V O L UM E: 1, IS S U E 3 , J U L Y , 3 1 , 2 01 5
Considering Technology
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VOLUME: 1, ISSUE 3, JULY, 31, 2015
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About Aviation Jamaica (AVJA) AVJA is a coming together of Jamaica’s aviation industry in a practical way to look at current and possible issues and opportunities . It also focuses on giving students and individuals who aspire to a career in the field of aviation, a deeper understanding of the industry beyond becoming a pilot or flight attendant. Aviation is a vast field one which we will explore through different articles from both students and established professionals in the field. AVJA was born from the Caribbean Aerospace College’s research program and will use this platform to teach others as well as to give our students industry exposure. We welcome various participants in the industry to share their knowledge and experiences with us. If you are interested, email inquiries to admin@caribbeanaerospacecollege.com or call us a 758-0786. We look forward to hearing from you.
In This Issue:
Composites and AME……pg 5 Selfies in the Sky……….pg 11 Logistics in the UAE…...pg 13 Student Spotlight………pg 14 Just For Fun…………….pg 15
Issue Dates January 30, 2015 April 30, 2015 July 31, 2015 October 31, 2015
VOLUME: 1, ISSUE 3, JULY, 31, 2015
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From the Editor Last issue, we looked at regional job outlook and current happenings within the Jamaican aviation industry. In this issue we will look at different technologies and the possible impact on aviation in general taking into consideration the local industry. We will look at a paper written by three former AME students in 2010 about the use of composite material on aircraft and possible implications for Jamaica. We will also examine the phenomenon of “selfies” and how this affects flight, then finally we take a snapshot of the UAE’s logistics plans and development. Overall the general focus of this issue is on technology. From the use of new material in aircraft construction to possible mishaps in taking pictures while flying, this should make an interesting read. Please send us your feedback on Issue 3 or any other. We look forward to hearing from you. Until next issue, Happy Reading! -Kerry-Ann Barrett
The Caribbean Aerospace College has vacancy for Student Recruiters. Interested parties are being asked to email their resumes to
admin@caribbeanaerospacecollege.com
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Composites and Aircraft Maintenance Engineering
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By Jamar Hamilton, Joni Honeyghan and Winston Jennings (2010) Introduction The aviation and aerospace industry is ever growing, ever evolving into a better and far more meticulous industry that demands reliability of services, improved maintenance practices and feasibility of aviation products. However it was the trend in composites production and its high demand by various aircraft manufacturers that helped to formulate the research topic “Increased Use of Composite Material in Aircraft Manufacturing”. This trend has caused an increase world wide in the manufacturing, engineering and economical sector. However the complexity of composites brought about changes that herald both negative and positive impacts for the Jamaican economy. Nonetheless, these factors nurtured the purpose of the study which is “To Gain Knowledge of the Impact of the Usage of Composite Material in Aircraft Manufacturing”.
According to Adam Quilter in his article on “Composites in Aerospace Application”, composite material became popular in the aviation industry based on its applications, its exceptional quality of high strength to weight ratio and its superior physical attributes. Composites are made of stiff fibres embedded in a tough resin matrix, which provides the strength of the material. This strength is formulated by its directionality of properties, in that, if the composite is isotropic then its strength and stiffness are in the same direction. However, if it’s anisotropic, the strength and stiffness of the material does not necessarily run in the same direction but depends on the direction of load with respect to the orientation of the fibres. The composites that are commonly used in the aviation industry are the carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP), but the one currently being developed for the aviation and aerospace industry is the metal matrix composite which is a particulate composite, meaning it consist of non-metallic particles in a metallic matrix. The advantages of composites became popular because it provided a prime factor for the industry which is its weight saving capabilities, based on how it was modified to withstand the loads it is subjected to. Another advantage is that composites can be forms into complex shapes which reduces the need for fastener and joints which help weakens the component. The use and development of composites in aircraft design has improved gradually from being used for secondary structures to primary structures such as wings and fuselage. Its demands for its usage in the airframe have also increased. These high demands relents to the evolution of maintenance engineering practices, which geared us to the research problem “How does the increased use of composite material in aircraft manufacturing affect Aircraft Maintenance Engineering?”Based on Adam Quilter’s article, composites can be formed into complex shapes which reduce the need for fasteners and joints, hence reducing its assembly time. Its fabrication enables “a 20 percent saving in weight along with a lower production time and improved damage tolerance” which implies specialize training for the engineers in terms of inspection and other various maintenance procedures. It also fosters the development of new areas for employment due to the composite’s intrinsic foundation. In order to become informative about composites and its implications, these research questions were asked:
Is there an increase in the use of composite material in aircraft manufacturing?
