0"
Intercondylat
Superior arti
Lateral condy
2"
BOUNDARY
1"
Apex of head
Articular fac
Head
A promoter for limitless possibilities
Fibular artic
Neck
Medial condyl 3"
Tibia
4"
Fibula
Transtibial a
Thoughts on Dur-O-Tone paper from the think on paper series from the French Paper Co.
5"
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A promoter for limitless possibilities
COPYRIGHT Š2012 Aurora Steen All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without permission of copy right holder.
Dedicated to Oscar Pistorius. He is a story, a destiny and a wonderful life lesson.
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DUR-O-TONE Was designed to overcome the limitations you meet when you make things, and put the time in to make things right. Fonts, words, colors and images are the choices that define your design. The choices that make the difference between done and done well, between good and great. Dur-O-Tone is the paper of choice when faced with these challenges. A high performance paper that meets the needs of any contemporary printing projects with quality, reliability and durability.
The paper comes in a diverse assortment of colors and weights that are acid and chlorine free. It is 100% recycled and 30% post-consumer, and delivers the consistent results that can pull its own weight thru both inkjet and laser printers, as well as high-speed copiers.
pages»08–09 Introduction Dur-O-Tone & French Paper Co.
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FRENCH PAPER has manufactured paper for more than 140 years in Niles, Michigan. Remaining as one of the last, small, independent mills in America, French Paper has learned to take direction from customers, not corporate consultants. French’s iconic paper brands have made a big impact on the design community while the impact on the environment has remained surprisingly small. French avoids petroleum products in the manufacturing of their papers, instead they generates their own clean, renewable energy with hydroelectric generators that were installed on-site in 1922. French has saved over one million barrels of fossil fuel and was one of the first pioneers of recycled paper, that includes 100% post-consumer and FSC® certified sheets. Continuing to innovate, French Paper Company is the first mill to go beyond pulp, providing not only distinctive papers, but the equally amazing images to use on them. By offering the world's most extensive and highly regarded free digital design resource, French has created a powerful new means to enhance the work of creative people everywhere.
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pages»10–11 Introduction Running Prosthetics
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RUNNING PROSTHETICS When met with an adversity that will change your life forever, the challenge is how you embrace it. Either you give up and limit yourself from living a normal life, or you rise above your adversities and become stronger for it. Loosing a limb is like loosing a loved one, suddenly a part of you is gone and there are no possibilities that your life will fully go back to normal. Not only will basic body movements be a challenge, but activities like running and jumping will for many people be a lost cause. Prosthetics like the Flex-Foot Cheetah blade has made it possible for amputee athletes around the world to compete at a professional level. Among them are the South African runner Oscar Pistorius, who changed the sport, when he competed against the able-bodied runners under the 2012 Olympics in London. He is a pioneer of modern sports, and the master of not only the possible, but the seemingly impossible.
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The loss of a friend is like that of a limb. Time may heal the anguish of the wound, but the loss canno »Robert Southey, English poet
pages»12–13 Amputation Quote
ot be repaired”
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EXTREMITY REMOVAL AMPUTATION IS THE SURGICAL REMOVAL OF ALL OR PART OF A LIMB OR EXTREMITY LIKE AN ARM, LEG, FOOT, HAND, TOE, OR FINGER. TRANSFEMORAL OR TRANSTIBIAL AMPUTATION OF THE LEG ARE THE MOST COMMON AMPUTATION SURGERIES.
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DESCRIPTION Amputations can be either planned or emergency procedures. There are many reasons an amputation may be necessary. The most common reasons are lacking circulation because of damage or narrowing of the arteries called peripheral arterial disease. Without adequate blood flow, the body’s cells cannot get the right amount of oxygen and nutrients they need from the bloodstream. The affected tissue begins to die and infection may set in.
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PREPARATION Before an amputation can be performed, there has to be extensive testing done to determine the proper level of the amputation. The goal of the surgeon is to find the place where healing is most likely to be complete, while allowing the maximum amount of the limb to remain for valid rehabilitation. The greater the blood flow through an area, the more likely healing is to occur. There are various tests that can be done to measure the blood flow through the limb. Several or all of them can be done to help choose the proper level of amputation. No single test is predictive of healing, but taken together, the results can give the surgeon an idea of the best place for him to amputate.
BLOOD FLOW TESTS Blood pressure measurement
PROCEDURE An amputation usually requires a hospital stay of five to 14 days or more, depending on the surgery and complications. The procedure itself may vary, depending on the limb or extremity being amputated and the patient’s general health. Amputation may be done under general anaesthesia (meaning the patient is asleep) or with spinal anaesthesia, which will numb the body from the waist down. When performing an amputation, the surgeon removes all damaged tissue while leaving as much healthy tissue as possible. Details of the operation vary slightly depending on what part to be removed. The goal of all amputations is twofold: to remove diseased tissue so that the wound will heal cleanly, and to construct a stump that will allow the attachment of prosthesis. To determine where to cut and how much tissue to remove, the surgeon checks for a pulse close to where he is planning to cut. Then he compares the skin temperature of the affected limb with the ones of the healthy limb, while also looking for areas of reddened skin. Finally he will check to see if the skin close to the area where he is planning to cut still is sensitive to touch. During the procedure itself, the surgeon will make an incision around the part that will be amputated. The diseased tissue and any crushed bone is removed, and the uneven areas of bone is smoothed. A flap is constructed of muscle, connective tissue, and skin to cover the raw end of the bone. The flap is closed over the bone with sutures that remain in place for about one month. Often, a rigid dressing or cast is applied that stays in place for about two weeks.
The surgeon may choose to close the wound right away by sewing the skin flaps (closed amputation). Or he may leave the site open for several days in case he will need to remove additional tissue. The surgical team then places a sterile dressing on the wound and may place a stocking over the stump to hold drainage tubes or bandages. The doctor may place the limb in traction (device holding it in position) or a splint.
