Gjrmi volume 3, issue 12, december 2014

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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2014 MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH Natural & Life Sciences ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DJEBEL Messaad REGION (M'SILA, ALGERIA) BENDERRADJI Laid, Khellaf REBBAS, GHADBANE Mouloud, BOUNAR Rabah, BRINI Faiçal, BOUZERZOUR Hamenna 445–459

Review Article PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IRIS KASHMIRIANA BAKER AS A POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PLANT OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 460–466

Aabid Hussain Mir

Public Health – Short Communication AYURVEDIC RECOMMENDATIONS OF DIETARY PRACTICES: KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES IN A DISTRICT OF PUNJAB, INDIA Rajvir Kaur, Balpreet Singh, Abhik Ghosh, Amarjeet Singh

467–474

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Review Article – Dravya Guna AN APPRAISAL ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL CLAIMS OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA AIT AND CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (LINN) R.BR. - TWO SOURCE DRUGS OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANT ‘ARKA’ Anagha Ranade, Rabinarayan Acharya

475–488

Review Article – Dravya Guna ANTI DIABETIC HERBS IN AYURVEDA: AN UPDATE Vasavda Krup, Joshi Vilaxana, Hegde Prakash L, Harini A

489–496

COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – INFLORESCENCE OF KADAMBA – NEOLAMARCKIA CADAMBA (ROXB.) BOSSER. OF THE FAMILY RUBIACEAE PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 12 | December 2014 | 445–459 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Research Article ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DJEBEL MESSAAD REGION (M'SILA, ALGERIA) BENDERRADJI Laid 1*, Khellaf REBBAS2, GHADBANE Mouloud3, BOUNAR Rabah4, BRINI Faiçal5, BOUZERZOUR Hamenna6 1,2,3,4

Natural and life sciences department, faculty of sciences, Mohamed BOUDIAF university of M’sila B. PO Box number 166, Ichbilia - M’sila 28000, Algeria 1,5 Protection and plant improvement laboratory (PPIL), centre of biotechnology of Sfax, Km N° 6 Sidi Mansour street, PO Box “1177” 3018, Sfax-Tunisia 6 Biology and ecology department, Ferhat Abbes university, Sétif 19000, Algeria * Corresponding author: benderradjilaid@yahoo.fr

Received: 07/11/2014; Revised: 30/11/2014; Accepted: 20/12/2014

ABSTRACT An ethnobotanical study was conducted in Jebel Messaâd region located in south of Boussaâda city in the province of M'sila (Algeria). Aim of this work was to identify medicinal plants used by local people of this region. The study allowed us to identify 60 species belonging to 55 genera and 33 families. Through a series of ethno-botanical surveys, it was possible to collect much information on the use of these plants. Study showed that foliage was the most used part, in addition to decoction and infusion methods which are the most widely used preparation. Results obtained in this work showed that the study region of Jebel Messaâd was a potential source of Algerian medicinal flora which would provide support in new natural substances research too.

KEY WORDS: Djebel Messaâd, medicinal plants, traditional medicine, ethno-botanical survey, medicinal flora, natural substances.

Cite this article: BENDERRADJI Laid , Khellaf REBBAS, GHADBANE Mouloud, BOUNAR Rabah, BRINI Faiçal, BOUZERZOUR Hamenna (2014), ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DJEBEL MESSAAD REGION (M'SILA, ALGERIA), Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(12): 445–459

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INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants were often used to heal for a long time. Although the current pharmacopeia with the occult, many people are satisfied by their medicinal abilities. Transmission of knowledge, by our elders, was interrupted with modern medicine (Hseini & Kahouadji, 2007).

These same plants are a bank of information for those who have decided to take their daily pain differently, neglecting the chemicals in modern medicine. Particularly in the programs of some international organizations such as the international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) that aim, through the involvement of local communities, promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in the world North Africa.

This study is intended to contribute to the acquisition of additional knowledge and aims to better use these plants for medical purposes in their giving more information about the utility of localized species in the study area through ethnobotanical surveys and collecting as much information on the use of medicinal plants for Jebel Messaad, located in the province of M'sila in Algeria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Presentation and climate study area Jebel Messaâd forest which was our study area, is located 30 km south of Boussaâda city, with an area of 33564.06 hectares (Figure 1 and 2). This region is characterized by a dry season duration and intensity, playing a key role in the

distribution of flora (Kaâbache, 1990).

According phytogeographic subdivisions of Algeria (Quezel and Santa, 1962), Jebel Messaad belongs to the saharian atlas steppe area of Maghreb sector and Mediterranean region.

2. Plant material and study methods Plants studied have been recorded using surveys in various villages of the study area.

The method used is based on surveys through questionnaires prepared and distributed to the residents of the study area. Questions focus on the medical characteristics of plants, their modes of handcraft and the common name of these plants experienced by people in this region. For the identification of species, we used the new flora of Algeria and the southern desert regions (Quezel and Santa, 1962) and flora of North Africa. (Mayor, 1952–1987).

The questionnaire is to have information on the type of disease treated by these plants primarily for diseases of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary and genital apparatus; auditory and visual sensation and diseases of nervous system and skin also. In this questionnaire it was also interested by the part of the plant used (roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits) or whole plant. While for the use of such plants in the medical treatment, it is possible to determine several methods such as infusion, decoction, poultice, maceration, inhalation, friction and drop (Table.1).

The questionnaire affected both sexes (male and female) whose age varies between 10 and over than 80 year older (Table. 2).

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Figure 1. Geographical location study area (Map-Info software, version 8).

Figure 2: Overview of the forest Jebel Messaâd, Pinus halepensis Mill (Photo courtesy: K. Rebbas, 2011)

Table 1: Constituents of the questionnaire Plant Scientific name Local or vernacular name Disease Used parts Method of préparation User Herbalist Age Female Male Total

10–20 3 4 7

Sex

Age

Table 2: Classes distribution of informants 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 80 year > 3 5 8 10 16 4 3 6 4 8 7 9 6 11 12 18 23 13

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Total 49 41 90

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Generally the study highlights a rich flora of 60 species belonging to 55 genera and 33 families, the most important are the plants belonging to Asteraceae and Lamiaceae (Table 3).

Women often use medicinal plants compared to men (49 women against 41 men) (Figure 3).

It appears that leaves are the most used part by the people of Jebel Messaâd at a portion of (75.47%), followed by flowers (37.74%), stems

(31.13%), root (27.36%), fruit (16.04%) and seeds (15.09%) respectively (Figure4).

Leaves are the most parts used by the people of Djebel Messaâd using multiple preparation methods. Infusion and decoction are the most frequent instructions with percentage of 100%, 80%, 32.94%, 24, 70%, 11.76%, 10.58%, 8.23% and 2.35% respectively (figure 5); While decoction and infusion are the most frequent dosage forms or methods used (Figure 6). It should be noted that the results table clearly shows the part used and the therapeutic properties of each species recorded in the various traditional treatments.

Figure 3. Distribution classes per sex for medicinal plants used

Figure 4. Most plant parts used

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Figure 5. Percentage of methods used of medicinal plants using leaves.

Figure 6. Preparation methods used of medicinal plants.

DISCUSSION Men use medicinal plants to heal for a long time; so many people are seduced by their medicinal abilities. These same plants are a bank of information for those who have decided to take their daily pain differently, neglecting the chemicals in modern medicine.

Particularly in the programs of some international organizations such as the international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) that aim, through the involvement of local communities, promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in the world (Hseini & Kahouadji, 2007).

Survival, proliferation, and chemical composition of plants in the spontaneous flora of Algerian Sahara closely dependent on

climatic variations (Chehma A & Yousef F, 2009). Herbal medicine can often meet daily occurrence of diseases, and this is the case in disorders of stomatology sphere where herbal medicine has an important role to play.

After a comprehensive analysis of data collected ethno-botanical surveys, results were interested in the informant's profile and groups of medicinal species treating various diseases reported in the study area. Analysis of the questionnaires sheets have allowed us to identify a large number of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by the people of the region near the studied forest, it is the region of Djebel Messaâd in Boussaâda district.

However, the collection of these bodies is an uncontrolled manner by the local population is unconscious preservation rules of the herbal

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wealth. This practice can have negative consequences on the preservation of biodiversity in the study area. It can lead to total loss of species, hence the need to improve the habits of the users towards these medicinal plants to respect the natural heritage.

The decoction is the preparation method mainly used (100%) (Figure7). This percentage shows that the local population relies on this type of preparation and is suitable to warm the body and sanitize the plant. Infusion (80%), the poultice (32.94%) powder (24.70%), fresh use (11.76%) and the use of oils from these plants is (10.58%), while the maceration (8.23%), and the end use of syrups is in last position to (2.35%).

The active substances of cartilage damage are not numerous. These are unsaponifiable plants that act on the connective, which have

such activity is called the anti-arthritic effect extended to today. The plants used in stomatology are plants acting on mucous membranes or have astringent and emollient properties. The interest in herbal medicine is to prevent stone formation or treat the condition to avoid the surgical procedure. Local and general treatment must promote salivary secretion, reduce inflammation, prevent or cure the infection of the gland (Goetz, 2010). We could list multiple plants in the treatment of rheumatism used in folk medicine, considering the ethno-botany and ethno-pharmacological aspects, a significant number of plants with different use have been identified (Babulka, 2007). Medicinal plants species founded in Djebel Messaad region and their therapeutic properties and traditional uses were listed in the following table (Table 3).

Table 3: Species growing in Jebel Messaad: Part used, therapeutic properties and traditional use Species

Part used

Therapeutic properties

Traditional uses

Buds, leaves and resin

Respiratory and urinary tract, antiseptic, stimulates adrenal glands.

Decoction, and poultice

Leaves and fruits

Antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, detergent, diuretic, hemostatic, stimulant, vulnerary Astringent

Infusion of fresh boiling water against digestive and gastric disorders.

Antiasthenic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, stimulant, stomachic Against rheumatic pain, and treat bronchitis

Infusion (abdominal pain and colic). carminative and antitussive treatment in the form of oily maceration roots (root crushed and used as a compress against rheumatic pain)

Abietaceae Âť Pinus halepensis Mill.

Anacardiaceae Pistacia lentiscus L.

Pistacia atlantica Desf.

Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum L. Thapsia garganica L.

Fruits and leaves Fruits and leaves Roots

Infusion

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Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium L.

Buds, flowers and leaves

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, appetizer, aromatic, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic bitter, anthelmintic.

Artemisia campestris L.

Leaves and buds

Digestive disorders, stomach aches, nausea and pain of menstruation. Vulnerary, antihemorrhagic poultice.

Artemisia herba-alba Asso.

Flowers, leaves, stems and roots

Antigastralgique, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, stomachic, vermifuge. Roots used for nerve disorders

Cynara scolymus L.

leaves, and stems

Inula viscosa L.

Leaves

Antidiarrheal, appetizer, cholagogue, choleretic, blood purifier, diuretic, energy, hypoglycemic, nutritious and stimulating Analgesic, antiseptic, healing, diuretic, haemostatic and worming

Matricaria chamomilla L.

Flowers

Scorzonera undulata Batt.

Leaves and roots

Brassicaceae Lepidium sativum L.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative stomachic, tonic and bitter vetch Soothing, purifying, diuretic, emollient, pectoral and sudorific

Infusion or decoction of leaves for abdominal pain, stomach or headache. Hypotensive, antipyretic, anti-diarrheal. leaves used against epistaxis as nasal instillation Infusion or powder (anthelmintic, sedative, antiemetic, carminative and against abdominal pain, colic and menstruation). as a poultice against migraine, wounds and burns Infusion (anthelmintic, soothing babies, emmenagogue, stomachic and antidiarrheal).

Poultice (migraine and dental pain). Drops from : leaves are used to treat ringing in the ears Decoction, against gastric pain

Leaves are used as compresses against rheumatic and headache. Powder is used against wounds and burns Infusion (stomachic, calming and antidiarrheal). Oily maceration against migraine and rheumatic pains Infusion as a diuretic, carminative and stomachic

Leaves and seeds

Remineralizing, cleansing, hypoglycemic and tonic in women after childbirth, weakened or convalescence. outstanding appetizer

Seeds and henna used against rheumatic pain and arthritis

Paronychia argentea (Pourr.) Lamk.

Leaves and juice of the plant

Saponaria vaccaria L.

Aerial plant parts and roots

Diuretic, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, aseptic processes inflammation of urinary tract, kidneys and bladder Antipruritic, antirheumatic, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, sudorific and tonic

Infusion of the leaves in boiling water for kidney disease, urinary tract, and hemorrhoids Treats infertility, cockle mixed (taghighicht) with gourd (hadja), white horehound (merriouet), the Phoenician

Caryophyllaceae

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juniper (Araar) and purple with olive oil and dates, they are prepared as suppositories Cucurbitaceae Colocynthis vulgaris L. (Schrad).

Fruits

Emetic, purgative, tonic scalp

Ecballium elaterium Rich.

Fruits

Purgative, resolvent, rubefacient, vulnerary and emetic

Cones and branches

Treatment of hemorrhoids and varicose veins, its oil is antitussive, antispasmodic, astringent and anti-rheumatic.