What are some of the effects of the increased usage of composite materials?
What implications does it have on the Aircraft Maintenance Engineering?
How does the usage of composite materials impact the Jamaican economy?
Continued on page..7
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Composites and Aircraft Maintenance Engineering The research encompasses all aspects of aircraft manufacturing including commercial, military and general aviation aircraft. An intensive literature review will be undertaken in order to ascertain as much data concerning the usage of composites in aircraft manufacturing; as well as if and by how much as composite usage increased in the industry over the years. An interview will be conducted with Derek Mclean, head instructor of the Caribbean Aerospace College, who has worked in the aircraft maintenance industry for some forty odd years to uncover how the usage of composite impacted his industry and expound on the possible impacts it had on the Jamaican economy. Is there an increase in the use of composite material in aircraft manufacturing? Yes, the use of composite material in aircraft manufacturing has steadily increased throughout the decades. Manufacturers in an effort to “enhance the performance of commercial and military aircraft are constantly driving the development of improved high performance structural materials” (Quilter, A. 2004). Composite initially was used in ‘non-load bearing’ or secondary structures but as advancements were made, its fabrication was made easier and its properties more predictable allowing composites to be integrated into aircraft primary structures. “It evolved from control panels, side wall panels and floorboards to fully developed fuselage and wing structures” (McLean D. 2010). Initially the composite was a small percentage of the overall weight of an aircraft e.g. 2 percent in the U.S. F-15 fighter aircraft. Airbus Industrie made the first major application of composite in a commercial aircraft structure in 1983 by using honeycomb to construct the rudder of their A300 aircraft (Quilter, A. 2004). This later translated into the entire tail structure of the future A320 aircraft being made from composite material. Composite fabrication soon became adapted to access panels, flaps, ailerons, fairings, landing gear doors, wing leading and trailing edges, etc. The Beechcraft Aircraft Company manufactured its ‘Starship’ executive aircraft with a fully composite body in 1986. The use of composites has reached the point that it accounts for 50 percent of the weight of the new Boeing 787-Dreamliner passenger transport aircraft.
Continued on pg 8
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Composites and Aircraft Maintenance Engineering ...Continued The increased usage of composites
What are some of the effects of the increased usage of composite materials? Composite material is used to fabricate structures where a reduction in weight is a major consideration, as it allows the manufacturer to make lighter airframe structures. Aircraft manufacturer Airbus Industrie reports using composite structures attributed to a 20
also has several implications on aircraft maintenance engineering. It has spawned an entirely new industry in composite fabrication. Several companies are now contracted by aircraft manufacturers to fabricate various composite structures for use on their aircrafts.
rials for the empennage of the B777, it save saved approximately 1500 pounds in weight. Advanced composites have several advantages such as a higher strength to weight ratio, freedom from corrosion, lower production costs (less fasteners required in assembly) and the ability to achieve a smooth surface which reduce aerodynamic drag (as structure can be fabricated into single desired shape).
Maintenance personnel are required to undergo specialised training in order to work on composite structures as several key areas of maintenance have changed different and apart from actual repair work. “As far as Aircraft Maintenance Engineering is concerned inspection of com-
Maintenance Engineering?
posites is a more critical and detailed proce-
production time and improved damage toler-
ing also reports that by using composite mate-
proper fabrication.
