Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring Systems Protected Areas Manual HOW-TO GUIDELINES
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL Reproduction of this publication in full or in part or adaptation for local use for education and other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the publisher, provided that the Biodiversity Management Bureau and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercial purposes is prohibited. ISSN: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Source and Copyrights © 2017 GIZ Layout / Design Ryan G. Palacol Copyright on Photos The photo used in the front cover of this publication is owned by GIZ. Printed and distributed by Biodiversity Management Bureau and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Place and date of publication Manila, Philippines September 2017
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL HOW-TO GUIDELINES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE BIO-PHYSICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING MANUALS
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1.1 Background 1.2 General Approach 1.3 Stratification
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ABOUT THIS MANUAL
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2.1 At A Glance 2.2 Why Another Manual 2.3 What Are The Goals of this Manual 2.4 In A Nutshell 2.5 Before You Begin: Is This Manual For You
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PREPARATION AND METHODOLOGY
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3.1 Assessment Team Formation and Tasking 3.2 Conduct Of Socio-Economic Assessment 3.2.1 Preliminary Data Gathering and Collation 3.2.2 Coordination and Consultations 3.2.3 Actual Survey 3.2.3.1 Interview of Household Head 3.2.3.2 Posting of Sticker 3.2.3.3 Farmlot Visitation /Verification 3.2.3.4 Proofs of Occupancy 3.2.3.5 Other Methodologies 3.2.4 Mapping
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND REMOTE SENSING
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4.1 Basic GIS Concepts 4.1.1 Maps / Projections / Coordinate Reference System 4.1.2 Types of GIS Data 4.1.3 GIS Data Formats 4.2 Using QGIS for Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring 4.2.1 Downloading and Installation of QGIS Software 4.2.2 QGIS Graphic User Interface (GUI) 4.2.3 Saving and Loading QGIS Projects 4.2.4 Development of Basemaps for Community Mapping 4.2.4.1 NAMRIA Geoportal 4.2.4.2 Using Openlayers plugin 4.2.5 Georeferencing and Digitizing 4.2.5.1 Georeferencer Plug-in 4.2.5.2 Digitizing 4.3 Geotagging Photos 4.3.1 Installation of ExifRead
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4.3.2 Installation of Photo2Shape Plug-in 4.3.3 Using the Photo2Shape Plugin 4.4 Spatial Analysis and Thematic Maps 4.4.1 Extracting Geospatial datasets from the SEAMS Automated Utility Tool (SAUT) 4.5 Map Composition 4.6 References
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DATA MANAGEMENT
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5.1 Filling-out of SEAMS Form 1 5.2 The SEAMS Automated Utility Tool 5.2.1 Opening 5.2.2 Encoding the Survey Data and Filling-out of SEAMS Form 1 5.2.2.1 Encoding the data of SEAMS Form 1 in the SAUT 5.2.2.2 Filling-out the “Region” by choosing through the drop-down list 5.2.2.3 Filling-out of the profile of the area being surveyed 5.2.2.4 Filling-out the remaining profile information in Form 1 5.2.2.5 Filling-out the demographic profile 5.2.2.6 Filling-out the socio-economic profile 5.2.2.6.1 Ecotourism 5.2.2.6.2 Fisheries (salt water) 5.2.2.6.3 Fisheries (fresh water) 5.2.2.6.4 Trading, Processing and Manufacturing 5.2.2.6.5 Agriculture 5.2.2.6.6 Livestock and Poultry 5.2.2.6.7 Non-timber Forest Products 5.2.2.6.8 Timber Forest Product 5.2.2.6.9 Wildlife Gathering 5.2.2.6.10 Mining and Quarrying 5.2.2.6.11 Other Industries 5.2.2.6.12 Service-based Industries 5.2.2.6.13 Other revenue sources 5.2.2.6.14 Household Expenditures 5.2.2.7 Filling-out the health, hazard and institutional profile 5.2.2.7.1 Natural Hazards 5.2.2.7.2 Housing, Health and Sanitation 5.2.2.7.3 Physical Infrastructures
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43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51 56 61 65 68 72 76 79 83 86 87 88 89 90 90 92 93