Xenon 133 studies» blood flow measurement with radiopharmaceuticals Oxygen pressure under the skin measurement Laser Doppler» measurement of the microcirculation of the skin Skin perfusion with blood pressure cuff pages»14–15
Skin fluorescent studies Infrared measurement of skin temperature
Amputation Description|Preparation|Procedure
MUX-PC Ex: 1 FEMUR LAT Se: 5/4 Im: 1/1 FEMUR Mag: 0.3x
0"
Intercondylat eminence
Superior articular surface
Lateral condyle 1"
Apex of head
Articular facet
Head 2"
Fibular articular facet
Neck
Medial condyle
3"
Tibia Fibula
4"
Transtibial amputation
5"
6"
7" Picture ÂťX-Ray of human febula
8" C2048 W4096
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Diagram »Bone structure of the human leg
Femur
01
02
COMMON LEVELS OF LOWER LIMB AMPUTATIONS
Tibia Fibula 03
01»transfemoral
Amputation that occurs through the femur is called a transfemoral or above knee (AK) amputation. Transfemoral amputees can have a difficult time regaining normal movement because of complexities associated with the knee. In general, a transfemoral amputee must use approximately 80% more energy to walk than person with two whole legs.
02»knee disarticulation
pages»16–17
Amputation that occurs between bones rather than cutting through the bone is a knee disarticulation. After this amputation, the residual limb can in general tolerate some end weight bearing and contribute a long mechanical lever that is controlled by strong muscles. People retain a full-length femur, and the thigh muscles tend to be stronger because they are released at the end, rather than cut at mid-muscle.
03» transtibial
Calcaneus
Amputation Risks|Recovery
Amputation that occurs through the tibia and fibula is a transtibial or below knee (BK) amputation. Transtibial amputees are usually able to regain normal movement more than someone with a transfemoral amputation, due in large part to retaining the knee, which allows for easier leg movement.
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RISKS Amputation is major surgery. All the risks associated with the administration of anesthesia exist, along with the possibility of heavy blood loss and the development of blood clots. Infection is of concern to amputees. Infection rates in amputations average 15%. In cases where the stump becomes infected, it is crucial to remove the prosthesis and sometimes amputate a second time at a higher level. Failure of the stump to heal is another major complication. Nonhealing is usually due to an inadequate blood supply. Rate of nonhealing varies from 5-30% depending on the facility. Centres that specialize in amputation usually have the lowest rates of complication with the surgery. Persistent stump pain or pain in phantom limb is experienced by most amputees to some degree. Treatment of phantom limb pain is difficult. Numerous amputees give up on rehabilitation process and discard their prosthesis. Better fitting prosthetics and earlier rehabilitation have decreased the incidence of this problem. Researchers and prosthetic manufacturers continue to refine the materials and methods used to improve the comfort and function of the prosthetic devices for amputees. A study in 2004 called the bone bridge amputation technique, helped improve the comfort and stability for transtibial amputees.
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RECOVERY Recovery from an amputation depends on the type procedure and anesthesia that's used under the operation. In the hospital, the staff changes the dressings on the wound or teaches the patient to change them. The doctor monitors wound healing and any conditions that might interfere with healing, such as diabetes or hardening of the arteries. The doctor prescribes medications to ease the pain and to help prevent any infection that may occur. If the patient has problems with phantom pain (a sense of pain in the amputated limb) or grief over the lost limb, the doctor will prescribe medication and/or counseling, as necessary. Physical therapy, beginning with gentle, stretching exercises, that often begins soon after surgery. Practice with the artificial limb may begin as soon as 10–14 days after surgery. Ideally, the wound should fully heal in about four to eight weeks. But physical and emotional adjustment to losing a limb can be a long process. Recovery and rehabilitation will include: Exercises to improve muscle strength and control. Activities to help restore ability to pull of daily activities and promote independence. Use artificial limbs and assistive devices. Emotional support, including counseling, to help with grief over limb loss and shaping to the new body image.
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a
d
b
e
f
pages»18–19 Amputation Stump pains
g
c
a_ Painful aggressive bone edge in a patient who had undergone below-knee amputation for trauma. Anteroposterior radiograph obtained during weight-bearing shows an abnormal edge of the end of the tibia.
b_ Aggressive bone edge in a patient with pain and disability who had undergone below-knee amputation for trauma. Lateral radiograph obtained 1 year after surgery shows the edge of the end of the tibia. On a lateral radiograph obtained during weight-bearing 5 years after surgery, the end of the tibia is blunted.
c_ Aggressive bone edge in a patient with pain and disability who had undergone below-knee amputation for trauma. Lateral radiograph obtained 1 year after surgery shows the edge of the end of the tibia. On a lateral radiograph obtained during weight-bearing 5 years after surgery, the end of the tibia is blunted.
d_ Heterotopic ossification in a patient with pain and disability who had undergone below-knee amputation for trauma. Anteroposterior radiograph shows a spikelike heterotopic ossification at the end of the fibula. Lateral radiograph obtained during weight-bearing shows a fibular, spikelike heterotopic ossification in the soft tissues of the stump.
e_ Heterotopic ossification in a patient with pain and disability who had undergone below-knee amputation for trauma. Anteroposterior radiograph shows a spikelike heterotopic ossification at the end of the fibula. Lateral radiograph obtained during weight-bearing shows a fibular, spikelike heterotopic ossification in the soft tissues of the stump.
f_ Peroneal neuroma in a patient who had undergone below-knee amputation and presented with lateral stump pain. Anteroposterior radiograph does not show any abnormality. Axial T1-weighted MR image shows a low-signal-intensity nodular lesion in the lateral portion of the stump. Coronal T1-weighted MR image shows a low-signal-intensity nodular lesion in contact with the end of the fibula. Coronal contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted MR image shows the nodular lesion with increased signal intensity associated with soft-tissue inflammation. Intraoperative photograph depicts the neuroma in the distribution of the peroneal nerve.
Diagnosis of the various causes of stump pain is difficult because clinical manifestations are often nonspecific. Little data regarding imaging for stump pain have been published in the radiology literature, and most of these data deal with neuroma.
However, radiologic evaluation has proved to be helpful in many cases combined with physical examination. These evaluations can early help determine the cause of pain and disability in a patient that have undergone lower limb amputation, and help limit the psychologic and the socioeconomic difficulties linked with this condition.
g_ Bursitis of the lower end of the stump in a patient with pain and inflammation who had undergone below-knee amputation. Lateral radiograph shows a soft-tissue area of increased opacity in the distal part of the stump. Coronal T1-weighted MR image demonstrates low signal intensity in the soft tissues of the lower end of the stump. On a coronal T2-weighted MR image, the soft tissues of the lower end of the stump demonstrate a high signal intensity similar to that of fluid. Axial contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted MR image shows a fluid collection in the lower end of the stump.