What implication does it have on Aircraft
percent saving in weight along with lower
ance on its A340-500 and 600 airframes. Boe-
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The increased use of composites
dure that requires more time” (McLean D.
has opened a new section of aircraft mainte-
2010). Composite structures require different
nance such as composite analysis, evaluation,
types of inspections and inspection periods.
repair design and fabrication. It provides
Testing procedures such as dye Penetrant
new fields of employment, development of a
cannot be used cannot be used as the compo-
new skill area and new inspection proce-
site fibre will absorb the dye but more expen-
dures.
sive and specialised methods of Non- deMaintenance engineers familiar
with both aluminium alloy and composite structures will highlight the difference in their approach to work on both materials.
structive testing such as radiography and ultrasonic inspection may be used to evaluate structures. Surface cleaning and finishing
One view expressed by maintenance person-
methods are also different on composite ma-
nel explained in an interview with Derek
terials. Chemicals in cleaning agents can
manufacturers as the more powerful engines
McLean (2010) was that
attack the resin matrix in composite materials
being produced will be able to lift a far greater
Composite is a more difficult material to
as well the ingress of moisture will cause
payload due to the lighter airframe” (McLean
work with especially in repairing; it requires
delamination. Also more surface preparation
D. 2010). Adam Quilter (2004) describes the
more critical attention to detail and adherence
is required prior to painting to ensure that the
use of composite materials in commercial
to manufacturer’s detailed instructions. Sheet
paint will adhere properly to the structure.
transport aircraft as attractive because reduced
metal repair are easier to fabricate and im-
airframe weight enables better fuel economy
proper fabrication has visual cues that reveal
quire more time to cure and will be shop
and therefore lowers operating costs. This also
this. Composite repair fabrication on the
repairs as there as to be extensive environ-
helps the aviation industry to be more eco-
other hand require more time and have no
mental control i.e. temperature and pressure
friendly by reducing emissions.
readily visual ‘tell tale’ signs to show im-
in order to fabricate a good repair. The more
“Composite also benefits engine
Composite repairs invariably re-
Continued on pg9
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Composites and Aircraft Maintenance Engineering ...Continued
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is required prior to painting to ensure that the
tre] as well as the technical person-
sion in aircraft maintenance engineering,
paint will adhere properly to the structure.
nel but some of the resources nec-
producing new jobs and specialists adept to
essary would be limited. With a
inspections and procedures concerned with
business, the goal is to gain profits;
the evaluation and repair of structures. The
in Jamaica the cost to manufacture
increased use of composites in aircraft manu-
composite aircraft structures would
facturing has a revolutionary effect in the
be high making the venture less
field of Aircraft Maintenance Engineering.
Composite repairs invariably require more time to cure and will be shop repairs as there as to be extensive environmental control i.e. temperature and pressure in order to fabricate a good repair. The more time consuming repairs are consequently more expensive.
feasible e.g. the electricity bill used to power the oven/ enclave used to
How does the usage of composite material impact the Jamaican economy? The increased use of composite assisted the collapse of the Jamaican bauxite industry as the demand for alumina/ aluminium declined. Aircrafts were once 98 per cent aluminium alloy built but presently they are being manufactured with less than 50 per cent aluminium alloy. This led to job loss, decrease in foreign exchange and reduction in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). “No existing manufacturing industry here [Jamaica] would highly benefit from this new technology [composite material]� (McLean D. 2010). However, the increased demand now for composites allow for the development of new local industries. But it
heat and pressurize the composite structure. However a more viable industry that could be established is Composite Inspection and Repair, but again without a substantial customer list it would be unsustainable. Another possibility is to establish a training institute that would supply highly skilled specialists that will be in great demand worldwide. The military, airlines or private organizations in the region could send their mechanics and/or technicians to do basic or advanced composite familiarization and repair courses. Conclusion As composite increasingly play a
is quickly realised that industries such as com-
significant role in manufacturing process, key
posite fabrication would face several problems
areas in maintenance will have to change to
in Jamaica. Apart from the access to a substan-
and become more efficient to adapt. Mainte-
tial customer base, results from the interview
nance personnel will have to be trained and
with Derek McLean (2010) revealed that:
re-tooled in order to adequately work with
Yes it has the ability [to set up an aircraft composite fabrication cen-
Image showing some form of Composite Fabrication
the composite structures. The usage of composites has generated an entirely new divi-
References: McLean, D. (2010, November 3). Interview conducted on the Effect of composite materials on aircraft manufacturing and aircraft maintenance engineering. Quilter, A. (2004). Composites in Aerospace Applications.
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Private Pilot License Minimum Age for Student Pilot Permit – 16 Years Minimum Age for Private Pilot License – 17 Years Candidate must pass a medical exam conducted by an Aviation Certified Medical Examiner.