Infusion of twigs and leaves used for treatment of hemorrhoids and incontinence of urine.

Palm (ends and wood) and fruits.

Antiparasitic, antiseptic and astringent.

Infusion of leaves has an effect in the treatment of abdominal pain. It is carminative, diuretic and anti diarrheal.

Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens L.

Juniperus phoenicea L.

Discomycetes Terfezia sp.

Fabaceae Calycotome spinosa (L.) Lamk.

Underground part Flowers, leaves and seeds

Antiasthenic, nutritious

Calycotome externally usd against swelling, edema and urinary retention because its active substances are strongly diuretic Vegetative part of the plant is healing (the skin conditions including boils) recommended to treat eye irritation, treat diarrhea, and febrile diseases and tapeworms

Retama retam Webb.

Aerial part

Trigonella faenumgraecum L.

Seeds

Softening, anabolic, emollient, febrifuge, galactagogue, hypoglycemic, tonic

Fruit cups, bark of young twigs, and leaves

Antidiarrheal, antiseptic, astringent, febrifuge, haemostatic. The acorns are nutritious and tonic. They include starch, sugar, lipids,

Fruits of coloquinte are used as oily maceration to treat rheumatic pain and in the form of suppositories for hemorrhoids Momordica is used to treat jaundice, in association with buckthorn (M’liless) as nasal instillations of fruit juice

Decoction

Infusion or decoction of the flowers and leaves of calycotome is diuretic. use as a powder to treat new wounds Retam used in infusion of dried leaves against abdominal pain. Externally mixture of the powder of stems with olive oil is very effective in the treatment of wounds and back pain Internally, decoction of seeds relieves abdominal pain, cough and diarrhea. It promotes weight regain and acts as an appetizer and calming.

Externally, the seeds are used for dandruff hair

Fagaceae Quercus ilex L.

Leaves used as a tea to relieve abdominal pain and kidney stones. Poultice, the mixture of the powder of the leaves with olive oil is very effective in the

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flavonoids, tannins and albumin

treatment of corns

Leaves

Astringent, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, laxative (depending on the dose, it can become purgative), stomachic and sudorific

Infusion to treat stomach problems, diarrhea and pain of menstruation. Powder used against eczema, burns and wounds. During the treatment, it is advisable to make a plan that is to refrain from consuming acidic and salty foods, hot peppers and coffee for (40) days

Leaves and kernels

Astringent, antidiabetic, stomachic, purgative, antiseptic and anthelmintic.

Tea made from leaves helps to lower blood sugar. Root bark is used for the treatment of oral disease

Plant without roots

Antiseptic (for external use), astringent, anti-rheumatic, vulnerary

Marrubium vulgare L.

Flowering tops and leaves

Mentha spicata L.

Leaves

Tonic, purgative, stomachic, expectorant, antipyretic, weight loss, diuretic, promoting rules, influenza, vulnerary, antiseptic and antidiarrheal Analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, stimulant, tonic

Infusion to treat sore head, abdominal pain colic and diabetes. It is appetizing and has great utility in the treatment of kidney stones, so that mixing the powder with germander (Khayata) and the juice from the infusion of the seeds of barley Infusion for pain of abdominal, stomach, teeth, ears, menstruation sore head, and kidney stones

Globulariaceae Globularia alypum L.

Juglandaceae Juglans regia L.

Lamiaceae Ajuga iva (L.) Schrebr.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaves and flowers

Salvia officinalis L.

Leaves and flowers summits

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, general stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vulnerary Antiperspirant, antispasmodic, sedative (nervous), carminative, stomachic, choleretic, hypoglycemic, and tonic

Used to treat dysmenorrhea, urinary incontinence and oral disease.

Powder, spearmint used to treat wounds and burns and to feed the hair In decoction or in infusion against gastric disorders, colic and pain of menstruation and back. It is considered carminative and diuretic Infusion of leaves and flowers is used as stomachic, emmenagogue and fortify.

Externally, it is very effective for the care of teeth and gums

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Teucrium polium L.

Leaves and flowers summits

Anti-inflammatory, astringent, detergent, antipyretic (malaria), hypoglycemic, bitter tonic carminative; tonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, anthelmintic, antitussive, digestive, appetizer, stomachic Antiseptic, astringent, detergent, antipyretic

Infusion against abdominal pain, colic and against stomach ulcer

Thymus ciliatus (Desf.)

Benth.

Plant without roots

Ziziphora hispanica L.

Plant without roots Fruits and leaves without petiole

Antiseptic, aromatic, appetizer, carminative, digestive, fungicidal, sedative, stomachic, stimulant, sudorific

Decoction laurel leaves is used in the treatment of hypertension, in addition, it is carminative

Allium cepa L.

Bulbs

Anti-inflammatory, antiscurvy, antirheumatic, antiseptic, bactericide, bacteriostatic (gastrointestinal), cholagogue, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, balancing glandular

Allium sativum L.

Bulbs

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cleansing, diuretic, expectorant, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, stimulant, sudorific, tonic and anthelmintic

Onion is highly regarded inhouse use, the mixture of onion juice with sugar is very effective in the treatment of cough and laryngitis.

Externally, it is used as compresses against sunburn, sore head and hemorrhoids Raw, mixed in salads, it is considered hypertensive.

Externally, it is used as an antiseptic for insect bites and against alopecia and warts

Leaves, flowers and roots

Soothing, antiseptic, astringent, antitussive, soothing, emollient, laxative, pectoral, limiting

Treatment of abdominal pain, colic and in cases of otitis and asthma. It is carminative and vulnerary

Fruit and latex

Antiasthenic, cleansing, diuretic, emollient, laxative, nutritive, pectoral and tonic.

Latex: coricide, resolvent and worming

Infusion, the fruit is used to treat cough and latex is used externally against warts

Leaves

Antiseptic, bactericide, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, and stimulant.

Eucalyptus oil’s used for repelling mosquitoes. With olive oil, it has a calming effect against rheumatic pain and burns

The fresh or dried leaves are used in fumigation to disinfect houses flu season, and infusion against angina and respiratory disorders

Lauraceae Laurus nobilis L.

Infusion, decoction

Infusion of plant without roots

Lilliaceae

Malvaceae Malva sylvestris L.

Moraceae Ficus carica L.

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Labill

.

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Oleaceae Olea europaea L.

Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. Plantaginaceae Plantago albicans L.

Poaceae Ampelodesma mauritanica (Poir.) Dur. & Schinz

Leaves, fruits and bark oil

Astringent, diuretic, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, tonic, hypotensive.

Antihaemorrhoidal, hypocholestĂŠrinisants, hypotensive, laxative, sedative.

Olive oil protects the mucous membranes facilitates the expulsion of stones

The infusion of the leaves of the olive tree is used as a gargle against oral disease (inflammation of the gums, canker sores and bad breath).

Olive oil is useful against coughs, colds and hoarseness, the redness of the skin, sinusitis and chronic constipation

Flowers

Antispasmodic, softening, soothing, emollient, pectoral, sedative, slightly hypnotic

The infusion of the flowers is used as a sedative, and antitussive

Leaves, roots and seeds

Soothing, astringent, emollient, diuretic and laxative

Associated with the root of bitter apple to make poultices in wound care. Against diarrhea

Leaves

Based tender succulent flower stalks its often consumed in companions; its sweet juice is refreshing Improving health, diabetes, anemia, tuberculosis, stomach, thin, colon, rheumatism, diseases of the kidney and urinary tract, jaundice, and diarrhea By washing the ashes are prescribed in the treatment of chronic ulcers of the scalp.

Folk medicine use as hypoglycemic Recommended in cases of asthenia, anemia, growth, pregnancy, lactation, convalescence. Wheat germ, as recommended by the Dietary

Plant is used as a tea to treat kidney stones and gall bladder

Hordeum vulgare L.

germinated seeds and semolina

The mixture of crushed barley with fig and honey seeds is used to treat asthma and abdominal pain

Stipa tenacissima L.

Leaves

Triticum vulgare Vill.

Seeds

Renonculaceae Nigella sativa L.

Seeds

Analgesic, antiseptic, The use of black seed is very antispasmodic, appetizer, effective against the flu by carminative, digestive, diuretic, inhaling the crushed seeds expectorant,

Leaves and stems

Astringent, laxative, purgative, effective against hepatic jaundice

An infusion of crushed strands of the Alfa in boiling water is very effective in treating kidney stones Used in many forms; rolled and steamed; in the treatment of stomach pain, anemia and bone fractures. It is considered galactagogue, cholesterol, and odontalgique

Rhamnaceae Rhamnus alaternus L.

Used as an infusion in combination with balsam pear to treat jaundice and abdominal pain

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Roots, fruits, leaves

Anti-inflammatory, emollient, pectoral

Decoction

flowers in bud bark and fruits

In herbal medicine, hawthorn ranked highest among the plants with antispasmodic, sedative and vasodilatory properties of the coronary arteries

An infusion of the flowers or fruit is used as a hypotensive and anti-diarrheal

Leaves

Antispasmodic, antiinflammatory, emmenagogue, sedative

Infusion

Leaves and flowering tops Roots and dried berries

Analgesic, anticatarrhal, antispasmodic, diuretic, eupnĂŠque, sedative Antispasmodic, antiophtalmie, diuretic, febrifuge, hypotensive, purgative

Its use is limited externally.

The leaves and seeds are used in powder for treating eczema Poultices for ophthalmia

Leaves, bark and gall

Anticatarrhale, appetizer, astringent, diuretic, styptic, sudorific

The infusion of the roots is used to treat kidney stones

Thyphaceae Typha angustifolia L.

Pollen

Analgesic, hemostatic

applied locally against bleeding or taken orally mixed with honey

Thymeleaceae Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.

Leaves and stems

The passerine is expectorant, and anthelminthe hydragogue decoction of the leaves is recommended against dandruff

Externally, it involves mixing crushed with olive oil to treat wounds, scabies, and feed the hair leaves

Leaves

Cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, galactagogue, sedative, tonic

Infusion

Leaves and seeds

Analgesic properties (rheumatism), aphrodisiac and euphoric. The seeds were used as galactagogue, emmenagogue

The seeds are used in powder form in the treatment of rheumatic pain, back pain, and hemorrhoids

Ziziphus lotus (L.) Desf.

Rasaceae Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

Rutaceae Ruta montana (Clus) L. Solanaceae Hyoscyamus niger L. Lycium europeum L. Tamaricaceae Tamarix africana Poiret.

Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis L. Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L..

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Figure 7: Medicinal plants study area (Photos: K. Rebbas, 2011).

1. Stipa tenacissima L.; 2. Juniperus phoenicea L.; 3. Plantago albicans L.; 4. Artemisia herba-alba Asso. ; 5. Teucrium polium L. ; 6. Peganum harmala L.; 7. Mentha spicata L.; 8. Pinus halepensis Mill.; 9. Globularia alypum L.; 10. Pistacia lentiscus L.; 11. Paronychia argentea (Pourr.) Lamk.; 12. Thapsia garganica L.; 13. Quercus ilex L.; 14. Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.; 15. Ziziphora hispanica L.

CONCLUSION Ethno-botanical study at Jebel Messaâd forest indicates that the region is very rich in many plants which have a medicinal importation in traditional medicine uses by the

people. So people of Jebel Messaâd use herbal medicines much as a custom. We noticed that some people have no idea on a few plants found in the study area, and local plants do not treat all diseases, and also, we do not know the

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names or usefulness of most medicinal plants.

Women and men have shared medical knowledge. The percentage of plants used between the sexes is different. The results show that women use large quantities of medicinal plants. This study allowed us to identify that decoction is the most used, among the most used in traditional herbal medicine part. Leaves are the most used. The uncontrolled harvesting known for their therapeutic qualities species poses a risk to their survival. Some species are endangered due to overexploitation (excessive tearing).

Lamiaceae family that are systematically torn with their roots to be sold in the cities and villages of the region. In North Africa many plants have been ethnobotanical studies and phytochemical analysis, the majority of these plants are included in the list of plants of the study area as Artemisia herbaalba Asso, Artemisia campestris L., Cynodon dactylon L., Inula viscosa L., Olea europeae L., Marrubium vulgare L., Pistacia atlantica Desf., Pistacia lentiscus L., Salvia verbenaca L., Teucrium polium L. Ziziphora hispanica L. (Chemli 1997; Bellakhdar 1997; Beloued 2005; Hachicha et al., 2009;. Kattouf et al., 2009; Bezza and 2010; Lahsissene and Kahouadji, 2010; Baba Aissa, 2011; Bounar et al., 2012: Bounar et al., 2013; Rebbas et Bounar, 2014).

The implementation process of cultures,

species, instead of the haphazard collection can improve the income of local people while ensuring the conservation of plant diversity of this region. The culture of these economic plants, especially medicinal herbalists and marketing undeniably increase income populations (Rebbas et al., 2012; Rebbas, 2014). The extraction of active ingredients, the phytochemist needs a certain amount of plant, a plant part or the entire plant, both in the entire plant is harvested during flowering and fruiting.