Picture a-f ÂťX-Ray of below knee amputation stumps
LOWER LIMB STUMP PAINS
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pages»20–21 Flex-Foot Cheetah Quote
Anything you can think of, you can create »Van Phillips, Flex-Foot Cheetah inventor
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FLEX-FOOT CHEETAH FLEX-FOOT CHEETAH IS A CUSTOM-BUILT, CARBON FIBER FOOT THAT IS DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR SPORTS. IT IS THE IDEAL SPRINTING BLADE FOR TRANSTIBIAL AND TRANSFEMORAL AMPUTEES. IT ATTACHES POSTERIOR TO THE SOCKET, MAKING IT AGILE, STRONG AND A PROVEN PERFORMER FOR THE PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES AROUND THE WORLD.
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BACKGROUND Van Phillips is the inventor of the Flex-Foot Cheetah blade. He turned his own tragic moment into a revolutionary business that has improved the quality of life for thousands of people who have lost limbs from accidents, birth defects, or diseases. It took him years of effort to turn his idea into reality. Amputee athletes around the world are setting near-Olympic records with the Flex-Foot Cheetah. As a boy, Phillips believed that anything was possible—and he still does. The key he sais, is to be imaginative and persistent and to find support for your vision. As a child he was interested in making things faster, lighter, easier, and better. Although his father sometimes challenged or tried to dissuade him, his parents generally gave him freedom to explore his ideas. Despite his creativity and enthusiasm for making things, Phillips didn’t plan to be a professional inventor. He was interested in a career in broadcasting, thinking he would work in television advertising. He was in his third year of a broadcasting program at Arizona State University in 1976 when an accident changed his life: a motorboat ran into him as he was water-skiing, and its propeller cut his left leg off below the knee. The surgery after the accident was antiquated and left him in pain for years. He was back in school just a week later, learning to get around on crutches.
pages»22–23 Flex-Foot Cheetah Background
The first prosthesis he was given was a clumsy one made of wood and foam rubber, and it left him feeling constrained and frustrated. In the hospital, someone had assured him he’d be able to run again someday, and Phillips, who had always been active and athletic was determined to make it happen. He continued at Arizona State for another year, and then went to San Francisco for a summer job. While practicing tae kwon do, he began to envision a better kind of prosthesis, one that would have the resilience he needed to be able to jump up and rebound, not just land with the thud of his wooden leg. Phillips knew he needed special training to realize his idea, so he enrolled in one of one of the best programs in the country for prosthetic design, at Northwestern University. There, Professor John Michaels and Dudley Childress, who was connected with the Northwestern Rehabilitation Center, inspired him and supported his efforts. After graduation in 1981, he went to work at the Center for Biomedical Design at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. Phillips’s work there concerned sockets, linings, and attachments of prostheses, on his own, he explored materials and designs for a leg that would enable him to run and jump again. He always loved the outdoors, and it was in natural world that he sought ideas. Ideas came to him when he found stillness and quiet in the woods and natural environment. Being in a receptive state, in nature or at home listening to music, is an important part of the inventive process. In that state, ideas emerge and can be developed in one’s mind. Ultimately, it was the cheetah, nature’s fastest runner, that Phillips took as his model. He studied the structure of the cheetah’s hind leg, with its long tendon extending in a C-shape from the hip to foot.
Once he had the concept, he searched for materials that would meet his requirements of energy return, durability, strength, and lightness. He compared the characteristics of many materials, including fiberglass, rubber, plastic, and carbon graphite. In every respect, carbon graphite, a carbon-fiber composite used in the aerospace industry, proved superior. His next step was to create a model. He began with a flat-footed design, trying it out himself at his weekly tennis lesson. Each time, the foot would break partway though his game. After he’d made and broken about ten carbon-fiber feet, an acquaintance introduced Phillips to Dale Abildskov, a specialist with Fiber Science, an aerospace materials company. Abildskov was immediately interested in the project and his boss at Fiber Science, Bob Barisford, was supportive. Within a week, Abildskov helped him reengineer a full-length, flexible carbon-graphite prosthesis. With a longer design, the whole prosthesis was working for energy. Two weeks later, Phillips tested it by running down a hallway while his partners watched.
“Early on, I looked at the designs in nature that would allow me to do what my body had once done. I knew I wasn’t going to create joints or bones or muscles, but there had to be a way to create that kind of elastic stretch or spring energy.” From that point, Phillips used about two years in his basement laboratory to refine and perfect it. His goal with Flex-Foot was to design a leg good enough to run on, a foot so natural in feeling that he would be able to forget he was wearing it. He built and tested between 200 and 300 feet, breaking most of them. Each one took a week to build. After repeated tests and failures, Phillips would change the design or vary the materials and try again. The experience was often risky. Phillips did all the testing himself, nearly getting injured many times when a bolt broke or the leg collapsed. Phillips did not work all alone. He founded Flex-Foot as a company in 1983 with Abildskov, Barisford, and Walt Jones. Later, Bob Fosberg, who had an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, joined them. Fosberg had been working with a pharmaceutical company when he saw a videotape of the first Flex-Foot in action, worn by an Arizona runner. Comparing it to other prostheses at a Miami exposition, he immediately recognized FlexFoot’s potential. In 2000, Phillips sold the Flex-Foot to the Icelandic company Össur.
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MIMICKING
The Flex-Foot Cheetah blade works by the reaction of the anatomical foot and ankle joint to allow amputees to run quickly and naturally. The foot is J-shaped and resemble the hindquarter of a cheetah, acting like a spring and shock absorber combined. During the time that the blade is compressed on impact, energy is stored and stress absorbed within it—otherwise it would be transferred directly to the user's knee, hip and lower back—before being released into the ground to propel the user forward.
“When the animal lands on the ground at 50 miles per hour, that long tendon is being stretched like a catapult. It’s the long tendinous fibers that propel the animal forward.” The exceptional speed of the Cheetah is caused by a number of things including having strong powerful hind legs, and an incredibly flexible and muscular spine which allows the Cheetah to not only sprint quickly, but also makes them very agile. They also have non retractable claws which dig into the ground, giving it better grip at high speed.
50 mph
pages»24–25
Flex-Foot Cheetah Inspiration
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
ANATOMY OF THE CHEETAH HIND LEG
Metatarsus
Phalanges
The cheetah walks on its toes (phalanges) on all feet. Metatarsus bones are longer versions of our foot bones. Making the wrist and ankle joints higher off the ground. The back leg is very similar to our own, try going on your tiptoe and that's exactly what the cat is doing. The difference is the pelvis which is almost horizontal rather than a vertical shape.
