KEY TAKEAWAYS •
The common ancestors of mankind also gave rise to gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees.
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Chimpanzees and bonobos come from the same genus and are our closest extant relatives.
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The first of the Homo genus was Homo habilis, who first used primitive stone tools.
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Homo sapiens probably evolved from Homo heidelbergensis or Heidelberg man.
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There is evidence of early human inbreeding with Denisovans and Neanderthals.
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The migration out of Africa probably happened more than once to give rise to dead-end species, such as the Neanderthals and Denisovans.
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The last human migration out of Africa happened about 55,000 years ago to give rise to all non-Africans in the world.
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The Toba Catastrophe killed much of the human population and redirected our gene pool.
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