This requires the creation of plots of cultivation of medicinal plants selected from floristic lists drawn through floristic inventories. In Algeria, the market for plants with medicinal properties is unchecked (Boulaâcheb et al., 2006). Given the different uses of these plants, regulation seems necessary. Each country must develop its own specifications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was undertaken as part of a research project CNEPRU (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-Algeria), Code No: F05620110025, entitled: Inventory, development and in vitro characterization of useful medicinal, aromatic and forage plants in the steppe region of El Hodna (M'sila-Algeria).

REFERENCES Baba Aïssa F (2011). Encyclopédie des plantes utiles, flore méditerranéenne (Maghreb et Europe Méridionale), substances végétales d'Afrique, d'Orient et d'Occident. Edition. El Maarifa, AlgerAlgeria. 471p.

Babulka P (2007). Plantes médicinales du traitement des pathologies rhumatismales: de la médecine traditionnelle á la phytothérapie moderne. Phytothérapie de la Recherche á la Pratique. 136–145.

Bellakhdar J (1997). Pharmacopée Marocaine traditionnelle, médicine arabe ancienne et savoirs populaires. Ibis Press. 764p.

Bezza L, Mannarino A, Fattarsi, K, Mikail C, Abou L, Hadji-Minaglou F, Kaloustian J. (2010). Composition chimique de l’huile essentielle d’Artemisia herba-alba provenant de la région de Biskra (Algérie). Phytothérapie 8: 277–281.

Beloued A (2005). Plantes médicinales d’Algérie. Ed. Office des Publications Universitaires. Alger- Algeria 284p.

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Boulaacheb N, Clement B, Djellouli Y, Gharzouli R, Laouer H (2006). Plantes médicinales de Djebel Megriss (Algérie), famille des Lamiaceae-Revue des Régions Arides- SIPAM, Numéro Spécial. 1–8.

Kaabache M (1990). Les Groupements végétaux de la région de Boussaâda : Contribution à la systématique des groupements steppiques du Maghreb.

Thèse Doctorat, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay-France. 104 p.

Bounar R, Bahlouli F, Rebbas K, Ghadbane M, Cherief A, Benderradji L (2012). Flora of ecological and economic interest of Dreat area (northern of Hodna, Algeria).

Environmental Research Journal, 6 (3): 235–238.

Kattouf J, Belmoukhtar M, Harnafi H, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, Aziz M, Bnouham M, Legssyer A (2009).

Effet antihypertenseur des feuilles d’Inula viscosa. Phytothérapie, 7: 309-312.

Bounar R, Rebbas K, Gharzouli R, Djellouli Y, Abbad A (2013).

Ecological and Medicinal Interest of Taza National Park Flora (Jijel - Algeria), Global. J. Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., 2 (2): 89– 101.

Chemli R (1997). Plantes médicinales et aromatiques de la flore de Tunisie.

Options Méditerranéennes - CIHEAM, 23: 119–25.

Chehma A, Youcef F (2009). Variations saisonnières des caractéristiques floristiques et de la composition chimique des parcours sahariens du SudEst Algérien. Sécheresse 20: 373–381.

Hseini S, Kahouadji A, (2007). Etude ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale dans la région de Rabat (Maroc Occidental). Lazaroa 28: 79–93.

Lahsissene H, Kahouadji A (2010). Analyse ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales et aromatiques de la flore Marocaine : Cas de la région de Zaër. Phytothérapie 8: 202–209.

Source of Support: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-Algeria

Mayor R (1952-1987). Flore de l’Afrique du Nord (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Tripolitaine, Cyrénaïque et Sahara). Éditions Le Chevalier, Paris. 16 Vol. Parus.

Quezel P, Santa S (1962). Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionale, Tom I, CNRS. Paris, 545 p.

Rebbas K, Bounar R, Gharzouli R, Ramdani M, Djellouli Y, Allatou Dj (2012).

Plantes d’intérêt médicinale et écologique dans la région d’Ouanougha (M’Sila, Algérie). Phytothérapie, 10 : 1– 12.

Rebbas K, Bounar R (2014). Etudes floristique et ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales de la région de M’Sila (Algérie). Phytothérapie, 13 : 1–8.

Rebbas K (2014). Développement durable et conservation de la biodiversité: Parc national de Gouraya et des sites d'intérêt biologique et écologique du golfe de Béjaïa (Algérie). Edition Presses Académiques Francophones. 260p.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 12 | December 2014 | 460–466 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Review Article PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IRIS KASHMIRIANA BAKER AS A POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PLANT OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA Aabid Hussain Mir1* 1

Department of Environmental Studies, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong– 793022, Meghalaya, India *Corresponding Author: E-mail: aabidm4@gmail.com; naturelover42@yahoo.in

Received: 16/10/2014; Revised: 05/12/2014; Accepted: 06/12/2014

ABSTRACT Iris kashmiriana Baker is an important member of the family Iridaceae, locally known as “Mazarmund” in Kashmir valley. The plant owes its significance because of its endemic nature to the region, and its use in alternative medicine as emetic, cathartic, diuretic and expectorant since long time. In the current review an attempt has been made to assemble up-to-date information on its phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties and use in alternative herbalism, so that it may serve to bridge the gap between its folkloric use and the results of evidence based experiments.

It was found that in addition to its vast benefits in traditional herbalism, it has been proved for having potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor and antimicrobial properties. Flavonoids, isoflavonoids, glycosides and tannins were the phytochemicals reported from this plant. Besides this, the structure and reported bioactivity of its phytochemical constituents is also presented and discussed.

KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial activity, Mazarmund, Iriskashmirianin, Kashmigenin, Isonigricin, Iris kashmiriana Baker

Cite this article: Aabid Hussain Mir (2014), PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IRIS KASHMIRIANA BAKER AS A POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PLANT OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(12): 460–466

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INTRODUCTION The genus Iris belongs to the family Iridaceae, which comprises over 300 species, of which 12 species are found in India (Bhattacharjee, 1998). Throughout the world plants of this family has been widely used in traditional medicine and modern clinical preparations to treat cold, flu, malaria, toothache, cancer, bacterial and viral infections and bruise (Hanawa et al., 1991). Iris kashmiriana is an important member of this family, locally known as “Mazarmund” in Kashmir. The plant owes its significance because of its endemic nature to the region, hence is also important on the basis of conservation perspectives. Botanically and taxonomically the plant is herb with a thick and stout rhizome having 4 to 6 straight and glaucous leaves up to 60 cm in length and 3.0 to 4.5 cm in breadth. Flowering season is in May. Peduncle (stem) is 50 to70 cm tall, with few 2 to 3 flowered branches. Bract and bracteoles ranges from 7 to 11 cm in length.

Perianth is white and often with some blue marking and yellow-green veins and 2.2 to 2.5 cm long tube. Filament is white in color, 1.3 to 1.8 cm long, and anther is 1.5 cm long. Capsule rarely formed. Fruit is 3.0 to 4.3 cm long and 2.2 cm broad, with thick and woody walls.

Seeds are globular, wrinkled and red-brown in color (Ali and Mathew, 2000).

In the current age, the drug detection practice is becoming more complex and capital-intensive, hence systematic and critical review of the methods and approaches towards the entire process is required to rediscover the discovery process afresh. Therefore in order to seek the potential clinical applications of Iris kashmiriana, it is very important to establish a connection between its conventional utilization with thorough and modern pharmacological and phytochemical scientific studies. So far no comprehensive database has been developed to enlist all the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Iris kashmiriana.

The information available about this plant is either outdated or comparatively insufficient in scope. Therefore the present review was aimed to present the existing knowledge of Iris

kashmiriana’s phytochemical composition and utilization in local medicine. In addition an effort has been done to report the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on plant-derived extracts and also to highlight the potential for developing evidence-based Iris kashmiriana preparations. The study is likely to help in introducing Iris kashmiriana in the modern clinical preparations as a potent medicinal plant and will help on its further research, development and conservation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS To conduct current review, all available references/reports on Iris kashmiriana and its use in primary health care, published scientific journals, books, theses, and conference papers were consulted. A database for its use in alternative medicine, pharmacological studies and phytochemical constituents was formulated, along with evidence based pharmacological potential of individual compounds.

USE IN CONVENTIONAL HERBALISM The peeled and dried rhizomes, enjoyed popularity in traditional medicine since past due to their emetic, cathartic, diuretic, stimulant and expectorant properties (Jain, 1987).

Though the use of whole plant in the traditional herbalism has also been documented (Mala et al., 2012), but from majority of the studies, the use of rhizome seems to be prominent (Bhardwaj et al., 2013; Lone et al., 2013).

Different uses, modes of administration and dosage of the plant have been reported from different parts of Kashmir Himalaya. In Kajinaag range of Kashmir Himalaya, the powder of whole plant was used for treatment of joint pains and after mixing it with oil it was used to cure the skin infections (Mala et al., 2012). In Bandipora area, the dried rhizome was not only used to cure joint pains but also to treat eczyma and respiratory problems (Lone et al., 2013). In traditional medicine the plant was not only used to cure the human related ailments, but also to treat animal ailments. E.g. a mixture of rhizome powder, water and sugar made into semi-solid balls was given as tonic

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against general body weakness (Bhardwaj et al., 2013), for hepatic disorders and dropsy in cattle (Beigh et al., 2003). The use of Iris kashmiriana in traditional medicine gives the inspiration of its varied and outstanding pharmacological activities.

PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION The phytochemical analyses of the different extracts of Iris kashmiriana have revealed the presence of different compounds including flavonoids, isoflavonoids, glycosides and tannins (Wani et al., 2012). Earlier inspections of the rhizomes have led to the isolation of compounds Iriskashmirianin and Isoiriskashmirianin (Kachroo et al., 1990). In addition, two isomeric isoflavones, Isocladrastin (3'-hydroxy-6,7,4'-trimethoxyisoflavone), and Kashmigenin (4'-hydroxy3',5'-dimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyIsoflavone) have also been isolated (Razdan et

al., 1996). These new isoflavones have been found to lack the characteristic 5,6,7trioxygenated pattern which is normal in compounds present in other Iris species (Boland et al., 1998). Nazir et al. (2008) have isolated three isoflavones in the rhizomes, viz 4'-hydroxy-8-methoxy-6,7methylenedioxyisoflavone (Isonigricin), 5,6dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyisoflavone (Isoirisolidone), and 5,7-dihydroxy-4,6dimethoxyisoflavone (Irisolidone). Among them Isonigricin has been reported to be a new addition to the natural products. Recently Amin et al. (2013) with HPLC revealed presence of two active compounds namely Irigenin and Tectorigenin, while Alam (2014) in methanolic extracts of rhizome reported presence of many compounds including a new isoflavone Aglycone with its many of acetylated and glycosidic forms. The chemical structure of some important compounds is shown in figure(s) 1.

Figure(s) 1: Chemical structure of some important compounds found in Iris kashmiriana Irigenin Tectorigenin

Isonigricin

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These flavonoids have been found to be prominent plant secondary metabolites, playing a significant role in human health care (Agarwal et al., 1984). They have shown anticancer activity by means of inhibiting microtubules at G2/M phase. Studies have shown an association between isoflavones rich dietary consumption and reduced cancer risk, particularly breast and prostate cancers

(Williams et al., 1997). The preventive role of isoflavones in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties have largely been documented (Bonfills et al., 2004). The pharmacological properties of important compounds found in Iris kashmiriana are given in table 1.

Table 1: Pharmacological properties of different compounds found in Iris kashmiriana Compound Iriskashmirianin Isocladrastin Kashmigenin Isonigricin Isoirisolidone Irisolidone Irigenin Tectorigenin

Pharmacological activity Antitumor Anti-bacterial, anti-viral Antimicrobial Immunosuppressant, antimicrobial Immunostimulating Cardioprotective, antiviral Antimicrobial Analgesic, anti-inflammatory

PHARMACOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Anti-inflammatory activity

and

anti-cancerous

Iris kashmiriana has been found to have potent anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory properties. Amin et al. (2013) evaluated different extracts against human epithelial

Reference Wollenweber et al., 2003 Tian, 2008 Anthony et al., 2005 Nazir, 2013; Nazir et al., 2008 Nazir, 2013 Mua et al., 2009 Ahna et al., 2006 Ha et al., 2006

cancer cell lines A549 and Caco-2 for their possible effect on cell proliferation. They found it to show potent cytotoxic effects on both epithelial cell lines at all the tested concentrations with significant effect at 400 mg/ml. However the study reported that mouse fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3 were less effected, which indicated a possible cell specific activity against epithelial cancers. The results

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demonstrate pharmaceutical potential of Iris kashmiriana for treatment of epithelial cancers.

Antioxidant activity Free radical scavenging activity as verified

by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay have revealed that the methanolic extracts of Iris kashmiriana possess strong antioxidant potential (Kaššak, 2012). Amin et al. (2013) found this activity to be dose dependent with the maximum effect at 400 mg, which was due to redox properties of phenolic or flavonoid compounds present in the plant extracts, which were believed to play an important role in absorbing and neutralizing free radicals and hence terminating the free radical chain reaction. Alam (2014) found most of the compounds to show moderate levels of antioxidant activity.