Diagram ÂťBone structure of the cheetah hind leg
The front leg is similar to the human arms, the difference is the shoulder blade, that is hanging on the side of the ribs. This makes the cheetah narrow across the shoulder. An important feature is the ulna and radius bones. The radius bone can rotate round ulna allowing the wrist to twist. As the bones rotate, the arm/leg shape changes both in profile and in musculature. It also makes up the wrist and affects the paw position. The cheetah is built to run, so it has the least flexible wrist in the cat family.
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Truly Active Heel/Carbon X Studies» Perception of walking difficulty of below-knee amputees using a conventional prosthetic foot versus the Fl
types of prosthetic feet. Mathur GB, Nielsen DH, Shurr DG//Aplicacion clinica de la respuesta cinetica y del analisis de la confortabilidad dur
MAG, Viladomat MA, Huerta MJC//Below-knee child amputee gait: dynamics of an energy storing prosthesis. Hart TJ, Schneider K, Zernicke RF Simu
Alderink//Influence of prosthetic fo
Jacquelin Perry, MD , Edmond Ayyappa T. J. Hart, Y. Setoguchi. Zernicke,
transtibial amputation versus nonpathological gait. Hsu M, Nielsen DH, Yack HJ, Shurr DG. University of IOWA//Physiological measurements of wa
Yack PhD, PT, Donald G. Shurr Ma,PT, CPO//Physiological measurements of gait during walking and running in transtibal amputees with conventiona
Below-knee amputee gait in stair ambulation. Leslie Toburn MS, PT, Gregory P. Schweiger MD, Jaquelin Perry MD, Christopher M. Powers MS, PT//T
Donald G. Shurr MA, CPO, Kenneth G, Meier CPO, Rex Clark MPT, Janelle Kerns MPT, Michele Moreno MPT, Beth Ryan MPT//Below-Knee Amputee Gait St
Comparison of Active Persons with Transtibial Amputation Using Static and Dynamic Prosthesis versus Persons with the Nonpathological Gait during Multiple-Speed
Walking. Miao-Ju Hsu,MA,PT, David H. Nielsen, PhD.PT, John Yack PhD, PT,
Donald D. Shurr, MA,PT, CPO, Suh-Jen Lin//Gait Comparisons for Below-Knee Amputees Using a Flex-Foot Versus a Conventional Prosthetic Foot. Pa Shurr MA, PT, CPO, Kenneth G, Meier Full Keel Length Studies» Gait assessment of a below-knee amputee during ambulation with multiple types of
Physical Therapie Program, The University of IOWA City//Biomechanical Analysi comparisons during multiple speed walking of physically active persons with transtibial amputation versus nonpathological gait. Hsu M, Nielsen MacFarlane PhD, David H. Nielson PhD, PT, Donald G. Shurr MA, PT, CPO, Kenneth G, Meier CPO, Rex Clark MPT, Janelle Kerns MPT, Michele Moreno
Proportional Response Studies» Perception of Walking Difficulty by Below-Knee
Shurr, L.P.T., CO. Kenneth Meier C.P. Vertical Shock Pylons Studies» Mechanica MD.University of Washington, Seattle. Torsion/Rotation Studies» The biomechanical effects of the inclusion of a torque
der Prothesen-Rotationsstoßdämpfer OS1 und US1 im Rahmen einer Biomechanik Studie. Orthopädie-Technik 2000/4,267-274 Documentation »Studies done for the Flex-Foot Cheetah
pages»26–27 Flex-Foot Cheetah Studies
lex-Foot. Nielsen DH, MacFarlane PA, Shurr DG. The University of IOWA//Gait assessment of a below-knee amputee during ambulation with multiple
rante la marcha con siete pies protesicos (clinical application of kynetic gait response and comfortanalysis with seven prosthetic feet). Viejo
ulated Ankle Motion Studies Prosthetic foot habituation time of subject with unilateral fibular hemimelia— pilot study. Marchinda D, Honeycutt
oot design on sound limb loading in adults with unilateral below-knee amputations. Christhopher M. Powers MS, Leslie Toburn
a, MS, CPO.//Dynamics of below-knee child amputee gait: a comparative analysis of the Flex-Foot and SACH foot. W. Oppenheim K. Schneider. University of California, Los Angeles//Physiological comparisons during multiple speed walking of physically active persons with
alking and running in people with transtibial amputations with 3 different prosthesis. Miao-Ju Hsu MA, PT, David H. Niels en PhD, PT, H. John
al versus energy storing-releasing prosthesis. Miao-Ju Hsu MA, PT, David H. Nielsen PhD, PT, H. John Yack PhD, PT, Donald G. Shurr Ma,PT, CPO//
Transfemoral amputee physiological requirements: Comparisons between SACH foot and Flex-Foot. Pamela MacFarlane PhD, David H. Nielson PhD, PT,
tair Ambulation. Leslie Toburn, M.S.P.T., GregoryP.Schweiger, M.D., Jaquelin Perry, M.D. Christopher Powers//Physiological
,
amela MacFarlane PhD, David H. Nielson PhD, PT, Donald the prosthetic feet. Marthur GB, Nielsen DH, Shurr DG,
is of the influence of prosthetic feet on below-knee amputee walking. Andrew Gitter, MD, Joseph M. Czerniecki, MD, David M. DeGroot//Physiological DH, Yack HJ, Shurr DG. University of IOWA//Transfemoral amputee physiological requirements Comparisons between SACH foot and Flex-Foot. Pamela MPT, Beth Ryan MPT//Biomechanical analysis of the influence of prosthetic feet on below-knee amputee walking. Gitter A, Czerniecke JM, Degroot
e Amputees Using a Conventional Foot Versus the Flex-Foot. Pamela MacFarlane, Ph.D., David Nielsen, L.P.T.,Ph.D., Donald G.