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
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5.2.2.7.4 Perception Ratings on PA Management 5.2.2.7.5 Institutional 5.2.2.7.6 Certification Submitting the Encoded Data Resetting the Encoding Template Updating Data Entries 5.2.5.1 Entry Viewer 5.2.5.1.1 Viewing the encoded data 5.2.5.1.2 Re-encoding or updating incorrect or outdated data 5.2.5.1.3 Deleting an existing data in the database 5.2.5.2 Dbase Cleaning the dataset 5.2.6.1 Via the database 5.2.6.2 Via the entry viewer Face or forms of a dataset 5.2.7.1 Wide dataset 5.2.7.2 Long dataset
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THE SEAMS FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
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6.1 Processing the Survey Data 6.1.1 Extracting the Database 6.1.2 Dataset Form Conversion 6.1.3 Generating a Pivot Table 6.1.4 Linking Regular Table in a Pivot Table 6.2 Generating the SEAMS Report Tables 6.2.1 List of Usual Tables to be Produced 6.2.2 Guide in Generating the SEAMS Report Tables 6.2.2.1 Demographic Profile 6.2.2.1.1 Change in population 6.2.2.1.2 Population Structure 6.2.2.2 Resources, Resource Uses, and Threats 6.2.2.3 Societal/Social Profile 6.2.2.3.1 Educational attainment by barangay 6.2.2.3.2 Top 10 causes of illness/ morbidity by barangay 6.2.2.3.3 Top 10 causes of death/mortality by barangay 6.2.2.3.4 Access to clean/safe water by type of water source
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6.2.2.4 Economic 6.2.2.4.1 6.2.2.4.2
Profile Labor force distribution by barangay Age distribution of sampled population by Barangay 6.2.2.4.3 Sources of average annual household income by barangay 6.2.2.4.4 Average annual household expenditure by barangay and by type of expenditure 6.2.2.4.5 Average annual household savings by barangay 6.2.2.4.6 Total annual revenue profile from livelihood by barangay 6.2.2.4.7 Total annual cost profile from livelihood sources 6.2.2.4.8 Economic Rent Estimate from natural resources 6.2.2.5 Institutional profile and Perceptions of respondents 6.2.2.5.1 Knowledge of respondents per barangay on relevant organizations 6.2.2.5.2 Perception on occurrence of natural risks & hazard by type 6.2.2.5.3 Tips in producing the tables 6.2.3 SEAMS Form 2 6.2.3.1 Preparing the SEAMS Form 2 Report through the Form 2 Pivot Tab 6.2.3.2 Producing SEAMS Form 2 Report 6.2.4 SEAMS Form 3 6.2.4.1 Producing SEAMS Form 3 Report
ANNEXES
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Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex Annex
A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: I: J: K:
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150 Process Flow SEAMS Form 1: Questionnaire SEAMS Form 2: Summary per Barangay SEAMS Form 3: Summary per Municipality SEAMS Form 4: Certification of Survey and Registration SEAMS Form 5: Official List of Tenured Migrants SEAMS Form 6: Questionnaire Form for Indigenous People Process for Registration of Tenured Migrants Notice to the Public Certificate of Recognition SEAMS Form 7: Certification of Refusal
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BIO-PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING MANUALS 1.1 Background A protected area is defined by the IUCN as ‘clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values’ (Dudley 2008:8). Thus, protected areas aim to conserve nature and sustain ecosystem services through managing space. Managers of this area or space must therefore not only know what types of ecosystems, species, and ecosystem services are in the area/space they are managing, but their abundance and distribution as well. Since many protected areas are often meant to serve as natural capital or reproductive stock to provide for the broader ecosystem (i.e. river basin and coastal/marine area) of which they are a part, then managers should know the types, abundance and distribution of ecosystems, species, and ecosystem services both inside and outside the protected areas. This kind of information is needed to:
In the Philippine protected area system, the objectives on the left column are meant to be addressed through the following: (1) Protected Area Suitability Assessment (Technical Bulletin 2016-04)