Antimicrobial activity Potential antimicrobial properties have been observed from different extracts (hexane, methanol and water) in rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana. All these extracts showed antibacterial activities against bacterial strains (Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Psuedomonas, Proteus, Salmonella), which include both Gram positive and Gram negative types. Of all the extracts, methanolic extracts has been reported to show highest zone of inhibition followed by hexane and aqueous extracts (Wani et al., 2012). Alam (2014) screened the different compounds for antimicrobial activity against six bacterial Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella-pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus and two fungal strains Candida albicans, Aspergillus nigrum and obtained promising results, highlighting its use in antimicrobials in future.

Immunomodulatory activity The compounds Isonigricin and Isoirisolidone present in the rhizomes have been found to possess immunomodulatory action. Using flow cytometry Nazir (2013) studied the effect of these compounds on production of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+

T-cells) and T-cell cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ) in a dose-dependent manner in mice. It was found that at oral doses of 0.025 to 0.8 mg/kg, Isonigricin showed immunosuppressant activity on T-cells as well as cytokines, while Isoirisolidone acted as immunostimulator for both the cells and cytokines. Furthermore, when the methylated products of both the compounds were analyzed, it was found that they possess stimulatory effect on interleukins and suppressive effect on T-lymphocytes production.

CONCLUSION PROSPECTS

AND

FUTURE

Medicinal herbs are the main ingredients of conventional medicines and are thus of vital importance in traditional health care systems.

The large human populace with diverse life styles, beliefs, traditions and cultural heritage inhabiting Kashmir Himalaya has learnt to utilize natural resources and products in various ways. This traditional knowledge system needs to be studied, documented, preserved and used for the benefit of humankind, in addition of its official legalization and making it part of the official health care system before it is lost forever. During the current study it was found that there is a strong correlation between the ethnopharmacological usage of Iris kashmiriana with that of scientifically proven claims which justify and hence supports the traditional therapy.

Although the plants of the Iris genera are globally known for their phytochemicals especially flavones, but very less information is available on the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Iris kashmiriana. In view of the well-documented medicinal properties of various species of Iris and pharmacological effects of active constituents, Iris kashmiriana also needs to be scientifically studied further in order to harness its full potential as a medicinal plant of therapeutic value. Government should effectively support for its traditional medicine therapies by providing necessary institutional and financial support to scientific research in order to promote the potential role of herbal medicine in

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primary health care delivery and pave the way to modern clinical applications. Some of the measures recommended include that stress should be given for inventorying and documenting all the medicinal uses of Iris kashmiriana in herbal medicine, establishing

local botanical gardens for its effective conservation, carrying out in-vitro and in-vivo laboratory studies to study pharmacological values and establishing dosage norms for the proper administration.

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Amin, A., Wani, S. H., Mokhdomi, T, A., Bukhari, S., Wafai, A. H., Mir, J. I., Hassan, Q. P. & Qadri, R. A. (2013).

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Ha, M. L., Que, D. T. N., Huyen, D. T. T., Long, P. Q. & Dat, N. T. (2013).

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Jain, S. K. (1987). Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers Jodhpur India.

Kachroo, P. K., Razdan, T. K., Qurishi, M. A., Khuroo, M. A., Koul, S. & Dhar, K. L. (1990). Two isoflavones from Iris kashmiriana. Phytochem., 29(3), 1014– 1016.

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Razdan, T. K., Kachroo, P. K., Qadri, B., Kalla, A. K., Taneja, S. C., Koul, S. K. & Dhar, K. L. (1996). Two new isoflavone from Iris kashmiriana. Phytochem., 41, 947–959.

Lone, P. A., Bhardwaj, A. K. and Bahar, F. A. (2013). A study of some locally available herbal medicines for the treatment of various ailments in Bandipora district of J&K, India. Int. J. Pharm. Int. J. Trad. Nat. Med., 2(3), 164–178.

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Source of Support:

NIL

Wani, S. H., Amin, A., Rather, M. A., Parray, J., Parvaiz, A. & Qadri, R. A. (2012).

Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of different extracts of five Iris species growing in Kashmir. J. of Pharm. Res., 5(6), 3376–3378.

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Wollenweber, E., Stevens, J. F., Klimo, K., Knauft, J., Frank, N. & Gerhäuser, C. (2003). Cancer chemopreventive in vitro activities of Isoflavones isolated from Iris germanica. Plan. Med., 69(1), 15–20.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Short Communication AYURVEDIC RECOMMENDATIONS OF DIETARY PRACTICES: KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES IN A DISTRICT OF PUNJAB, INDIA Rajvir Kaur1, Balpreet Singh2*, Abhik Ghosh3, Amarjeet Singh4 1

PhD Research Scholar, Centre for Public Health, University Institute of Emerging Areas in Science and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 2 PhD Research Scholar, Centre for Public Health, University Institute of Emerging Areas in Science and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 3 Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 4 Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India *Corresponding Author: E-mail: drbalpreetsaini@gmail.com; Mobile No.: +919465380025

Received: 27/10/2014; Revised: 25/11/2014; Accepted: 01/12/2014

ABSTRACT Ayurveda is not only a system to provide treatment for diseases but a detailed prescription for a way of life emphasizing the preventive aspect of health. In Ayurveda, food is viewed as providing matter, energy intelligence, order and balance. Ayurveda provides set of rules for preparation and intake of food. With the aim to assess knowledge about such Ayurvedic recommendations on diet, a cross sectional study was conducted using interview schedule containing 20 statements in rural and urban areas of District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. 188 persons responded to interview schedule.

Statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS version 16. Independent sample t test was used to find difference in mean scores. Mean knowledge score was found to be 14.63 with Standard Deviation of 1.52. Significant difference in mean score was found gender wise & inhabitation wise.

Knowledge about Ayurvedic dietary recommendations was found to be good. Females and rural inhabitants had better knowledge than others.

KEY WORDS: Ayurveda; Diet; Aahaar; Ayurvedic dietary recommendations; Knowledge;

Cite this article: Rajvir Kaur, Balpreet Singh, Abhik Ghosh, Amarjeet Singh (2014), AYURVEDIC RECOMMENDATIONS OF DIETARY PRACTICES: KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES IN A DISTRICT OF PUNJAB, INDIA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(12): 467–474

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INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is one of the most ancient health sciences of the world having evolved in India almost 5000 BC and practiced thereon. It is not only a system to provide treatment for diseases but a detailed prescription for a way of life emphasizing the preventive aspect of health. It takes the integrated view of physical, mental, spiritual and social aspect of individual (Sharma, 2007; Lavekar, 2005; Puri, 2003). In Ayurveda, food is viewed as providing matter, energy intelligence, order, and balance (Marc, 2010). The food is the basic material for the production of life supporting vital matter known as Rasa which is converted to body components and supports all types of life activities (Ravishankar, 2007).

Recommendations on diet are integral part of Ayurveda, wherein multiple factors have been taken into account. These recommendations can thus be followed by individuals as per the suitability of one‟s need and constituency.

Ayurveda gives consideration to cooking preparations, storage of food items, time of food intake, seasons, stages of life, lifestyle, food habits, sequence of eating, ambience of taking meal, place where the food is grown, combinations and dynamics which should govern an individual‟s diet. (Guha, 2006; Sharma et al., 2008) Ayurveda recommendations are much elaborated and it emphasises on a disciplined and self controlled lifestyle in consonance with nature. (Sharma, 2005) These tenets of Ayurveda are deeply rooted in traditions and daily life of Indian people. Ayurveda recommendations are integral to the lifestyle of community as these are time tested and can be practiced irrespective of one‟s socio economic conditions.

In India, since the Ayurvedic recommendations have been practiced for thousands of years several such prescriptions have merged into folk repository of old age wisdom and are used as home remedies and pointers of do‟s and don‟ts of life. WHO estimates the utilization of indigenous systems of medicine in India to be 70% (Anonymous,

2002). Many other studies also verify the high utilization of Ayurveda by Indian community (Sankar, 2001; Srivastava, 1974; Jwala, 2009) Ayurveda did suffer a setback during medieval colonial periods of Indian history and modern allopathic branch of medicine pushed Ayurveda away from mainstream. Presently Government of India is working to integrate Indian Systems of Medicine into mainstream health system. This effort plans to make Ayurveda more accessible and popular in community. For the revival of Ayurveda which is an indigenous system and more significantly prescribe preventive strategies it is necessary that knowledge of the community regarding Ayurveda and its various recommendations should be quantified and understood. In the background of this scenario a study was undertaken to assess knowledge and awareness of dietary recommendations of Ayurveda among urban and rural community. Randomly selected few statements were designed from Ayurvedic texts to assess related knowledge. A difference in such knowledge was assumed in urban and rural inhabitation because of cultural issues, therefore sample was drawn form urban as well as rural area.

METHODOLOGY Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban areas of District Hoshiarpur in Punjab, India during October 2013 to December 2013.

Sampling The technique of simple random sampling was used to obtain cross-sectional data for this study. 100 persons were selected randomly, from each of urban area and rural area. Total sample size was 200 persons.

Survey instrument An interview schedule of twenty statements was prepared on the basis of comprehensive review of Ayurvedic literature primarily Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita which

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are the fundamental texts in Ayurveda. These recommendations were enlisted and twenty of these were selected which were considered relevant in modern era.

There were 20 statements, out of which answer of 15 statements was „true‟ and 5 statements was „false‟. Pilot study was done and interview schedule was modified accordingly. This was also adapted to the local language i.e. Punjabi.

It was written in two pages including the cover page that contains purpose of study and researchers‟ name. Interview schedule was in two sections: the demographic profile and statements on Ayurvedic dietary recommendations. In the first section demographic information about gender, age, education and residence was obtained. The second section was presented in a series of statements on a three point scale of (correct, incorrect and can‟t say).

Collection of data The respondents were directly contacted by researchers. All the participants were interviewed; aim and any uncertainty was explained. All the statements were read to respondents and responses were marked in interview schedule.

Analysis The data entry was done using the software SPSS version 16. For the purpose of scoring of responses score of 1 was given for the correct answer and 0 for other answers (wrong, missing or “can‟t say” answers). Each blank space was considered a missing value. The maximum score that any respondent could obtain, if all the responses were correct, was 20.

Descriptive statistics were used to run for frequencies, mean, median and standard deviation. Independent sample t test was employed to compare mean scores. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Ethical considerations Informed written consent was taken from study subjects prior to recruitment. All possible

information regarding the study was given to the study subjects. Identity of all the respondents was kept confidential.

RESULTS Response rate 188 persons responded to questionnaire out of 200 persons to whom questionnaires were distributed. So response rate was 94%.

Profile The results showed that males made up 48.4% and females made up 51.6% of sample.

All the respondents were within the age range of 21–70 years. 51.1% of the respondents belong to villages and 48.9% belong to city.

Most of the respondents (31.9%) were within the age groups of 41–50 years. Most of the respondents (48.9%) had completed high school education while 10.6% had completed graduation or higher.

Socio-personal characteristics have been shown in Table 1.

Scores The overall knowledge score that was obtained by the respondents ranged between 11 and 18 with a mean of 14.63 (73.13%), median 15, mode 15 and Standard Deviation of 1.52.

This shows a good knowledge about Ayurvedic dietary recommendations among respondents.

Significant difference in mean scores was found in males & females as well as urban & rural inhabitants (p<0.05). Mean score of females was 0.72 higher than males.

Respondents belonging to rural area have 0.62 higher scores than respondents belonging to urban areas (p<0.05).

The most common forms of knowledge were not to take milk after fish (96.3%), not to take curd in dinner (94.6%) etc. Knowledge about importance of milk in pregnancy and boiled water especially in rainy season represents good health behavior of respondents.

89% of respondents were aware of benefits of barley flour in diabetes and 84% of respondents

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were aware of utility of Macrotyloma uniflorum (kulth dal) in renal stones.

On the other hand, the consumption of banana and milk together (banana shake) is considered good for health by 55.3% of

respondents. Less number of respondents was aware of health benefits of taking mutton for tuberculosis patients and lassi for piles patients.

Knowledge statements with correct response rates are given in Table 2.

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of sample and Mean score by various demographic characteristics Characteristics

None Primary High Graduation

Number (N) Percentage of N Sex 91 48.4 97 51.6 Age 20 10.6 42 22.3 60 31.9 52 27.7 14 7.4 Educational level 31 16.5 45 23.9 92 48.9 20 10.6

Rural Urban

96 92

Male Female 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70

Residence 51.1 48.9

Score 14.26 14.98 13.35 13.98 14.88 15.25 15.07 14.38 15.13 14.55 14.25 14.33 14.95

Table 2: Knowledge test statements with correct response rate Items Milk should not be taken after eating fish Curd should not be taken in dinner Milk must be taken regularly in entire pregnancy Barley (jau atta) is not good for diabetics* Old wheat and rice are better to eat than newly harvested Drinking water should be boiled especially in rainy season Kulth dal is good in renal stones Food must not be taken until earlier eaten is completely digested Heavy diet should be taken in winter Ghee stored in bronze (kansa) utensil must not be eaten Only seasonal fruits and vegetables must be taken Taking sattu is not good in summer* Food must be taken very fast* Dried vegetables and fruits must not be taken regularly Taking honey and ghee in equal amount is good for health* Light diet must be taken in rainy season Lassi (chhachh) is not good for pile patients* Honey should not be taken when hot or with hot items Mutton is good in tuberculosis Banana and milk (banana shake) should not be taken together All statements has been taken from Ayurvedic literature *Correct answer is „False‟; for all other statements correct answer is „True‟

% of correct responses (N) 96.3% (181) 94.6% (178) 92.0% (173) 89.3% (168) 88.3% (166) 86.1% (162) 84.0% (158) 78.7% (148) 77.6% (146) 76.0% (143) 72.9% (137) 71.8% (135) 69.6% (131) 68.6% (129) 67.0% (126) 61.7% (116) 49.4% (93) 47.8% (90) 46.2% (87) 44.7% (84)

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DISCUSSION Nutrition plays a fundamental role in Ayurveda. Ayurveda places special emphasis on "Ahara" (diet) and "Anna" (food) as a means to good life, health and wellness (Guha, 2006).