al Properties of prosthetic limbs: adapting to the patient. Glenn K. Klute PhD, Carol F, Kallfelz Mengr, Joseph M. Czerniecke absorber on trans-femoral amputee gait, a pilot study. Prosthet Orthot Int, 2002. Van Der Linden ML//Stauf C.Untersuchung
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USER INFORMATION Transfemoral & Transtibial Extreme Weight 147kg (325lbs)
Amputation Level Impact Level Maximum Patient
FOOT INFORMATION 2-9 One Size Per Category Weight of foot 512g (18.1oz) Build Height 411mm (16 3/8") Adapter Options Lamination or Pylon Connector Categories Sizes
CATEGORY SELECTION CHART Weight kg Weight lbs Level Weight kg Weight lbs Level
53-59 117-130 2
60-68 131-150 3
69-77 151-170 4
78-88 171-194 5
89-100 195-220 6
101-116 221-256 7
117-130 257-287 8
131-147 288-325 9
Weight Line
Max. 10" | Min. 10" 1/2
Flex-Foot Cheetah Funktion|Design
1/2
Diagram »Flex-Foot Cheetah leg with pylon connector
pages»28–29
Ground Contact
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FUNCTION Flex-foot Cheetah is a uniquely designed prosthetic foot that features the proprietary carbon technology that can efficiently store and release energy that is produced by the user while running. When a user is running, the prosthesis’ “J” curve is compressed at impact, storing energy and absorbing high levels of stress that normally will be absorbed by the runner’s ankle, knee, hip, and lower back. At the end of stance phase, the “J curve“ returns back to its original shape, releasing the stored energy and push the user forward.
By designing the limb with a long “thigh” based on the cheetah’s as well as a small pad to make contact with the ground, energy is returned to the runner as he or she runs, making for more efficiency, higher speeds, and generally more comfortable running. The light weight of the limb is attributed to the fact that it is composed of carbon fiber, an extremely durable material often used in aerospace engineering. In order to produce a prosthetic foot that can perform at the level of professional athletes, the materials used need to be lightweight, responsive and incredibly strong. Carbon fiber is the ideal material for this situation as it has high strength while being very lightweight.
The Flex-Foot Cheetah is designed to have more layers of carbon at higher stress points, such as the apex of the “J” curve, and less carbon where more flexibility is needed, such as the toe portion. The foot has no heel component, this ensures that the prosthetic foot’s reaction accurately mimics an able-bodied runner copying both the stance and swing phases.
Although the carbon fiber lasts a very long time and is highly durable, it is very difficult to recycle, although new technology is being produced that would make recycling the carbon fiber much easier and is currently undergoing further research. The Flex-Foot Cheetah as a whole is a fairly sustainable product, considering that a prosthetic is a lifetime investment and generally produces little waste. The economic sustainability of the product is slightly questionable, considering that the remaining materials are often difficult to recycle and can be costly to handle and maintain.
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DESIGN The design is revolutionary, with areas of high stress—such as the apex of the J-curve—fitted with more layers of carbon fiber, while areas in need of greater flexibility are fitted with less, allowing for a dynamism that would not be possible with a singlesized material. Due to the fact that the Flex-Foot Cheetah has no heel, the wearer is constantly positioned on the balls of their feet, accurately mimicing how an ablebodied runner sprints. Importantly, however, while the system is refined and has allowed amputees to rack up many world records, due to its passive nature, the Cheetah only returns 80 per cent of the energy stored during compression, a far way off the 249 per cent of a normal, able-bodied foot/ankle system.
The L-shaped heel, acts as a string that converts and distribute weight into energy that allows the runner to run and jump just as efficiently, if not better, as they would normally do if they had two legs. While it maximizes the energy returned to the runner through the invented "cheetah" design, causing maximum rebound and stored potential energy. The Flex-Foot Cheetah foot is an aesthetically pleasing design, this is necessary since it essentially will be a part of its purchaser. It is simple and sleek, dark, thin, and elegant. The Flex-Foot Cheetah is not obnoxiously plastic and fake or attempting to be something it’s not. Its main role is to be functional, not to mask the fact that there is a limb missing. The Cheetah has an extreme efficiency in comparison to other prosthetics. The “J” shaped design of the foot is what allows for the carbon fiber’s springing and flexing properties to be fully utilized. It is magnificently efficient in comparison to other prosthetics, the Flex-Foot Cheetah still faces functionality challenges because of the lack of ankles. This causes slower race starts and more difficulty in maneuvering curved tracks. The Flex-Foot Cheetah is a revolutionary design that allows amputees to achieve feets they never dreamed possible. They can run just like anyone else, sustaining happiness and it is creating a sense of fairness and equality with their disability.
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Sport is really all about advantages »Van Phillips, Flex-Foot Cheetah inventor
pages»30–31 The Blade Runner Quote
THE BLADE RUNNER
UNDER THE LONDON OLYMPICS IN 2012, THE SOUTH AFRICAN OSCAR PISTORIUS MOVED THE GAMES INTO AN NEW ERA WHEN HE AROSE TO THE 400-METER RUN STARTING BLOCKS LIKE A CYBORG MINOTAUR, ON LEGS THAT HAD BEEN AMPUTATED AT THE KNEE AND FITTED WITH FLEX-FOOT CHEETAHS.
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EARLY YEARS Oscar Pistorius was born 22 November 1986 without the fibula, the long slender bone running along the outside of the leg below the knee joint and down to the ankle, in each of his legs. His parents, Henk and Sheila, consulted with the leading doctors in the world before making the decision to have both of his legs amputated below the knee. His parents were advised by doctors that having the amputation done before he had learnt to walk would be less traumatic for him and improve his chances of mobility later. Six months later he received his first pair of prosthetic legs and within days he mastered them.
Supported and encouraged by his sports-made family, Oscar lived an active life which led to him becoming a keen sportsman during his school years. Whatever the sport, Oscar played it, his main focus was waterpolo and rugby in secondary school. He also played cricket, tennis, took part in triathlons, Olympic club wrestling and was an enthusiastic boxer. In 2003, he shattered his knee playing rugby for Pretoria Boys High School and feared that his sporting career was over. On the advice from his doctor, Oscar took up track running to aid his rehabilitation and began training under the guidance of coach Ampie Louw at the Sports Science Institute at the University of Pretoria.
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PARALYMPICS After a few months in the gym, Oscar took part in his first track session on New Years's Day in 2004. Three weeks later he entered a school 100 meters race on the prompting of one of his teachers and won in a time of 11.72 seconds. After the race his father looked up how Oscar's time compared to the best in the world and Henk discovered that his 17-yearold son's time was faster that the existing Paralympic world record of 12.20 seconds.