(1) determine whether an area needs to be protected to begin with and where to delineate its boundaries, (2) plan regulations and their place of (2) Previous: Resource Basic Inventory (RBI) application (i.e. zoning), and Survey and Registration of Protected Area Occupants (SRPAO)
Current: Bio-physical Assessment and Monitoring (BAMS; BMB-TB 2016-05 and 2017-09) and Socio-economic Assessment and Monitoring System (SEAMS; BMB-TB 2016-07) (3) allocate management effort in (3) Biodiversity Monitoring System communicating with communities/ (DAO 2000-13) user groups; deter and respond to violations of regulations on a dayto-day basis; and (4) periodically report the degree of (4) Biodiversity Monitoring System achievement of nature conservation (DAO 2000-13) and ecosystem services sustainability.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
The above are collections of methods that include: (1) review of existing data and information (including remotely sensed data), (2) indirect collection of data and information from various documents and informants, and (3) direct observations either specifically for the purpose of monitoring changes in nature and ecosystem services or in the course of other activities such as communication or patrols. With respect to #3 recording direct observations, some natural features and ecosystem services may be more easily recorded (e.g. large vertebrates, forest cover, water wells, tourist visits, fish catch, etc.) and are thus useful indicators which can be analyzed from data collected by patrols (e.g. through the Lawin or Daloy system) whereas others (e.g. certain small and/or difficult to identify plants and animals, protection from landslides and floods, etc.) may require more purposive sampling.
OBJECTIVES This series of Bio-Physical and Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring Guides is meant to support #2 and #4 objectives above by providing specific methods for measuring various physical, biological, social and economic variables (Table 1). These guides describe simpler methods for biodiversity conservation practitioners and their technical partners. TABLE 1. VARIABLES OF INTEREST / METHODS IN THE GUIDEBOOK SERIES Terrestrial (TB 2016-05)
Wetland
Coastal/Marine (TB 2017-05)
GIS (ArcGIS) GIS GIS (not in TB) Watershed Delineation Watershed Delineation Landslide Susceptibility Surface Water Watershed Function
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Water Quality
Socio-Economic (TB 2016-06) GIS
Protection provided Secondary data by coastal habitats collection to coastal areas (in PAME manual but not in TB) Coral Reefs, reef fishes and macroinvertebrates (latter in PAME manual)
Group consultation
Seagrass and macroinvertebrates (latter in PAME manual)
Household survey
Terrestrial (TB 2016-05) Flora including mangroves (latter also in coastal/marine TB)
Wetland Phytoplankton Aquatic Macrophytes
Fauna – Arthropod
Fauna – Vertebrate Birds Mammals Reptiles/Amphibians
Coastal/Marine (TB 2017-05) Plankton Cryptobiota (in TB only) Seaweeds and macroinvertebrates Mudflats and intertidal macroinvertebrates (in PAME manual) and microinvertebrates (in TB only)
Wildlife/Megafauna Birds/Bats Reptiles/Amphibians
Megafauna (marine mammals, sharks and rays, marine turtles) (in PAME manual but not in TB)
Fisheries
Fisheries (in PAME manual but not in TB)
Socio-Economic (TB 2016-06) Analysis: Demographic Profile Analysis: Resources, Resource Uses and Threats Analysis: Social Profile Analysis: Economic Profile Analysis: Institutional Profile and Perceptions
Note also: Survey of subterranean ecosystems are outlined in the Cave Handbook (DENR 2017)
The BMS Manual identifies the following information that management needs: 1. Where and how extensive (area) are the various ecosystem sub-types? And where are they being degraded/improving? (not just in PA but even beyond) 2. Are the populations of threatened species of plants and animals declining/ increasing? 3. What are the causes for declines or increases? 4. Has management intervention had the intended impact on the ecosystem? 5. Are there increased benefits to local communities from sustainable natural resource use?
