GJRMI - Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2014 by Dr. Hari Venkatesh.K.Rajaraman

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ISSN 2277 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4289 www.gjrmi.com Editor-in-chief Dr Hari Venkatesh K Rajaraman

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Honorary Members - Editorial Board Dr Farhad Mirzaei Mr. Harshal Ashok Pawar Dr. Sabarinath Subramaniam Dr. Yogitha Bali

INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2014 MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH Ethno-Medicine ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA IN NUPELAND, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA Usman Idris NDA-UMAR, Mohammed GBATE, Abdulkadir Nda UMAR, Abdullahi MANN

112–126

Plant Genetics NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON LESSER KNOWN WILD EDIBLE BANANAS FROM WESTERN GHATS, INDIA Mathew Dan, Muhammed Thaha A

127–133

Ethno-Medicine STUDY ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR CURING SKIN DISEASES IN AMBO TOWN OF ETHIOPIA Sadiya Kaso, Ato Geda Kebede, Ato Teklu Gosaye, Pagadala Vijaya Kumari

134–141

Ethno-Botany SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR DIFFERENT AILMENTS IN DISTRICT LODHRAN, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Hafiz Shakeel Ahmad, Karim Yar Abbasi, Hafiz Abdul Hameed, Jaffar Hussain

142–153

Ethno-Botany ETHNOMEDICINAL FLORA OF SACRED GROVES OF NURPURAND SURROUNDING AREAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA Pooja Sharma, Virender K Santvan, Arti Sharma, Bhagwati P Sharma

154–164

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Ayurveda – Dravya Guna PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF FICUS LACOR BUCH. HAM. FRUIT Ahmad Ateeq, Maurya Santosh Kumar, Seth Ankit, Singh Anil Kumar

165–174

Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta DOES LIFESTYLE DISTURBANCE AFFECT DIGESTION: A CLINICAL STUDY Saylee Deshmukh, M.K.Vyas, Bhushan Sanghavi

COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – INFLORESCENSE OF OCIMUM BASILICUM L. OF THE FAMILY LAMIACEAE PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA

175–183

Research Article ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA IN NUPELAND, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA Usman Idris NDA-UMAR1, Mohammed GBATE2, Abdulkadir Nda UMAR3, Abdullahi MANN4* 1,2,3

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P. M. B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria 4 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, PMB 65, Niger State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: abdumann@gmail.com

Received: 22/02/2014; Revised: 25/03/2014; Accepted: 28/03/2014

ABSTRACT In Nigeria, most people use traditional medicine especially medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. It is of national concern in view of development of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to drugs. There is a need for alternative and affordable therapy. Many antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria. There is a long standing tradition of herbal medicine being used for the treatment of signs and symptoms of malaria amongst Nupe community. Ethno-botanical survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria in Nupeland was carried out between July 2012 and June 2013. The survey covered ten Nupe speaking Local Government Areas of Nigeria; eight in Niger State and two in Kwara State. Semistructured questionnaires were used. Data were mainly collected through individual interviews conducted with selected knowledgeable professional herbal healers. Ninety three plant species belonging to thirty nine families from one hundred and six ethno-medicinal recipes were encountered during the survey. Caesalpiniaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae and Solanaceae families represented the species most frequently cited. Application of the plants ranged from use of whole plants especially when herbs are involved, to use of parts like leaves, stem, root, stem bark, root bark and floral parts. Method of preparation ranged from decoction, infusion, maceration to pulverization. Administration was mostly done orally, but some were through steam bath, chewing, topical or surface application and smoking/ fumigation. In most cases the symptoms of malaria diagnosed and treated were headache, anaemia, sore throat, blisters, etc. While most of the medicinal preparations for malaria treatments in this study involved plants, there were also a lot of additives such as salt, potash and honey which are mostly to aid extraction or to make the medicine portion palatable. KEYWORDS: Ethnobotany, ethno-medicinal recipes, ethnomedicinal survey, Malaria, Medicinal plants, Nupeland, North Central Nigeria

Cite this article: Usman Idris NDA-UMAR, Mohammed GBATE, Abdulkadir Nda UMAR, Abdullahi MANN (2014), ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA IN NUPELAND, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 112â&#x20AC;&#x201C;126

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INTRODUCTION Malaria is the worldwide most important parasitic disease with an incidence of almost 400â&#x20AC;&#x201C;900 millions clinical cases and approximately one to three million deaths annually (Sachs and Malaney, 2002). It is endemic in about 100 developing countries. Worse still, malaria parasites have developed defences against many anti-malarial drugs and many insecticides (WHO, 2011). The newly produced effective anti-malarial drugs are expensive, especially for most poor Nigerians to afford. Chemotherapy with effective antimalarial drugs remains the main method to control of malaria in the absence of a suitable vaccine treatment (WHO, 2011). Coupled with the human preference for natural therapies, the knowledge of traditional medicine to combat malaria and other fevers was widely diffused among the Nigerian populace. Most of the ingredients needed for these traditional remedies were accessible free at the backyard or at very cheap rates and can be self prepared at home. Malaria is disease caused by parasitic microbes (Plasmodium species) spread by the female anopheles mosquitoes (Fisher and Bialek, 2002). P. falciparum resistance to commonly used anti-malarial drugs is rising rapidly in Nigeria and other parts of Africa (Mbacham et al., 2004). This has resulted in resurgence in transmission and an increase in adverse outcomes due to therapy failure. In fact, the loss of effectiveness of chemotherapy constitutes the greatest threat to the control of malaria. The World Health Organization has estimated that funding for malaria control alone, including only existing methods for vector control, will need to increase to $3.1 billion annually by 2015 (WHO, 2004). However, the indigenous knowledge of traditional medicine and therapeutic potentials of plants lies with the herbal practitioners, who have constant contact with nature, especially in rural areas. This calls for proper documentation of this indigenous knowledge, since it will serve as the bedrock for further pharmacological research, bioprospecting and

drug discovery. Several scientific investigations of medicinal plants have been initiated in many communities and countries of Africa because of their contributions to healthcare (Mann et al., 2002; Willcox and Bodeker, 2005). Plants sampling based on ethnobotanical survey are known to show greater percentage yield of bioactive useful compounds than other methods (Almeida et al., 2011; Muthaura et al., 2007b). An impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from plant origin in the traditional medicine (Newman and Cragg, 2007; Saxena et al., 2003). For instance, there are two well known antimalarials of plant origin, quinine and artemisinin, both of which are prescribed to malaria patients in globally. Nigerian traditional healers have long history of usage of plants to prevent or cure infections including malaria fever (Gbadamosi et al., 2010; Idowu et al., 2010; Mann et al., 2003; Odugbemi et al., 2007). Several extracts from African medicinal plants including those from Nigeria biosphere used traditionally to treat malaria were reported for their antiplasmodial or antimalarial activities (Adebayo and Krettli, 2011; Adumanya et al., 2012; Atindehou et al., 2004; Banzouzi et al., 2002; Bickii et al., 2007; Gbeassor et al., 2006; Jigam et al.,2010; Mbah et al.,2004; MĂŠnan et al., 2006; Muthaura et al., 2007a; Ndjakou et al., 2006; Okpekon et al., 2004; Titanji et al., 2008; Tona et al., 2004; Valentin et al., 2000; Weniger et al., 2004; Zirihi et al., 2005). Traditional medicines are often preferred to modern medicines by some Nupe speaking people in Nupeland of North Central Nigeria. Therefore, from the foregoing there is the need to look at some traditional recipes used to treat malaria and related symptoms in Nupeland. The study area for this project is Nupeland, North Central Nigeria which is occupied by the Nupes who are the dwellers of the trans-Niger areas in the heart of Nigeria (Idrees, 1998) and currently transverses the three states of Niger, Kwara and Kogi. Nupeland falls within the low basins of the Rivers Niger and Kaduna that lies between 9o 30' and 8o 30' north latitude. One major geographical feature of Nupeland is the River Niger, which transverses its length into

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almost two equal parts. It has a land mass of eleven thousand and two hundred square kilometres (11, 200 sq km). Several plants are proclaimed to be used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria in many parts of Nupeland. Although a general survey of medicinal and economic plants of Nupeland was carried out (Mann et al., 2003), followed by antimycobacterial activity search (Mann, 2007; Mann, 2010); however, the survey of the ethno-medicinal plants dominant in Nupeland for the treatment of malaria has not been reported despite its rich historical and educational antecedents. The dearth of this information coupled with the increasing need for a safer, cheaper and accessible anti-malarial drug necessitates this survey. In this study, several traditional healers (herbalists) in Nupeland were interviewed on the plants used to treat malaria and other related symptomatic conditions like fever. Thus, the main objective of this study was to carry out an ethnobotanical survey of some medicinal plants used for treatment of malaria and its symptoms in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. MATERIAL AND METHODS The survey was conducted to collect primary data using oral interview method. A questionnaire was prepared and administered orally. A total of one hundred and twelve herbal practitioners were interviewed in the ten Local Government Areas of Niger and Kwara States, Nigeria. Twenty-two herbalists gave responses that are relevant to the research (Table 1). Plants identified for treatment of malaria and its related symptoms were collected in the course of the interview. The responses from the interviewee were recorded both on paper and on tape for future referral. Harmonization of the two sources was later done to bring out the ethno-botanical report as presented in the Tables 1 and 2. Plants were collected, pressed, dried, preserved, mounted and identified through available literature and voucher specimens deposited at the Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P. M.B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this survey a total of ninety three plant species belonging to thirty nine families were identified from one hundred and six ethnomedicinal recipes during the survey. The mode of application of the plants ranged from use of whole plants especially when herbs are involved, to use of parts like leaves, stem, root, stem bark, root bark and floral parts. The method of preparation ranged from decoction, infusion, maceration to pulverization. The route of administration was mostly done orally, but some were through steam bath, chewing, fumigation and topical application. Administration was mostly done orally, but some were through steam bath, chewing, topical or surface application and smoking/ fumigation. In most cases the symptoms of malaria diagnosed and treated were headache, anaemia, sore throat and blisters (Table 1). While most of the medicinal preparations for malaria treatments in this study involved plants, there were also a lot of additives such as salt, potash and honey (Table 1) which are mostly to aid extraction or to make the medicine portion palatable. The most frequently reported of the plant species in the course of this research are given in Table 2. Several plants found in this survey are similar to those used for malaria therapy in Cameroon (Betti et al., 2013), Democratic Republic of Congo (Taba et al., 2012) and Ivory Coast (Okpekon et al., 2004); and agree with the works of Ogbonna et al. (2008) and Odugbemi et al. (2007) on medicinal plants of Nigeria. Global search of the literature indicated that some of these plants possess bioactive compounds already characterized are responsible for the associated activities outlined in Table 2. For instance, nimbiod and nimbidin are isolated from Azadirachta indica. Medicinal plants are important source of lead in the development of drug (Nwaka, 2005). Therefore, the identified plants are potential promising plants for bioactive compound sources required to provide the active principle for drug production.

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Table 1: Nupeland Ethnomedicinal Recipes for the Treatment of Malaria Name of Herbal Practitioner / Address Baba Salihu Adamu Emisarkin, Hausawa Gulu Unguwa Mohammadu Adamu Emi Sonfada, Gulu (Chairman, NUTHMP) Azza

Plants, parts used, preparation and dosage A decoction of Clerodendrum aculeatum leaves and stem are steam bath and then use the extract to bath, drink thrice daily for 3 to 7 days to treat malaria fever.

A decoction of Crateva adansoni leaves with red potash to be taken thrice daily, the decoction without potash is to be use for bathing. Pulverized the root of Crateva adansonii to be taken with pap. A decoction of stem bark of Mangifera indica, cut from the east and west sides of tree, with calyxes of Hibiscus sabdarifa and administered once a day, twice a day or thrice a day depending on the pyrexia and anaemic level of the patient. There are two methods used to cure fever. The first one by decoction of the Anogeissus leiocarpus bark with three ties of its leaves for oral usage. While the second method involves bathing with a warm portion of the above decoction and potash or black soap. Edin (palm kernel oil) is added to the remaining portion and the resultant mixture is rubbed on the body. Decoction of Newbouldia laevis leaves and stems bark, taken thrice daily. Root bark of Securidaca longepedunculata with 21 seeds of Aframomum meleguata pound together and smoke to relieve headache and dizziness associated with malaria. Squeeze the leaves of Mucuna pruriens and drink the juice to relieve headache associated with malaria. Decoction of Olax subscorpoidea leaves and stem for oral usage and second Baba Idrisu, Geku Area decoction for bathing. Ebbo Decoction of Eriosema psoraleoides was taken orally for treatment of malaria. Wild yam (Edu) was administered orally to stop vomiting. Alhaji Daudu Decoction of the barks of Khaya senegalensis, Vitex domiana, kadaura, Afzelia africana and drink twice for 3 days and steam bath and then use the Shaba Muye extract to bath. Decoction of Gossypium hirsutum leaves used to wash the head to relieve the headache. Decoction of Physalis angulata, Cleome viscosa, Momordica charantia / Mangifera indica bark, Heliotropium indicum and Crosopterix febrifuga, add little salt, drink and bath the children with pyrexia. Decoction of the leaves of Anonna sengalensis, bath the whole body to relieve body pain and headache. Decoction of Kigelia africana bark is to be taken to treat localized pains. Decoction of the leaves of Ficus thonningii, Citrus aurantifolia, Newboldia Etsu Muye laevis, Cymbopogon citratus and Carica papaya, drink, steam bath and then Muye use the extract to bath with black soap to relieve generalized feveric conditions. Decoction of Senna occidentalis drink and steam bath to relieve fever. Decoction of Piliostigma thonningii leaves taken to relieve body pain. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

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Baba Sulaimanu Decoction of Vitex doniana with Allium cepa and cowry, drink and bath to relieve fever. Shiru Dagbeko Decoction of sliced fruits Citrus spp. and Nelsonia canescens with potash allow to cool and drink to treat malaria. Decoction of Shikinboazhegorozo tuber with Anogeissus leiocarpus bark and make pap with it and drink to relieve any form of fever. Decoction of Khaya senegalensis bark drink and bath twice daily as prophylactic to malaria attack. Mal. Mohâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d Decoction of the leaves of Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Citrus Ndafu Secretary aurantifolia, Mangifera indica and Xylopia aethiopica fruits and drink when cold to treat malaria. NUTHMP Mokwa Cold infusion of the root of Gbogi in guinea corn fermented extract (Nuwanbakakamu) overnight and drink to treat Yellow fever (Shawaragi). Squeeze young leaves of Azadirachta indica and add little salt and urine and Abubakar drink to relief fever. Babadoko Tsoegi Decoction of Mangifera indica barks with red potash is taken one spoonful daily. Alh. Haruna The juice of Citrus aurantifolia with ripe Ananas comosus added to the decoction of Waltheria indica leaves with red potash; drink a glass in the Dari Kpege morning and evening to treat malaria. Decoction of Khaya senegalensis leaves, Afzelia africana stem and leaves Abdullahi and Bombax buonopozense leaves with potash, take a glassful twice daily to Liman Rabah relief fever. Cut the stem barks of Khaya senegalensis and Bombax buonopozense with Zingiber officinale seeds grinded into fine powder and taken with pap. Decoction of Senna occidentalis leaves with potash, take a glassful thrice daily. Decoction of Sida acuta leaves and yansannayekoti, take a glassful twice daily. The roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, Annona senegalensis and Crateva Ndanagya adansonii; and Lubasa bokun and Capsicum annum seeds pound together and Mohammadu Usman Gbana smoke for treating headache. Tako Enagi Decoction of Chrozophora senegalensis whole plant and leaves of Croton lobatus with red potash drink tea spoonful to relief pyrexia. Decoction of the leaves of Securidaca longepedunculata, Annona senegalensis and Crateva adansonii to be used for steam bath and then bath the entire body. Squeeze the leaves of Senna occidentalis and use the juice to quench the charcoal fire and grind the charcoal into powder soak in edin, add a pinch of salt and rub on the body to relieve pyrexia. Decoction of Rogogi leaves with potash take a glassful thrice daily. Decoction of Khaya senegalensis stem bark with red potash take a glassful twice daily for three days. Decoction of Ladegi leaves take a glassful thrice daily. Gifibishe (fowl Gana gizzard) charred and grind to powder taken with pap to stop vomiting. Abdulkadir Ndace Decoction of Eriosema psoraleoides leaves steam bath, bath and drink a Biramafu glassful thrice daily. Decoction of mistletoes found on Calotropis procera taken frequently to ease

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the recovery process head ache.

Abdullahi Aliyu Majin-woro Chairman NUTHMP Lemu District

Mallam Mustafa Ndaijigozan

Alhaji Ndayaya Mustapha Chairman NUTHMP Bida Emirate

Securidaca longepedunculata root bark, Xylopia aethiopica and Lubasa bokun (7) pound and dry and smoke to relieve headache. Cold infusion of Anogeissus leiocarpus stems bark and Sarcocephalus latifolius root bark as analgesic. Decoction of the leaves of Psidium guajava, Citrus aurantifolia and Carica papaya, take a glassful thrice daily, steam bath and bath the whole body. Squeeze the juice of Senna occidentalis leaves add a little of palm kernel oil (Edin) and rub the body to relieve pyrexia especially in children. Decoction of Pteridum aquilinum leaves and Alchornea cordifolia leaves take a glassful thrice daily. Cold infusion of Prosopis africana stem bark collected using stone, steam bath and wash head to relieve headache. Brew of Nelsonia canescens taken thrice daily. Decoction of Esakayegi with potash (kanwan) taken thrice daily. Vector control of malaria using the leaves of Hyptis suavolens to chase away the vector and the leaves when dry can be used as incense. The smoke of shell of Vitellaria paradoxa shea nut is also used to repel mosquito away. Decoction of Rogogi leaves with potash taken twice daily. Cold infusion of Nelsonia canescen leaves and Tamarindus indica fruits taken twice daily for relief of feverish condition. Decoction of Achyranthes aspera leaves, steam bath and kept overnight and thrown away the following morning (believe to extract out all fever in the body). Decoction of Ebogi or Cymbopogon citratus leaves taken as prophylaxis. Decoction of Phyllathus amarus taken thrice daily. Phyllanthus amarus powdered (dried at room temperature) taken with honey to relief malaria fever. Decoction stem bark of Newbouldia laevis and Commiphora kerstingii stem bark taken twice daily to treat generalized fever. Leptadenia hastata leaves taken four times daily to treat malaria fever. Decoction of Khaya senegalensis stem bark and Croton lobatus leaves and Citrus aurantifolia fruits sliced, drink a spoonful bds and bath. Decoction of Leptadenia hastata root and Ocimum gratissimum and Achyranthes aspera leaves with red potash and drink thrice daily Decoction of Acanthospermum hispidus and Vernonia cinerea and sliced Lubasa and drink a glassful daily. Decoction of Cassytha filiformis and Securidaca longepedunculata leaves and Detarium microcarpum leaves drink and bath. Note: for oral use add Mangifera indica bark. Vector control: Ocimum gratissimum leaves burn as incense to repel the mosquitoes. Decoction of spread Piliostigma thonningii and Ocimum gratissimum powder and bath. Momordica charantia and young leaves of Daniella olivera pound with red potash and prepare hot infused for oral administration. Decoction of young leaves of Piliostigma thonningii and Lannea bateri and Boehervia diffusa leaves with honey (efu) a glass shot daily to relief fever.