Ayurveda considers faulty diet as not only contributing factor to disease generation but also weakening the natural immunity of the body. Food taken in appropriate quantity provides strength, vigor, sound, mind, promotes longevity does not aggravate doshas and maintains the body in good state. A wholesome diet is essential not only for maintaining health but also to combat diseases. Intake of food in appropriate quantity promotes longevity and maintains the body in good state. According to Ayurvedic texts there are certain rules to be followed regarding consumption of food, which a person if follows will lead a long and disease free life (Singh, 2012).

The present study shows a good knowledge about Ayurvedic dietary recommendations among respondents. Satow et al. (2008) also found good awareness about Ayurveda in Asian Indians living in America out of whom, 78% had knowledge of Ayurvedic products or treatments and 59% had used or were currently using Ayurveda. Similarly Dutta (2000) conducted a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study in three cities of India. In this study 15.3% respondents felt that Ayurveda cures the root cause of disease; 14% felt that Ayurveda is the preferred option because it has no side effects and 53% respondents agreed with the statement that Ayurveda is good for everybody.

In present study knowledge among females was higher than that of males which was in accord with other studies revealing higher consciousness of females regarding healthy diet than that of males (Emami, 2008; Woodward, 1994; Kvaavik, 2004). This indicates the higher tendency and attention of women to nutritional and health behaviors as well as self-care behaviors. This can be due to the reason that the liability of food preparation is taken by the female in Indian culture which makes her more conscious about diet related issues.

Respondents belonging to rural area had higher knowledge than respondents belonging to urban areas which may be due to more conservation of traditional values in rural area.

Most of the respondents have knowledge about not to take milk after fish and not to take curd in dinner. The reason was found for not taking milk after fish was incompatibility (Viruddha Aahara in Ayurveda) of these foods (Shastri, 2005). Most of the respondents believe that consuming these foods together could lead to Leucoderma (Phulweri; Shwitra in Ayurveda). Ayurveda provides reason for not taking curd at night as its abhishyandi nature which can block channels and cause health problems. Many respondents stated that taking curd at night can cause problems related to respiratory tract. .

Knowledge about importance of milk in pregnancy and consumption of boiled water especially in rainy season were found to be good in this study. Most of the respondents were aware that milk is essential diet during pregnancy. A cohort study also supported this fact that milk intake during pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of small for gestational age of infant (Olsen, 2007). Another study shows similar findings that consumption of milk during gestational period showed enhancement of fetal growth. (Borazjani, 2013) Many of the respondents opined that drinking water should be boiled during rainy season. Rainy season is tridosha kopaka (imbalances all three doshas in body) (Shukla, 2005); thus causing many health problems.

Infectious diseases like diarrhea are much prevalent during rainy season; which are commonly spread through water. Boiling water before drinking can be effective to prevent many diseases especially in this season.

Non communicable diseases are becoming major health problem in this era. One of such disease is diabetes. Most of the respondents were aware of benefits of use of barley (Hordeum vulgare) flour in diabetes. (Shukla, 2005). This is also supported by many studies.

One of this study revealed that supplementation

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of barley grass capsules in diabetic patients resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NonHDL-C) and a significant increase in highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (Venogopal, 2010) Many respondents, in this study, were aware of utility of Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) in renal stones. Respondents considered it as hot food, which have the potential to break renal stones. Some studies also supported that horse gram can be helpful in eliminating kidney stones (Ghani, 2003; Mehra, 2013).

Consumption of banana and milk together was considered good for health by almost half of the respondents; which is otherwise contraindicated by Ayurveda (Sharma HN, 2005). Shakes are not originally Indian foods but have become very common these days due to westernization. This shows the effect of westernized culture on perception of respondents.

Many respondents also knew that one year old grains are good for health. These prescriptions are culturally practiced in Punjab.

Respondents stated that newly harvested crops are not easy to digest and can cause problems of digestive system like diarrhea. Many respondents were also aware that heavy diet must be taken in winters and light diet must be taken to rainy season. Respondents also stated that ghee stored in bronze utensil get spoiled and not good to eat. Ghee and honey in equal quantities is considered poison in Ayurveda.

(Shukla, 2005) Many respondents were aware of this fact. Although less than half of respondents were aware that hot honey is also poison. Less number of respondents was aware of health benefits of taking mutton for tuberculosis patients and buttermilk (lassi) for piles patients. (Shukla, 2005; Shastri, 2005) There may not be sufficient scientific evidences in this regard. But these food recommendations

are considered quite effective in Ayurvedic texts.

There are many food recommendations which are being followed by Indian community. Such recommendations are traditionally followed for long time. The roots of these may lie in rich Ayurvedic literature.

There is a need to promote research on preventive aspects of Ayurveda. These can be proved important for improving public health in India.

CONCLUSION Knowledge about Ayurvedic dietary recommendations was found to be good. Rural dwellers and females in our study sample had significantly better knowledge. Peoplesâ&#x20AC;&#x; information and knowledge about Ayurveda are central in providing a sound base for making it a mainstream health system once again. Apart from these issues the actual clinical efficacy of these recommendations needs to be researched and added as a part of this knowledge. This would thus make the entire system verifiable and thus a science in its own right. Further, the fit of these statements with the local cultural practices and their changes had just been touched upon. Much more research in these areas is indicated by this outcome. It is thus important to see Ayurveda as not a sentimental form of Indian ancient heritage and culture but to make it more relevant to the lifestyle as it exists today.

Limitations of study Selected recommendations regarding diet provided by Ayurvedic texts were considered true for the purpose of this study irrespective of any scientific evidence (in favor or against).

Only twenty Ayurvedic recommendations on diet were selected for this study, although there are many Ayurvedic recommendations on aahaar for preventive and curative health.

There is a need for similar studies with randomly selected larger sample and wide range of such recommendations.

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REFERENCES Anonymous (2002).

WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002–2005. World Health Organization document.

Borazjani F,Angali KA, Kulkarni SS (2013).

Milk and Protein Intake by Pregnant Women Affects Growth of Foetus. J Health Popul Nutr. 31(4): 435–445.

Dutta HS (2000). KAP Study on Indian Systems of Medicine and homoeopathy in Bhubaneswar, Astarang and Tangiriapal. Orissa Voluntary Health Association Ghani

A (2003). Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh with chemical constituents and use. 2nd Edn. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Dhaka page. 603.

Guha A (2006). Ayurvedic Concept of Food and Nutrition. SoM Articles.Paper 25.http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/so m_articles/25.

Emami H, Ashkzari MS, Naseri G, Aghaeinia B, Rezaei AS, Shiraz, Masjedi MR (2008).

Knowledge Regarding Nutrition, Attitude and Practice of Smokers and Non-Smokers. Tanaffos.

7(2), 36–44 Jawla S, Gupta AK, Singla R, Gupta V (2009).

General awareness and relative popularity of allopathic, Ayurvedic and homeopathic systems. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research.

1 (1):105–112.

Kvaavik E, Meyer HE, Tverdal A (2004). Food habits, physical activity and body mass index in relation to smoking status in 40-42 year old Norwegian women and men. Prev Med. 38 (1): 1–5.

Lavekar GS, Sharma SK (2005). Republic of India. WHO. Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Text and Map Volumes. Kobe, Japan: World Health Organization, The WHO Centre for Health development.89–96.

Marc S. Micozzi (2010). Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 495–508 Mehra A, Upadhyaya M (2013). Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam. A Traditional Crop of Kumaun Himalaya and Ethnobotanical Perspectives. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science. 3(4): 148–150.

Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, Willett WC, Knudsen VK, Gillman MW, Mikkelsen TB, Olsen J, The NUTRIX Consortium (2007). Milk consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased infant size at birth: prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 86(4): 1104– 1110.

Puri HS (2003). Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation.

London: Taylor and Francis.

Ravishankar and Shukla (2007). Indian Systems of Medicine: A Brief Profile.

Afr. J. Trad. CAM. 4 (3): 319–337 Sankar, Deepa (2001). The Role of Traditional and Alternative Health Systems In Providing Health Care Options: Evidence from Kerala. Delhi : Institute of Economic Growth. Discussion Paper.

Satow YE, Kumar PD, Burke A and Inciardi JF (2008). Exploring the prevalence of Ayurveda use among Asian Indians.

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1249–1253. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0106.

Sharma H, Singh G, Basisht G (2007).

Utilization of Ayurveda in Health Care: An Approach for Prevention, Health Promotion, and Treatment of Disease.

Part 1- Ayurveda, the Science of Life.

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Sharma HN (2005). The Concept of Consciousness in Vedas. J Elements: Ayurveda and Health.3 (3): 4-5.

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AK. (2005) Susrutasamhita of Maharashi-Susruta.

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Singh B, Dutta J, Sharma V (2012). Assesment of Knowledgeabout Aahar and Vihar among university students. IJRAP. 3(2):189–191.

Srivastava ABL and Bhandari SCA (1974).

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Woodward M, Bolton-Smith C, Tunstall-Pedoe H (1994). Deficient health knowledge, diet, and other lifestyles in smokers: is a multifactorial approach required? Prev Med. 23 (3): 354–61.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Review Article AN APPRAISAL ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL CLAIMS OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA AIT AND CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (LINN) R.BR. - TWO SOURCE DRUGS OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANT ‘ARKA’ Anagha Ranade1*, Rabinarayan Acharya2 1

PhD scholar of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar -361008.

Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar -361008. *Corresponding Author: Email id :anagharanade11@gmail.com 2

Received: 21/10/2014; Revised: 15/12/2014; Accepted: 17/12/2014

ABSTRACT Two species of the genus Calotropis of family Asclepiadaceae (sub family of Apocynaceae) viz.Calotropis procera Ait. and Calotropis gigantea (Linn) R.Br. are considered as botanical equivalents of Arka and Shweta Arka respectively. Both have been attributed with copious therapeutic claims in Indian traditional medical systems especially with reference to its ethnomedicinal, commercial and sacred uses. A single hand compiled data is scarcely available regarding its ethnomedicinal and economic uses. In the present review an attempt has been made to congregate all available data from 22 books and 20 research journals. After critical observations, it is found that there are almost 50 tribes in and around India who use both species of Calotropis. The plant is used for sacred purpose mostly by Hindus. Different parts of the plant are used in about 44 different disease conditions by both internal (53) and external (52) applications. Its economic utilities suggest that all the parts of the plant have some or the other economic potential. Easy and abundant availability of Arka with single hand information on its potential ethno medicinal and economic uses may give lead to new research on this plant.

KEYWORDS: Ethnomedicinal, Arka, economic, utilities.

Cite this article: Anagha Ranade, Rabinarayan Acharya (2014), AN APPRAISAL ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL CLAIMS OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA AIT AND CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (LINN) R.BR. TWO SOURCE DRUGS OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANT ‘ARKA’, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(12): 475–488

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INTRODUCTION: Plants have been an indispensible part of health of mankind since time immemorial.

Folklore medicine is a major area that is being focused upon in the health research that involves both poisonous and non-poisonous plants. Ethno-botany deals with study of total natural and traditional inter-relationships between man, plants and his domesticated animals (P.C Trivedi, 2006). Two species of the genus Calotropis of family Asclepiadaceae (sub family of Apocynaceae) viz. Calotropis procera Ait. and Calotropis gigantea (Linn) R.Br. are considered as botanical equivalents of Arka and Shweta Arka. Both have been attributed with copious therapeutic claims in Indian traditional medical systems.

Calotropis genera comprising of two species are 90% inhabitants of southern Asian countries viz. Bangladesh, Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka (S.Sarkar, 2014). Both the species are mostly succulent, laticiferous shrubs, found throughout India mostly on roadsides, waste lands and in arid areas. Due to easy and abundant availability, both the plants have been a part of traditional use in economic, healthcare and sacred purposes. Both the plants have a therapeutic value and are an ingredient in various Ayurvedic formulations, quoted in the classical texts like Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, etc. Many claims have been reported during surveys in the tribal regions of various states of India. A single hand information about the ethno-medicinal, sacred uses of both the species of Calotropis i.e. Arka is still deficient.

Hence, in the present article, a genuine attempt has been made to congregate research journals, survey study reports etc. Information of all the reported ethnobotanical uses of both botanical sources of Arka from overall 22 books on ethnobotany and 20 ethnomedicinal research articles has been compiled together.