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For socio-economic data, management also needs the following information: 1. How valuable (a) currently, (b) in future if business as usual; and (c) potentially in future, if well managed are the various major ecosystem services being supported by the protected area? Where are the sources and benefit areas of these various major ecosystem services? (not just within the PA but even beyond where relevant) 2. What is the rate of change, and where are these major ecosystem services being degraded/improving? What are the causes (pressures and threats) for declines or increases? What magnitude and where are these pressures and threats? 3. What would be the future estimated values of these ecosystem services under the following major options for management: (a) business as usual, (b) primarily conservation with compatible sustainable use as secondary objective, and (c) alternative use [depending upon what is relevant to the area, e.g. mining] with conservation as secondary objective? 4. What are the names/identities, periods of occupancy, locations, boundaries, and extents of the areas occupied by, as well as, resource uses of the PA occupants and other entities (e.g. firms), as well as their resource uses? 5. Which populations/communities and sub-sectors of these populations/ communities (e.g. subsistence fishers, farmers of irrigated farms, coastal communities adjacent to coral reefs and mangroves, etc.) are benefiting/ losing, will benefit/are bound to lose from changes in these ecosystem services? Since monitoring is just one of the tasks of management, overall monitoring should not use too much (e.g. up to 10-15%) of the overall human and financial resources. Thus, simple and easy-to-measure indicators (Table 2) should be preferred while more complex monitoring may be better approached through partnerships with organizations which may have these studies as among their core mandates (e.g. research and academic organizations). Due to large number of variables that may be measured and difficulty of measurement, many of the methods (Table 1) are not suitable for objective #3 (day-to-day monitoring). For #3, the Biodiversity Monitoring System using easily observable indicators (Table 2) complemented by more modern digital technology (e.g. SMARTLawin and eBMS) are still more practical and applicable. Of course, one can always simplify but without sacrifice of the objective of providing reliable trends in biological features and ecosystem services that are vital to management needs. Thus, managers may need to supplement the results of easy opportunistic monitoring those from purposive studies that give a more comprehensive picture of the situation.
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TABLE 2. SOME EASIER INDICATORS Terrestrial
Wetland
Coastal/Marine Coral, seagrass, and mangrove extent and cover
Socio-Economic
Forest extent and cover
Extent of water bodies (wet season and dry season)
Locations of houses, farms, key infrastructure (e.g. roads) and other production facilities (e.g. factories, drying areas)
Abundance of large vertebrates (mammals, birds including raptors)
Water Reef fish abundance transparency and especially of large dissolved oxygen piscivores (groupers, snappers and emperors)
Total population and occupation per adult
Fish catch
Fish catch of hightrophic pelagic fishes
Production (crops, livestock, fish, wood, etc.)
Abundance of large vertebrates
Easy health indicators (height/weight, mortality, morbidity)
1.2 General Approach 1. List known key features of interest (physical, ecosystems and/or species, e.g. reason for wanting to protect the area). 2. Map the estimated extent of the various ecosystems (e.g. forest types including mangroves, rivers, lakes, seagrass beds, coral reefs). Methods: Secondary map data (please identify BMB website reference for relevant links), GIS, Measurements for Ecosystem Level Assessment (terrestrial) and manta tow (coastal/marine) with sampling points distributed as much as possible across the various sampling strata and across the entire area of interest (use of SMART/Lawin would be appropriate). 3. Select key ecosystems of interest (or adjust list from step 1). 4. Outline areas to be sampled (see stratification below) 5. Sample and estimate relative abundance of flora and fauna in the key ecosystem types of interest. For purposes of maximizing the number of native species recorded, you may wish to sample relatively undisturbed areas; however, this sample will not be representative of that ecosystem through the area of interest. 6. Select indicator species/taxa (flora, fauna), physical features (or adjust list from step 1), sampling stations for monitoring in cooperation with biodiversity expert(s). 7. Monitor abundance through time and distribution of indicator species/ taxa/physical features of interest across the various sampling strata.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
1.3 Stratification For purposes of sampling and extrapolation of results, Areas of Interest and surrounding watersheds and coastal/marine influence areas are to be classified by: a. Ecosystem sub-types: For example, the 12 forest formations for terrestrial areas and coastal ecosystems (mangrove forests, seagrass/seaweed beds, coral reefs) for coastal areas b. degree of human pressures (i.e. alienable & disposable, forestland or protected area; protected area management zone [core, multiple-use, buffer, outside PA]; proximity to households and population centers; and accessibility using roads/trails and streams/rivers as proxies). Example: An area with six sub-systems subject to human pressure (Low, Moderate, High) would require 9 representative classes, each with its own replicate sampling. Human Pressure Sub-ecosystem Mid-elevation forest Low-elevation forest Coastal forest Seagrass/seaweed beds Coral reefs Deeper water
Low
Moderate
High
Other useful references for this are section 1.1. of FFI (2014) Biodiversity Assessment Manual and the section on Sampling Protocol for Coastal and Marine Habitat Assessment in the Coastal and Marine Guide.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
USE OF OUTPUT FOR MANAGEMENT PLANNING Ultimately, the Bio-physical Assessment should produce maps of the value of certain areas for protection for example due to high biodiversity, being sources of ecosystem services, and/or being highly hazardous. In the map diagram below, higher numbers would refer to higher value for protection.