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Alhassan Usman Decoction of Vernonia colorata leaves; drink a glassful thrice daily and also bath. Edogifu, Bida Decoction of Combretum sp.(Kukunchi) stem bark with potash, drink a glassful twice daily and bath in the evening. Decoction Kajigifi and Imperata cylindrica with potash to relieve headache associated with malaria fever. Decoction of Ipomoea asarifolia leaves and Xylopia aethiopica, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta glassful taken thrice daily. Mallam Nma Macerate the fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica sieve and add a pinch of salt and take a glassful daily preferably as breakfast. Bishetakarau Ebanshin, Bida Tips of Moringa oleifera leaves and flowers macerate a desert spoonful twice daily. Stem bark of Gbogi and Saccharum officinarum cuttings pound and dried, one teaspoonful on pap on the first day, second day, half teaspoonful on milk, third day as in the second day. Mallam Adama Croton lobatus leaves with Saccharum officinarum pound and dried, add Edin and drink a cupful daily. Baratsu Securidaca longepedunculata root bark powdered and sniffed to relief headache. Dried root bark of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and chewed to relief headache Camphor and black soap and Securidaca longepedunculata root bark grind to powder and used to wash the head to relief headache. Enabiri and flower of Senna alata and Sorghum bicolor grind together and take with milk to cure fever. Pound fresh Azadirachta indica bark and Lubasabokun, soak in Edin and Honey. Half tea spoonful taken orally thrice daily. Collect any grass that grows in the middle of the river and add it to Elais guineensis stem bark and grind to powder, add half spoon to a cup of Edin and drink, lick a handful of honey after 30 minutes. Charred kanjere in the midnight add one spoonful to honey or Edin and drink once daily. Alhaji Sheshi Hyptis suaveolens is used as incense to control the vector, mosquito. Abbas Majin Chamaecrista mimosoides is used as incense to kill mosquito. Ocimum gratissimum is used an incense to kill mosquito. Decoction of Azadirachta indica leaves, Mangifera indica bark, dry Musa spp. leaves, dry Carica papaya leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, Senna occidentalis leaves, Momordica charantia/Mangifera indica bark and Ficus thonningii leaves; take steam bath and bath to relief fever. Decoction of Momordica charantia/ Mangifera indica bark drinks to relief internal body heat. Decoction of Ocimum gratissimum and Senna occidentalis leaves for treatment of malaria. Decoction of Newboldia laevis bark taken as analgesic. Decoction of Trema orientalis leaves with potash to relieve fever. Alhaji Hussaini Decoction of the bark Sterculia satigera as analgesic and tonic taken bds Muhammad Decoction of lakpanchi (fuchi) as haematinic. Lade Decoction of Byrsocarpus coccineus roots, Sorghum bicolour leaves and

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processed wood of Camellia spp. (eza) to restore blood. Decoction of Byrsocarpus coccineus roots to remove impurities in the body. Decoction of Daniellia oliveri leaves as proplylaxis in paediatric health. Decoction of Physalis angulata to treat blisters associated with fever. Decoction of Solanum dassyphylum root as mouth washes in treating sore throat. Tridax procumbens powder loaded into a fresh egg and cook the egg and eat Solanun dassyphylum fruit pound on charcoal (Enachikara) and grind to powder and taken on pap to relieve pyrexia. Decoction of Acacia nilotica fruits (seed with pods) with handful of Tamarindus indica fruits taken to relief sore throat. Cold infusion of Khaya senegalensis stem barks to treat malaria. Alhaji Muhammad Decoction of Gbogi root bark to treat malaria, taken bds. Liman Decoction of Sida acuta and Imperata cylindrica and Annona senegalensis, bath the neonate as prophylactic treatment. Macerate the leaves of Solanum nigrum and paste on corn stalk (Kaba kpace), burn and sniff to treat headache. Lapadzuru punctured with needle put red oil on a thread and allowed to burn, direct the smoke on the fore head of the patient to treat headache. Decoction of Mitracarpus villosus and flower of tswangikin and drink a glassful twice daily to treat malaria. Waltheria indica root chew or soaked in swoaka to treat sore throats and blisters. Alhaji Kotsu Decoction of the leaves of Trema orientalis steam bath to treat acute fever attack. Muhammad Decoction of Esakayegi drinks a glassful daily to relief stress. Urine of cow and lung of cock, soak overnight take tea spoonful to treat convulsion.

Table 2: Medicinal plants used in treating malaria in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria Family name

Scientific name

Nupe name

Uses

Acanthaceae

Yisabakagi

Malaria

Amaranthaceae

Nelsonia canescen (Lam) Spreng Achyranthes aspera L.

Egyagi

Malaria

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica L.

Mungoro

Malaria

Annonaceae

Annona senegalensis Pers. Leptadenia hastata Acanthospermum hispidus DC. Tridax procumbens Linn.

Nungberechi Yadiya Kashinyawo

Pains & headache Malaria Malaria

Biyennalelu

Malaria

Asclepiaceae Asteraceae

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Part(s) used Whole plant Leaves Stem bark Leaves Leaves Whole plant Whole plant

Mode of preparation Decoction Decoction & steam bath Decoction Decoction &steam bath Decoction Decoction Decoction

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Vernonia cinerea (Linn) Less

Tsulabishe

Malaria

Whole plant

Decoction

Sumaba

Malaria

Decoction

Etigulu

Pyrexia

Gbadyayibo

Malaria

Whole plant Whole plant Fruits

Enagunbochi

Malaria

Bachi

Malaria

Gabaruwankasa

Whole plant

Gungorochi

Malaria

Leaves

Decoction

Bafin

Malaria

Leaves

Decoction

Gungoroko

Malaria

Flower

Decoction

Gaya

Malaria

Whole plant

Decoction

Gaya

Pyrexia

Leaves

Extract

Capparidaceae

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene Synonym: Cassia mimosoides Linn. Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. Piliostigma thonningii (Schum) MilneRedhead. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Synonym: Cassia alata L. Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link Synonym: Cassia occidentalis Linn. Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link Synonym: Cassia occidentalis Linn. Tamarindus indica L Cleome viscosa L.

Stem bark Stem bark Vector control

Decoction

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernonia colorata (Willd) Drake Heliotropium indicum L. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Commiphora kerstingii Engl. Afzelia africana Sm.

Dara Timigi

Malaria Pyrexia

Cold infusion Decoction

Crateva adansoni DC. Synonym: Crateva religiosa Forst. f

Kulanchi

Malaria

Kulanchi

Malaria

Fruits Whole plant Leaves & stem Root

Caricaceae Combretaceae

Carica papaya L. Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill & Perr.

Konkeni Shichi

Malaria Malaria

Leaves Stem bark & leaves

Connaraceae

Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum &Thonn.

Darabagi

Tonic

Leaves

Boraginaceae Bromeliaceae Burseraceae

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Decoction Extracts

Decoction & infusion Smoked

Decoction Smoked & steam bath Decoction Decoction

Decoction

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Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae Dennstaedtiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Poaceae

Ipomoea aquatic Forsk. Momordica charantia L. Pteridum aquilinum (L) Kuhn. Chrozophora senegalensis A. Juss ex Spreng. Croton lobatus L. Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn

Daman

Malaria

Garafini

Pyrexia

Gyamachintara Damagi

Malaria

Whole Decoction plant Whole Decoction plant Root bark Decoction

Pyrexia

Leaves

Decoction

Elugi Pyrexia Sunyegborosun Malaria zuma

Leaves Whole plant

Sorghum bicolour Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf

Dindorogi Etolemu

Grains Whole plant

Decoction Decoction & powder taken with honey Powder Decoction

Malaria Malaria & prophylaxis

Headache Whole plant Vector Whole control plant Malaria Whole plant Malaria Leaves

Decoction

Malaria

Decoction

Lulu Emagidzuru

Whole plant Headache Leaves Pyrexia calyces & anaemia

Sangiekoti

Malaria

Decoction

Nimu

Malaria

Wuchi

Malaria

Moringaceae

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A.Juss. Acacia nilotica (L) Willd ex Del. Prosopis africana (Guill&Perr.) Taub. Ficus thonningii Blume. Moringa oleifera Lam.

Musaceae

Musa sp.

Lamiaceae

Lauraceae Malvaceae

Meliaceae

Mimosaceae

Moraceae

Imperata cylindrica (Anderes) Hubbard Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Ocimum gratissimum L.

Cassytha filiformis Linn. Gossypiun hirsute L. Hibiscus acetocella Welw ex Hiern Synonym: Hibiscus sabdarifa Sida acuta Burm.f.

Eto Tanmotswangi -eba Tanmotswangi - wawagi Tanmotswangi - wawagi Sokochenche

Whole plant Leaves

Tsediya

Stem bark Malaria Seed & pod Headache Stem bark Malaria Leaves

Jogale

Malaria

Yaba

Leaves

Gabaruwa Sanchi

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Leaves & flowers Malaria

Smoked Decoction Decoction

Decoction Decoction

Decoction/in fusion Decoction &infusion Decoction Cold infusion Decoction Decoction Decoction

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Myrtaceae Olacaceae Papilionaceae

Polygalaceae

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae

Solanaceae

Sterculiaceae

Psidium guajava L Olax subscorpoidea Oliv Eriosema psoraleoides (Lam) G. Don. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Securidaca longepedunculata Frer. Securidaca longepedunculata Frer. Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G. Don) Benth. Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC. Synonym: Mitracarpus scaber Zucc. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) Bruce Synonym: Nauclea latifolia Sm. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle.

Goyiba Ekpegbakun

Decoction Decoction

Yerenkpe

Leaves Leave & stem Malaria Whole plant Headache Leaves

Jechi

Malaria

Smoked & steam bath

Jechi

Headache Rook bark

Powder used to wash head

Nambisunsu

Pyrexia

Whole plant

decoction

YikunuKparagi

Malaria

Whole plant

Decoction

Gbashi

Analgesic

Root bark Cold infusion

Lemu

Malaria

Leaves

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepernick & Timler. Synonym: Fagara zanthoxyloides. Lam.

Kosonkori

Headache Root bark Chewed

Physalis angulata L.

Alasangi

Pyrexia

Physalis angulata L.

Alasangi

Blisters

Solanum dasyphyllum Scum. et Thonn.

Yengikuchi

Sore throat

Sterculia setigera Del.

Bokochi, Kokongiga Ankufa Ankufa

Analgesic

Waltheria indica L. Waltheria indica L.

Egwagutagi

Malaria Malaria

and tonic Malaria Sore throat/ Blisters

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Root

Whole plant Whole plant Root Stem bark Leaves Root

Decoction & steam bath Infusion

Decoction

Decoction Decoction Decoction

Decoction Chewed /infusion

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Ulmaceae

Verbenaceae

Trema orientalis (Linn.) DC. Synonym: Trema guineensis (Schum et Thonn.) Ficalho. Trema guineesis (Schum et Thonn). Ficalho Clerodendrum aculeatum Linn. Vitex doniana Sweet

Nyanyachi

Malaria

Leaves

Decoction

Yanyanchi

Malaria

Leaves

Decoction & steam bath

Yawolawogiyi wo Dinchi

Malaria

Leaves & stem Stem bark

Decoction

Use of medicinal plants have been strong part of Nigeria’s history (Mann, 2007; Mann et al., 2003) and will continue to sustain Nigerians for generations. Only 25 per cent of Nigeria’s 8,000 medicinal plants are being utilized (Shariff, 2013). Generally, Nupeland is naturally endowed with both savannah and tropical rainforest vegetations. These diverse flora offer a wide spectrum of unique medicinal plants. The inhabitants of Nupeland have long standing traditions of herbal medicine that dates back to the pre-colonial era because it is interwoven with farming practices. Currently, traditional herbal medicine is practiced together with modern conventional medicine. Patients often combine herbal and orthodox medications. Nupes and other ethnic groups living within Nupeland to a large extent depend on traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of signs and symptoms of ailments related to malaria. Many primordial traditional medicinal

Malaria

Decoction & infusion

practice and remedies would have been lost to history if not for documentation. CONCLUSION The current result portrays a great potential for development of new drugs for malarial treatment. What is needed now is to scientifically verify these claims to establish their authenticity. The next phase of this research work will address the issue of scientific evaluation of the proclaimed medicinal properties. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the Herbal practitioners for sharing generously their knowledge of medicinal plants with us. This project is supported by grant from Tertiary Education Trust Funds (TETFUND) through Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P. M.B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

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Almeida, C.F., Amorim, E.L. and Alburquerque, U.P. (2011). Insight into the search for new drugs from traditional knowledge: An Ethnobotanical and Chemical – Ecological perspective Pharm. Biol., 49(8): 864–73. Atindehou, K.K., Schmid, C., Brun, R., Koné, M.W. and D. Traore D. (2004). Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from Côte d’Ivoire. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90 (2–3): 221–227. Banzouzi, J. –T., Prado, R., Menan, H., Valentin, A., Roumestan, C., Mallie, M., Pelissier, Y. and Blache, Y. (2002). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and identification of an active constituent: ellagic acid. J. Ethnopharmacol., 81(3): 399–401. Betti, J. L., Caspa, R., Ambara, J. and Kourogue, R. L. (2013). Ethnobotanical Study of Plants used for Treating Malaria in a Forest: Savanna Margin Area, East Region, Cameroon. Global J. Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. 2 (10): 692–708. Bickii, J., Feuya, T. G.R., Tchouankeu, J.C. and Tsamo, E. (2007). Antimalarial activity in crude extracts of some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Trad. CAM.,4(1): 107–111 Fisher, P.R. and Bialek, R. ( 2002). Prevention of malaria in children.Clin. Inf. Dis., 34: 493–498. Gbadamosi, I.T., Moody, J.O. and Lawal, A.M. (2010). Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of eight ethnobotanicals used as antimalarial remedies in Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Appl. Biosci., 44: 2967–2971.

Gbeassor, M., Kossou,Y., Amegbo, K., De Souza, C., Koumaglo, K. and Denke, A. (2006). Antimalarial effects of eight African medicinal plants.J. Ethnopharmacol., 108 (1): 155–157. Idowu, O.A., Soniran, O.T., Ajana, O. and Aworinde, D.O. (2010). Ethnobotanical survey of anti-malarial plants used in Ogun state, southwest Nigeria. Afr. J. Pharm. and Pharmacol.,4(2): 55–60. Idrees, A.A. (1998). Political change and continuity in Nupeland (Decline and regeneration of Edegi ruling dynasty of Nupeland 1805-1945). Caltop publications (Nigeria) Limited, Ariwoola House, Eleyele/ Polytechnic Express Way, G.P.O. 1994, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 186pp. Jigam, A.A., Helmina, O., Dauda, B.E.N. and Okogun, J.O. (2010). Polygalloyltannin isolated from the root of Acacia nilotica Del. (Leguminoseae) is effective against Plasmodium berghei in mice. J. Med. Plants Res., 4(12): 1169–1175. Ménan, H., Banzouzi, J.-T., Hocquette, A., Pélissier,Y., Blache, Y., Koné, M., Michèle, M., Laurent Aké Assi, L. A. and Valentin, A. (2006). Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plants used in West African traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. J. Ethnopharmacol., 105(1-2): 131–136. Muthaura, C.N., Rukunga, G.M., Chhabra, S.C., Omar, S.A., Guantai, A.N., Gathirwa, J.W., Tolo, F.M., Mwitari, P.G., Keter, L.K., Kirira, P.G., Kimani, C.W., Mungai, G.M. and Njagi, E.N.M. (2007a). Antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Kwale district of Kenya. J. Ethnopharmacol., 25(3): 545–551.

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Muthaura, C.N., Rukunga, G.M., Chhabra, S.C., Mungai, G.M. and Njagi, E.N.M. (2007b). Traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the Kwale community of the Kenyan Coast. J. Ethnopharmacol., 114(3): 377–386.

Ndjakou, B.L., Weniger, B., Tantangmo, F., Chaabi, M., Ngouela, S., Tsamo, E. and Anton, R. (2006).Antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activities of West Cameroon medicinal plants. Planta Med., 72(11): P008.

Mann, A., Gbate, M., Umar, A.N. (2002). Survey of Economic Plants sold in the Markets of Bida. NISEB Journal, 2 (1): 04–056.

Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2007). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod., 70: 461–77.

Mann, A., Gbate, M., Umar, A.N. (2003). Medicinal and Economic Plants of Nupeland.1st Ed. Jube-Evans Books and Publications, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria, 276pp.

Nwaka, S. (2005). Drug discovery and beyond: The role of public-private partnerships in improving access to new malaria medicines. Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 99: 20–29.

Mann, A. ((2007). Survey of Ethnomedicine for the treatment of tuberculosis: Chemistry perspective, Ayanwola printing works, Minna Niger State, Nigeria.

Odugbemi, T.O., Akinsulire, O.R., Aibinu, I.E. and Fabeku, P.O. (2007). Medicinal plants useful for malaria therapy in Okeigbo, Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria.Afr. J. Trad. Compl.& Altern. Med., 4(2): 191–198.

Mann A. (2010). Phytochemical studies and Evaluation of in vitro Antimycobacterial activity of bioactive constituents of the root bark extract of Terminalia avicennioides Guill. & Perr. A Ph.D Thesis of the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 245pp. Mbacham, W., Roper, C., Targett, G. and Grenwood, B. (2004). Antimalarial drug resistance in Cameroon: Therapeutic efficacy and biological markers of resistance. Gates Malaria Partnership Annual Report, 2004, pp 13. Mbah, J.A., Tane, P., Ngadjui, B.T., Connolly, J.D., Okunji, C.C., Iwu, M.M., Schuster, B.M. (2004). Antiplasmodial Agents from the leaves of Glossocalyx brevipes. Planta Med. 70:437–440. Morel, C. (2003). Neglected diseases: underfunded research and inadequate health interventions. EMBO reports: Special Issue, 4: 35–38.