In June 2004, he was given the first pair of Össur manufactured Flex-Foot Cheetahs and eight months after he stepped onto the Paralympic track. The South African created a sensation in the athletics world by winning the T44 200m gold medal at the Athens Paralympics, breaking the world record with a time of 21.97 seconds. He also returned home with a bronze medal in the 100m and overnight he was propelled onto front and back pages around the world. Oscar is a proud Paralympian and believes that the Paralympic Games in London were a high watermark for the Paralympic movement. He has ambitions to continue to promote the Paralympics and inspire people around the world about the Paralympic Games.
pages»32–33
The Blade Runner Early years|Paralympics
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pages»34–35 The Blade Runner Fact File
FACT FILE 22. 11. 1986 Johannesburg, South Africa Hometown Pretoria, South Africa Amputation Level Transtibial, below the knee Main Events 100m/200m/400m Competetive Class T43/T44 Born
Place of birth
PERSONAL BEST 100m 200m 400m
10.91 sec (South Africa, April 2007) 21.30 sec (London, September 2012) 45.07 sec (Italy, July 2012)
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS Gold Bronze Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Silver
100m, 2004 Paralympic Games, Athens 200m, 2004 Paralympic Games, Athens 100m, 2008 Paralympic Games, Beijing 200m, 2008 Paralympic Games, Beijing 400m, 2008 Paralympic Games, Beijing 4Ă—100m, 2012 Paralympic Games, London 200m, 2012 Paralympic Games, London 400m, 2012 Paralympic Games, London
COMPETITIVE CLASSES
t43
Double below knee amputees and athletes with impairments that are comparable to double below knee amputation. Including athletes with loss of muscle power in the lower limbs consistent.
t44
This class is for any athlete with a lower limb impairment's that meets minimum disability criteria for: lower limb deficiency, impaired lower limb PROM, impaired lower limb muscle power, or leg length difference.
Picture ÂťOscar Pistorius acceleration from the starting block
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Stance
1
Swing
2
3
Diagram »Human gait cycle when running
pages»36–37 The Blade Runner Bridging the gap|IAAF Ruling
4
5
6
7
8
»
BRIDGING THE GAP Spurred on by his achievements at the Paralympic Games, Oscar started to set his sight on competing against able bodied athletes and at the South African Championship in March 2005 he finished sixth in the 400m final. His performances continued to gain the attention and headlines across the world and after he had won gold in the T44 100m and 200m disciplines at Paralympic World Cup in Manchester, England, he was invited by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) to run in Grand Prix in Helsinki, but was unable to attend due to school commitments. It was at the IAAF Golden Gala event at the Olympic Stadium in Rome on 13 July 2007 that Pistorius first competed internationally against able-bodied athletes. In the 'B' race, he finished second across 400m in a time of 46.90 seconds.
Seconds 9
RUNNING GAIT CYCLE A complete gait cycle begins when one foot makes contact with the ground and ends when that same foot makes contact with the ground again. It is made up of two phases; stance phasewhere the foot touches the ground, and swing phase where the same foot doesn't touch the ground.
stance phase
Considered the most important gait phase, because this is when your foot and leg bear your body weight. This face can again be divided into three stages; initial contact when the foot lands the ground, midstance where the foot and the leg provide a stable platform for the body weight to pass over, and propulsion where the heel starts to lift of the ground.
swing phase
Begins when the toe lifts off the ground and end just before the foot makes contact with the ground again, and a new gait cycle starts. In this phase it's important to set the foot/leg up in preparation for heel contact and the next stance phase.
10
11
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IAAF RULING In November 2007, Oscar was invited to take part in a series of scientific tests at the Cologne Sports University under the guidance of Professor of Biomechanics Dr Peter Brüggemann in conjunction with Mr Elio Locatelli, who was the responsible with the IAAF of all technical issues.
After two days of tests Brüggermann reported on his findings on behalf of the IAAF. The report claimed that Pistorius was able to run the same speed as the ablebodied athletes while using less energy and that his prosthetic limbs gave him advantage over able-bodied athletes. Pistorius challenged the report claiming that the tests were biased and scientifically flawed. This was followed by an IAAF vote, Pistorius was banned from all able-bodied athletic competitions.
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400 300
150
200
250 200 150 100 50 0 -50
50
100
% of stance
JOINT MOMENTS Joint moments of the ankle, knee and hip of the sound limb (dotted line) and prosthetic (solid line) wearing the Flex-Foot Cheetah leg prosthesis. Moments that tended to extend a joint are presented as positive, and those that tend to flex a joint are shown as negative.
pages»38–39 The Blade Runner IAAF Ruling|The Debate
100 50 0
50
-50
100 0
50
-100 -200 -300
-100 -150
100
Hip moment (Nm)
250 200
Knee moment (Nm)
ANkle moment (Nm)
350 300
% of stance
-400
% of stance
100
Pistorius employed the service of law form Dewey & LeBoeuf to challenge the ruling via an appeal and travelled to America to take part in a series of tests carried out at Rice University in Houston by a team of scientist including Hugh Herr, Ph.D. and Roger Kram, Ph.D. After a two day hearing on May 16th 2008, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld Pistorius's appeal and the IAAF councils decision was then revoked with immediat effect. The CAS panel unanimously determined that Dr. Brüggemann only tested Oscar's biomechanics at full-speed when he was running in a straight line, the IAAF did not consider the disadvantages Oscar suffers at the start and acceleration phases of the race, that Dr. Brüggemann did not consider the disadvantages that Oscar suffers, and there was no evidence that Oscar had any advantage over able-bodied athletes. Pistorius' ability to train sufficiently for the Beijing Olympics had been blocked by the scientific testing and court proceedings and yet he finished third at the Spitzen Leichtathletik meeting in Lucerne with a personal best time of 46.25s, 0.7 seconds outside the Olympic qualifying time. Pistorius concentrated on the Paralympics in Beijing and became the first athlete in history to win gold in the 100m, 200m and 400m events in the T43/T44 category, with a new Paralympic record of 47.49s.
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THE DEBATE The 2012 Olympics will be known as the first truly high-technology games. Pistorius' entered the games with his Flex-Foot Cheetahs, designed by Van Phillips. The invention could be credited with the unintended consequence of help changing the face of the Olympics forever, catalyzing one of the greatest debates in sporting history by making it possible for the disabled to race toe-to-carbon toe with the fastest able-bodied athletes alive. In 2008, the international Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) amended its competition rules to ban the use of "any technical device that incorporates springs, wheels or any other element that provides a user with an advantage over another athlete not using such a device." This ruling was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, allowing Pistorius to qualify for the 2012 games. Bionic limbs typically incorporate artificial intelligence, including sensors, microprocessors, and sometimes even motors to supply the assisted movement and real-time adjustments for the user, based on feedback captured throughout their gait cycle. In comparison, the Flex-Foot Cheetah is a non-mechanized prosthetic running foot, which returns a portion of the energy stored during the loading phase of running. Studies have shown that the Cheetah can return around 90% of the energy stored in it. This is far less than a normal able-bodied foot and leg, which has been shown to return 249% of the stored energy.