The obtained data is arranged in a tabular form, according to individual species, with regards to various local names of Arka as known by different tribes across India, name of

the tribe and their area of presence, part used, therapeutic indications and mode of administrations of the drug are also noted in a separate column with citation of individual references.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Area of reporting: It is observed that both Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera are being used as medicine in 16 states of India viz.

Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Jammu, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh & West Bengal (Table no.1 & 2).This shows the wide availability and use of Arka across India. In the neighbouring countries of India like Bangladesh (Dibyajoti Saha, 2013), Nepal and Pakistan also, Calotropis is reported for its medicinal uses.

Tribes: India has more than 300 tribal communities (S.Y.Kamble, 2010). In the present review, it is found that about 50 tribes use both the species to combat various diseas conditions. These are as follows: Santhals, Tharus, Munda, Meena, muslim tribals of bongaigong, Shyams, Bhoxa, Jaunsari, Tribals of Metpad, Kutragada, Kusumgudi, Tamools, Kols, Gawlis, Mettei community, Nakti, Sylhet, Satar, Paharia, Korku, Tribals of Dhar, jhabua, Kolams, Chenchu, Sugali, Verukala, Yanadis, Erukals, Chitheri, Kolha, Bathuri, Bhunji, Bangriposi, Kondh, Gond, Santali, Taiahom and Rajbhandis, Rajis, Motok, Moran, Sonowal, Kachari, Deori, Mishing, Kadar, Muduvar, Malyali, Malasar, Malamlasar, Borra tribals (Table no.1 and 2).

Dosage Form: All the parts of Arka are used in many diseases. There are total 52 external applications of various parts of both the species and 53 for internal administration. In case of Calotropis gigantea, the root is observed to be used in 18 various dosage forms like decoction, extracts and powder internally whereas in paste form locally. The root bark finds distinct place in 6 disease conditions. Leaves are used in 19 various dosage forms wherein 10 include external applications. Latex has maximum

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external applications in 28 dosage forms and only 1 in internal application. Flowers have 11 internal applications whereas stem bark has 3 internal applications. In case of Calotropis procera Ait, 9 dosage forms of root among which 3 are of root bark; leaves are in use in 9 dosage forms; latex mainly possess external administration comprise of 7 forms of dosage; flowers and stem in 3 and 2 forms of dosage respectively. There were variations observed in the total number of claims and the external and internal applications as in some claims the mode of administration was not vividly explained.

Therapeutic uses: Calotropis gigantea is observed to be used in 44 different disease

conditions whereas Calotropis procera is being used in 28 conditions. It is exclusively used in hypertension, oligomenorrhoea, cholera, jaundice, gastritis, epilepsy, tumour, painful gums, etc. Thus, it is observed that both the species have a vast range of therapeutic claims and is used in 10 types of skin disorders, 9 gastro-intestinal diseases, 5 types of Respiratory diseases, 6 gynecological and obstetrical problems, 3 types of musculoskeletal disorders, 5 types of ENT disorders and is used as an antidote in snake-bite, dog bite, rat bite, scorpion bite. It is also used in disorders of lymphatic system, i.e. in elephantiasis, anasarca etc. (Table 1 & 2).

Table no.1: Ethnomedicinal claims of different useful parts of Calotropis gigantea (Linn) Sr. no

Local names

Root : 1) Not reported

Tribes/ areas

Dosage form:

Therapeutic claims

References

Leucorrhoea

K.Raveendra Retnam et al., 2006.

K.Raveendra Retnam et al., 2006.

P.C Trivedi, 2006 P.C Trivedi, 2006

External application (E); Internal administration (I).

_

Decoction with pepper (I) _ Dry powder with sesame oil (I) Muslim tribals of Dry powder Bongaigaon, Assam cigar (E) Sub-himalayan forests Juice (I)

2)

_

3)

Akonda

4)

Akaua (U.P)

5)

Akaua (U.P)

Sub-himalayan forests

Crushed and Abscess paste form (E)

6)

Akaua (U.P)

Sub-himalayan forests

Extract (I)

7) 8) 9)

Leprotic wounds

Asthma Abscess

P.C 2006

Trivedi,

Elephantiasis, fever, P.C Trivedi, syphilitic ulcers, 2006 leprosy, chronic rheumatism Aakdo, Meena tribe of Jaipur Paste with ox Snakebite P.C Trivedi, safedaakdo urine (E) 2006 Aakdo, Meena tribe of Jaipur Extract (I) Cold, cough P.C Trivedi, safedaakdo 2006 Arkopathra, Tribals from Paste with Scorpion and CCRAS, (O) kutragada, Kusumgudi, pepper (I) snakebite 1996 Arakhogatch Muniguda of Orissa

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10) Erukkalai

11) Ank, Akonda 12) Aak 13) Palandi 14) Arakkam 15) Erukku

16) Erukku

_

17)

18) Aakon

Root bark 19) Erukku

Kannikar tribe of Juice (I) Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.

Satar tribe from Jhapa Extraction (I) region, Nepal.

Purgative

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

Chest and abdomen

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003

Munda tribe of Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand Kolams Extract (I)

Dog bite

Tribals of Tirunelvelli, Tamil Nadu.

Chitheri tribe of Chitheri hills in Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu.

Chitheri tribe of Chitheri hills in Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu.

Kondh,Gond tribes of Baliguda, Phulbani in Orissa.

Rajbhandis of Brahmaputra valley, Assam

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003 With goat milk in J.K.Maheshwari, menstrual disorders 2003 Snake bite wound J.K.Maheshwari, 2003 Tonic in snakebite J.K.Maheshwari, and scorpion sting 2003

Crushed (E) _ (I)

Water liquor (I)

with Leprosy, eczema

_ (E)

Abortfacient

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003

Paste (E)

Rat-bite

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003

Diaphoretic, expectorant

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003

20) _

Chitheri tribe, Chitheri Decoction ( I) hills, Dharampuri, Tamil Nadu _ Powder (I)

21) _

_

Powder (E)

22) _

_

Powder (I)

23) Akaua

Tribals of Sub- Powder (I) himalayan forests of north east U.P. Kannikar tribe of Powder (I) Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.

24) Erukkalai

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003

Leaf: 25) _

_

Without (E)

26) _

_

Heated (E)

Carminative dyspepsia Eczema

in T.Pullaiah, 2002 T.Pullaiah, 2002 Diarrhoea, T.Pullaiah, dysentery 2002 Syphilitic Ulcers P.C Trivedi, 2006 Purgative

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996

veins Induced abortion

K.Raveendra Retnam et al., 2006.

K.Raveendra Retnam et al., 2006.

Boils

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27) _

_

28) _

_

29) Akonda

Muslim tribals of Bongaigaon, Assam Shyams of Sibsagar, Jorhatdist, Assam.

30) Nahban

31) Akaua 32) Akaua

33) Aakdo, safed Aakdo 34) Arkopathra, Arakhgatch

35) Madar, Akhahua 36) Erukkalai

37) Erukkalai

38) _ 39) Ank, Akonda 40) _ 41) Akar

42) Arakkam 43) Erukku

Heated (E)

Sub-himalayan forests of U.P. Sub-himalayan forests of U.P.

Meena tribe of Jaipur.

Tribals of Ramgiri, Gupteshwar, Koraput, Orissa.

Tharus tribals, Basti district, U.P.

Rheumatic pain

joint K.Raveendra Retnam et al., 2006.

Juice with Intestinal worm K.Raveendra honey(I) expulsion Retnam et al., 2006.

Ash with curd Enlarged spleen P.C. Trivedi, (I) 2006 Decoction with Asthma P.C. Trivedi, Drymaria 2006 cordata (I) Warm juice (E) Ear ache P.C. Trivedi, 2006 Extract (I) Elephantiasis, fever, P.C. Trivedi, leprosy, chronic 2006 rheumatism, syphilitic ulcer.

Paste with ox Snakebite P.C. Trivedi, urine (E) 2006 Coated with Lack of menses in CCRAS,1996 castor oil (E) delayed puberty

Warm with Rheumatic swelling ghee, common salt (E) tribe, Decoction (I) Vermifuge hills, Tamil

Kannikar Papchipparai Kanyakumari, Nadu.

Kannikar tribe, Papchipparai hills, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.

Chittagong and Sylhet tribals of Bangladesh Satar tribe of Jhapa, Morang, Nepal.

Munda tribes of Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand Korku, Gawli tribe of Chikhaldhara, Maharashtra Tribals of Tirunelvelli Tribals Kanyakumari, Nadu

Decoction(I)

Poisonous bite

Warm(E)

Rheumatic pain

2-3 raw (I)

Snake bite

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

insect J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

J.K.Maheshawar i, 2003 Extract with Sprain J.K.Maheshwari, butter(E) 1996. _ Body swelling , pain J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

Powder (E) Wound healing, J.K.Maheshwari, boils 1996.

of Paste (I) Tamil

Insect bite,

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J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996.

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Malyali tribals of Yelagiri hills, Tamil Nadu Latex : 44 _

45) Akonda

46) Aak, Akaua 47) Arkopathra, Arakhgatch

48) Arkopathra, Arakhgatch

49) Arkopathra, Arakhgatch

50) Jilledu, Bugajeelo 51) Jilledu, Bugajeelo 52) Erukkalai

Eruku

53) Akh 54) Aank

Amaka 55) Aank

_

_

Snake bite

Salai Senthilkumar, 2014.

Removal of thorn, Toothache, Septic wounds, Eczema, Ulcers, Boils, Scorpion sting.

K.Raveendra Retnam, et al.

2006.

Muslim tribals of With sugar Dog bite Bongaigong, Assam molasses and sesame (I) Sub-himalayan forests _ (E) Tonsillitis of north east U.P. Tribals from _ (E) Pain in ribs Chitragonda, Koraput, Orissa.

Tribals from _ (E) Snake bite Chitragonda, Koraput, Orissa.

Tribals from _ (E) Migraine Chitragonda, Koraput, Orissa.

Tribals of bhadrakali, _ (E) Destroys worms in Bastar , M.P. wounds of cattle Tribals of Sankapalli _ (E) Krimidanta near Madded, Bijapur, M.P. Kannikar tribe of _ (E) Removal of Thorns Pepchipparai hills, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.

Kadar, muduvar, malasar, malamlasar of parambikulam of Kerala.

Tribals of Eastern _ (E) himalayas Tribals of Biratnagar, _ (E) Siwakoti, Terai region of Nepal Rajis of Central Himalaya Tribals of Biratnagar, Siwakoti in Terai

_ (E)

Blood clot, pain Rheumatism

P.C.Trivedi, 2006 P.C.Trivedi, 2006 CCRAS, 1996 CCRAS, 1996 CCRAS, 1996 CCRAS, 1990 CCRAS, 1990 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996; Ayyangar M, 2009; Usha M., 2012 K.Yeshodharan, 2007

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 C.S.Negi (2002)

Burns

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J.K.Maheshwari, 1996

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56) Erukkala 57) Erukkala 58) Brongolai 59) Akar, Rui

60) Arakh

region of Nepal Kadar tribe in eastern India Kadar tribe in eastern India Paharia tribe, Santhal and pargana, W.B. Korku, Gawli tribes, Chikhaldhara, Maharshtra.

Tribals of Kolha, santhal locality, Jajpur, Orissa

61) Arakha

Narayanpatta Koraput, Orissa

hills,

62) Arakha

Narayanpatta Koraput, Orissa

hills,

63) Akaona

66) Yeroocum

Santhal tribe, Birbhum, West Bengal.

Santali tribe, Bankura,West Bengal Tharus tribe, Basti district, U.P Tribals of Tamil Nadu

Flowers: 67) _

_

68) _

_

69) Akaona

Santhals, West Bengal

64) Akaona 65) _

70) Akaona 71) _

72) _

73) Brongolai

_ (E)

Hydrophobia

J.K.Maheshwari, 2003 _ Mother and child J.K.Maheshwari, healthcare 2003 _ (E) Abortion J.K.Maheshwari, 2003 With turmeric Eczema J.K.Maheshwari, and sesame oil 2003 (E) Ashes of Cloth Scabies J.K.Maheshwari, soaked in latex 2003 and mustard oil (E) With red clay Antiseptic in fresh J.K.Maheshwari, soil and mouth wounds 2003 saliva (E) With red clay Checking bleeding J.K.Maheshwari, soil and mouth in fresh wounds 2003 saliva (E) Along with dry Cold, cough, chest J.K.Maheshwari, stem(E) pain 2003 Diluted with Breast milk J.K.Maheshwari, boiled eggs (I) insufficiency 2003 _ (E) Ringworm J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 _ Anasarca Whitelaw Ainslie, 1826 Paste with equal Wheezing pepper and clove (I) Dried powder Male infertility (I)

Roasted and Asthma, cough powdered with honey(I) Santhals, West Bengal Ash for chewing Toothache (I) Munda tribals of Powder (I) Tuberculosis Chotanagpur, Jharkhand Munda tribals of Powder Stomach ache Chotanagpur, Jharkhand Paharia tribe, Santhal Powder Migraine and Pargana, west

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K.Raveendra Retnam, et al.

2006 K.Raveendra Retnam, et al.

2006 J.K.Maheshwari, 2006 J.K.Maheshwari, 2006 J.K.Maheshwari, 2006 J.K.Maheshwari, 2006 J.K.Maheshwari, 2006

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74) Akar, Rui

Bengal.