Odugbemi T (Ed.) (2006). Outlines and Pictures of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos Press, Lagos, Nigeria. 283pp. Odugbemi T (Ed.) (2008). A Textbook of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos Press. Lagos, Nigeria. 628pp. Ogbonna DN, Sokari TG, Agomuoh AA (2008). Antimalarial activities of some selected traditional herbs from southeastern Nigeria. Res. J. Parasitol. 3:25–31. Okpekon, T., Yolou, S., Gleye, C., Roblot, F., Loiseau, P., Bories, C., Grellier, P., Frappier, F., Laurens, A. and Hocquemiller, R. (2004). Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90(1): 91–97.

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Sachs, J. and Malaney, P. (2002). The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature, 415(6872): 680–685. Saxena, S., Pant, N., Jain, D.C. and Bhakuni, R.S. (2003). Antimalarial agents from plant sources. Current Science, 85(9): 1314–1329. Taba, K. M., Paulus, J., Kayembe J.S. (2012). Malaria: Novel Plant Remedies Show Great Promise in Treating the Deadly Disease. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., 1(3): 62–68. Titanji, V.P.K., Zofou, D. and Ngemenya, M.N. (2008). The Antimalarial Potential of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Malaria in Cameroonian Folk Medicine. Afr. J. Trad. Compl.& Altern. Med.,5(3): 302–321. Tona

L., Cimanga, R.K., Mesia, K., Musuamba, C.T., De Bruyne, T., Apers, S., Hernans, N., Van Miert, S., Pieters, L., Totté, J. and Vlietinck, A. J. (2004). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts and fractions from seven medicinal plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Ethnopharmacol., 93(1): 27–32.

Valentin, A., Mustofa ., Benoit-Vical, F., Pélissier, Y., Koné-Bamba, D. and Source of Support: Tertiary Education Trust Funds (TETFUND) through Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P. M.B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria

Mallié, M. (2000). Antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts used in West African traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 73(1-2):145–151. Weniger, B., Lagnika, L., Vonthron-Sénécheau, C., Adjobimey, T., Gbenou, J., Moudachirou, M., Brun, R., Anton, R. and Sanni, A. (2004). Evaluation of ethnobotanically selected Benin medicinal plants for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90(2–3): 279–284. Willcox, O. and Bodeker, A. (2005). Traditional Medicinal Plant and Malaria. Afr J Trad, Compl & Altern Med. 2(2): 206–207. World Health Organization (2004). Roll back Malaria Initiative in the African Region: Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines. www.rollbackmalaria.org World Health Organization (2011). World Malaria Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Zirihi, G.N., Mambu, L., Guédé-Guina, F., Bodo, B. and Grellier, P. (2005). In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for the treatment of malaria. J. Ethnopharmacol., 98(3): 281–285. Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Research Article NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON LESSER KNOWN WILD EDIBLE BANANAS FROM WESTERN GHATS, INDIA Mathew Dan1*, Muhammed Thaha A2 1

Scientist E1, Plant Genetic Resource Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 562, Kerala, India 2 Research Scholar, Plant Genetic Resource Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 562, Kerala, India *Corresponding Author: E-mail: danmathew2002@gmail.com; Mobile: +919447730214

Received: 01/03/2014; Revised: 24/03/2014; Accepted: 26/03/2014

ABSTRACT Members of the family Musaceae are source of the popular tropical fruits plantains and bananas. They also provide edible floral parts, shoots, beverages and medicines. In Western Ghats the family is represented by three species such as Musa acuminata Colla., M. balbisiana Colla. and Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman which are so far uninvestigated for their edible and nutritive values. The present paper discusses the nutritional studies on the blossoms as well as fruits of these three wild bananas and compared the results with that of the popular cultivated banana Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’. The blossoms of E. superbum showed very promising results. It contains good amount of carbohydrate, proteins, iron, phosphorus and calcium when compared to other bananas. Fat and β-carotene are also present in considerably good quantity, so that it could be recommended as a nutritive health food. A comparison revealed that, in certain aspects it is better to cauliflower, the most popular blossom vegetable. KEY WORDS: Bananas, Western Ghats, lesser-known edible plants, Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, Ensete superbum

Cite this article: Mathew Dan, Muhammed Thaha A (2014), NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON LESSER KNOWN WILD EDIBLE BANANAS FROM WESTERN GHATS, INDIA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 127–133

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INTRODUCTION Food security is a thrust area in human well-being. Even though there are over 20,000 species of edible plants in the world, hardly 20 species provide 90% of our food (Hinman et al., 1985; Bayer et al., 1990). There exist many reported cases about consumption of wild edible plants by native people around the world. Hundreds of lesser known edible plants around the world are palatable as well as nutritious. Several aspects on wild edible plants are subjects of interest to many researchers worldwide. Many reports emphasized that; these unconventional plant foods could be nutritionally comparable to or even sometimes superior to the cultivars. A number of little known edible species found in the wild are not getting recognition, though they play a crucial role in the food security of tribal and rural community. In this backdrop the present study has been taken up. Bananas belong to the family Musaceae, are disjunctively distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia (Li et al, 2010). It is a small family comprises only two genera, Musa and Ensete with about 50 species (Skornickova and Gallic, 2010). The center of origin of the genus Musa is considered to be Asia, primarily southern and southeastern regions (Ploetz et al., 2007). A great number of important plants are found in the genus; especially bananas and plantains those that bear edible fruits. The ripened fruits of bananas are used as healthy desserts whereas the fruits of plantains are generally used unripen, as vegetables. In addition to fruit, bananas and plantains provide many cultures with edible floral parts and stem, medicines, beverages, fibers, dyes, fuel, cordage, wrapping materials etc. (Ploetz et al., 2007). With few exceptions, the familiar edible bananas which are triploids, are naturally occurring hybrids among the various subspecies of M. acuminata and interspecific hybrids between M. acuminata and M. balbisiana (Hakkinen and Hong, 2007). Therefore, wild bananas have significant role in the ontogeny of its cultivars (Jesus et al., 2013). Though there are a number of promising varieties / cultivars of Musa Linn., grown for

vegetables and fruits, the nutritional significance of wild species such as, M. acuminata and M. balbisiana are hitherto unknown. Ensete Horan., the other genus of family Musaceae is represented by nine species, of which only one, E. superbum is found in the Western Ghats. It is also an underutilized species, endemic to the region and seen in scattered populations at high altitudes. In India, the blossoms of some cultivars of Musa are used as vegetables especially for the preparation of cutlets and ‘thoran’, a vegetable side dish with coconut. The wild species of Musa and its allied taxon Ensete superbum are least exploited for its edible value, and are still uninvestigated. In the present study, nutritional aspects of the blossoms and ripened fruits of three wild bananas viz. Musa acuminata, M. balbisiana and Ensete superbum (Plate:1.) were determined and compared with cultivar Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’. Blossoms of hardly ten species are exploited as vegetables among which cauliflower is the most popular one and its nutritive value has been well studied (Gopalan et al, 1999). The results on the nutritive values of the blossoms of wild bananas were compared with that of the cauliflower, as a standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Materials Fresh inflorescence and ripened fruits of Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana were collected from the natural habitat. Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’ was collected from the cultivated field. Ensete superbum was collected from Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), where it was introduced and conserved. The specimens were taxonomically confirmed and the voucher specimens such as 60666, 60681, 60678 and 60677 respectively were deposited at TBGT, the herbarium of JNTBGRI, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram.

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Nutritive analysis Tender portion of the inflorescence of the four candidate species, after removing the external sheaths was finely chopped and dried for the nutritional analysis and subjected to the estimation of starch, protein, carbohydrate, fats, β-carotene and mineral elements using standard procedures. The seeds were separated from the pulp of the ripened fruits of the candidate species and the pulp was used to detect protein, carbohydrate and fat. The protein was estimated by Modified Lowry’s method using 0.1N sodium hydroxide and alkaline copper reagent. The estimation of carbohydrate was carried out using Anthron reagent. Fat estimation was done with the fresh tissue homogenized using chloroform, methanol mixture in the ratio 2:1 (Padmaja et al., 2005). β-carotene was estimated by the procedure using anhydrous sodium sulphate with 10% magnesium carbonate. The combined extract was washed repeatedly with saturated NaCl solution and then the NaCl was washed off. The remaining organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. In a spectrophotometer, absorption at 450 nm, standard curve was prepared with authentic βcarotene (Sigma-Aldrich, India), and determined the quantity of β-carotene in the extract. The triple acid digestion method of Sahrawat et al. (2002) was used to quantify the minerals. The dried sample (2.0 g) was weighed into a micro-Kjeldahl digestion flask to which 24 cm3 of mixture of concentrated Nitric acid, Sulphuric acid and Perchloric acid (9:2:1) were added. The flask was put on a heating block and digested to a clear solution, cooled and the content was transferred into a 50 cm3 volumetric flask and made-up to the volume mark with distilled water. The solution was used for the determination of mineral elements such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc and phosphorus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The comparative nutritional status of the blossoms of the bananas analysed are given in the Table:1 and Fig:1. The nutritional quality of the wild banana blossoms, especially that of E.

superbum (Table: 1) is very well comparable to the reported nutritive values of the most popular ‘blossom vegetable’ cauliflower (Gopalan et al., 1999). The blossoms of E. superbum showed highest content of protein and carbohydrate (2.06 and 10.4 g/100g respectively). The protein content is lowest in Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’ (1.5 g/100g) and carbohydrate is lowest in M. balbisiana (8.79 g/100g). Carbohydrate content of banana blossoms is much higher than that of the cauliflower (4 g/100g). Fat content of all the blossoms studied are more or less same (Table -1) and comparable with that of cauliflower (0.4 g/100g). Wild banana blossoms possess more than six times β-carotene content (Table 1) than that of cauliflower (0.03 mg/100g). Since β-carotene is the precursor for Vitamin A, its higher concentration in wild banana blossoms indicates its nutritional significance. Wide variations are found in the mineral contents of the blossoms of the four bananas studied. Phosphorus and calcium are considerably higher in M. balbisiana (76 mg and 105 mg/100 g respectively) among the banana blossoms. Potassium content of all the four banana blossoms is higher than that of cauliflower (138 mg/100g). Magnesium content is relatively same (51–59 mg/100g) in all banana species and higher than that of cauliflower, which is only 18 mg/100g. Among its counter parts, including the cultivar ‘Palayamkodan’, higher iron content is found in E. superbum (10.8 mg/100g). Zinc content in banana blossoms is more than the double of cauliflower (0.4 mg/100g), where it is highest in M. acuminata (2.0 mg/100 g). This study revealed that the blossoms of lesser known wild bananas are potential with respect to its nutritive content. Remarkably, E. superbum shows higher percentage of protein, carbohydrate, iron and also considerable amount of fat and other minerals. Therefore, it could be exploited as a balanced nutrient enriched blossom vegetable among this group. The pulp from the ripened fruits of the above mentioned four bananas were also subjected to nutritive analyses (Table: 2). Fruits of E. superbum showed high protein content

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(2.56 g /100g) as in the case of its blossom. Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’ fruits showed comparatively lower protein content (1.05 g /100 g) than that of its wild relatives. To the contrary, high carbohydrate and fat content is

observed in Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’ (Fig: 2). In general, all bananas are rich source of easily digestible carbohydrate, protein, fat and minerals.

Table: 1. Nutritional status of blossoms of different bananas and cauliflower* Sl.No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Protein (g/100g) Carbohydrate (g/100g) Fat (g/100g) β-carotene (mg/100g) Phosphorus (mg/100g) Potassium (mg/100g) Calcium (mg/100g) Magnesium (mg/100g) Iron (mg/100g) Zinc (mg/100g)

Musa Musa Musa AAB Ensete Cauliflower* acuminata balbisiana ‘Palayamkodan’ superbum 1.8

1.63

1.5

2.06

2.6

9.6

8.79

9.9

10.4

4.0

0.32

0.50

0.52

0.50

0.40

0.20

0.19

0.20

0.18

0.03

107

176

185

139

138

105

626

2.0

3.5

1.6

10.8

2.0

1.4

0.8

1.0

0.4

*Based on Gopalan et al. (1999) Fig.1 Nutritional status of blossoms of different bananas (g/100g) 12

Protein

Carbohydrate

fat

6 4 2 0 Musa acuminata

Musa balbisiana

Musa AAB 'palayamkodan' Ensete superbum

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Table: 2. Nutritional status of ripened fruits of different bananas Sl.No. Plant species Musa acuminata Musa balbisiana Musa AAB ‘Palayamkodan’ Ensete superbum

1 2 3 4

Protein (g/100g)

Carbohydrate (g/100g)

Fat (g/100g)

1.07 1.29 1.05

21.93 22.14 28.50

0.53 0.31 0.61

2.56

23.14

0.25

Fig. 2 Nutritional status of Fruits of different bananas (g/100g) 30 25 20

Protein Carbohydrate Fat

15 10

5 0 Musa acuminata

Musa balbisiana

Musa AAB ‘palayamkodan’

CONCLUSION The present study revealed that, the nutritive status of banana cultivars is very well comparable to that of wild bananas, especially to that of Ensete superbum. Though Ensete is a crop for food security in several African countries, which is commonly termed as ‘tree against hunger’ (Uma et al., 2008), it is a least documented and poorly studied genus. The Indian species E. superbum is so far little investigated. The present study revealed richness of carbohydrate, proteins, iron, phosphorus and calcium in Ensete blossoms compared to that of other bananas. Fat and βcarotene are also present in considerably good quantity. In some aspects it is better to cauliflower, the most popular blossom vegetable. All the candidate species of Musaceae, especially E. superbum deserves great attention with respect to the nutritional value of its blossoms. High content of fiber

Ensete superbum

will be an added attraction to the value of these unexploited health foods. Fruits of the three wild bananas are full of stony seeds and therefore are not ‘ready-to-eat’ fruits. Though the fruit pulp in these species is of limited quantity, it is nutritious. Ensete fruits contain high protein and carbohydrate than Musa species. Nutritional data on ripened fruits of Ensete and Musa positively correlated with that of its blossoms. These clearly emphasize the possibility to exploit the potentiality of untapped wild bananas. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to the Director, JNTBGRI for the facilities provided and to Dr. P. J. Mathew, Head, PGR Division for constant encouragements and support. Special thanks to Central Soil and Plant Health Centre, Thiruvananthapuram for the analyses of minerals.

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REFERENCES Bayer E, Buttler K P, Finkenzeller X and Grau J (1990). Plantas del Mediterraneo. Naturart, S A Esun libro BLUME, Barcelona, pp:287. Francesca L and V Francesca (2007). Wild food plants of popular use in Sicily. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 3: (1)15, published online PMCID: PMC 1858679. Gopalan C, Sastri R and Balasubramoniam (1999). Nutritive Value of Indian Food. National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad. 47–79. Hakkinen M and Hong W (2007). New species and variety of Musa (Musaceae) form Yunnan, China. Novon 17(4): 440–446.

with a special reference to the genus Musa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57(1): 1–10. Padmaja G, Moorthy S N and Nambisan B (2005). Analytical Methodologies for tropical tuber crops; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (ICAR), Thiruvananthapuram. Pastor A and Gustavo F S (2007). Edible wild plants of the Chorote Indians, Gran Chaco, Argentina. Botanical J. Linnean Soc. 153: 73–85. Ploetz R C, Kepler A K, Daniells J and Nelson S C (2007). Banana and Plantain - an Overview with emphasis on Pacific Island cultivars. Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry, Hawaii, www.traditionaltree.org. ver. 1, pp:27.

Hinman C, Cooke W A and Smith R I (1985). Five potential new crops for arid land. Environmental Conservation.12(04): 309–315.

Sahrawat K L, Kuaar G R and Rao J K (2002). Evaluation of triple acid and dry ashing procedures for detecting potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc in plant materials. Pak. J. Nutr. 10: 168–175.

Jesus O N de, Silva S O, Amorim E P, Ferreira C F, Campos J M S, Silva G G and Figueira A (2013). Genetic diversity and population structure of Musa accessions in ex situ conservation. BMC Biology 13(1): 41

Skornickova J and Gallick D (2010). The Ginger Garden. Sigapore botanic Garden Pictorial Pocket Guide 2. National Parks Board. Singapore Botanic Gardens, pp:109–118.

Kuhnlein H V (1989). Nutritive values in indigenous wild berries used by the Nuxalk people of Bella Coola, British Columbia, J. Food Composition and Analysis. 2(1): 28–36. Li L F, Hakkinen M, Yuan Y M, Hao G and Jun Ge X (2010). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the banana family (Musaceae) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast DNA fragments

Source of Support:

NIL

Uma S, Backiyarani, Kasin A, Yadunandam and Akbar A (2008). Banana for Human Healthcare: Edible banana vaccine to control Hepatitis-B. Indian Horticulture, 53: 8–10. Victoria R G, Tomas H, Vincent V, William L and David W (2006). Cultural, practical and economic value of wild plants: A quatitative study in the bolivian amazon. Bot. 60: 62–74.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Research Article STUDY ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR CURING SKIN DISEASES IN AMBO TOWN OF ETHIOPIA Sadiya Kaso1, Ato Geda Kebede2, Pagadala Vijaya Kumari3* B.Sc Research student – Biology Department, AMBO University, Ethiopia Head, Department of biology, AMBO University, Ethiopia 3 Associate Professor, Biotechnology, Department of Biology, AMBO University, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: Email: vkpagadala@rocketmail.com 1

Received: 16/02/2014; Revised: 27/03/2014; Accepted: 29/03/2014

ABSTRACT A Clinical study was conducted at AMBO TOWN- Ethiopia, on traditional medicinal plants used for curing skin diseases which is located at West shoa. The objective was to identify the effect of traditional medicine used for curing skin diseases Viz - Eczema, skin infection, skin allergy, and dermatitis and fungal infection and correlate with allopathic medicine. Survey was conducted on traditional plant knowledge of the native people for curing various skin diseases and authenticated the data by statistical Analysis with the help of native doctors of AMBO TOWN. Case study was made on each disease by giving the questionnaire and taking personnel interview with the patients taking the traditional medicinal plant and compared with the allopathic medicine. 10 Patients for each disease was taken for the statistical analysis. We observed a positive values when we compared ANOVA TEST for Traditional medicine (Homogeneous- F=1.3323) and Allopathic (Non homogeneous F=3.0268) at F value at 5% significant level of 4, 45 degree of freedom. Based on our investigations it is recommended to use traditional medicine from plants as it has greater potency to cure and can be affordable to common man who cannot take the allopathic treatments due to its high cost since Ethiopia is one among the developing countries of the World. KEYWORDS: Skin diseases, Eczema, skin infection, Skin allergy, Dermatitis, Fungal infection, Ethiopia, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicinal Plants, AMBO town.