Sports Illustrated writer David Epstein disagrees, he claims that "the light weight of the Cheetah legs and the extra contact time with the ground give Pistorius a clear advantage.” But the prostheses are also said to have drawbacks. Pistorius is slower at the start than his competitors are. Without ankles, he has to stand straight up out of the blocks and start bouncing to build momentum. Teammate Sibusiso Sishi admits that "I don't mind racing [Pistorius], but I'm still a bit skeptical about his legs because they are man-made. They are carbon fiber, which means they are nice and light. I would just like him to do the tests so at least we know where we stand." According to Steven Stanhope, Kinesiology professor at the University of Delaware is sport really all about advantages. He says that all elite athletes use genetic, environmental, nutritional, and technical factors to their advantages. Certain body types are better suited for some sports than for others. Training at altitude and taking nutritional supplements that promote the recovery can provide the advantages on the race day. Designers of sports gear, shoes, and clothing always strive to improve their products in ways that will enhance athletes' performance.
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pages»40–41
FOOT INITIAL CONTACT
FOOT IN MIDSTANCE
able-bodied runner
able-bodied runner
flex-foot cheetah
flex-foot cheetah
Musculature of an able-bodied leg—including quadriceps, knee, calf and ankle—absorbs much of energy generated every time the foot connects with the ground.
Calf muscle begins to fire. All leg muscles provide locomotion. The foot and leg has been shown to return approximately 241% of its energy when running.
The curved blade compresses at impact, storing the energy and absorbing high levels of stress that otherwise would be absorbed by the amputee's knee/hip/lower back.
Gluteus and quadriceps muscles have to produce twice the energy as the able-bodied runner, the blade returns approximately 90% of the energy when running. This energy moves to the front edge of the blade.
The Blade Runner Biological Limbs vs Flex-Foot Cheetah
Gluteus maximus
Quadriceps
Calf muscle
Achilles'tendon
Gluteus maximus
Quadriceps
Socket
Carbon fiber foot
Spikes
FOOT IN PROPULSION
able-bodied runner
flex-foot cheetah
The curved leg compresses, then springs back, releasing energy and propelling a runner forward. Losing only 8% of stored energy.
Diagram ÂťBiological limbs vs Flex-Foot Cheetah
Foot pushes off and the Achilles' tendon lose more than half of its stored energy. The sprinters add speed by contracting series of lower leg muscles and pushing hard off the ground.
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»
LONDON 2012 Pistorius was selected to compete for the South Africa team at the London 2012 Olympic Games in individual 400m and 4x400m relay. The 400m heat on Saturday August 4th, he finished in the second position with 45.44s. This qualified him for the semi-final, where he finished in eighth place in a time of 46.54s.
The 4x400m heats on August 9th were a rollercoaster experience. The Kenyan team was disqualified from the competition after colliding with Ofense Mogatwane who was racing the second leg for the South Africa team. Pistorius and Willie De Beer, ready on the third and fourth legs, never received the baton. he South African management appealed the squad and were reinstated in the competition and given the lane one out of nine lanes in the Olympic final. The next evening Oscar and his teammates Shaun De Jager, LJ Van Zyl and Willie De Beer competed against a world class field with Oscar on the anchor leg, finishing in eighth place in the Olympic final.
The Paralympic Games in London just a couple of weeks started well with a T43 world record in the 200m. In the 200m finale, Pistorius took the silver medal behind Alan Oliveira of Brazil, this was his first competitive loss on this distance in nine years. Pistorius came out for the 4x100m relay with the South African team with the aim of not only taking the title but also breaking their own world record; the feat was duly completed with Oscar anchoring the quartet of Samkelo Radebe, Zivan Smith and Arnu Fourie home in a time of 41.78 seconds, taking over seven tenths off their previous record. Oscar was then part of one of the most competitive Paralympic races in history when he finished fourth behind Britain’s Jonnie Peacock, America’s Richard Brown and South Africa’s Arnu Fourie in the 100m, in a season’s best time of 11.17s. In what has widely been viewed as one of the most successful Olympic and Paralympic Games of all time, Oscar competed in his favoured 400m in the very last event on the track and took the Paralympic record of 46.68s.
400m start Finish line
RECORD COMPARISONS Competition Olympic Pistorius pages»42–43
Paralympic (T43) Paralympic (T44)
100m
200m
300m
9.63s 10.91s 11.16s 11.08s
19.30s 21.58s 21.67s 22.08s
43.49s 45.07s 47.49s 50.98s
300m start
The Blade Runner London 2012
Lane 2
Lane 1
Lane 3
Lane 5
Lane 6
Lane 7
Lane 8
Diagram ÂťTrack & Field courte
Lane 4
200m start
SLOW START Pitorius usually begins slowly because the artificial legs require much more balance and can not generate acceleration force as quickly and efficiently as the human ankle. Scientists agree that he is at a disadvantage here. QUICKER MIDDLE Once he gets going, his leg movement becomes much quicker—11 percent faster than any sprinter ever measured. The Cheetah legs are lighter then human legs, so he can reposition them for the next stride more quickly and use less muscle force. FAST FINISH Scientists differ on the energy Pistorius is expending at top speed compared to his competitors. A German study found that Pistorius used 25 percent less oxygen, but some scientist said it presented an incomplete picture. Pistorius runs the second half of the race faster than the first.
100m start
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2004» 01 January» Takes part in his first sprint session with Louw on New Ye
record was 12.20s. March» Improves his time further to 11.51s at an open competition at the Pilditch Stadium, Pretoria. June» Invited by family
200m and a Paralympic world record with 21.97s and wins bronze in the T44 100m final in the time of 11.16s. 2005» March» Finishes sixth in the August» Invited to attend IAAF international event in Helsinki, but declines due to school commitments. The following
2007» March» Runs a breakthrough 400m time of 46.56s in the South African Championships. 26 March» IAAF Council introduces amendment to Rule 1
Championships for the Physically Disabled, in Gauteng, South Africa. 13 July» Finishes second in the Golden Gala event at the Olympic Stadium
at the British Grand Prix in Sheffield, but bad weather hampers his race and he finishes in a time of 47.65s. 12-13 November» IAAF conducts
Mr Elio Locatelli, who is responsible with the IAAF of all technical issues. 09 December» Receives the Helen Rollason Award at the BBC Sports
achievement in the face of adversity. 20 December» IAAF sends Pistorius report saying that he has an unfair advantage.