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License Requirements: Minimum Requirements Medical Certificate 70 hours ground school 15 hours Pre-flight oral 33 hours dual instruction time 12 hours solo practice
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Ground School Ground School Sessions begin on a bi monthly basis September, November, January, etc and is held Monday to Thursday in the mornings. Part-time & evening classes available. For specific dates and times please call our office. Students must pass a written exam for ground school in order to begin flight training. Also students must hold a Class 2 Aviation Medical Certificate in order to train.
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VOLUME: 1, ISSUE 3,
Selfie In the Sky...
Social media has changed how people operate drastically. Nothing seems private as people are constantly tuned to their devices both updating and receiving updates from those in their sphere. “Selfies” are the new social media trend. This is basically taking a picture of yourself by yourself. No area of life has escaped the infiltration of the trend of selfies. As people try to prove how interesting their lives are, they are willing to take more chances to offer proof to say I was there or I did that. There have been many reports of mishaps that occur as a result of this. Aviation has not been exempted.
Earlier this year the NSTB released the report of a May 2014 crash of a Cessna 150 in Watkins, Colorado. Wait for it…. selfies attributed to the pilot being distracted.
Despite what transpired in this situation, having cameras in the cockpit are not necessarily a bad thing. This might be a great thing especially for training purposes, for example using mounted cameras to review mistakes. Meg Godlewski (2015) believes that its “ok as long as the technology does not distract pilots and the camera is mounted so it doesn’t create a potential hazard should it become unattached during the flight.” She also recommended the following:
Large MRO Facility
Crash site the Cessna 150 in Watkins, Colorado
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No selfies at low altitudes if you are at the controls of an airplane in IMC. The pilot should never be distracted while making turns or maneuvering the aircraft. Avoid the use of flash photography at night as this can cause temporary blindness and spatial disorientation Avoid starring at the screen or through a view finder because it is a sure-fire way to get motion sickness.
Reference: Godlewski, M. (2015). A deadly combination: Selfies and flying. General Aviation News.
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Internal Auditing for Aviation Online
This course is specifically designed for aviation professionals based on ISO 9000 principles. The training is competency based and involves actual audit planning, auditing and report writing.
Online Training Caribbean Aerospace College Tinson Pen Aerodrome 758-0786 admin@caribbeanaerospacecollege.com
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Objectives: At the end of this training participants will be able to: Students will become familiar with the key internal auditing Understand the ISO 9000 concept in performing audits Plan and execute an audit Prepare audit reports and document, verify and closeout findings Who should participate: Professionals in the aviation industry that are required to conduct any form of monitoring. For example: maintenance coordinators, program managers, supervisors, etc.
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Logistics in the UAE
According to Aubrey Chang (2011) aviation is key in developing economies. This to a large extent is made possible through establishing logistic hubs. In this article he spoke to Dubai developing a new airport which would be the largest in the world to facilitate their logistics growth. Dubai has also taken other things into consideration such as ensuring that they have sufficient aircraft through the various carriers and that they improve on their technology. Below is a quotation from Chang’s article: “This new aviation and logistics hub won't only be big, but it will be modern as well. The Raytheon Company, a leader in air traffic management systems, is on track to provide Dubai with one of the world's most modern air traffic management systems to safely and efficiently meet Dubai's ambitious aviation and logistics growth plans”. This is not just the reality of Dubai, but it gives a snapshot of the UAE’s logistics effort. One of things I admire most about the UAE’s logistics
growth, is the fact that they have been very strategic. Fast forward four years later from 2011, much of this expected growth has been accomplished. Many special projects were planned and effected and yet there remains other targeted goals to be reached. One of which is the 2020 Expo, which is expected to bring in investments especially in airports and roadways. The CEO of one of Dubai’s leading logistics provider indicated the following: “The UAE logistics business in general will remain on the rise in terms of growth, ably demonstrated by the entry of new projects being developed and is estimated to be worth AED 27 billion by 2015.Today, Dubai is the unquestioned trade and logistics hub serving a region that houses a population of over two billion people, where 14 per cent of UAE’s GDP is contributed by the Supply Chain and Logistics industry. ” (Geronimo, 2014) Much of their success also hinge on their key location. In a similar sense,
Jamaica’s potential in establishing a logistics hub based on its location can be a goldmine. Logistics hubs work. They add tremendously to GDP and provide many spin-off organizations that can place a significant dent in our unemployment rate. However, Jamaica has to be strategic. Networks have to developed and clearly defined. The technology must also aid the process to avoid bureaucracy and other bottlenecks. Our existing systems also need to be developed to meet our projected demand similar to what UAE did. It might also be necessary for Jamaica to seek strategic partnerships with countries in the region similar to the work in Dubai and the UAE. Whatever is done, this is an opportunity that we can’t afford to miss. References: Chang, A. (2011). Dubai Getting Bigger and Better in Aviation and Logistics. Industry Leaders. Geronimo, A. (2014). Right on track – Dubai’s growing logistics sector. Middle East Trade and Export.