Cite this article: Sadiya Kaso, Ato Geda Kebede, Pagadala Vijaya Kumari (2014), STUDY ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR CURING SKIN DISEASES IN AMBO TOWN OF ETHIOPIA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 134–141

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INTRODUCTION In developing countries there is increasing attempt to incorporate traditional medicines especially heelball preparation in the local health care system. Several countries of Africa have realized the need and importance of traditional medicines (TM) from native and endemic plants that are traditionally used at various places of the respective countries for various ailments (Inngjerdingen et al., 2004). None of the plant resources have also been found to have their poultice properties (Abraham, 2005). Traditional medicinal resources, especially plants have been given more emphasis for dermatological diseases and allergies (Inngjerdigen et al., 2004; Ram et al., 2004). Plants play major source of biomolecules in for therapeutic uses with hundreds of therapeutic

activities related in healing many skin problems not know yet (Faveku, 2006; Neuma, 2000). The use of plant biomolecules from different plant parts performs a great role particularly in the places where they lack modern health facilities/ clinics/ hospitals in villages (Rosa and Alves, 2005). Traditional medicine can be considered as a primary source of medicine where the Modern facilities are lacking as 80% of world Population depends on Traditional medicine (Alves and Rosa, 2005). The cause of skin diseases in a community depends on many factors like, genetic, physiological, and environmental with special reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. Only few people know about the use of traditional medicines for skin, which are of high therapeutic potential (Table – 1, Figure - 1).

Table – 1: Name of the five plants with diseases Botanical name

Local name

Part used Mode of use

Croton macrostachys (Euphorbiaceae). Cordia africana ( Boraginaceae.) Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae)

Bisana

Datura stramonium (Solanaceae)

Atafaris

Waxy Smeared over the lesion substance Leaves Smeared on the effected part Leaves Leaf paste smeared over the lesion Flower Flower of plant mixed with fruit juice of Embelia schimperi Leaves Leaf paste smeared over the lesion

Wanza Damakase Kossuwa

Type of skin disease Eczema Any skin allergies Skin infection Dermatitis

Skin Allergies

Figure – 1: Plants documented for skin diseases

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.1. Croton macrostachys (Euphorbiaceae) 1.2. Cordia africana (Boraginaceae) 1.3. Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) 1.4. Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) 1.5. Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae)

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Skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss (Madison, KC. 2003, Grice et al., 2009). It has been estimated that 34% of all occupational disease (Spiewak, 2001) are skin related problems. In some cases severe stigmatization was observed as in the case of onchocercal skin disease (OSD) which occurs in rain forest Africa (Viasso et al., 2000). The lack of training in most of the Health care workers (HCWS) of sub Saharan countries (Mah et al., 2006) can be regarded as one of the thrust area. The management of skin disease is the need of the hour, giving priority to the association of skin related infection and AIDS. It was identified that 92% of HIV infected individuals were with cutaneous and mucosal infections (Geber Mariam et al., 2006). Plants related to Traditional Medicine play a major role in curing dermatological infections (Inngjerdingen et al., 2004; Geber Mariam et al., 2004; Saikia et al., 2006). Many countries of Africa identified the significance of the traditional medicines (ITMS) from native plants used for diagnosing various skin ailments (Inngjerdingen et al., 2004). Skin diseases in Ethiopia are dominated by bacterial and superficial fungal infections. According to the studies of dermatological disorders carried out in urban clinics of school children in rural areas of Ethiopia in Wallega, Gojam, Gonder, Keffa, Shaw and Hadiya revealed the infections like Eczema, dermatitis and other skin infections which are more than Urban areas. Datura stramonium has long been used as an extremely effective traditional plant for different skin infections (Amare, 2010). Hagenia abbysinica, is a native plant of Afromontager region of central and eastern Africa (Balick, 2009). Croton macrostachys is used as a traditional medicine for purative and inflammatory activity (Dawit and Ahadu, 2010). Understanding the importance of traditional plant medicine, a brief study based survey was

conducted at Ambo region of Ethiopia to show the significance of traditional medicine which are native to AMBO – Ethiopia, since 80–90 % of the total population has been affected by chronic skin infections. This simple and primary case study was performed to make common men understand the knowledge of traditional medicine available at Ambo town, Ethiopia & to further enhance public interests to do authenticated research by understanding the biomolecules from these plants for skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at Ambo Town, located 114 km from Addis Ababa west, Ethiopia. Elevated at 2100–2200 meters above the sea level and receives annual rain fall of 900 mm with an average of minimum and maximum temperature 15oC and 29oC respectively. Study Pattern and Period – Study was conducted for six months to design the importance of traditional medicine from plants for curing skin diseases Viz. eczema, skin allergy, dermatitis, skin infection and fungal infection predominant in Ambo town. Study population - The proposed population for this study was traditional plant medicine clinics of Ambo town by collaborating with the Doctors and collecting the data from the patients who are undergoing treatments (10 Patients for each disease on an average with different age groups have been taken). Method of data collection & analysis - Data was collected by providing questionnaire with personal interview. Data was analyzed using descriptive method and the results were presented using tables and graphs by comparing the traditional & allopathic medicinal treatments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study population was identified according to their sex and age. Among them 63% were males and 27 % were females, while 26 % were below 30 years, 20 % were between 31–40 years, 23 % were between 41–50 years

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and 31 % were above 51 years (Graph 1). By religion 46% were protestant, 29% were orthodox, 17% were Muslim and 8 percent other groups. By education status 12% were illiterate, 20 % were studied upto 6th grade, 25 % were studied up to 12th grade and 9% were studied above 12 grades and 34 % can read and write. Overall economic survey (table not shown) status showed 26% population had less than 1200 birr annual income (Ethiopian Currency) & most of them had skin problems. 34% were between 1200–3500 birr annual incomes; 14% had 6000 Birr annual income & were out skin infections. This indicates that the living economic status and Hygiene has direct impact on skin infections.

Statistical investigations were conducted on five medicinal plants for estimation of Mean, Standard Deviation with correlation between age and correlation between traditional and allopathy medicine. From the patients 24 % were below 35 years, 58 % were 35–50 years and 18 % were above 51 years. The period of the treatment was compared between both traditional and allopathy Medicine. Traditional Medicine gave promising results (Table – 2). Analysis was done by comparing the two medicines in relation to days (D) to cure (Table – 3 Tables – 4).

Graph – 1: Age of the informants

Age <30 31-40 41-50 Above 51

Table – 2: Details of Plant with Disease and Statistical data (T.M – Traditional Medicine, A.M - Allopathic Medicine) Plant Name

Mean time of T.M/S.D of time

Croton macrostachys Hagenia abyssinica Cordia africana Ocimum basilicum Datura stramonium

30.7/1.3375

Mean time Correlation of between A.M/S.D age and of time T.M 47.3/3.46

Correlation between age and A.M

Correlation between T and E Medicine

Disease

0.2937

0.8994

0.3811

Eczema

31.3/1.41

48.6/3.13

0.9050

0.6617

0.4299

Dermatitis

30.6/2.0110

44/3.4009

0.4416

0.3174

0.5393

29.4/4.3747

43.9/ 5.34

0.7874

0.3954

0.3725

0.8198

0.1644

0.0605

Skin allergy Skin Infection Fungal Infection

31.8/1.8767

46.5/1.967

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Table – 3:

Table – 4:

Days of cure for Traditional Medicine for all Diseases

Days of cure for Allopathic Medicine for all Diseases

31 32

33 30

28 29

35 24

30 28

47 50

45 50

45 40

46 47

45 47

D1 - Eczema disease -- Croton macrostachys (Bisanna); D2 - Dermatitis disease -- Hagenia abyssinica (Kosso). D3 - Skin allergic disease -- Cordia africana (Wanza); D4 - skin infection -- Ocimum basilicum (Demakese); D5 - Fungal infection -- Datura stramonium (Atafaris).

Table – 5: ANOVA table for Allopathy medicine Source of variation

Degrees of Sum of squares Mean sum of freedom squares 4 159.280 39.820

Treatments (Diseases)

45 49

Error Total

592.000 751.280

F- Ratio F=3.0268

13.1556

F table value at 5% level with (4.45) degrees of freedom =2.5858. F Calculated value is greater than F table value, Hence hypothesis is rejected. All Diseases are not homogeneous

Table – 6: ANOVA table for Traditional medicine Source of variation Treatments(Dis eases)

Degrees of freedom 4

Sum of squares

Error Total

45 49

274.600 307.12

32.5200

Mean sum of squares 8.13

6.1022

F table value at 5% level with (4. 45) degrees of freedom = 2.5858. F Calculated value is less than F table value, hence hypothesis is accepted

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F- Ratio F=1.3323

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ANOVA Statistical test was performed for both the Traditional Medicine and Allopathy Medicine. To check the hypothesis for F Ratio at 5% of 4, 45 degree of freedom. Out of the two treatments tested, traditional medicine (Table – 5, Table – 6) showed positive results statistically, using ANOVA since hypothesis

showed it to be homogeneous for all the diseases & allopathy medicine showed a non homogenous pattern proving our survey potentially towards traditional medicine. The symptoms observed on the skin in different patients have been depicted in Figure – 2.

Figure – 2: The skin diseases observed on different patients

2.1 Skin infection (leg)

2.2 Skin Allergy

DISCUSSION Based on the prepared questionnaire the informants were identified according to their sex, age level and religion. It was identified that the population consisted of people belonging to different religions. Our results can be compared with the magnitude of skin disease in relation to their annual income, to the scope of sanitation and the way of using their cloth with their families (Spiewak, R., 2001). Most of them had the knowledge about Traditional Medicine but they were not aware of its preparations. Most of the patients were diagnosed with a skin condition and were taking Traditional Medicine completely. All the diseases were proven to have subsided after taking traditional medicine which is also found to be significant statistically. ANOVA test was performed separately for analyzing the efficacy of traditional and allopathic medicine based on the number of days it took to cure all the five diseases. For the group that received traditional medicine, the data proved to be very significant from F table value at 5 % with 4.45 degree of freedom; 2.5858 where all the diseases were homogeneous and F ration showed 1.3323 which is less than 2.5858 which showed the acceptance of the hypothesis there by showing

2.3 Skin infection (back)

2.4 Dematitis

our investigations or survey to be very strong on traditional medicine. CONCLUSION The study revealed that skin diseases were frequently occurring in the community due to some of the socio-economic problems like lack of personal hygiene, in adequate water supply, sharing of clothes, environmental and genetic factors. Therefore, to tackle the existing problem in the community of Ambo town, Ethiopia, the study was conducted among native elder people who were aware about traditional medicine used for curing skin diseases and the traditional doctors in the community. Based on above information some of the important traditional medicines were identified from AMBO for some of the skin diseases by the help from the traditional doctors who are administering these plant medicines. This study is considered to be the first report to identify these traditional medicinal plants grown in this region. These investigations are put forth for modern technological research areas like biotechnology and molecular biology in the thrust area to characterize the biomolecules (Chemical compounds) which are involved in curing these skin diseases and to conserve them by propagating the plant biotechnological strategies so that this will

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reach to every common man at very affordable cost, thus educating the importance of traditional medicine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author extends heartfelt thanks to ATO HASSAN the traditional doctor who has

advised and gave authentic information. Immense thanks to Dr. Chandra Shekar who assisted for the statistical compilation. We thank Mr. Ato Geda, Head of the Department, for his constant encouragement given to student to complete this work.

REFERENCES Abrahams, T.W. (2005). Soils there implication to human health. The science of the total environment. Amre

Getahun (2010). Some common medicinal and posiesnous plants used in Ethiopia, folk medicine. Addis Ababa University, pp 36–63.

Alves, R.R.N and Rosa JL, (2005). Why study the use of animal products in Traditional medicine J. Ethno boils. Ethnamed. Balick , M.J and Cox P.A(2009).plants people and culture. The science of ethno botany. Scientific American library New York, USA, pp 288. Dawit Ababa and Ahadu Ayalehu (2010). Medicinal plants and enigmatic health practices of northern Ethiopia ,B.SP.C Addis ababa. Faveku, P, (2006). Traditional medicine the art, ways and practices, in: odugbeni, T. (Ed) out line and picture of medicinal plants from Nigeria. University of legal, press, pp, 13–24. Geber. Miriam, T.G, Nevbert, R, Schimat, PC., wutzlers, P, schmidtke M, (2006). Antiviral activities of some Ethiopia medicinal plants used for the treatment of dermatological disorder Journal of Ethno pharmacology.

Grice, E. A.; Kong, H. H.; Conlan, S.; Deming, C. B.; Davis, J.; Young, A. C.; Bouffard, G. G.; Blakesley, 2009)."Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome" Hedberg, J., Hedb erge, D., madaxi, P., mshigeni, K.E., mshiu., E.N., Samuelsson, G., (1983). Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. II. Plant of the family Dilleniaceac to opillianceae Journal of Ethno pharmacology. Inngerding, K., Nergared, C.S., Diallo, D., Mounkororo P.P., B.S., (2004). An Ethno pharmacological survey of plant used for wound healing in dogonland, Mail, West African Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Mahetal, A., D... N Dialye, H.T, L. Y.F. konare, H., Keita, S., Traore, A.K., Hay, R., (2006). Definition of an algorithm for the management of common skin diseases at primary health care level in Sub-Saharan African. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical medicine and Hygiene. Marks,

James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006). Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology. (4th Ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 1-4160-3185-5

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Neuman, R.R., (2000). Commercialization of non timber forest products. Review and analysis for research, Cl FDR. Indonesia. Pappas S. (2009). Your Body Is a Wonderland of Bacteria. Science NOW Daily News Proksch, E; Brandner, JM; Jensen, JM (2008). "The skin: an indispensable barrier." Experimental Dermatology 17 (12): 1063–72. doi:10.1111/j.16000625.2008.00786.x.PMID 19043850 Saika, A., Ryakala, V.k., snalma.p., gosulami P., Bora, U., (2006). Ethno botany of medicinal plant used by Assamese people for various skin oilment and

Source of Support:

Nil

cosmetics. Journal of Ethno pharmacology "Skin care" (analysis), Health-Cares.net, 2007, webpage: HCcare Spiewak, R., (2001). Occupational skin disease among tarmers. In. zagori skin J. CEd) occupational and para-occupational Disease in Agriculture institute of Agricultural medicine. Lublin, pp.42– 152. World health organization (WHO), (2001). Legal status of Traditional Medicine and complementary Alternative medicine: worldwide review. WHO, Geneva.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Research Article SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR DIFFERENT AILMENTS IN DISTRICT LODHRAN, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Hafiz Shakeel Ahmad1*, Karim Yar Abbasi2, Hafiz Abdul Hameed3, Jaffar Hussain4 1,2,3

Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University Of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Department of agri. Entomology, University of agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan *Corresponding Author: E-mail: shakeelnaurangani@gmail.com 4

Received: 03/03/2014; Revised: 20/03/2014; Accepted: 25/03/2014

ABSTRACT An ethno botanical survey was conducted in five villages of Tehsil Duniyapur, district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan during 2013. From each village 18 People were selected randomly by lottery method for consultation. Present study focused on local inhabitants who use traditional resources for self-medication with particular reference to ethno pharmacological application of plant species for diseases and natural cosmetics. The study was carried out by interviewing respondents in remote sites (lack of health facilities, poverty and extensive use of medicinal plants) systematically on disease management with questionnaires and discussions. A total of 47 plants have been reported to use traditionally to cure different ailments in district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan during survey. About 13 plant species were reported for their use to cure pains in different body ailments. About 9 plant species Citrus limon, Mentha piperita, Rosa indica, Nigella sativa, Allium cepa, Cassia fistula, Plantago ovata and Prunus persica had been revealed as cure in digestion related ailments. About 6 plant species had been reported for treatments of kidney stone and 4 for as anti-venomic medications. Miscellaneous uses of plants consisted of for treatment of wounds, flue and catarrh, hypertension, piles, general debility, cough, fever, Diabetes, Haemorrhoid problems and Spermatorrhoea like problems etc. Some of the reported species were wild and rare; this demands an urgent attention to conserve such vital resources so as to optimize their use in the primary health care system. KEY WORDS: Ethno botanical survey, Traditional plants, Medicinal use, Lodhran, Punjab

Cite this article: Hafiz Shakeel Ahmad, Karim Yar Abbasi, Hafiz Abdul Hameed, Jaffar Hussain (2014), SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR DIFFERENT AILMENTS IN DISTRICT LODHRAN, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 142â&#x20AC;&#x201C;153

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INTRODUCTION Lodhran is a district in the Punjab, Pakistan, located on the northern side of River Sutlej. It is bounded to the North by the districts of Multan, Khanewal and Vehari, to the south by Bahawalpur District, to the East lies the districts of Vehari and Bahawalpur; while district Multan lies on the Western side (Anonymous, 2009). About three-quarters population of the world depend upon traditional remedies for the basic health care of its people. In fact, herbs or plants always remain the friends of mankind. They provided food, shelter and served the humanity to cure different ailments. Folklore information from many different cultures is an important tool in revealing plants with useful medicinal properties (Balandrin et al., 1993). The soil and climatic conditions of Pakistan are fortunately extremely diverse having all the four seasons in the country and a variety of topography. This makes Pakistan rich not only in botanical diversity but also in inherited traditional knowledge and animal husbandry system. People use plants to cure themselves and their animals from times immemorial (Muhammad et al., 2005). During the second half of this century, socio-political changes have contributed to an irreversible loss of traditional medical knowledge throughout this and other regions of PeruÂ´. Furthermore, political violence during the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s discouraged field researchers, thus hampering scientific data collection. The objectives of the present study are: (i) To survey and tabulate the available scattered information; (ii) to establish any association between the medicinal uses found locally and other uses reported in the literature; and (iii) to inform whether published biological studies for a given plant species have corroborated or refuted medicinal uses claimed in the present research. (Hammond et al.,1998). Morocco has always a long medical tradition and the traditional learning of plant remedies persisted until now. The art of healing is a part of the musulman tradition that reigned in this country. In Fez region, traditional plant medicines had always held a strong position. The Quarawiyine University in Fez was the

mean academic centre of Africa, and comprises a medical section (Bellakhdar, 1997). Today, traditional medicines are a great part of modern health care systems in Morocco. Many authors have studied the traditional pharmacopoeia in different areas of Morocco (Ziyyat et al., 1997) have scientifically studied the traditional pharmacopoeia in Oriental Morocco. However, very little information is available on the traditional plants of the North centre region of Morocco. In order to record all these medical knowledge useful for the maintenance of health, easy to find and to use, and more adapted to the local diseases prevention and treatment (Fleurentin and Dos Santos, 1990), we have proposed to enumerate the most prescribed herbal remedies for treating diabetes, cardiac and renal diseases in North centre region of Morocco (Jouad et al., 2001). Ethno botanical survey has been found to be one of the reliable approaches to drug discovery (Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001). Ethno medical information from this approach can be gathered either from plants used in organized traditional medical system such as Ayurveda, Unani and traditional Chinese medicine (Bannerman et al., 1975; Bannerman, 1979), or from herbalism, folklore and shamanism which concentrate on an apprenticeship system of information passed to the next generation through a traditional healer or herbalist (Rastogi and Dhawan, 1982). Several active compounds have been discovered from plants on the basis of ethno botanical information, and used directly as patented drugs. Maprouneacin isolated from Maprounnea africana is used as an antidiabetic agent (Carney et al., 1999). Taxol obtained from Taxus breviflora is used as an anti-tumour drug (Samuelsson, 1992). Artemisinin, discovered from Artemisia annua, is used as a potent anti-malarial compound against Plasmodium strains resistant to all known anti-malarial (Klayman, 1993). There is a need of documentation of the existing medicinal plants being used by the different people of the country living in different cultural groups, so that this can serve as standard tool for further exploration. This study will be conducted with the aim to survey of medicinal