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While from Socio-Economic Assessment would produce maps of the value of certain areas for use for example due to proximity to human settlements and transportation (roads and rivers), and/or being beneficiary sites for ecosystem services. In the map diagram below, more negative numbers would refer to the social and/or economic demands for less protection and more use.
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Taking these both into consideration (e.g. summing both values for each grid on the map diagram) would provide the basis for zoning and potential negotiations of zones. (These can be facilitated by software such as MARXAN and the like.) 0
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ABOUT THIS MANUAL 2.1 At A Glance As holistic sustainable development demands, the social and economic factors also have to be delved into at par with the ecological. It is the current practice that locals of protected areas (PAs) are consulted through the Survey and Registration of Protected Area Occupants (SRPAO) form. In brief, the SRPAO gathers the demographic profile and basic resource-use information of the occupants. This information is collectively deemed as the livelihood of the locals. However, continued use of the SRPAO has led to the conclusion that its data are either insufficient or incompatible with the need to assess the socio-economic status of the PA locals. Therefore, the Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring Systems (SEAMS) was developed as an enhancement of the SRPAO. In turn, this manual is published as a supplementary to the SEAMS, guiding the reader how to maneuver through the instructions of the SEAMS.
2.2 Why Another Manual The SEAMS provides information included in the conventional survey and registration of PA occupants and other relevant normative data on demographic, socio-cultural, economic, physical and institutional characterization of the PAs. The areas to be surveyed can go beyond those within the PA boundaries to determine the extent of users and utilization of PA resources relevant to a comprehensive and effective management. This assessment covers all occupants inside the PA. It shall also cover buffer zones as well as people who are living in its adjacent areas and are dependent on resource utilization inside the PA for subsistence and livelihood. The assessment and monitoring of socio-economic indicators using the SEAMS shall be done every 5 years. However, sampling methods shall also be utilized to quantify and highlight a certain socio-economic indicator and/or an immediate concern.
2.3 What Are The Goals of this Manual This Manual aims to guide the PA personnel on: 1. How to conduct the survey; 2. Encoding of data into the SAUT; 8
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
3. Operation of SAUT; 4. Processing and analyzing the data using the SAUT, and 5. Attribute entry and spatial data processing using GIS. Together with the biophysical information, the socio-economic assessment provides bases for formulating and enhancing PA management plans and policies.
2.4 In A Nutshell The SEAMS elicits more detailed information from the respondents to account for their resource use, household economic profile, disaster exposure, and other basic institutional information. In advancing sustainable development, notable consideration for the needs of people and profit is also a must. It is a balance which the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through its Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB), and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) through the Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂźr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH of the Federal Republic of Germany mutually recognize and advocate for through, among others, the publication of this manual that hopes to cultivate a sense of inclusivity for prosperity. The publication of this manual is also attributed to the invaluable researches and contributions of the Resource, Environment, and Economics Centre for Studies (REECS), a consultancy firm on environmental and resource economics.
2.5 Before You Begin: Is This Manual For You This Manual is for you if you are either: A. A technical personnel of PAs under the National Integrated Protected Areas System B. A prospective technical service provider with knowledge and skills for the efficient and effective management of biodiversity conservation. If yes to one or both, let’s proceed!