Pistorius given until January 10 to respond. 2008» 10 January» Pistorius responds to IAAF report claiming that the tes
banned from all able-bodied athletics competitions. 13 February» Law firm Dewey & LeBoeuf challenge the IAAF via an appeal on behalf of Oscar Pi
Kram, Ph.D. May» Selected in Time Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World list. 16 May» Court of Arbitration for Sport rule in Pis
while wearing Össur Flex-Foot Cheetah® prosthesis model.” The report states there is no evidence that Oscar has any net advantage over able-bo
Lucerne with a 400m personal best time of 46.25s but 0.70s outside the Olympic qualifying time. S 2010» August» Competes in the London Aviva Grand Prix, setting a new 400m T44 world record of 47.04s in the Paralympic race, before finishing New Zealand, but gets the silver medal as he loses his first 100m in seven years to Jerome Singleton. 23 March» Sets personal best of 45.61s to
Wins the T44 100m race in 11.04s and the 400m in 47.28s at the BT Paralympic World Cup. 31 May» Co
Prix in New York. 08 July» Finishes fifth in time of 45.81s at the Paris Diamond League 400m event. 17 July» Runs 46.65
to qualify for the IAAF World Championships in Daegu, South Korea. 08 August» Selected for the South African IAAF World Championships team in
for the semi-final. 29 August» Runs 46.19s in the semi-final and finishes the race in eighth. 01 September» Runs the op
second in the 4x400m final but Oscar is not selected for the team. He is awarded a silver medal for his inclusion in the heats and
2012» 06 February» Oscar is awarded the Laureus Award for Athlete with a Disability. 17 March» Oscar runs on the time of 45.20s at the Provin qualification standard. 21 June» Oscar is selected to represent South Africa at the Paralympic Games in London and will defend his T43/44100m,
runs a time of 45.52s to take silver - his first major international medal a
part of the 4x400m relay team for South Africa. 04 July» Team South Africa announces that Oscar will compete in the individual 400m and the 4x40 Games, finishing second in a time of 45.44s which qualifies him for the semi-final. In the semi-final, Oscar finishes eighth in a
with Kenya. After the Kenyan team are disqualified the South African team appeal and are reinstated into the final in lane one out
Opening Ceremony, Oscar starts his Paralympic campaign with a new world record in the 200m, in a t Brazil’s Alan Oliveira. 05 September» The South African team take the 4x100m Paralympic title and break their own world record in the process,
race, finishing fourth in a season’s best time of 11.17s. 08 September» In the very last event on the Olympic track, Osc
pages»44–45 The Blade Runner Timeline
ear's Day. 28 January» Runs in his first competitive 100m race for Pretoria Boys High School in a time of 11.72s. The existing Paralympic world
y friend Chris Hatting to the US to trial Össur manufactured Flex-Foot Cheetahs for the first time. September» Wins Paralympic gold in the T44
e able-bodied 400m at the South African Championships. May» Wins gold in T44 100m and 200m events at the BT Paralympic World Cup in Manchester. year is devoted to athletics training and his education.
144-2(e) regarding “technical aids” after meeting in Mobasa, Kenya. 04 April» Breaks the T43 100m world record in a time 10.91s at the Nedbank
m in Rome, in a time of 46.90s. IAAF installs high definition cameras around the track to analyse Pistorius' running style. 15 July» Competes
s tests with Oscar at the Cologne Sports University under the guidance of Professor of Biomechanics Dr Peter Brüggemann in conjunction with
s Personality of the Year 2007, which is awarded for outstanding courage and
sts were unfair and biased. 11 January» IAAF Executive Council vote to ratify the decision and Pistorius is
istorius. February» Oscar takes part in scientific tests at Rice University in Houston, USA. Research team includes Hugh Herr, Ph.D. and Rodger
storius' favour citing that “the athlete is eligible to compete in IAAF-sanctioned events
odied athletes. 16 July» Pistorius finishes third at the Spitzen Leichtathletik meeting in
September» Wins T44 100m, 200m & 400m Paralympic golds in Beijing, setting a new Paralympic record of 47.49s in the 400m. 7th in the able-bodied event. 2011» January» Wins gold medals in the 200m, 400m and 4x400m relay at the IPC Athletics World Championships in win 400m at Provincial Championships in Pretoria, inside the 'B' qualification standard for the Olympic Games and World Championships. 27 May»
ompetes in the IAAF Golden Spike meet in Ostrava, running 46.19s for 400m. 11 June» Runs his second fastest 400m time of 45.69s at Adidas Grand
5s for 400m in Padova, Italy. 19 July» Wins in a time of 45.07s for 400m in Lignano, Italy
n the 400m and 4x400m relay. 28 August» Runs 45.39s in the 400m heats in Daegu to qualify
pening leg of the 4x400m relay as South Africa advance to the finals with a national record time of 2:59.21s. 02 September» South Africa finish
d so becomes the first Paralympic athlete to win a World Championship medal.
ncial Championships for Gauteng North in the selection event for the South African National Championships. The time is within the Olympic ‘A’ 200m and 400m titles. Oscar will also aim to be part of the 4x100m relay team targeting the Paralympic title and world record. 29 June» Oscar
at the African Athletics Championships in Benin. The time is within the Olympic ‘B’ qualification standard. Oscar also wins the silver medal as
00m relay at the London 2012 Olympic Games. 04 August» Oscar competes in the heats of the 400m at the Olympic time of 46.54s. 09 August» The South African team compete in the heats of the 4x400m, where on the second leg they are involved in a collision
t of nine lanes. Oscar anchors the team to eighth position in the Olympic final. 01 September» Having carried the Flag for South Africa at the
time of 21.30s. 02 September» Oscar finishes second in the 200m final behind in a quartet of Samkelo Radebe, Zivan Smith, Arnu Fourie and Oscar on the anchor leg. 06 September» Oscar competes in a highly competitive 100m
car wins the 400m in a Paralympic record of 46.68s to bring down the curtain on his 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games competition.
Documentation »Timeline of Oscar Pistorius career
Picture »Pistorius in the 2012 London Olympics
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