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plants traditionally used for different minor ailments in the area. District Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan is one of the backward areas of the country. This area was selected because of the poor health and financial conditions of people. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethno botanical survey was conducted in district Lodhran, Tehsil Duniyapur during 2013. The villages randomly selected from area of Chak No. 315/ WB, Chak No. 319/ WB, Chak No. 321/ WB, Chak No. 367/ WB and Mauza Blail. From each village 18 People were selected randomly by lottery method for consultation. For more ethno botanic information some traditional healers were interviewed. Each village is situated about at the distance of more than 10 kilometer from the main health center present in the area. Present study focused on local inhabitants who use traditional resources for self-medication with particular reference to ethno pharmacological application of plant species for diseases and natural cosmetics. The study was carried out by interviewing respondents in remote sites (lack of health facilities, poverty and extensive use of

medicinal plants). In total 90 informants were interviewed on their management of diseases. The respondents were old age women (14.2%), men (80.15%) and traditional healers (5.65%) themselves and had knowledge on the medicinal uses of the plants for the said purpose. To collect data systematically on disease management questionnaires and discussions were applied. A structured interview form was used to collect information in the local language and respondents were queried for the type of herbal cure known to him for different ailments. The interviews included questions that target the local peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s perception of names of various diseases, the names of plants, parts of plants used, methods used in preparation and mode of application of the drugs. The acquired data were crosschecked in different areas from local informants either by showing the plant specimen or telling local names of plants to verify the authenticity of claims. The data were tabulated to include the botanical name, local name, parts used, preparation and application, popular use and number of informants. Questionnaire contained the questions to be asked was given in Fig 1:

Figure 1 Survey and documentation of medicinal plants traditionally used for different ailments in district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan

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The survey was carried out for a period of one and half month in April and May, 2013, in five villages located in Lodhran district, Punjab, Pakistan. The interview was conducted using national language. There were a total of 82 informants, two of them were traditional healers and the rest were family members and other individuals who gained knowledge on medicinal uses of plants, from their parents or relatives and had used the plants with promising results. Descriptive statistics was applied on collected data. Percentage of the people using same medicinal plants to cure same disease was calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 47 plants have been reported to use traditionally to cure different ailments in district Lodhran, Punjab during survey. About 13 plant species were reported for their use to cure pains in different body ailments. Among these Eugenia aromatica, Harrar, Mentha microphylla, Acacia arabica, Eucalyptus camaldulences, Foeniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Accasia Arabica, Brassica campestris, Aloe vera, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale constituted the major medications. About 8 plant species had been revealed as cure in

digestion related ailments. Citrus limon, Mentha piperita, Rosa indica, Nigella sativa, Allium cepa, Cassia fistula, Plantago ovata and Prunus persica. About 6 plant species had been reported for treatments of kidney stone and 4 for as anti-venomic medications. Miscellaneous uses of plants consisted of for treatment of wounds, flue and catarrh, hypertension, piles, general debility, cough, fever, Diabetes, Haemorrhoid problems and Spermatorrhoea like problems etc. Regarding the frequency of consultants neem + Thoom+long + mustard oil had been reported about 4.44 % of total observation followed by podina, saunf + ajoin + kalanamak, kanwar gandal, piyaz, saunf, damah, amaltas, ispaghol and haldi about 3.33 % each. While the use of drekh, limoo, ajoin, kortumma, sufeda, molathi, falsa, amla, mehndi, kharboza, thoom, moli, aaro, jaman and harrar had been used 2.22 % each of the total observations. Some of the reported species were wild and rare; this demands an urgent attention to conserve such vital resources so as to optimize their use in the primary health care system. Phytochemical screening for active constituents, biological activities and clinical studies is of global importance.

Table 4.1 Survey and documentation of medicinal plants traditionally used for different ailments in District Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan Botanical name Acacia Arabica

Vernacular name Kikar

Allium cepa

Piyaz

Allium sativum

Thoom

Frequency

Parts used Gum Bark Extract

Medicinal use Back pain, Dental pain Vomiting, bleeding nose

Literature cited

Gastric trouble, anti diabetic (Khan et al., 2000; Ahmad et al., 2003)

Bulb, Seed

Hypertension, Ear pain

(Lee et al., 1994), (Zacharias et al., 1980; Roman-Ramos et al., 1995; Kasuga et al., 1999).

Hypoglycemia

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Aloe vera

Kanwar gandal

Extract

Fruit

Ear pain, (Arshad and wounds Akram, 1999; Ahmad et al., healing, 2003; Shah and Khan, 2006; Ahmad et al., 2007; Qureshi et al., 2009) Leg pain, (Inam et al., 2000; Abbasi scabies et al., 2005) Snake bite Purgative, skin infection, expectorant, anthelmintic, diaphoretic (Arshad and Akram, 1999; Hussain et al., 2008) Dog bite

Brassica campestris Calotropis gigantea

Sarson

Oil

Akk

Milk

Capsicum annuum Cassia fistula

Lal mirch Amaltas

Seed

Constipation

Citrullus colocynthis

kortumma

Extract

Diabetes

Damanh

branches

Citrullus lanatus Citrus limon

Terbooz

Seeds

Prickles, cooling effect Kidney stone

Limoon

Juice

Carminative, catarrh

Cordia myxa

Lasoora Dhanniya

Cucumis melo

Kharbuza

Bloody Haemorrhoid Eye pain, (Grieve, 1971; PDRHM, eye burn, 2004) Head ache Kidney stone

Coriandrum sativum

Tender barks Extract, Oil

Dacus carota

Gajar

Phyllanthus emblica

Amla

Eucalyptus camaldulences Eugenia aromatica

Safeda

Leaves

Long

Seeds

Hypertension contraceptive (Anonymous, , Eye sight 1995) Hair tonic astringent, cooling, diuretic, fresh wounds, laxative, jaundice, hepatitis refrigerant, hair tonic, (Shinwari and Khan, 1998; Zabihullah et al., 2006; Abbasi et al., 2009) Dental pain Inflamation (Silva et al., 2003). Dental pain (Devi et al., 2010)

Seed, fruit Juice, Root Seeds oil

Diuretic, purgative, rheumatism, respiratory diseases (Rai, 2003) (Abdel-Hassan et al., 2000)

2 1

1 3

1 Appetizer, antiseptic, stomachic, anti-scorbutic, vomiting (Zaman and Khan, 1970)

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2 1

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Eugenia jambulana

Jammu

Bark,se ed

Diabetes

Ferula asafoetida Ficus benghalensis

Hing

Rhizome

Flatulence

Boher

Bark, milk

Hepatitis, Diabetes,

Ficus carica

Injeer

Fruit

Rheumatism, dysentery, diabetes, Spermatorrhoea vomiting (Rai, 2003) Kidney stone

Foeniculum vulgare

Saonf

Seeds

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Molatthi

Roots

Belly pain, digestion problem, Eye sight Cough, sour throat

Grewia asiatica

Falsa

Fruit

Hypertension

Hordeum vulgare Lawsonia alba

Jao

Extract

Kidney stone

Mehndi

Leaves

Mangifera indica

Aam

Seed

Cooling effect, Hair growth Anti anaesthetic

Melia azedarach Drekh

Fruits

Scabies

Pain relievers, Digestive problems Stomach problem

Mentha microphylla

Podina+ajo in

Leaves, seed

Nigella sativa

Kalonji

Seeds

Tulsi

Leaf

Snake bite

Ajoin

Seed

Fever

Ispaghol

Husk

Alubukhara

Fruit

Bowl movement Diuretic

Ocimum sanctum Peucedanum graveolens Plantago ovata Prunus domestica

(Mahapatra et al., 1985; Coimbra et al., 1992; Nandkarni, 1992)

1 worms, resolvant, blood purifier, scabies, piles, diabetes( Haq and Hussain, 1993; Shinwari and Khan, 1998; Ahmad et al., 2003; Zabihullah et al., 2006) (Atta and Samar, 2004)

(Muhtasib et al., 2006)

Ramar et al., (2008)

1 2

(Andersen et al.,1988)

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3 1

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Prunus persica

Aru

Fruit

Digestive problems

Raphanus sativus

Mooli

Extract

Ricinus communis Rosa rubiginosa Saccharum officinarum Silybum marianum

Hernoli

Leaves

Gulab

Leaves

Sarkandda

Roots

Kanderi

Leaves

Haemorrhoid problem, kidney stone Muscular (Ilavarasan et al., 2006). injury Stomach (Molares and Ladio, 2009) problem Kidney stone shrink fibroids (Balick et al., 2000) Flu, catarrh Hyperglycaemic (Maghrani et.al., 2004)

Terminalia Chebula

Harrar

Fruit

Zingiber officinale

Haldi

Rhizome

Joint pain, eye sight weakness Pain killer, (Saikia et al., 2006; swelling Ignacimuthu et al., 2008)

Allium cepa Three of the informants were using this against vomiting and bleeding nose. In literature it is reported to being used against gastric trouble, anti-diabetic (Khan et al., 2000; Ahmad et al., 2003). Phytochemicals are volatile oil, sulphur, essential oil, organic sulphur, quercetin, moisture, ether, albuminoids, carbohydrates, fibres, ash and sugar (Kirtikar and Basu, 1993). Allium sativum Four of the informants used this plant against ear pain. In literature it is found to be the most potent vasorelaxant among all the constituents of lipotab which supports its antihypertensive (Lee et al., 1994) and antiatherosclerotic (Orekhov et al., 1995) actions. It is known that thioallyl compounds which are natural constituents of garlic, inhibit malignant cells. The hypo-glycemic activity of garlic has been extensively studied and reported. Pioneering works by many researchers proved the potent hypo-glycemic activity of Allium sativum L. (Zacharias et al., 1980; RomanRamos et al., 1995; Kasuga et al., 1999). Garlic

1 1 1 1

contains S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide, a sulphur containing amino acid, which produced significant blood glucose lowering activity in experimental diabetic animals (Sheela and Augusti, 1992). Azadirachta indica Leaves are used as curative agents against bacterial and fungal infections, fever, wound healing, rheumatic disorders, inflammations, and various skin disorders (Van der Nat et al., 1991). Anti-ulcerogenic properties (Murthy et al., 1978; Koley et al., 1994), anti-microbial and anti-cancerous properties (Sai Ram et al., 1990; Kusumran et al., 1998; Udeinya, 1993), Phytochemicals are azadirachtin, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, alkoloids, carbohydrates and proteins (Van der Nat et al., 1991). Aloe vera One of the informantâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s was using to cure ear pain and wounds healing. In literature it is reported to being used as anthelmintic, colic, emmenagogue, piles, purgative, rectal fissure, anti-diabetic, blisters, stomach ulcer, pussy

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wounds and eruption (Arshad and Akram, 1999; Ahmad et al., 2003; Shah and Khan, 2006; Ahmad et al., 2007; Qureshi et al., 2009). Phytochmicals found in Aloe vera are Chromanol, pteroyglutamic acid, aloe-emodin, quinone, d-glucitol, glucosamine, mono and penta saccharids, hexuronic acid, casanthranol I and II, aloetic acid, sapogenin, glucoside, hecogenin, 2-amino-2-deoxy glucose, chrysophanic acid, m-protocatechuic aldehyde, cellulose, proteinase, resins, imidazole (Ahmad et al., 1993). Brassica campestris Two of informants were using oil of this plant against leg pain and for scabies. In literature we found to being also used as antiscorbutic, stomachic, body weakness, gleets, leucorrhoea (Inam et al., 2000; Abbasi et al., 2005).Phytochemicals are Ocolaza, potash, fixed oil, glycosides, myrosin enzyme, erucic acid, volatile oil (Hussein, 1983; Kirtikar and Basu, 1993).

(50 mg/kg) was more effective in lowering fasting glucose as compared to alkaloidal extract. Graded doses (10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) of saponin also reduced plasma glucose concentration in alloxanized rabbits. Thus, saponins and glycosidic components levels of the rind of Citrullus colocynthis are responsible for its hypoglycemic effect (Abdel-Hassan et al., 2000). Calotropis gigantea (akk) Information was got from one informant that its milk was used against snake bite infection. In literature it is also reported to use as Purgative, skin infection, expectorant, anthelmintic, diaphoretic (Arshad and Akram, 1999; Hussain et al., 2008). Phytochemicals are Voruscharin, calotoxin, calotropin, uscharidin, trypsin, calcatin, uzarigenin, syriagenin, proceroside, benzoyllineolone, benzoylisolineolone, cyanidin-3rhamnoglucoside (Rastogiand Mehrotra, 1993). Daucus carota (Carrot, Wild Carrot)

Citrus limon Two of the informants were using this plant‘s fruit juice as carminative, catarrh. In literature it is reported to being used as Appetizer, antiseptic, stomachic, anti-scorbutic, vomiting (Zaman and Khan, 1970). Phytochemicals are Essential oil, citral, limonene, and dipentene (Bhattacharjee, 2000). Citrullus colocynthis (kortummah) One of the informants informed that he was using the extract of this plant to cure diabetes. It was an annual herb found in wild as well as cultivated throughout India in the warm areas. The fruit of this plant is traditionally used as anti-diabetic in Mediterranean part of the World. Aqueous extract of its fruit showed dose-dependent increase in insulin release from isolated islets (Abdel-Hassan et al., 2000). Oral administration of aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) in normal rabbits significantly reduced plasma glucose after 1 h and highly significant reduction after 2, 3 and 6 h. Glycosidic extract

One informant used carrot for eye sight weakness. In literature it is reported that it is sometimes used as a contraceptive, it contains aromatics that, in large enough quantities, can exaggerate uterine inflammation (Anonymous, 1995). Eugenia jambolana Large evergreen tree of Indian subcontinent, also known as Syzygium cumini L. commonly called as ‗jamun’. In India, the decoction of kernels of Eugenia jambolana is used as a household remedy for diabetes. The seeds and decoction of dry leaves were found to produce hypoglycemic effect (Mahapatra et al., 1985; Coimbra et al., 1992; Nandkarni, 1992). The protective effect of the alcoholic (100 mg/kg) and the aqueous (5 g/kg) extracts of the seed of this plant against tissue damage in diabetic rat brain was studied and it was observed that both the extract effectively protected the tissues, the alcoholic extract

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having more pronounced effect than the water extract (Stanely et al., 2003). Phyllanthus emblica Two of the informants were using oil of this plant as hair tonic. In literature it is reported to being used as Aperient, astringent, cooling, diuretic, fresh wounds, laxative, jaundice, hepatitis refrigerant, hair tonic, appetizer, gas trouble (Shinwari and Khan, 1998; Zabihullah et al., 2006; Abbasi et al., 2009). Phytochemicals are Alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, proline, protein, fat, carbohydrates fibers, minerals, iron, niacin, chromium and copper (Prajapati et al., 2006). Melia azedarach Two of the informants were using to cure scabies. In literature it is reported to being used against Headache, rheumatism, round worms, carminative, glandular swelling, emmenogogue, hysteria, resolvant, blood purifier, scabies, piles, diabetes (Haq and Shah, 1986; Haq and Hussain, 1993; Shinwari and Khan, 1998; Ahmad et al., 2003; Zabihullah et al., 2006). Mentha microphylla Two of the informants were using this plant against pain and digestive problems. Atta and Samar, (2004) demonstrated the antidiarrhoeal effect of some Egyptian plants. Methanol extract of Mentha microphylla induced a dosedependent relaxation of rabbit duodenal smooth muscle. Saccharum officinarum One of the informants used sarkanda roots for releasing kidney stones. Previous studies reported that if ethnomedical systems are evaluated with contemporary scientific tools,

discoveries of major significance will be made, corroborating the value of age-old wisdom for modern times. While no clinical trials yet exist evaluating the efficacy of beets and molasses for the treatment of fibroids, these plants do contain several chemical compounds that may be pharmacologically active, possibly through hormone modulation, and are deserving of further study (Anonymous, 2004). The consumption of beets combined with molasses (from Saccharum officinarum L., Poaceae) is thought by Dominican healers to shrink fibroids or to â&#x20AC;&#x2022;strengthen and fortify the uterus after the fibroid had been drained from the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; (Balick et al., 2000). In this note we rationalize possible nutritional and cultural justification for using beets and molasses in Dominican ethno medicine. Zingiber officinale Two of informants were using oil of this plant against pain and swelling. In literature it was reported to be used against indigestion, labour pain, urticarial (Saikia et al., 2006; Ignacimuthu et al., 2008). It contain volatile oils, phenols, shogals, paradols, dihydroparadols, gingerols, gingerdiols, 1dehydrogingerdiones, diarylheptanoids, methyl ether, methyl [8]-paradol, methyl [6]isogingerol (12) and [6]-isoshogaol (Ali et al., 2008). CONCLUSION Medicinal plants that were traditionally used for different ailments in Pakistan as well as all over the world contains a variety of chemical constituents, so they are more effective and play a significant role to cure different diseases and disorders. A comprehensive study and major attention is required to conserve these rare and wild medicinal and aromatic plant species which are endangered and near to distinct from the world.