Korku, Gawli tribes, Dried powder Cough, asthma Chikhaldhara, with jaggery(I) Maharashtra;

Nallajilledu Borrapanchayattribals of Vizac, Andhra Pradesh Chitheri tribe, Chitheri 75) Erukku hills, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu Chitheri tribe, Chitheri 76) Erukku hills, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu Chitheri tribe, Chitheri 77) Erukku hills, Dharmapuri, Tamil nadu Stem bark: Narayanpatta hills, 78) Arakh Koraput, Orissa Narayanpatta hills, 79) Arakh Koraput, Orissa 80) _

J.K.Maheshwari, 2006 S.B.Padal, 2013.

Powder (I)

Stomachic

J.K.Maheshwari, 2006

Powder (I)

Digestive

J.K.Maheshwari, 2006

Powder (I)

Indigestion

J.K.Maheshwari, 2006

Powder (I)

Fever

Decoction (I)

Munda tribe of Chota Powder (I) Nagpur

J.K.Maheshwari, 2006 Abdominal pain in J.K.Maheshwari, Urinary tract 2006 disorders Elephantiasis J.K.Maheshwari, 2006

Table no: 2- Ethnomedicinal claims of different useful parts of Calotropis procera Ait: Sr. no

Local names

Root: 1. Aakdo 2.

Madar

3.

Madar

4.

Aakdo

5.

Angot

6.

_

Tribes/ areas

Dosage form: E-external application; I-internal administration.

Tribals of Kachchh, Root bark (I) Gujarat Sub-himalayan forests Root bark (I) of North-eastern U.P. Sub-himalayan forests of North-eastern U.P. Tribals of Saurashtra region, Gujarat Mettei community of Imphal,Thoubal and Bishenpur, Manipur

Tribals of Khargaon,

Therapeutic claims

References

Dysentery

CCRAS,1998

Syphilitic P.C Trivedi,2006 ulceration, Liver enlargement.

Bark powder with Rheumatic joints P.C Trivedi,2006 coconut oil (E) _ Ulcers J.K.Maeshwari, 1996.

Powder mixed Oligomenorrhoea J.K.Maeshwari, with fruit powder 1996. of Piper nigrum with cold water and honey (I) Powder with in Internally for J.K.Maheshwari,

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Dhar and Jhabua,M.P. 7.

Jilledu

8.

Jilledu

9.

Akanda

Leaf: 10. Aakdo 11. Madar 12. Ashkar 13. Madar

14. Aakdo 15. Palati

16. Palati

17. Madar, Akhahua 18. Madar, Akhahua Latex _ 19. Madar 20. Aakdo 21. Ashkar 22. Aak

ratio 1:100, then rheumatism 2003 boiled (I) Chenchu, Sugali and Bark powder (I) Internally for J.K.Maheshwari, Verukala tribes, intermittent 2003 Kurnool, Andhra fever.

Pradesh Erukalas, Sugali & (E) Locally kept in J.K.Maheshwari, Yanadi tribes, nostrils in 2003 Kurnool, Andhra epistaxis.

Pradesh Local tribes of Paste with Hypertension J.K.Maheshwari, bangriposi, Brahmi, piper and 2003 Mayurbhanj, Orissa. honey (I) Tribals of Kachchh, Gujarat Sub-himalayan forests of North-eastern U.P. Regional tribes of Jammu Kol tribe of Naugarh, Varanasi, U.P.

Juice (E)

Locally in fever over body.

Roasted and made Rheumatic joint, into a paste (E) swelling. _ (E) Scorpion sting

Young leaf paste Stomach ache with jaggery rolled into pills (I) Tribals of Saurashtra _ Gastric trouble. region, Gujarat Nakti tribe, Fresh leaves for Rheumatic pain Chaibasatehsil, bandaging (E) Singhbhum, Bihar.

Nakti tribe, 25gm leaves with Tumour in Chaibasatehsil, pippali 2gm and stomach; dose: Singhbhum, Bihar. shunthi (5gm) (E) 5g/oral Tharus tribe of sub- Extract Scorpion bite himalayan region, U.P. Tharus tribe of sub- Extract Corn, piles himalayan region, U.P. _

_

Sub-himalayan forests of North eastern U.P. Meena tribe of Jaipur, Rajasthan Regional tribes of Jammu Saidnagar locality,

_ (E) _ (E) _ (E) 10 ml per oral (I)

Epilepsy

CCRAS,1998 P.C.Trivedi, 2006 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 J.K.Maheshwari, 2003 J.K.Maheshwari, 2003, K.K.Singh, 2003.

K.Raveendra Retlam, et al. 2006 Leprosy, dropsy, P.C.Trivedi, Rheumatism.

2006 Painful gums P.C.Trivedi, 2006 Scorpion sting J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 Expulsion of J.K.Maheshwari,

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23. Ak, Madar

24. Palati

Amaka 25. Akauya

Akon

Jalaun, U.P. Shahajahanpur, U.P.

Nakti tribe, Chaibasatehsil, Singhbhum, Bihar.

Rajis of Central himalaya Tribals of Chattarpur, Madhya Pradesh

(E)

With dung(E)

intestinal worms Veterinary usecut tail of buffalo. buffalo Dental caries

Plain latex

Toothache

_ (E)

Rheumatism

Jitu buragohain, 2011.

Tribals of Kachchh, _ Gujarat Meena tribe of Jaipur, Fresh paste (E) Rajasthan Tribals of Saurashtra (I) region, Gujarat

27. Aakdo 28. Aakdo Stem 29. Madar

Cough, asthma Snakebite Removal worms

cold, CCRAS.1998 P.C.Trivedi, 2006 of J.K.Maheshwari, 1996

Sub-himalayan forests Bark powder with Cholera, jaundice of North eastern U.P. common salt and ginger and black pepper (I) Meena tribe of Jaipur, _ (E) Locally in Rajasthan Gastritis

30. Aakdo

J.K.Maheshwari, 1996 C.S.Negi (2002) J.K.Maheshwari, 2003

Motok, Moran, Sonowal, Kachari Deori, Mishing and Ahom of tinsukhiya, Assam

Flowers 26. Aakdo

1996 J.K.Maheshwari, 1996

P.C.Trivedi, 2006

P.C.Trivedi, 2006

Table no.3: Economic utilities of both Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera Sr no.

Part used

Economic uses

1.

Stem fibre

2.

Latex

3.

Leaves

a) Stem fibre of both the species is used for making fishing nets (J.K.Maheshwari, 2003). b) A valuable fibre, bow string hemp of India, extracted from the plant that is used for making sewing thread, bow string, carpets, ropes, bird and fishing nets, tiger traps, cloth, etc (J.T.Dastur, 1985) c) The stems are used for the framework of thatched roofs and to support mud-roofs. (J.T.Dastur, 1985) a) Latex of both is a source of hydrocarbons and can be used as renewable source of energy (Anonymous, 1992). a) A decoction of leaf along with soap is an effective remedy for white ants (Anonymous, 1992). b) Leaves of both species are used as green manure for betelnut, paddy and

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4.

Wood

a) b)

5.

Floss

c) a)

b) 6.

Seed

7.

Whole plant

a) b) a) b) c)

d) e) f)

wheat. They are reported to correct alkalinity of soil and also compost can be made out of it (Anonymous, 1992).

The charcoal made out of wood is used in gun powder and fireworks and in pyrotechniques (Anonymous, 1992).

The ash of the plant is rich in potash, the plant yields ‘Manna’; Madarka-shakar (J.T.Dastur, 1985).

The soft wood is used as floats by fisherman (Anonymous, 1992).

The silky floss from the seed is used for stuffing, pillows, etc. In the past shawls, handkerchiefs and paper were made out of this floss (J.T.Dastur, 1985).

Pillow made up of floss from seeds used for children suffering earache (J.K.Maheshwari, 2003).

The seed oil can be used for soap, paint and making varnish.

Oil cake is used as manure (Anonymous, 1992).

A tan and a dye are obtained from it used for dehairing and decolorizing hide (J.T.Dastur, 1985).

Both species can be mixed with other organic refuge for producing biogas (Anonymous, 1992).

The manna (sugar) obtained from plant is called Sakku-el-Ushai and is said to be produced through parasitic action of Larinus ursus (K.M.Nadkarni, 1996).

It has good ovicidal and larvicidal properties against Anopheles.

‘Bar’ an intoxicating liquor and ‘Giya’ ferment are prepared from the juice of the plant (J.T.Dastur, 1985).

Calotropis procera can be a useful botanical monitor of pollution (Waleed.J.Altaf, 2006).

Ethno-architectural uses: Calotropis plant finds place in various ancient architectures of our countries especially in Tree motifs and relation to women. One such motif depicts a woman standing under the tree on guard carrying a sword. In some architecture, Goddess Parvati is showed sitting under the Arka plant (C. gigantea) (S.K Jain, 2004).

Sacred uses: All the synonyms of Arka are closely associated with Suryadeva (Sun). On Rathasapthami (a festival in winter), devotees place Arka leaves on their head while taking snanam, (sacred bath) (ENVIS). Konark, renowned for its Sun temple is sometimes referred to as ‘Arka-thirtha’(Arka referes to sun).

Arka finds place in Shatapatha Brahmana (a sacred text) wherein every part of the human form was supposed to be represented in the

different parts of the plant (Dymock et al., 1892).

The Saiveties (Shiva followers) consider this plant very sacred after a legend in Shiva purana that mentions refuge sought by Parvati in flower of Arka (S.K Jain, 2004). A garland of the flowers of Arka is often used to worship the Maruts (preachers of wind as god). The twigs are used as samidhas (sacred wooden sticks offered in Yagya), and the leaves are used by some in the shati puja to propitiate the goddess of parturition (Dymock et al., 1892).

Pertaining to its use in customs and traditions, Calotropis is also used by the Bhandari caste. (Dymock et al., 1892). Another custom of Hindus is that a man who has lost three wives is married with the Arka in order to transfer the man's ill-luck to the plant (Dymock et al., 1892).

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Hindus obtain Ganapati from the root of C. gigantea that sometimes takes the shape of Lord Ganesh. The leaves and the flowers are offered especially during Ganesh Chaturthi.

(ENVIS) (Poonam et al., 2013). Arka is also reported to be used by Arabs long back in the Time of Ignorance in the practice called tasliaa which was observed in time of drought or barrenness of the earth (Dymock et al., 1892).

Village deity is named after Arka called Arkamma. (http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org).

Thus, Arka had a broad usage in sacred customs too.

CONCLUSION: Present review through various available literature shows that Arka is used traditionally in 16 states of India in various disorders by

almost 50 tribes. Arka is utilized in 53 dosage forms as internal administration and 52 include external applications. Some unique claims made for Arka include hypertension, tumours, cholera, oligomenorrhoea, etc. These folklore claims can be used for further research.

This ethnobotanical review shows the multi- faceted use of Arka (Calotropis) in varied aspects including its sacred usage thus underlining its significance. Thus, this plant which is otherwise abandoned is of utmost help as it can also be used as a biological marker of pollution which can be of great help in environmental sciences. Its economic utilities suggest that all the parts of the plant have some economic potential which can be put into practice owing to its easy and abundant availability.

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Anonymous (1992) The Wealth Of India , Dictionary of Indian raw materials and Industrial products, Vol 3, Ca-Ci, CSIR, New Delhi.

Anonymous (1998) A report on Medicinal plants of Kachchh, CCRAS, Dept of ISM & H, Gujarat.

Anonymous, (1996) Medico-botanical exploration of Phulbani & Koraput Districts of Orissa, CCRAS, New Delhi.

Anonymous, (2010) A Compendium of 500 Species, Arya Vaidya Sala, University press, Vol 1.

Ayyangar M, Ignacimuthu (2009), Herbal medicines for wound healing among tribal people in Southern India: Ethnobotanical and Scientific evidences, International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products Vol. 2(3), pp. 29–42, Sep-Oct. C.R.Karnick (1996), Ayurvedic narcotic & Medicinal plants, Sri Satguru publications, Delhi.

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Dibakar Mishra (2011), Ethnoveterinary Practices and use of herbal medicines for treatment of skin diseases in cattle : A study in Polsara Block, Ganjam District, Orissa, India Veterinary World, Vol.4 No.6, June, 250–253.

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Dibyajoti Saha (2013), Calotropis gigantea: Rare traditional medicinal plants in Bangladesh having high potential ethnomedicinal value, UJAHM, 01(01), Pg1–2.

Dymock, Warden, Hooper (1892): Pharmacographia Indica, vol. II, pp.