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PREPARATION AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Assessment Team Formation and Tasking The concerned Regional Office shall create the assessment team with the minimum composition as follows: Team Leader: Chief, Conservation and Development Division Members: a. Protected Area Superintendent (PASu) b. PENRO/CENRO, Technical staff (GIS trained) c. City/Municipal ENRO/PDC representative d. Barangay representative e. Local CSO representative f. Community/PO/IP representative The CDD Chief may not be necessarily involved in the actual survey but he/she should oversee the activity and be involved in data analysis and in determining appropriate management interventions. In cases where the PENRO is the concurrent PASu, he/she shall serve as the Team Leader. The team leader may create sub-teams depending on the following: number of occupants to be surveyed, size of the area and relative distance between homelots or farmlots, and funds. Conversely, budget or costing will likewise be contingent on the above factors. However, additional enumerators may be hired as needed. The assessment team shall be responsible for the actual conduct of the SEAMS from data collection, encoding, processing and analysis. For those who will administer the SEAMS, the target group members shall undergo a capacity development training on the following prior to carrying out the survey: [1] data collection using the SEAMS form, [2] data cleaning, encoding, and processing using the SEAMS encoding tool, and [3] attribute entry and spatial data processing using GIS. In PAs where Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) will be employed to supplement the survey data, the team members who will facilitate and implement them should obtain basic skills training.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
3.2 Conduct Of Socio-Economic Assessment The SEAMS is divided into 3 sections: Demographic; Economic; Health, Hazard and Institutional. The conduct of socio-economic assessment in PAs employs both quantitative and qualitative techniques. A flowchart in undertaking the step by step procedure is shown in Annex A by the survey team as follows:
3.2.1 PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING AND COLLATION Recent data information on the population such as location/map, approximate number, and livelihood, among others, shall be gathered from the Office of the Barangay, Office of the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator, Local Census and Statistics Office, Commission on Elections, Rural Health Unit and other concerned agencies. The initial data/information shall be used in planning for the actual survey, to determine the number of team members and groupings, number of survey days, among others.
3.2.2 COORDINATION AND CONSULTATIONS Courtesy calls shall be undertaken to inform local officials and community leaders about SEAMS and NIPAS Act. Meetings, dialogues and consultations with the protected area occupants shall be properly scheduled in coordination with appropriate local government officials, NGOs and POs. The purpose, importance and benefits of the assessment specifically with regard to the provisions of the NIPAS Act and its IRR shall be presented and discussed.
3.2.3 ACTUAL SURVEY One hundred percent (100%) survey of all protected area occupants and users shall be done to achieve the general objectives of the activity. The use of household survey instrument, SEAMS, is used as the primary method in eliciting and analysing comprehensive socio-economic data.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
3.2.3.1 INTERVIEW OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD
The survey team shall visit each house and interview the household head using SEAMS Form 1 (Annex B). The coordinates of the locations of the homelot and farmlot shall be recorded using GPS/ geotagged photos. In case the household head is not available during the time of interview, any household member knowledgeable to answer the questionnaire may be interviewed. The name, age, sex, relationship to household head, etc. shall be recorded. When in doubt about the information given, the survey team should exert the best effort to get in touch with the concerned household head. In both instances, Form 1 shall be signed by the respondent either handwritten or thumb mark. In case the household head or members refuse to be interviewed, the barangay representative present during the survey and the enumerator should affix their signatures on the space provided at the lower portion of Form 1 to affirm the refusal or noncooperation of the household head for the survey. For proper documentation, the survey team shall secure a certification from the Barangay Captain using Attachment 1 (DAO 2013-20). 3.2.3.2 POSTING OF STICKER
After the interview process, the survey team with the permission from the household head shall post the sticker using Form 4 Certification of Survey and Registration (Annex E) on a conspicuous part of the house being surveyed. For control purposes, the house tag shall be numbered as follows: RegionAcronym of Protected Area-Year of Survey-Tag Number. 3.2.3.3 FARMLOT VISITATION /VERIFICATION
The survey team, with the assistance of the concerned household head or concerned household member, shall visit the farmlot to verify the location. Location of the farmlot shall be recorded using GPS/geo-tagged photos, and listing down all existing developments/improvements introduced in the farmlot. 3.2.3.4 PROOFS OF OCCUPANCY
To verify the length of occupancy of the protected area occupant, the following shall be the bases:
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM (SEAMS) PROTECTED AREAS MANUAL
a. Physical structures indicating prolonged occupancy or Certificate under oath from the Barangay Chairperson or from any two (2) respected members of the nearest community attesting to the occupancy; and b. Any two or more of the following shall be considered as proof of occupancy: i. Planted trees; ii. Inventory report of forest occupants of concerned government agencies, if available; and iii. Other relevant documents to prove occupancy such as but not limited to: COMELEC registration, old community certificate, etc., or upon determination by the survey team. 3.2.3.5 OTHER METHODOLOGIES
This may include Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to gather additional information regarding the resource users, uses, threats and issues, among others. These are particularly valuable in collecting qualitative information on emergent and pressing issues in protected areas from a target audience like community groups and leaders, and key industries and establishments (e.g., tourism, water district) that benefit from ecosystem services in the PAs. Direct observation may also be done to take notes and record every aspect observed for photo documentation employing gadgets like cameras, video, GPS and recorder.