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Tyler, V.E., V. Schultz and R. Hansel, (1998). Rational Phytotherapy. Springer, Berlin, p. 23. Tyler, V.E., (1994). Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytochemicals. Pharmaceutical Press, Binghamton, NY. Udeinya, I.J., (1993). Antimalarial activity of Nigerian neem leaves. Transaction of Royal Society Tropical Medicine Hygiene 87(4): 471.

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Weniger, B., (1991). Interest and limitation of a global ethnopharmacological survey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 32: 37– 41. Zabihullah, Q., A. Rashid, and N. Akhtar. (2006). Ethnobotanical survey in Kot Manzary Baba Valley Malakand Agensy, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences 12(2): 115–121.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Research Article ETHNOMEDICINAL FLORA OF SACRED GROVES OF NURPUR AND SURROUNDING AREAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA Pooja Sharma1, Virender K Santvan2, Arti Sharma3, Bhagwati P Sharma4* 1

Research Scholar of Singhania University, Rajasthan, India Institute of Integrated Himalayan Studies (UGC Centre of excellence), Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India 3 Research Scholar of Singhania University, Rajasthan, India 4 NSCBM Government College, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Email: bp76sharma@gmail.com 2

Received: 04/03/2014; Revised: 29/03/2014; Accepted: 31/03/2014

ABSTRACT Field Study on ethno-medicinal flora of the sacred groves of Nurpur Town and surrounding areas in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India were undertaken during 2012–2013. During the study, five sacred groves were documented namely Brij Raj Swami Temple, Divkeshwar Mahadev, Kotewali Mata, Panjaser, Kripa Ram Brahamachari Ashram Sukhar sacred grove. The investigation revealed that different types of sacred groves were covered with herbs, shrubs and tree species which belong to different families. The study showed that 30 plant species belonging to 21 families were used for treating various human ailments. These plants were used to cure cough, cold, fever, wounds, cuts, earache, body swelling, pimples, constipation and stomach ailments. Besides medicinal properties, plants are also used for religious ceremonies and food. The result of this study showed that local people still depend on medicinal plants and these plants play crucial role in primary health care system. KEYWORDS: Ethno-medicinal, Sacred Groves, Medicinal plants, Conservation, Nurpur.

Cite this article: Pooja Sharma, Virender K. Santvan, Arti Sharma, Bhagwati P. Sharma (2014), ETHNOMEDICINAL FLORA OF SACRED GROVES OF NURPURAND SURROUNDING AREAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 154–164

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INTRODUCTION Conservation linked to religious and cultural beliefs has been important in preserving biodiversity in different regions of India. In India, conservation of plants and animals are considered as sacred by the indigenous people. They believe that trees represent God (Ganesan et al., 2009). Earlier there have been many traditional conservation practices by indigenous communities for conservation and protection of flora. One such practice is named as sacred groves. These are the repositories of rare and endemic species and can be regarded as the remnant of the primary forests left untouched by the local inhabitants due to the belief that deities reside in these forests (Khumbongmayum et al., 2004). As a result of such restrictions, several endemic or endangered plant and animal species have survived on groves for countless number of years and contain diverse gene pool of ethnobotanical species. The sacred groves found in different regions of India possess rich diversity of medicinal plants and provide suitable habitat for their sustainable, natural regeneration (Ved et al., 2001; Boraiah et al., 2003; Airi et al., 2000). They are known by different names at different places. In Himachal Pradesh, India, the sacred groves are generally known as ‘Dev van’. Maximum number of sacred groves has been reported from different Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Karnataka (Malhotra et al., 2001). Atleast 13,720 sacred groves have been reported in various regions of the country, but experts estimate that the actual number is likely 1,00,000 to 1,50,000 in India (Malhotra,1998) and 5000 in Himachal Pradesh (Malhans, 2006). Sacred groves in general are repositories and nurseries of many of the local Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, tribal and other folk medicines. Although modern medicines may be available in these countries, drugs obtained from plants are believed to be much safer (Ketewa et al., 2004). It is observed that more than 35,000 plant species are being used around the world for medicinal purpose (Sukumaran and Raj, 2010). There has been an increasing interest in the medicinal plants and their traditional use in different parts of India, during the last few decades (Muruganandam et al., 2012).

In Himachal Pradesh, India, good amount of work has been reported on ethno-botany but very little work has been reported on the ethnobotany of sacred groves in District Kangra. The present paper is a detailed record on the ethnomedicinal flora of sacred grove of Nurpur and surrounding areas of district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY The study area Nurpur town is located in the north western part of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India (Plate-1). The town was founded in the 11th century by Raja Jhet Pal (who was younger brother of ruler of Delhi). It lies at 32°3΄N latitude and 75°9΄E longitude with average elevation of 643 m above sea level (Sharma et al., 2013). The climate of Nurpur remains pleasant throughout the year. In winter the temperature can drop to freezing point and during summer the climate is mild. The town and its surroundings have rich vegetation and biodiversity. Nurpur is famous for silk and pashmina shawls. Periodic field surveys were carried out in five sacred groves - Brij Raj Swami Temple, Divkeshwar Mahadev, Kotewali Mata, Panjaser, Kripa Ram Brahamachari Ashram Sukhar of Nurpur and its surrounding in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2012– 2013. Data on ethno-medicinal uses of plants were obtained through interviews of the knowledgeable elderly people inhabiting the vicinity of the groves using the methodology suggested by Jain and Goel (1995). The informants were mainly selected according to their knowledge of common traditional plant uses. Scientific names of the recorded plant species were identified using Flora Simlensis (Collett, 1921) and Flowers of the Himalaya (Polunin and Stainton, 1984). The Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University (Shimla), Institute of Integrated Himalayan Studies, Himachal Pradesh University (Shimla) and Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla, India were also visited for verification & authentication of identified plants. The GPS (Global Positioning System) was used to know the altitude, latitude and longitude of various sacred groves.

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Plate 1: Map of the Study Area Surveyed, District Kangra (Himachal Pradesh)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the present study, sacred groves were visited at regular interval in Nurpur and its surroundings in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India. From the study area, 30 plant species belonging to 21 families were recorded for the treatment of various illnesses (Plate-3). Enumeration provides the list of plant species with botanical name, vernacular name, family, parts used, and medicinal uses arranged alphabetically in table 1. Groves and plants photographs are shown in Plate-2 and Plate-4 respectively. Brij Raj Swami sacred grove: ‘Brij Raj Swami sacred grove’ is situated inside the Nurpur fort. It is located at 32°18'13.3''N latitude and 75°52'45.3''E longitude at an elevation of 605 m above the sea level. Grove is dedicated to Lord Krishna and was built in 16t.h century during the time of Maharaja Jagat Singh who brought black marbled Lord Krishna Statue and Maulsari tree from Chittorgarh. It is the only temple in the world, where Lord Krishna and Meera idols are worshipped. In addition to daily prayer, the deity is worshipped annually during Janmashtami Fair. Grove is surrounded by

Bombax ceiba, Ficus benghalensis, Mimusops elengi, Eucalyptus umbellata, Ficus glomerata, Mangifera indica and some herbs and shrubs. There are about 14 plants recorded as medicinally used in their local communities for various diseases. Divkeshwar Mahadev sacred grove: ‘Divkeshwar Mahadev sacred grove’ is situated in Suliali village. It is also known as cave temple. It is located at 32°22.311'N latitude and 75°53.028'E longitude. The elevation of the area is 510 m above mean sea level. The deity is Lord Shiva. Inside the grove a natural spring was seen, which originates from the top of the cave. The fairs held here include Shivratri fair and Radhaastami fair. People have been worshiping Lord Shiva since ancient time and many saints stayed here for worshipping Shiva. It has been proved by the presence of seven samadhis in the periphery of temple. Grove is surrounded by Mangifera indica, Butea monosperma, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus glomerata. The present study reveals that the sacred grove acted as a repository for various medicines. A total number of 14 plants were recorded which are used as medicine for primary health care by local people.

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Table 1- List of the medicinal plant species used against various human ailments found in the Sacred Groves (A-E) of Nurpur area, District Kangra (Himachal Pradesh) Botanical name 1

Achyranthes aspera Linn.

Adhatoda vasica Nees.

Agave americana Linn.

Ageratum conyzoides Linn.

Albizzia lebbeck Benth.

Bauhinia variegata Linn.

Bidens pilosa Linn.

Bombax ceiba Linn.

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze

Cannabis sativa Linn.

Cassia fistula Linn.

Cassia tora Linn.

Family

Vernacular Medicinal name uses Amaranthaceae Puthkanda Root and stem used for scouring teeth. Decoction of Acanthaceae Safade roots used for Basuti cough, cold and fever Juice of leaves Agavaceae Ram ban used to cure wounds Leaf paste heal Asteraceae Ghabuti cuts and wounds Leaf paste Mimosaceae Siris, mixed with Sarin mango leaves relieves earache Caesalpiniaceae Kachnar, Paste of leaves relieve body Karal swelling Ash of aerial Asteraceae Lamb plant mixed with honey effective against cough Root paste Bombacaceae Simal used to cure pimples Powdered Fabaceae Plah flower are used for removing toxic elements from body Heated leaves Cannabinaceae Bhang applied to cure body pain Caesalpiniaceae Seed decoction Kaniar, effective Alih against constipation Caesalpiniaceae Seed paste is Panwar applied on itching and ringworm

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A B C D E +

+ + +

+ + –

–

+ +

–

+ +

–

+ + +

–

+ –

+ – –

–

+ +

–

+ –

–

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Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Cuscutaceae

Agasbel

Cynodon dactylon Pers.

Poaceae

Dubh

Dalbergia sisoo Roxb.

Fabaceae

Shisam, Tali

Eucalyptus umbellata Domin

Myrtaceae

Safeda

Eugenia jambolana Lam.

Myrtaceae

Jamun

Euphorbia hirta Linn.

Euphorbiaceae

Dudhli

Ficus benghalensis Linn.

Moraceae

Barh, Bohar

Ficus religiosa Linn.

Moraceae

Pipal

Ipomoea carnea Jacq.

Convolvulaceae

Badibasuti

Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Kamal

Mangifera indica Linn.

Anacardiceae

Aam

Melia azedarach Linn.

Meliaceae

Drek, Dek, Bakain

Leaves of Cuscuta reflexa, Vitex negundo and Murraya koenigii boiled in water used for measles and body swelling Leaf paste applied on wounds and pimples Leaves heated with cow’s ghee used to cure breast cancer Heated leaves used to cure headache and cold. Seed powder used in diabetes Latex is useful for ringworm Leaf ash mixed with ghee applied on wounds Juice of young leaves used for ulcer Latex applied to cure wounds Seed powder used to expel worms Leaves used in religious ceremonies Leaf ash used to cure burn wounds and cuts Fruit known as ‘Darkanu’, used to control diabetes

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–

+ + +

–

+ –

–

+ + +

+ –

–

+ –

–

+ +

–

+ +

+ –

–

+ –

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Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng.

Rutaceae

Gandhla

Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Oxalidaceae

Malori

Rubus ellipticus Smith

Polygonaceae

Aakhe

Tagetes erecta Linn.

Asteraceae

Gatt

Taraxacum officinale Wigg.

Asteraceae

Dudhli

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.

Menispermaceae

Geloye

Leaf paste applied to cure pimples and wrinkles Paste of leaf mixed with fitkari is good source of Vitamin C Dried fruit useful against constipation Flower paste applied on wounds Powered leaf recommended for stomach ailments Stem juice used for blood purification

+ + +

–

+ –

–

+ + +

–

+ + +

–

A= Brij Raj Swami sacred grove; B= Divkeshwar Mahadev sacred grove; C= Kote Wali Mata sacred grove; D= Panjaser sacred grove; E= Kripa Ram Brahamchari Ashram Sukhar sacred grove [+] indicate plant is present in grove; [–] indicate plant is absent in grove

Plate-2: Photographs of sacred groves of Nurpur and surrounding areas

2.1. Brij Raj Swami sacred grove

2. 2. Brij Raj Swami sacred grove

2. 3. DivkeshwarMahadev sacred grove

2. 4. DivkeshwarMahadev sacred grove

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2. 5. KoteWali Mata sacred grove

2. 7. Panjaser sacred grove

2. 6. KoteWali Mata sacred grove

2. 8. Panjaser sacred grove

2. 9. Panjasar sacred grove

2. 10. Kripa Ram Bramachari Ashram Sukhar sacred grove

2. 11. Kripa Ram Brahamachari Ashram Sukhar sacred grove

2. 12. Kripa Ram Brahamachari Ashra Sukhar sacred grove

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Kote Wali Mata sacred grove: ‘Kote Wali Mata sacred grove’ is situated in village Gurial. It is located at 32°13'35.2''N latitude, 75°55'57.1''E longitude and 785m altitude. The grove was built in 17th century and rebuilt in 1984. The deity Kote Wali Mata was brought from Kota (Rajasthan) around 325 years ago. The fairs are held during Shravan and Ashwin months. People come from all over India to pray and fulfill their wishes. They believe that the Deity fulfills everyone’s wish. The grove is dominated by two species mainly Eucalyptus umbellata and Cassia fistula and other species are Mallotus philippinensis, Bombax ceiba, Melia azedarach. The grove is a good reserve of medicinal plants. A total 18 plant species are recorded as medicinal herbs. Panjaser sacred grove: ‘Panjaser sacred grove’ is situated in Panjaser village. It lies at 32°12'44.0''N latitude and 75°54'01.1''E longitude at an elevation of 510m above mean sea level. The grove is spread over 14 canal including temple land and 8 canal field in village. The grove is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Samadhis of old saints are present in the periphery of the temple. According to folklore, grove was developed by a great saint Tapeshwari more than 200 years ago for meditation purpose. The fairs of Shivratri and Janmashtami are held here. Grove is rich with

herbs, shrubs and trees Mangifera indica, Cedrela toona, Albizzia lebbeck, Bauhinia variegata, Mallotus philippinensis. From this sacred grove 21 plant species were recorded for healing properties. Traditionally these plants are used for curing various ailments by local people. Kripa Ram Brahamachari Ashram Sukhar sacred grove: ‘Kripa Ram Brahamachari Ashram sacred grove’ is situated in Sukhar village. It is located at 32°12'41.8''N and 75°52'58.2''E longitude. The elevation of the area is 552m above mean sea level. Temple was built 200 yrs ago by Kripa Ram ji who donated his property to this temple. According to folklore, Kripa Ram Brahamachari was a great Saint. There was no drinking water in this area before that. He dug the well with his fire tong (chimta). The well provides water to people especially during summer when other water sources dryout. The grove is surrounded by Mangifera indica, Ficus religiosa, Cedrela toona, Mallotus philippinensis, and chiefly dominated by climber Tinospora cordifolia. A total 19 plant species were documented as medicinal plants. The local people due to poor availability of modern health care facilities and poverty, fully or partially depend on medicinal plants for various diseases.

Plate 3: Distribution of Ethno- medicinal Plants in Sacred -Groves, District Kangra (Himachal Pradesh)

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Plate-4: Plants in their habitat; as grown in these groves

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(H)

(I)

(J)

(K)

(L)

(A) Adhatoda vasica (B) Agave americana (C) Bauhinia variegate (D) Biden pilosa E) Bombax ceiba (F) Cannabis sativa (G) Cassia fistula (H) Cuscuta reflexa (I) Euphorbia hirta (J) Mallotus philippinensis (K) Melia azedarach (L) Taraxacum officinale

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The investigations revealed that these groves are covered with herbs, shrubs, and tree species which belong to different families. There are about 30 plants recorded for medicinal use by local communities. The family Asteraceae recorded the maximum number of plants with 4 ethno-medicinal plant species, followed by Caesalpiniaceae (3 sp.), Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae and Myrtaceae (2 sp. each). The remaining families had only one species each. While 7 species namely Achyranthes aspera, Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Euphorbia hirta, Murraya koenigii, Oxalis corniculata and Tagetes erecta are common in all the five sacred groves. Out of 30 plants maximum species were reported in Panjaser sacred grove. These plants used to cure cough, cold, fever, wounds, cuts, earache, body swelling, pimples, constipation and stomach ailments. Beside medicinal properties,

plants are also used for religious ceremonies and food. Among the morphological part of the plants used as medicine for various ailments, the most frequently used part is leaf (53%) followed by seed (13%), root (10%), stem (6%), flower (6%), fruit (6%), latex (6%) and aerial part (3%). CONCLUSION The present study reveals that sacred groves of Nurpur are rich with large number of medicinal plants and serve as an effective model for natural resource conservation and management. The local people still depend on plant diversity to cure various diseases and dayto-day requirements, but unaware about conservation of such natural resources. So there is need of preservation, restoration and proper management of existing groves.

REFERENCES Airi, S, Rewal, RS, Dhar, U and Purohit, AN (2000). Assessment of availability and habitat preference of jatamansia– critically endangered medicinal plant of west Himalaya. Current Science 79: 1467. Boraiah, KT, Vasudeva, R, Shonil, A and Kushalappa, CG (2003). Do informally managed sacred groves have higher richness and regeneration of medicinal plants than state– managed reserve forests? Current Science 84: 804. Collett, H (1921). Flora Simlensis - A handbook of the flowering plants of Shimla and the neighbourhood. Thacker Spink and Co., Calcutta and Shimla, Reprinted 1971. Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, pp. 1– 652.

Ganesan, S, Ponnuchamy, M, Kesavan, L, and Selvaraj, A (2009). Floristic composition and practices on the selected sacred groves of Pallapatty village (Reserved forest) Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional knowledge 8(2): 154–162. Katewa, SS, Choudhari, BL and Jain, A (2004). Folk herbal medicines from tribal areas of Rajasthan, India.Journal of Ethnopharmacol92: 41–46. Khumbongmayum, AD, Khan, ML and Tripathi, RS (2004). Sacred groves of Manipur: ideal centres for biodiversity conservation. Current Science 87(4): 430–433. Malhans BS (2006). Sacred Groves of Himachal Pradesh. In HP Envis, Newsletter of State Council for Science technology and Environment, Himachal Pradseh.

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Malhotra, KC (1998). Anthropological dimensions of sacred groves in India: an overview. In Ramakrishnan, P.S., Saxena, K.G. and Chandrashekara, U.M. (Eds.).Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management. UNESCO and Oxford-IBH Publishing, New Delhi, pp 423–438. Malhotra, KC, Gokhale, Y, Chatterjee, S and Srivastava, S (2001). Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India. Indian National Science Academ y, New Delhi, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal, pp. 30. Muruganandam, S, Singaram, R, Selvaraju, A (2012). Plants used for nonmedicinal purpose by malayalitribals in Jawadhu hills of Tamil Nadu, India. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants and Indigenous Medicine 1(12): 663– 669.

