Cambridge International AS & A Level Geography Revision Guide

Page 98

Typical mistake Students can sometimes state generalisations as absolute fact. For example, although inner cities in general are considerably less affluent than the suburbs surrounding them, some parts of inner cities, particularly in large urban areas such as London, are extremely affluent, illustrating the concept of the residential mosaic. Notting Hill, Chelsea and St John’s Wood in London are examples of inner city affluence.

Now test yourself

The residential mosaic is the complex pattern of different residential areas within a city reflecting variations in socio-economic status that are mainly attributable to income, but also influenced by ethnicity and age.

Tested

23 Define deindustrialisation. 24 State two elements of constrained location theory. 25 Name the two sub-sections of the CBD. 26 What is the residential mosaic?

6 Settlement dynamics

intricate, forming the residential mosaic that social geographers frequently talk about. The process of gentrification invariably increases residential segregation.

Answers on p.217

6.4 The management of urban settlements Squatter settlements in São Paulo Income inequality

Poverty

Lack of economic growth

Revised

In-migration

Lack of affordable housing

Slum formation

Figure 6.9 Inequality, poverty and slum formation

The slum housing problem

The population of São Paulo’s metropolitan area (2000 census) is almost 18 million. At approximately 8110/km2 the population density is more than three times that of Los Angeles. It is estimated that substandard housing occupies 70% of São Paulo’s area: l Two million people, 20% of the population, live in favelas. l Over half a million people live in converted older homes in São Paulo’s inner core, which are known as cortiços.

Slums are run-down areas of a city characterised by sub-standard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security.

Heliopolis is São Paulo’s largest slum. One hundred thousand people live here in a mix of absolute and semi-poverty. Squatter settlements are located: l near gullies l on floodplains l on river banks l along railways l beside main roads l adjacent to industrial areas

Cortiços comprise decaying formal housing, mainly in the inner city.

Favelas is a Brazilian term for informal, shanty-type settlements. They generally involve the illegal occupation of land by squatters.

Paper 1 Core Geography

97


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14.4 The management of development

53min
pages 212-224

14.2 The globalisation of industrial activity

11min
pages 204-208

14.3 Regional development

7min
pages 209-211

13.3 The development of international tourism

9min
pages 192-196

13.2 Debt and aid and their management

10min
pages 187-191

11.3 Manufacturing and related service industry

10min
pages 161-164

12.1 Sustainable energy supplies

11min
pages 168-172

11.2 The management of agricultural change: Jamaica

4min
pages 159-160

13.1 Trade flows and trading patterns

10min
pages 183-186

12.4 The management of a degraded environment

4min
pages 180-182

12.2 The management of energy supply

4min
pages 173-174

11.4 The management of industrial change: India

4min
pages 165-167

10.4 Sustainable management of arid and semi-arid environments

6min
pages 152-154

9.1 Hazardous environments resulting from crustal (tectonic) movement

5min
pages 131-133

9.3 Hazards resulting from atmospheric disturbances

6min
pages 137-139

10.2 Processes producing desert landforms

6min
pages 146-148

9.4 Sustainable management in hazardous environments

5min
pages 140-142

10.3 Soils and vegetation

6min
pages 149-151

9.2 Hazardous environments resulting from mass movements

8min
pages 134-136

8.4 Sustainable development of coasts

5min
pages 128-130

6.4 The management of urban settlements

12min
pages 98-104

6.2 Urban trends and issues of urbanisation

10min
pages 89-92

7.3 Tropical landforms

7min
pages 111-114

7.4 Sustainable management of tropical environments

4min
pages 115-116

8.1 Waves, marine and sub-aerial processes

7min
pages 117-120

8.2 Coastal landforms of cliffed and constructive coasts

14min
pages 121-127

6.1 Changes in rural settlements

10min
pages 85-88

6.3 The changing structure of urban settlements

10min
pages 93-97

5.4 A case study of international migration

6min
pages 82-84

4.4 The management of natural increase

4min
pages 68-69

3.2 Weathering and rocks

9min
pages 41-44

4.2 Demographic transition

10min
pages 59-62

3.1 Elementary plate tectonics

8min
pages 38-40

4.3 Population–resource relationships

10min
pages 63-67

5.3 International migration

11min
pages 78-81

3.3 Slope processes and development

10min
pages 45-49

2.4 The human impact

9min
pages 34-37
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