3.2.4 MAPPING The use of GIS enhances visual and spatial representation and analysis of the data gathered (i.e. generating maps of the major socio-economic indicators). The Community Perception Map and other mapping methods may be implemented in the context in the community FGDs. Items for mapping may include, but is not limited to forests, ecotourism, flora, fauna, water source, resources, communities, and threats/illegal activities. The output of these maps may be analysed side-by-side with the GIS output of the BAMS for planning and decision-making purposes.
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND REMOTE SENSING
Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring Systems (SEAMS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Manual
Table of Contents 1.0 Basic GIS Concepts 1.1 Maps / Projections / Coordinate Reference System 1.2 Types of GIS Data 1.3 GIS Data Formats
2.0 Using QGIS for Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Downloading and Installation of QGIS Software QGIS Graphic User Interface (GUI) Saving and Loading QGIS Projects Development of Basemaps for Community Mapping 2.4.1 NAMRIA Geoportal 2.4.2 Using Openlayers plugin 2.5 Georeferencing and Digitizing 2.5.1 Georeferencer Plug-in 2.5.2 Digitizing
3.0 Geotagging Photos 3.1 Installation of ExifRead 3.2 Installation of Photo2Shape Plug-in 3.3 Using the Photo2Shape Plugin
4.0 Spatial Analysis and Thematic Maps 4.1 Extracting Geospatial datasets from the SEAMS Automated Utility Tool (SAUT)
5.0 Map Composition
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1.0 Basic GIS Concepts 1.1
MAPS / PROJECTIONS / COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
A map is a graphic representation of an area, usually on a flat twodimensional surface (paper, computer screen) of a part or whole of the Earth. A projection is used to depict all or part of the round Earth on a flat surface. This is employed to improve accuracy of the conversion process due to distortion. While there is no “best� projection, applying the appropriate projection system maximizes the advantages of a particular projection. Commonly known error in geospatial datasets is the inappropriate use of projection or coordinate reference system (CRS). A CRS specifies how to describe a point on Earth in terms of coordinates. There are three geodetic datum used in the Philippines: the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84), the Luzon 1911 and the Philippine Reference System of 1992 (PRS 92). A typical topographic map i.e. NAMRIA Topographic Map contains important elements such as contour lines, legend, scale, coordinates and location map. This map also gives information on the type of datum and projection used to guide the users of the map; most of NAMRIA produced maps are using the Luzon 1911 datum. Taking note of this information is important to avoid erroneous data particularly when used in tandem with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices which are usually programmed by default on a different coordinate reference system i.e. WGS84. WGS 84 is a commonly used worldwide datum developed from satellite measurements of the earth. It is rapidly becoming the preferred datum around the world. Satellite images are often published using this datum. Unlike most datums, the origin for WGS84 is the center of the earth. The ellipsoid is also called WGS84. The Luzon datum of 1911 is the most commonly used datum for the Philippines. Most of the map series published by the Philippines National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) use the Luzon 1911 datum. Luzon uses the Clark 1866 ellipsoid and its origin is located just south of Luzon at Balanacan, Marinduque Island. In 1992, NAMRIA created the Philippine Reference System datum of 1992 (PRS92). PRS92 is not a new datum but an adjustment of the
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