุง ูุดููุงูุฏ ู ุง ุงู ูุดุจููุงุโฌ
โซููู ููุฉ ุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุชุญุฑูุฑโฌ โซูุชุฎููุฐ ุงูุชุฑููููู ุฃุดูููุงู ุนููุฏุฉ ูู ุฎุชููููุฉ ููู ูููุงโช ุโฌูุฃูุซุฑูููุง ุชุฃุซูููุฑุงโช ุโฌููุณููููู ุทูููููุฉโช ุโฌูุงู ุงูุชููููุงุฒุ ูููุฐุง ุงุงูุฎุชููุฑุงุนโฌ โซ โฌ โซุงูููุฐู ุจููุงุช ุณูููุนุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูููุฉ ู ููู ุงูุถููุฑูุฑู ูู ููู ุงูุทุจูุนููู ุฃูุถููุง ุฃู ุชููููู ูู ุนุงุฆูููุฉโช ุโฌุจุบููุถ ุงููุธููุฑ ุนููู ุซูุงูุชูููุงโฌ โซูุญุงูุชูููุง ุงุงูุฌุชู ุงุนูููุฉโช ุโฌุจุงูุชูุงุฆูููุงโช .โฌููุณููุชููููู ููููุง ุฅุญููุฏู ูุตุงุฆููุญ ู ููุฏุฑุณ ุงูุชุงุฑูููุฎ ูููู ุจุงูู ุฏุฑุณููุฉ ุงูุซุงูููููุฉโช ุโฌุญูููุซ ูุงูโฌ โซูุญุฐุฑูููุง ู ูุฑุงุฑุง ูุชู ูุฑุงุฑุง ู ููู ุงุงูุนุชู ููุงุฏ ุนูููู ู ุตุฏุงููููุฉ ููุฒุงูููุฉ ุงูุจุฑุงู ููุฌ ุงูู ุชููููุฒุฉโช ุโฌุฃู ุฃู ูุณููุงุฆู ุฃุฎููุฑู ูููููู ุงูู ุนููุฑูุถโฌ โซููุจููุซโช ุโฌูุงูุชููู ุชุญููุงูู ูุตููู ุญูุงุฆููู ุชุงุฑูุฎูููุฉโช ุโฌุฃูู ุนููุงุฏุฉ ู ููุง ูููููู ุงูู ุฎููุฒู ู ููู ูุฑุงุฆูููู ุชุฌููุงุฑู ุฃู ุชุฑููููููโช .โฌูุฅูโฌ โซูููู ููููู ูุงุฏุฑูููู ุนูููู ุงุชุฎููุงุฐ ู ููู ุงูุชููููุงุฒ ู ุตููุฏ ุฑุง ูุงุญููุฏุง ุฃู ุญุชููู ุฏูููููุง ููู ุนุฑูููุฉ ูุงูุญูููููุฉโช ุโฌุฅุงู ุฃููููุง ูููุงุฏุฑูู ุนููููโฌ โซุฃู ูุญูููู ู ููู ุฎููุงู ูููุฐุง ุงูุชููููุงุฒโช ุโฌุงูููุฐู ูููู ู ููุฑุขุฉ ุงูู ุฌุชู ููุนโช ุโฌุงูู ุฌุชู ููุน ุจุนูููููโช ุโฌูุนุงููููุงุช ุงููููููโช ุโฌูุบูููุฑู ุงููุซูููุฑโช.โฌโฌ โซูููู ุฃูู ุนููุฏุฏ ุฎููุงุต ููููุฐุง ุงูุชููุฑู โช ุโฌูุญุชูููู ุจุงูููููู ุงูุนุงูู ููู ููุชููููุงุฒ ุนูููู ุทุฑููุชูููุง ุงูุฎุงุตููุฉ ู ููุฑููููโฌ โซ โฌ โซุจุชู ุนููู ูุณููุฃููู ูู ุญูููููู ูู ููููููู ููููุฐู ุงูุธุงูููุฑุฉโช ุโฌููุญููุงูู ู ููู ุฎููุงู ุฐูููู ุฃู ูุณููุชุนุฑุถ ููุญููุฏุฏ ุชุจุนููุงุช ุงูุชุฑูููููโชุโฌโฌ โซูุตูููุฑ ุงุฃูู ููุฏ ู ููููุง ูุงูุจุนูููุฏโช :โฌูููู ุงููููุฏู ู ููู ุงูุชุฑููููู ู ุฌููุฑุฏ ุงููููููโช ุโฌุฃู ุฃู ุตูุงุนููุฉ ุงูุชุฑููููู ูุทุฑููููุฉ ุฅููุงุฆููู ุชุณูููุทโฌ โซุงูุถูููุก ุนูููู ุฃุจุนููุงุฏ ูุฃูู ููุงุท ูุฃูููุฏุงู ุณูุงุณูููุฉโช ุโฌุฃู ุงุฌุชู ุงุนูููุฉโช ุโฌุฃู ุงูุชุตุงุฏูููุฉุ ูููู ุชุนุชุจููุฑ ุญููููุฉ ุญู ุงูููู ุงูุชููู ุฃููู ููุชโฌ โซู ูููุฐ ุฃุณููุจูุนูู ุฃู ุฃูุซููุฑโช ุโฌุจู ุซุงุจููุฉ ุงูุณููุจูู ูููููู ูุงูู ููุฑุญ ูุฅุชุงุญููุฉ ุงููุฑุตููุฉ ูุชูู ูููุฉ ูููุฏุฑุฉ ุงูุทููุงุจ ุนููู ุชูุธูููู ุงูุญูููุงุชโชุโฌโฌ โซุฃู ุฃููููุงโช โฌุชูุดููู ุนููู ูู ููุท ุดููุจุงุจู ุญุงูููู ุบูููุฑ ู ูุชููุฑุซ ุจุงูุณูุงุณููุฉ ูุบูููุฑ ุนููุงุจุก ุจุนุจููุซ ุงูุฏููููุฉ ุงูู ุตุฑูููุฉุ ุจููู ูุงุฃููุซููุฑโฌ โซู ููู ุฐููููโช ุโฌูููู ูููุฏ ุชูุดููู ููููุง ุนููู ุณูุงุณููุฉ ู ุคุณุณูููุฉ ููุฌุงู ุนููุฉ ุชุดููุฌุน ูุชูุถููู ู ููู ุฎุงูููููุง ุงููุดููุงุทุงุช ุงูุทุงูุจูููุฉโฌ โซุงูุชุฑููููููุฉ ุบูููุฑ ุงููุงุฏูููุฉ ุณูุงุณูููุงโช ุโฌุนูููู ุญุณููุงุจ ุงูุญููุฑุงู ุงูุทุงูุจููู ุงูุณูุงุณูููุโฌ โซูููุฐู ูููู ุทุจูุนููุฉ ุงุฃูุณููุฆูุฉ ุงูุชููู ูุญููุงูู ุฅูุฌููุงุฏ ุฅุฌุงุจููุงุช ููููุงโช ุโฌููููุฆููุง ูู ููู ูุฌููุฏ ุงูุญูููููโช ุโฌููููุฆููุง ูู ูููโฌ โซ โฌ โซูููููู ุงูููููุฑ ููุนูููุฏ ุชููููููู ุนูููู ุฃุณููุณ ุฃูุถูููโช.โฌโฌ
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