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In this issue’s student spotlight, we introduce you to Rushane. Rushane recently joined the solo gang. AvJa asked him five questions. Here are his answers: Question 1: “Valid question but to be honest, it's all God’s doing he had placed the desire in me from age 5 .I got a toy F-18 fighter jet and the dude sitting in the front seat always fascinates me and then I decide I wanted to be just like him. I love the idea of total strangers meeting up on an aircraft ,no matter their ethnicity, class, language barrier or what part of the world they originated from…they all have something in common: They want to get from point A to B, whether it may be a newlywed couple going to their honeymoon destination, a family member going home to the rest of his family that he/she hasn’t seen in a while, someone just going to a place where they have never been before jus for a new experience, or someone just going on an aircraft and will experience their first flight. Somehow that just thrills me and amazing how I'm granted the pleasure of being apart these passengers life for the short duration of the flight and being an integral part of the fulfilling their purpose for the trip”. QUESTION 2: “I was never interested in just having a job, I wanted a place that would have kept me growing intellectually and contribute to my country .Its all I had ever known in regards to pursuing a career, I love the aviation industry, there is a vast landscape for you to explore plus there is shortage of pilots right now and staggering increase in demand for more pilots in a couple years so if you ask me there is never a better timing!!” Rushane Williamson
Spotlight Questions: 1. Why did you choose to become a pilot? 2. Why train now? 3. What has been your greatest challenge in achieving this dream? 4. How has flying changed you? 5. What are your expectations from becoming a pilot?
QUESTION 3: “I can undoubtedly say that the greatest challenge thus far in becoming an airline pilot is accumulating the funds to make this lifelong goal a reality. On the other hand the moment you get that out the way all you have to do is, STUDY, FLY, STUDY, Chair-fly (when you start attending our school Captain Wilson will explain it all to you) and then fly some more.” QUESTION 4. “Flying completes me. It has made me more decisive improving my decision making skills, I has taught me how to adapt and adjust to situations, improve my people skills and you just might see me see smiling and laughing a little bit more often than usual.” QUESTION 5. “I’m expecting to learn a lot, whether it’s in sync with the aircraft or just being able to be that go to guy when it comes on to being a trusted pilot. I want to be able to motivate the hundreds of kids that aspire to be pilots, I want to inspire the millions of person who are out there who all have a dream career that they want to pursue but for various reasons they are fearful of just gambling on themselves. I want to give back to the youth, whether it may be having summer camps, being a flight instructor or just a mentor. I want to help grow the aviation industry in Jamaica and improve the industry worldwide whether it may be improve skills training ,more efficient flying practises”
VOLUME: 1, ISSUE 3, JULY, 31, 2015
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. Airport Security A stats professor plans to travel to a conference by plane. When he passes the security check, they discover a bomb in his carry-on-baggage. Of course, he is hauled off immediately for interrogation. "I don't understand it!" the interrogating officer exclaims. "You're an accomplished professional, a caring family man, a pillar of your parish - and now you want to destroy that all by blowing up an airplane!" "Sorry", the professor interrupts him. "I had never intended to blow up the plane." "So, for what reason else did you try to bring a bomb on board?!" "Let me explain. Statistics shows that the probability of a bomb being on an airplane is 1/1000. That's quite high if you think about it - so high that I wouldn't have any peace of mind on a flight." "And what does this have to do with you bringing a bomb on board of a plane?" "You see, since the probability of one bomb being on my plane is 1/1000, the chance that there are two bombs is 1/1000000. If I already bring one, the chance of another bomb being around is actually 1/1000000, and I am much safer..."
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