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Polunin, O and Stainton, A (1984). Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, Delhi, pp. 1–580. Sharma, DK, Kumar, A, Kumar, A, Dhar, S and Singh, S (2013). Geological significance of radon gas in soil and underground water: A case study of Nurpur area, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India. Radiation Protection and Environment 36(1): 3–9. Sukumaran, S and Raj, ADS (2010). Rare endemic plants in the sacred groves of Kanyakumari district in Tamilnadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:294–299. Ved, DK, Parthima, CL, Morton Nancy and Darshan, S (2001). Conservations of Indian’s medicinal plant diversity through a novel approach of establishing a network of in situ gene banks. In Uma Shanker, R, Ganeshaiah, KN, and Bawakas (Eds.). Forest Genetic Resources: Status Threats and Conservation strategies. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Research Article PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF THE FRUIT OF PLAKSHA - FICUS LACOR Buch. Ham. Ahmad Ateeq1, Maurya Santosh Kumar2*, Seth Ankit3, Singh Anil Kumar4 1,2,3

Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur–231001, Uttar Pradesh, India 4 Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221005, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Email:– dravyapharma@gmail.com

Received: 06/03/2014; Revised: 28/03/2014; Accepted: 30/03/2014

ABSTRACT Ficus lacor Buch. Ham. of the family Moraceae is a large glabrous tree, found throughout India. It is well known for curing a variety of ailments such as gastric ulcer, Wound, dysentery, fever, leucorrhoea and diarrhea. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical parameters of fruits of F. lacor. Macroscopically the fruit is green in color, depressed and globose shaped, 1.2–4 cm in diameter and found astringent in taste. The results of microscopical studies showed the presence of epidermis, lignified stone cells, collenchymatous tissue, etc. Powder microscopy showed the presence of single or groups of lignified stone cells, collenchymatous cells and lignified unicellular trichomes. The results of physiochemical parameters showed total ash 6.6% w/w, water soluble ash 3.7% w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.4%w/w, Methanol soluble extractive 13.8% w/w, chloroform extractive 11.9% w/w, water soluble extractive 35% w/w. The qualitative evaluation of different extracts indicated the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic, triterpenoids, protein and free amino acids compounds. Quantitative estimation by Spectrophotometry showed total phenolic 19.4 mg/g (in gallic acid equivalent) and flavonoids 9.2 mg/g (in catechin equivalent). The results from the present study reveal the standard monograph of the plants which will be essential tools for the identification and authentication of F. lacor from other closely related species of Ficus. KEYWORDS: Plaksha, Ficus lacor, pharmacognosy, phenolic, flavonoids

Cite this article: Ahmad Ateeq, Maurya Santosh Kumar, Seth Ankit, Singh Anil Kumar (2014), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF THE FRUIT OF PLAKSHA - FICUS LACOR Buch. Ham., Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 165–174

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INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ficus lacor Buch. Ham. (syn. F. virens Aiton) (Moraceae) is locally named as pakar in Hindi. This plant is mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts with different therapeutic values and literatures. It is distributed worldwide in Australia, South East Asia, Burma, India, Bhutan, Indochina, Myanmar and Nepal. It is found in India from Himachal to Sikkim & in peninsular India up to an altitude of 1000–2000 m (Khan et al., 2011a; Chaudhary et al., 2012).

Chemicals and instruments

In Nepalese culture, tender buds and leaves of F. lacor are used to make pickle and ripe fruits are eaten fresh (Acharya and Acharya, 2010) while young shoots are eaten as vegetable (Uprety et al., 2012). Stem bark is used in gastric ulcer (Bajracharya et al., 1978; Rai et al., 2004). Also it is useful in gynecological disorders and gastric disorders (Khan et al., 2011b; Shankar and Devalla, 2012). The bark of the plant is used for expelling round worms, and for treatment of leucorrhoea in Jatasankar Region of Girnar Forest, Gujarat (Raval and Dhaduk, 2013). Exudated from plant is used in typhoid and hay fever (Paudyal, 2000), dysentery (Oli, 2001) boils (Manandhar, 2002) and effective against snake bite (Gomes, 2010). Aerial roots have anti-arthritic property (Sindhu and Arora, 2013). Leaves of F. lacor has wound healing (Pradeep, 2009), antioxidant activity (Ghimire, 2011) and used for treatment of various skin problems (Gamble, 1967; Nadkarni and Nadkarni, 1976). Decoction of buds is considered to be good for ulcer and leucorrhoea (Chopra et al., 1956), gargle in excessive salivation condition (Malla, 1994), boils, pimples and blisters (Manandhar, 1985). Fruits of F. lacor Ham are used in diarrhea in Pakistan (Khan et al., 2012). Seeds are tonic and used in treatment of stomach disorder (Bhatt, 1977). It is also used as an antibacterial, antifungal (Swami and Bisht, 1996) and antidiabetic conditions (Chandira et al., 2010).

All the chemicals used were of laboratory grade. Compound microscope, watch glass, glass slides, cover slips, and other common glassware’s were used in the present study. Photographs were taken with using Magnus Microscope Image Projection System (MIPS). Folin-ciocalteu reagent (FCR), safranin, and acetic acid were procured from Merck Pvt. Ltd., India. Preparation of Crude Extract The samples were collected personally during the month of October 2012 from its natural habitat, Mughalsarai area of Chandauli district (Uttar Pradesh). The sample was taxonomically identified and authenticated by Dr. Anil Kumar Singh, Professor (Dravyaguna), Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi. The specimen of the sample was deposited at herbarium section of Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, for further reference in future. The fresh fruit of F. lacor were dried under shade for two week, which were later pulverized into coarse powder using mechanical grinder, passed through 60 mesh sieve and kept in a desiccator. Pharmacognostical study The study was carried out on the basis of various pharmacognostical parameters viz. macroscopic, microscopic, and fluorescence behavior of powder. The macroscopy and microscopy of the F. lacor fruit and its powder were studied according to the method of Trease and Evans, 2009. For the microscopical studies, cross sections were prepared and stained as per the procedure of Khandelwal, 2005. The microscopic study was done according to the method of Trease and Evans, 2009. Many herbs show fluorescence behavior when exposed to UV light and this can help in their identification of crude drugs using the

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fluorescence pattern. Fluorescence analysis was carried out as per the standard procedures (Lala, 1993). To study the fluorescence nature of fruit powder, a pinch of powder was treated with different chemical reagents viz.1N hydrochloric acid, 1N sodium hydroxide, 1N sodium hydroxide in methanol, picric acid, 1N nitric acid, acetic acid, acetone, 50% sulphuric acid, nitric acid in ammonia solution and observed under day light, long UV (365 nm) and short UV light (254 nm) (Laloo et al., 2012).

directly proportional to the phenolic contents (Etim et al., 2013). Briefly, 1mL aqueous extract was mixed with 1mL of FCR and allowed to stand at 22ºC for 5 min. 4 ml sodium carbonate was then added to the mixture and the volume was made up to 10mL. After 90 minutes, scanned at 760 nm in UV spectroscopy and compare to standard calibration curve. All the samples were analysed in triplicate. Total phenol content expressed in term of equivalent to gallic acid in per g of dried extract.

Physico-chemical evaluation

Determination of Flavonoid content

Physico-chemical analysis was done as per the standard methods and the WHO guidelines on the quality control methods for medicinal plants (WHO, 2002).

Total flavonoid content was measured by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay (Zhishen et al., 1999) with slight modification (Kural et al., 2011) using standard (+) catechin as the positive control. An aliquots 1mL of extracts was added to a 10 ml volumetric flask, containing 4ml of distilled water. To the flask, 0.3 ml of 10 % NaNO2 was added. After 5 min, 0.3 ml of 10% AlCl3 was added. After 5 min, 2 ml of 1M NaOH was added and the volume was made up to 10 ml with distilled water. The solution was mixed well again and absorbance was measured against a blank at 510 nm with an UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The total flavonoid content of the extract was expressed as mg of (+) catechin equivalent (CE).

Preliminary phytochemical evaluation The homogenous powdered sample was extracted separately with different solvents such as methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and in water using cold maceration process for 72 h. The extracts were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and concentrated using vacuum distillation to generate the crude extracts of F. lacor fruit and kept in a dessicator for further studies. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out by using standard procedures (Khandelwal, 2005, Harborne, 1998). Quantitative estimation Determination of total phenolic content The total phenolics content was determined as per the methods of Folin-Ciocalteu assay using standard gallic acid as the reference control (Velioglu, 1998) with slight modifications (Awah et al., 2012). FolinCiocalteau reagent (FCR) consists of a yellow acidic solution containing complex polymeric ions formed from phosphomolybdic and phosphor tungistic heteropoly acids. Dissociation of a phenolic proton in a basic medium leads to a phenolate anion which reduces FCR forming a blue colored molybdenum oxide whose color intensity is

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pharmacognostical evaluation F. lacor fruits are synconus inflorescence containing drupe fruits, having sub-globose shape with 1.2–4 cm in diameter. The color of the fruit changes from green (unripe fruit) to greyish-brown or yellowish-brown (ripe fruit). The outer surface of the fruit is smooth and hard. Fruits have characteristic odour and astringent taste (Fig 1a). Transverse section showed that the fruit was divided into three compartments viz. epidermis, hypodermis and ground tissue. Epidermis is thin-walled, single layered, followed by a narrow zone of 2–5 layered hypodermis which consist of round, oval, rectangular, lignified stone cells with wide

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lumen; rest of mesocarp very wide consisting of oval to polygonal, collenchymatous cells containing brownish contents; a few vascular traces found scattered in this zone; inner zone consisting of stone cells similar in shape and size to those found scattered in outer zone. Male and female flower attached to inner layer of mesocarp (Fig 1b and Fig 1c).

Powder microscopy shows the fragments of epidermal cells, single or group of lignified stone cells, collenchymatous cells and lignified unicellular trichomes, a few debris of male and female flowers are also present (Fig 1d, Fig 1e and Fig 1f).

Fig 1. Macro- & Microscopic plates of Ficus lacor

[a]: Ficus lacor fruit, [b-c]: Transverse section of fruit, [d]: Unicellular trichomes, [e]: lignified stone cells, [f]: vessels elements. [UE - Upper Epidermis; CC- Cholenchymatous Cells; SC - Lignified Stone Cells; T - Trichomes; MR Medullary Rays]

Physico-chemical evaluation The physico-chemical parameters are mainly used in evaluating the purity and quality of the drug. The present study was conducted to evaluate the various physicochemical parameters on the fruits of F. lacor (Table 1). The fruit was found to contain high amount of moisture with a loss on drying value of 9.59 % w/w. As per WHO the determination of loss on drying (LOD) is important since LOD reveals the percentage of moisture present in the drug. Presence of high amount of moisture in any drugs may facilitate the enzyme hydrolysis or enhance the growth of microbes which leads to

deterioration (WHO, 2002). The amount of foreign matter was found to be low with 0.20 % w/w, since the plant was found to be less contaminated with unwanted substance other than the plant material itself. The total ash of 6.6% w/w, acid insoluble ash of 0.4% w/w and water soluble ash of 3.7% w/w. Ash value of drug gives an idea of the earthy matter or inorganic composition or other impurities present along with the drug (Laloo et al., 2013). The foaming index of drug is less than 100, indicating that the plant F. lacor is having less quantity of saponin. The haemolytic index was also found to be low with a hemolytic value of 10.5 units/g. In addition, the plant also showed

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low swelling index indicating the absence of gum, mucilage, pectin or hemicelluloses in the sample. Table 1 showed the percentage extractive value of various extracts obtained from F. lacor fruit. The result reveals that the aqueous extract showed the maximum contribution of phyto-constituents. Extractive values give an idea about the chemical constituents present in the drug as well as useful in the determination of exhausted or adulterated drugs.

S.N 1. 2. 3.

5. 6. 7.

Fluorescence analysis of powdered drug was studied in both UV and day light. The powder showed different color fluorescence when made to react with various chemical reagents which suggests that there might be a certain phyto-constituent possessing chromophore group present in the fruit (Table. 2). Similar previous studies reported that the plant material have the capability to produce fluorescence pattern when made to react with various chemical reagents either of acidic or basic media (Sahu et al, 2010, Laloo et al., 2012).

Table. 1 Physicochemical evaluation Parameter Foreign matter (% w/w) Loss on drying (% w/w) Ash Values Total ash (% w/w) Water soluble ash (% w/w) Acid insoluble ash (% w/w) Extractive values Extract colour Water Saddle brown Methanol Orange Chloroform Yellow green Ethyl Acetate Dark green Hexane White Foaming index Hemolytic index Swelling index

Results 0.20 9.59 6.6 3.7 0.4 35 13.8 11.9 8.70 8.77 Below 100 10.5 units/g Less than 1

Treatment

Table. 2 Fluorescence analysis of fruit powder Long U.V. (365 nm) Short U.V. (254 nm)

Visible Light

NaOH + Methanol NaOH + Water HNO3 + Methanol HNO3 + Water HCL + H2O HCL + Methanol Iodine solution NH3 KOH Glacial acetic acid Water

Pale green Yellow green Lime green Lime green Dark green Light green No color Dark olive green Lime green Spring green No color

Dark sea green Fire brick Fire brick Navajo white White Coral Saddle brown Saddle brown Dark red Yellow green Navajo white

NF NF NF Coral NF Dark olive green NF NF NF NF NF

NF: No Fluorescence

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Preliminary phytochemical evaluation Phytochemical screenings of all the different extracts are shown in Table no. 3. The results depicted that the phytochemicals present in various extract from the fruit of F. lacor were mostly carbohydrates, polyphenolics (tannins, phenolics and flavonoids), alkaloids, triterpenoid, proteins and amino acids. Whereas, saponins, glycosides, and mucilage components seems to be absent. Evaluation of crude drugs on the basis of preliminary phytochemical screening provides a brief idea about the qualitative nature and distribution of active phytoconstituents present in the fruit extract. This can serve as essential diagnostic parameters for the identification of crude drugs (Prasad et al., 2013). Results of preliminary phytochemical screening were further confirmed by qualitative chromatographic analysis incorporating thin

layer chromatographic techniques. The TLC study was done in all the extracts obtained by maceration. The results depicted that alkaloid was present in only chloroform extract (Rf0.85); while, triterpenoids (Rf- 0.61–0.71) components were found to be presence in all the extracts except aqueous extract. Phenolics compoents (Rf- 0.56–0.71) were found to be present mostly in ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extract. Moreover, methanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates (Rf- 0.83–0.91), amino acid (Rf0.83–0.91) and anthraquinone (Rf- 0.76–0.91) (Fig 2). Analysis of phytochemicals on the basis of TLC provides an essential knowledge on the type and classes of phyto constituents, since TLC operates on the separation of the different classes of phytochemicals which can be easily identified after derivatizing with various classes of reagents (Sharma et al., 2014).

Table. 3 Phytochemical screening of different extracts Sr. no. 1.

Plant Constituents Test / Methanol Reagent extract Dragendroff’s reagent

2. Molisch’s reagent Fehling solution Reducing sugar test 3. Salkowski test 4. Foam test Sodium bicarbonate test 5. Ferric chloride solution Nitric acid test 6. Millon’s reagent Ninhydrin reagent 7. Shinoda/Pew test Lead acetate test Zinc HCL test Alkaline reagent test

Chloroform Ethyl acetate Aqueous extract extract extract ALKALOIDS + + − − CARBOHYDRATES + − + + + − − + + − − + TRITERPENOIDS + + + − SAPONINS − − − − − − − − PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS & TANNINS + − − + + − + − PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS + − − − + − − + FLAVONOIDS + − − − − − − + + − − − − + − (+): Present; (−): Absent

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Hexane extract − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −

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Fig 2. Thin layer Chromatographic study

[a]: Alkaloid under UV (365nm) light, [b]: Alkaloid under visible light, [c]: Triterpenoids under UV light, [d]: Triterpenoids under visible light, [e]: Phenolics under UV light, [f]: Phenolics under visible light, [g]: Corbohydrates under UV light, [h]: Carbohydrates under visible light, [i]: Amino acids under UV light, [j]: Amino acids under visible light, [k]: Anthraquinone under UV light, [l]: Anthraquinone under visible light. Abbreviation: MeE: Methanol extract; ChE: Chloroform extract; EaE: Ethyl acetate extract; AqE: Aqueous extract; HeE: Hexane extract.

Quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents From the quantitative estimations results, it was observed that FLF contains maximum Total phenolic l19.4 mg/g (in gallic acid equivalent). The estimated value of other polyphenolics constituent like flavonoids was found to be 9.2 mg/g (in catechin equivalent). Estimation of phyto-constituents in the extract/plant material is an important step

before conducting any isolation of active biochemical markers since it gives a brief idea about different classes of chemical constituentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s present in the extract. CONCLUSION Herbal drugs used in various traditional medicines need detailed ethno-pharmacological exploration. This comprehensive

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pharmacognostical studies on the fruits of F. lacor may substantiate as an essential data for the identification of raw material and also used to differentiate the plant from its allied species and adulterants. This study would be the leading path way of information for selection of

the extract for pharmacological activity and isolation of constituents responsible for the activity. It will also determine therapeutic diagnostic tools for the scientists who are keen and sincere to evaluate the herbal medicine of indigenous resources.