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 12 | December 2014 | 489â&#x20AC;&#x201C;496 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Review Article ANTI DIABETIC HERBS IN AYURVEDA: AN UPDATE Vasavda Krup1*, Joshi Vilaxana2, Hegde Prakash L3, Harini A4 1,2

Postgraduate scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, BM Road, Thanniruhalla, Hassan-573 201, Karnataka, India 3 Professor and Head, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, BM Road, Thanniruhalla, Hassan-573 201, Karnataka, India 4 Associate professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, BM Road, Thanniruhalla, Hassan-573 201, Karnataka, India * Corresponding author: E-mail: krup1881@gmail.com

Received: 01/09/2014; Revised: 15/11/2014; Accepted: 25/11/2014

ABSTRACT According to recent estimates, the human population worldwide appears to be in the midst of an epidemic of diabetes. Ayurveda mentions the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments including diabetes. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes has shown anti-diabetic property. This paper reviews such plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned in the Ayurveda and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity

KEYWORDS: Diabetes, Anti diabetic activity, Medicinal Plants, Herbal medicine, Ayurveda

Cite this article: Vasavda Krup, Joshi Vilaxana, Hegde Prakash L, Harini A (2014), ANTI DIABETIC HERBS IN AYURVEDA: AN UPDATE, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(12): 489â&#x20AC;&#x201C;496

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INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is a life threatening metabolic disorder and it is estimated that its annual incidence rate will continue to increase in the future worldwide. Hyperglycemia, the primary clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus, is associated with the development of micro and macro vascular diabetic complications. Diabetes mellitus (DM) being the commonest endocrine disorder, affects more than 100 million people worldwide (6% of the population) and in the next 10 years it may affect about five times more people than it does now (Grover JK et al., 2002).

Despite considerable progress in the treatment of diabetes by oral hypoglycemic agents, search for newer drugs continues because the existing synthetic drugs have several limitations. The herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are yet to be commercially formulated as modern medicines, even though they have been acclaimed for their therapeutic properties in the traditional systems of medicine (Wadkar KA et al., 2008). Herbal drugs provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs because many plants and plant derived compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Many medicinal plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and reports occur in numerous scientific journals. Ayurveda describes a number of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes. Hence, they play an important role as alternative medicine due to reduced side effects and low cost. The active principles present in medicinal plants have been reported to possess pancreatic beta cells regenerating, insulin releasing and fighting the problem of insulin resistance (Welihinda J et al., 1981). Some of these herbal plants and their active chemical constituents which have a role in the management of diabetes mellitus are compiled here and discussed in this review.

Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda with Anti-Diabetic Property: Studies involving alloxan induced model: Zizyphus jujuba Lamk. (Badara): Zizyphus jujuba Lamk belongs to family Rhamnaceae.

The Aqueous extract of leaves exhibited hypoglycaemic effect which may be due to the presence of berberine (Ignacimuthu S et al., 1998).

Michelia champaka Linn (Champaka): Michelia champaka Linn belongs to family Magnoliaceae. Ethanolic extract of flower bud of a M. champaka at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 7 days exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity by promoting tissue glucose uptake & reduced hepatic glucose output (Jarald E et al., 2008).

Bauhinia variegate Linn (Kanchanara): Bauhinia variegate Linn belongs to family caecalpinaceae. Hydro-alcoholic extract of stem bark at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited anti-hyperglycemic activity by promoting insulin-mediated peripheral glucose utilization & metabolism in adipose tissues and skeletal muscles through up-regulation of glucose transporters, provided that some endogenous insulin is present (Kumar P et al., 2012).

Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr (Karanja): Pongamia pinnata (Linn.)Merr belongs to family fabaceae. Ethanolic extract & aqueous extract of leaves showed potent anti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; diabetic effect by potentiatingthe insulin effect of plasma by increasing the pancreatic secretion of insulin from existing β-cells of islets of Langerhans or its release from bound insulin or by enhancing glucose utilization by peripheral tissues (Mukesh S et al., 2010).

Vinca rosea Linn (Sadampushpa): Vinca rosea Linn belongs to family Apocynaceae.

Methanolic extract of whole plant at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for 14 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity

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probably by resulting in regeneration of β cells of pancreas (Ahmed MF et al., 2010).

Salvadora oleoides Linn (Peelu): Salvadora oleoides Linn belongs to family Salvadoraceae.

Ethanolic extract of aerial part at the dose of 2g/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by increasing secretion of insulin from beta cells of pancreas. S. oleoides contains several organic sulfar compounds and it is well known that sulfar derivative show hypoglycemic effect (Yadav JP et al., 2008).

Tridax procumbens Linn (Mundak): Tridax procumbens Linn belongs to family Asteraceae.

Methanolic extract of whole plant at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited significant antihyperglycemic effect by potentiating the insulin effect of plasma therefore stimulating insulin release from the remnant pancreatic β-cells or its release from the bound form or by the stimulation of peripheral glucose utilization (Pareek V et al., 2009).

Barleria prionitis Linn (Saireyaka): Barleria prionitis Linn belongs to family Acanthaceae.

Alcoholic extract of leaf & root at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity. The presence of sterols, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in B. prionitis may be responsible for this effect (Reema D et al., 2010).

Tectona grandis Linn (Shaaka): Tectona grandis Linn Linn belongs to family Lamiaceae. Ethanolic extract of bark at the dose of 2.5 & 5 gm/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by regeneration of the islet cells. This antihyperglycemic effect may be due to lapachol (a naphthoquinone), Lapachonone, deoxylapachol and tectoquinnone. (Varma SB et al., 2010).

Cassia occidentalis Linn (Kasamarda): Cassia occidentalis Linn belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Aqueous extract of the whole plant at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant anti

hyperglycemic activity by partial restoration of normal cellular population and size of islet cells. The antidiabetic activity of C. occidentalis may be due to the presence of flavonoids (Verma L et al., 2010).

Dioscorea alata Linn (A source of Varahikanda): Dioscorea alata Linn belongs to family Dioscoreaceae. Ethanolic extract of tuber at the dose of 100 & 200 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity. The presence of phenolic & flavonoids compounds such as hydro – Q chromene, dioscorinetc could have induced the observed effects (Maithili V et al., 2011).

Momordica charantia Linn (Karavelaka): Momordica charantia belonging family Cucurbitaceae. Fruit extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 30 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by potentiating of pancreatic secretion of insulin from intact β-cells coupled with extra pancreatic mechanism (Fernandes NCP et al., 2007).

Picrorhiza kurrooa Eoyle ex.Benth. (Katuki): Picrorhiza kurrooa Eoyle ex.Benth. belongs to family Scrophularaceae.

Aqueous & methanolic extract of rhizome at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 15 days significantly reduced blood glucose probably by regenerating and rejuvenating of β-cells leading to increase in insulin production and secretion (ChauhanV et al., 2008).

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn (Methika): Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn belongs to family fabaceae. Crude ethanol extract of seed at the dose of 1gm/kg body weight exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by promoting insulin secretion by closure of K ATP channels and stimulation of Ca influx (Asmenab M et al., 2009) Cocculus hirsutus Linn (Pataalagarudi): Cocculus hirsutus Linn belongs to family Menispermaceae. Aqueous extract of leaf at the dose of 250, 500 & 1000 mg/kg body

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weight for 28 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity (Badole S et al., 2006).

Parthenium hysterophorus Linn (Vishalata): Parthenium hysterophorus Linn belongs to family Asteraceae. Aqueous extract of flower at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (Single dose) exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by potentiating the insulin release from pancreatic beta cells (Vijay S et al., 2008).

Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.)

Pers.

(Sharapunkha): Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.)

Pers belongs to family fabaceae. Ethanolic extract of seed at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 45 days showed significant anti hyperglycemic activity by stimulation of insulin secretion from remnant pancreatic beta cells (Pavana P et al., 2007).

Stereospermum tetragonum DC. (Patala): Stereospermum tetragonum DC belongs to family Bignoniaceae. Water extract of root at the dose of 50 mg/kg of ext. exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity (Kingsley RB et al., 2012).

Morus albas Linn. (Tuda): Morus albas Linn belongs to family Moraceae. Ethanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 600 mg/kg body weight for 5 weeks exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity. The hypoglycaemic effect may be attributed to the presence of trigonelline bases and moranoline in M. alba (Mohammadi J et al., 2008).

Punica granatum Linn (Dadima): Punica granatum Linn belongs to family punicaceae.

Ethanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 500 mg/kg of ext. for 7 days exhibited significantly reduced blood glucose level.The antidiabetic activity of ethanolic ext. of leaf may be due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins and glycosides (Das S et al., 2012).

Amaranthus viridis Linn (Tanduliyaka): Amaranthus viridis Linn belongs to family Amranthaceae. Methanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity. The presence of flavonoids in A.viridis may be responsible for the anti hyperglycaemic effect (Girija K et al., 2011).

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.

(Karpooravalli): Plectranthus amboinicu (Lour.) Spreng. belongs to family Lamiaceae.

Ethanolic extract of leaf at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by decreasing gluconeogenesis and improved utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues. The antidiabetic activity of P. amboinicus may be due to the presence of flavonoids (Koti BC et al., 2010).

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Beejaka): Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. belongs to family fabaceae. Aqueous extract of heart wood at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant effect on blood glucose by enhancing insulin secretion by regeneration of β-cells. The anti diabetic effect may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids in P. marsupium (Halagappa K et al., 2010).

Studies involving STZ induced model Ceiba pentandra (Linn.)

Gaertn.

(Kootashalmali): Ceiba pentandra (Linn.)

Gaertn belongs to family Malvaceae.

Methanolic extract of root bark at the dose of 40 & 75 mg/kg body weight (single dose) exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by enhancing glucose uptake into skeletal muscle or inhibiting glucagon secretion. The presence of flavonoid (epicatechin)in C.pentandra may be responsible for the hypoglycaemic effect (Dzeufiet PD et al., 2006).

Clerodendron infortunatum Linn (Bharangi): Clerodendron infortunatum Linn belongs to family lamiaceae. Methanolic extract. of leaf at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 15 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity (Das S et al., 2011).

Bryonia laciniosa (Linn.) Naud.(Shivalingi) : Bryonia laciniosa (Linn.) Naud. belongs to family cucurbitaceae. Ethanolic extract of seed at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for 28 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity. The presence of Saponin in B. laciniosa may be responsible for

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the anti hyperglycaemic effect (Patel SB et al., 2012).

glycogen synthase systems or due to islet cell regeneration (Bhat M et al., 2011).

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Racusch.

(Vikankata): Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.)

Racusch belongs to family Salicaceae.

Methanolic extract of leaf & stem at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity. The presence of flavonoids, saponin and tannin in F. jangomas may be responsible for the hypoglycaemic effect (Singh AK et al., 2010).

Butea monosperma Lam. (Palasha): Butea monosperma Lam. belongs to family fabaceae.

Aqueous extract of leaf & bark at the dose of 500 mg/kg for6 weeks showed insignificant anti hyperglycemic activity (Ahmed F et al., 2012).

Cassia javanica Linn (Tindalo): Cassia javanica Linn belongs to family fabaceae. 0.5 g/kg of leaf powder exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by stimulation of insulin release and due to peripheral glucose utilization (Urmila C et al., 2012).

Terminalia chebula Retz.

(Haritaki): Terminalia chebula Retz belongs to family combretaceae. Chloroform extract of seeds at the dose of 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by inhibiting the formation of advanced glycosylation end products (Rao N et al., 2006).

Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. (Krishna sariva): Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae. Aqueous extract of root at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight for15 days exhibited significant decrease in blood glucose level (Barik R et al., 2008).

Mirabilis jalapa Linn (Krishnakeli): Mirabilis jalapa Linn belongs to family Nyctaginaceae.

Ethanolic extract of root at the dose of 4 & 8 gm/kg body weight for 28 days showed significant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic mice. The anti diabetic effect may be attributed to the presence of trigonelline bases in M. jalapa (Ji-Yin Zhou et al., 2012).

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Nimba): Azadirachta indica A. Juss belongs to family Meliaceae. Chloroform extract of whole plant at the dose of 100 µg/200 µL for 21 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic effectmay be due to the reactivation of

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.

(Patola): Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Belongs to family cucurbitaceae. Aqueous extract of leaves at the dose of 800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/ kg for 15days exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity by stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells (Adiga S et al., 2010).

Tecomella undulata G. Don (Rohitaka): Tecomella undulata G. Don belongs to family Bignoniaceae. Ethanolic extract of leaves at the dose of 500 mg/kg for 30 days showed significant anti hyperglycemic activity by enhancement of insulin secretion due to peripheral utilization of glucose (Kumar S et al., 2012).

Cinnamomum tamala Nees (Tamalapatra): Cinnamomum tamala Nees belongs to family Lauraceae. 200 mg/kg of leaf oil for 28 days exhibited significant anti hyperglycemic activity by enhancing insulin secretion and peripheral utilization of glucose. The presence of Cinnamaldehyde in C. tamala may be responsible for the anti hyperglycaemic effect (Bisht S et al., 2011).

CONCLUSION: In the present review an attempt has been made to explore the anti diabetic medicinal plants. After reviewing the articles, most of them interpreted mechanism of resultant activity (viz. hypoglycaemic/ anti hyperglycaemic/anti diabetic) in three to four ways, i.e. potentiating insulin secretion from the beta cells or by enhanced peripheral glucose utilization or by regeneration of islet beta cells or by inhibition of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis or glucogenolysis pathway.

Active principles responsible for resultant activity aren’t established in these research

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works and the credibility of some known active principles is doubtful. There are many herbal remedies suggested for diabetes and diabetic complications. Isolation & identification of

active constituents from these plants, preparation of standardized dose & dosage regimen can play a significant role in improving the hypoglycemic action.

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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