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Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956). Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. Etim OE, Egbuna CF, Odo CE, Udo NM, Awah FM (2013). In vitro antioxidant and nitric oxide scavenging activities of Piper guineense seeds, Global J Res Med Plants & Indigen Med. Volume 2(7): 475–84. Gamble JS (1967) Flora of the Presidency of Madras, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. I Ghimire BK, Seong ES, Kim EH, Ghimeray AK, Yu CY, Ghimire BK, (2011). A comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants popularly used in Nepal. J Med Plants Res. 5(10):1884–91. Gomes A, Das R, Sarkhel S, Mishra R, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, (2010). Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite. Indian J Exp Biol. 48:865–878. Harborne, JB (1998). Methods of extraction and isolation. In:Phytochemical methods, Chapman and Hall, London. p.60–66. Khandelwal KR (2005). Practical Pharmacognosy: Techniques & Experiments, Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 13th ed, 144–155

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Khan KY, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Shah GM, Zafar M, Niamat R (2011). Foliar epidermal anatomy of some ethnobotanically important species of genus Ficus Linn. J Med Plants Res. 5(9):1627–38 Khan KY, Khan MA, Niamat R, Munir M, Fazal H, Mazari P (2011b). Element content analysis of plants of genus Ficus using atomic absorption spectrometer. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 5(3):317–321. Khan KY, Khan MA, Niamat R, Shah GM, Fazal H, Seema N, Hussain I, Ahmad I, Inayat H, Jan G and Kanwal F (2012). Elemental content of some anti–diabetic ethnomedicinal species of genus Ficus Linn. using atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. J Med Plants Res. 6(11):2136–40. Kural BV, Kucuk N, Yucesan BF, Orem A (2011). Effect of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) leaves extracts on the susceptibility of very low and low density lipoproteins to oxidation. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 48:361–364. Lala

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Manandhar NP (1985). Ethnobotanical notes on certain medicinal plants used by Tharus of Dang Deokhuri district, Nepal. Int J Crude Drug Res. 23(4):153–159. Manandhar NP (2002). Plants and People of Nepal. Timbre Press, Oregon, USA. p.599. Nadkarni KM and Nadkarni AK (1976). Indian Materia Medica. 2nd edition Vol.6. Popular Prakashan Pvt LTD, Mumbai, India. Oli BR (2001). Local knowledge on plant utilization among the major ethnic communities in the eastern Churiya Nepal. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. p.137. Paudyal S (2000). Ethnobotanical study of the Tharus living in central part of Dang, mid west Nepal. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. p.154. Pradeep YN, Raju BK, Reema R (2009). Evaluation of the Wound Healing Effect of A Polyherbal Formulation. Pharmacologyonline. 3:136–141. Prasad SK, Laloo D, Kumar M, Hemalatha S (2013). Quality control standardization and antioxidant activity of roots from Eriosema chinense. Phcog J. 5 (4):149– 155. Rai SK, Subedi S, Mishra S (2004). Utilization pattern of medicinal plants in Thumpakhar, Village Development Committee, Sindhupalchok, Nepal. Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science. 4(1):75–78. Raval ND, Dhaduk HL (2013), Ethno– botanical survey of some medicinal plants in Jatasankar region of Girnar forest, Gujarat, India. Global J Res Med Plants & Indigen Med. 2(12): 830–41.

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Sahu AN, Hemalatha S, Sairam K, Laloo D, Patra A (2010). Quality control studies of Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. flowers buds. Phcog J. 2(6):118–123. Shankar R, Devalla RB (2012). Conservation of folk healing practices and commercial medicinal plants with special reference to Nagaland. Int J Biodivers Conserv. 4(3):155–163. Sharma R, Saxena N, Thakur GS, Sanodiya BS, Jaiswal P (2014). Conventional method for saponin extraction from Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand, Global J Res Med Plants & Indigen Med.3(2):33–39. Sindhu RK, Arora S (2013). Therapeutic Effect of Ficus lacor Aerial Roots of Various Fractions on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats. ISRN Pharmacol. 1–8. Swami KD, Bisht NPS (1996). Constituents of Ficus religiosa and Ficus infectoria and their biological activity. J Indian Chem Soc. 73(11):631–4.

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Y, Poudel RC, Shrestha KK, Rajbhandary S, Tiwari NN, Shrestha UB (2012). Diversity of use and local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 8:16.

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Research Article DOES LIFESTYLE DISTURBANCE AFFECT DIGESTION: A CLINICAL STUDY Saylee Deshmukh1*, M.K.Vyas2, Bhushan Sanghavi3 1

M.D.Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2 Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India. 3 M.S.Scholar, Department of Surgery, R.A.Podar Ayurved College, Worli, Mumbai- India *Corresponding author: Email: dsaylee@ymail.com

Received: 22/02/2014; Revised: 25/03/2014; Accepted: 28/03/2014

ABSTRACT In 21st century, non-communicable diseases are prone to kill more people which are result of changing Lifestyle which include unhealthy dietary habits and wrong behavioral pattern. In Ayurveda, Ahara Vidhi (Dietary rules), Vihara (Conducts) etc. are described in detail which can be included under the heading Lifestyle. Agnimandya i.e. Indigestion is a prime important disease. In Ayurveda, it is considered as a root cause for manifestation of all diseases like Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc. which are amongst top 10 Lifestyle disorders, by disturbing Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis. This study aims at establishment of relationship between disturbances in Lifestyle and manifestation of disease Agnimandya and to frame guideline for its prevention. Survey study was carried out on 33 diagnosed patients of Agnimandya with disturbed Lifestyle which shows that disturbances in Lifestyle such as irregular food habits, irregular sleep pattern affects digestive system and results in pathogenesis of disease Agnimandya.

KEY WORDS: Lifestyle, Agnimandya, Digestion, Ahara Vidhi, Vihara.

Cite this article: Saylee Deshmukh, M.K.Vyas, Bhushan Sanghavi (2014), DOES LIFESTYLE DISTURBANCE AFFECT DIGESTION: A CLINICAL STUDY, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(4): 175â&#x20AC;&#x201C;183

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INTRODUCTION In a major shift of disease pattern, WHO has found that the non communicable diseases are prone to kill more people (i.e. 63%) than communicable diseases. Major risk factors underlying this umbrella, are mainly lifestyle related, such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet etc. which are preventable. Hence more attention has to be given to prevent such diseases (WHO Health Statistics, 2008). In classical texts of Ayurveda, there are profound references that indicate a lifespan of 100 years of the people who follow proper diet with proper regimen and have control on their senses. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) Now a days, due to disturbed lifestyle i.e. faulty dietary habits and wrong behavioral pattern, life expectancy have been decreased to 65 years at birth in India (WHO Health Statistics, 2011). ‘Lifestyle’ means a way in which a person lives or entire activities and conducts by a person during whole day & night regarding its methods, timing, place etc. is called as lifestyle. i.e. how, where and when a person is sleeping, playing, wandering, eating, swimming, walking etc. So, Vihara (Conducts) and Ahara Vidhi (Dietary rules) can be included under the heading Lifestyle. Vihara consists of the conducts given under the heading Dinacharya (Daily regimen), Ritucharya (Seasonal regimen) etc. and Ahara Vidhi consists of the conducts given under the heading Ahara Vidhi Vidhana (Dietetic rules), Bhojanottara Vidhi Vidhana (Conducts after meal) etc. which are described in detail in classics of Ayurveda. Any alteration in these conducts lead to manifestation of diseases. The present study aims to establish the role of disturbed Lifestyle in manifestation of disease Agnimandya and to frame guidelines for Lifestyle modification in healthy individuals to prevent the disease Agnimandya. Agnimandya (Indigestion) as a cause of other diseases: Agnimandya is the disease of digestive system with impairment of digestive power.

Wrong dietary habits like Adhyashana (Taking food before digestion of previous food), Vishamashana (Intake of improper quantity of food at improper time) and wrong behavioral pattern like Vegadharana which lead to vitiation of Tridoshas independently or together which result in manifestation of disease Agnimandya. In Ayurveda, it is believed that Agnimandya is root cause for all diseases like Prameha, Sthaulya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). In modern sciences also, it has been proved that there exists Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis which involves Ghrelin-Leptin hormones, Insulin, Orexins etc. Disturbance in this axis leads to diseases like Obesity, Diabetes mellitus which are among the top 10 Lifestyle disorders. The causes behind it are improper feeding pattern, disturbed sleep pattern etc (Annette L. Kirchgessner, 2002 & Y Wang, H Yang, 2004). MATERIALS Source of Data: Patients attending O.P.D. of department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar complaining symptoms of Agnimandya and fulfilling the criteria of inclusion were selected for the present study. An elaborative pro-forma was specially designed for the purpose of incorporating all aspects of the disease and Lifestyle related to disease. METHODOLOGY The survey study was conducted on 33 diagnosed cases of Agnimandya. Patients having classical symptoms of Agnimandya i.e. Udaragaurava, Avipaka, Praseka, Aruchi (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008) were selected for study. Lifestyle assessment was done on the basis of total 24 criteria. Some of them were scored from 0 to 3 and some from (–3) to 3. Overall Lifestyle disturbance was calculated out of total score 108. The clinical trial was approved by the Institutional ethics committee with Ethical clearance approval no. CTRI/2014/02/004420.

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Inclusion criteria:  Patients having the symptoms of Agnimandya as per classics.  Patients having age between 15–60 years.



Exclusion criteria:  Patients having age less than 15 years and more than 60 years.  Patients suffering from any other systemic disease.  Patient having any established pathology of G.I. Tract.



RESULTS 1) Lack of exercise:  Lack of exercise and physical inactivity was found in 87.9% patients. 2) Sleep:  Keeping awake at night (Ratrau jagarana) and day sleep (Divaswapna) both are abnormal patterns of sleep. They were found in 57.9% and 85.1% patients respectively. 3) Suppression of urge of micturition and defecation (Mutra and Purisha Vegadharana):  It was found in 51.1% patients. 4) Dietary habits:  Intake of food when previous food is not digested (Adhyashana): Frequency of intake of food was found 4 times/day in 48.2% patients.



   

Irregular time of food intake: It was found in 57.2% patients. Intake of Non-veg., curd, oily food, milk etc. at night: It was found in 23.8% patients. Intake of cold food or cold drinks/cold butter milk with meal: It was found in 30.2% patients. Intake of food in more quantity than required (Ati-matra bhojana): It was found in 79.2% patients. Watching TV, talking, chatting, phone calls, operating computer during meal: It was found in 90.1% patients. Fast Eating: It was found in 28.6% patients. Intake of Hard food items: It was found in 10.5% patients.

5) Water drinking habits:  Intake of large quantity of water after meal: It was found in 90.2% patients.  Intake of large quantity of water before meal: It was found in 23.5% patients.  Intake of more quantity of water than thirst (Atyambupana): It was found in 47.8% patients. Overall assessment of Lifestyle disturbance: In present study, maximum number of patients i.e. 81.81% was found moderately disturbed Lifestyle. In 12.12% and 6.06% patients were found marked and mild disturbed Lifestyle respectively (Table 1).

Table 1: Distribution of Lifestyle disturbance amongst 33 patients Lifestyle disturbance Mild disturbed Lifestyle Moderately disturbed Lifestyle Marked disturbed Lifestyle Severely disturbed Lifestyle

No. of patients 2 27 4 0

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Percentage 6.06 81.81 12.12 0

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DISCUSSION: Lack of exercise: It is a major cause for vitiation of Kapha (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) which hampers the digestion. Lack of exercise/sedentary lifestyle leads to delayed gastric emptying (Campbell J.M.H, G.O. Mitchell, 1928). Sleep: Effects of Ratrau jagarana and Divaswapna on digestive systems are as follows: Keeping awake at night: Due to this, vitiation of Samana Vata (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007) and Agni (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008) takes place. In human body, there exists a circadian rhythm in activities of digestive enzymes like maltase, sucrase, trehalase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase. Wakefulness in night causes disruption in circadian rhythm and disturbance in activities of digestive enzymes which leads to indigestion (Masayuki Saito et al., 1975). Sleep deprivation leads to secretion of Orexigenic hormone ghrelin (a peptide released primarily from the stomach) which is responsible for appetite and reduction in circulating levels of leptin (an adipose tissueâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; specific hormone) which promotes satiety (Taheri S et al., 2004). Therefore there is tendency of Night-eating which leads to indigestion. Therefore in Night workers/ Shift workers, indigestion is most common. Daytime sleep: Daytime sleep leads to vitiation of Kapha and hampers digestive power (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It disrupts the circadian rhythm of digestive enzymes (Charles W. Atwood, 2008). Sleep delays gastric emptying by disrupting gastric myoelectric function (Elsenbruch S. et al., 1999) and there is decrease in secretions of stomach (Banche M., 1950), duodenum and liver (Komarov, Marks, 1958) due to sleep.

Suppression of urge of micturition and defecation (Mutra and Purisha Vegadharana): Suppression of natural urges leads to vitiation of Apana Vata (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007) which further leads to vitiation of Samana Vata and hampers digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It has been proved that voluntary suppression of defecation urge delays gastric emptying (Hilda C. Tjeerdsma et al., 1993) Dietary habits: Intake of food when previous food is not digested (Adhyashana): If one takes food before the digestion of the previous meal, the digestive product of the previous food gets mixed up with the product of food taken afterwards. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) In a survey study, it had been concluded that Adhyashana results in the manifestation of disease Agnimandya (Hitesh A. Vyas, R. R. Dwivedi, 2011). Irregular time of food intake: It causes vitiation of Agni. Irregular time of food intake disrupts the normal digestive pattern which adhered to a circadian rhythm (Melinda Blackman & Colleen Kvaska, 2010). Intake of Non-veg., curd, oily food, milk etc. at night: As stated in Ayurveda, in night there is decrease in the functions of all systems of body (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Sleep reduces the functions of digestive system (Elsenbruch S. et al., 1999; Banche M., 1950; Komarov Marks, 1958). Therefore food items which are difficult to digest (Guru) and sticky (Abhishyandi) e.g. non-veg., curd, milk, (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) oily food (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008) etc. which during the period of night, due to slowness of digestion cannot get properly digested. These improperly digested products, due to its sticky property block the channels and results into indigestion. It has been proved that during the period of sleep in night, digestion process slows down

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 4 | April 2014 | 175–183

which cannot digests these type of food items properly in night.

Watching TV, talking, chatting, phone calls, operating computer during meal:

Intake of cold food or cold drinks/cold butter milk with meal:

A person taking food with full concentration, knows about quantity, digestive power etc. Now a days people are busy in TV, Phone calls, Computer, Chatting, Talk and Laugh during meal. Due to this, they can’t decide the exact quantity of food needed. In a study, experimental rats were subjected to noise at the time of food intake. It was observed that, food intake of experimental rats (Harald Krebs et al., 1996) was lower and defecation rate of the experimental rats was higher (Narducci F.et al., 1985).

Ushma is one of the Ahara Parinamakara Bhava (Factors helping digestion) (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006; Anil Avhad, 2013) which is essential for proper digestion of food. It lacks due to intake of cold food items which results in indigestion. In stomach, the digestion goes on best at temperature of about 99F to 100F. When temperature lowers to that of atmosphere, the digestion process almost ceases. It renews after addition of caloric. In an experiment by Dr. William Beaumont, ingestion of a single glass of water having temp of 50F, sufficed to depress heat of stomach upwards by 30F and normal temperature was regained after half an hour. This fact furnishes a clue to the mischief arising from taking cold food, ices in large quantity, drinking cold water after or during meal (William Beaumont, 1838). Intake of food in more quantity than required (Ati-matra bhojana): When food is being taken in more quantity, it cannot be digested properly due to lack of Vayu which is Ahara Parinamaka Bhava (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) and also beyond the capacity of digestive system, it cannot digest more food. In an experiment, when very full meal was eaten, digestion proceeded only after a certain length. The remainder of food (for which the stomach was unable to supply juice) began to undergo process of fermentation, just as it does out of stomach under similar circumstances of heat and moisture and hence the acidity, flatulence and oppression are characterized. The undigested food particles act as local irritant same as foreign body and produces inflammatory action on inner coat of stomach which interfere process of digestion and hampers gastric secretions (William Beaumont, 1838).

Fast Eating: It leads to improper placement of food in stomach (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Stomach does not yield readily and willingly to the rapid introduction of successive morsels but contracts upon each in turn, for the express purpose of diffusing it through the cavity and bringing it into contact with as large a surface as possible and thereby impregnating it thoroughly with gastric juice. And consequently when we gulp down food, this adjustment is prevented, the stomach is forcibly distended (William Beaumont, 1838). Hard food items: Hard food items take more time to digest (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008).Gastric juice act more rapidly and powerfully upon the ailments which has loose consistency or liquid in nature. But larger quantity and longer time is needed for digestion of more dense and hard in consistency (William Beaumont, 1838). Water drinking habits: Intake of large quantity of water after meal: Normally, abdominal muscles relax after consumption of food and water to accommodate ingested substances and provide help in digestion. Excessive intake of water after taking meal can result in prolonged abdominal muscle relaxation which in turn can

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 4 | April 2014 | 175–183

cause indigestion (Ronald Ross Watson & Victor R. Preedy, 2012). Intake of large quantity of water before meal:

before or after meal or in morning after sunrise. These all causes are responsible for impairment of Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas like Ushma, Vayu and disruption of circadian rhythm of digestive enzymes.

It leads to vitiation of Kapha and produces Agnimandya. (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008) Intake of water in large amount before meal dilutes the stomach acid, it also stimulates digestive system to prepare from incoming food from stomach. This stimulation causes a dump of very basic digestive enzymes into the lower gastrointestinal tract (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2013).

Modification of Lifestyle helps to correct the factors which are responsible for proper digestion and Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis. Prevention of disease Agnimandya is most important to prevent major diseases like Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc.

Intake of more quantity of water than thirst (Atyambupana):

A) Exercise:

It was found in 47.8% patients. It leads to vitiation of Kapha and produces Agnimandya. (Anant Ram Sharma, 2008)Excess dilution of the gastric content slows down digestion (S Wyard, 1935). Large intake of water produce dilutional hyponatremia (Mary Baumberger, 2004), hypochloremia (Konstantin Monastyrsky, 2005) and acid-base imbalance (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2013) which hampers the function of sodium to transfer of amino acids and glucose from intestinal lumen to intestinal cell and Chloride which is a component of bile, responsible for emulsification of fat (Carol Porth, 2011). Agnimandya is a disease which involves impairment of Jatharagni i.e. digestive power characterized by symptoms like Udaragaurava, Aruchi, Praseka etc. Factors responsible for manifestation of disease Agnimandya are related to Lifestyle i.e. wrong dietary habits like Adhyashana (Intake of food soon after meal), Ajirnashana (Intake of food when previous food is not digested), Ati-matra bhojana (Intake of excess food), Akala/Atitakala bhojana (Irregular times of food intake), wrong behavioral pattern like Vegadharana (Suppression of natural urges), Ratrau jagarana (Keeping awake at night), Divaswapna (Daytime sleep) and wrong water drinking habits like Atyambupana (Intake of excess water), Intake of large quantity of water

Recommendations of Lifestyle Modification for Prevention of Agnimandya:



One should do exercise daily. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007) It helps digestion. Mild to moderate exercise stimulates gastric emptying (Campbell J.M.H, G.O. Mitchell, 1928) and increases secretions of gastric juice which leads to rapid and healthy digestion (William Beaumont, 1838). One should do exercise for half of his capacity i.e. up to creating symptoms like increased rate of respiration, heart rate etc. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) Hyperventilation (U Reinhard, PH Müller, RM Schmülling, 1979), increased heart rate up to 50% Heart Rate Reservoir (HRR) (DM Rotto, CL Stebbins, MP Kaufman, 1989 & David P. Swain, Clinton A. Brawner, 2012) is demarcating line between aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Exercise beyond this limit, leads to anaerobic metabolism and results in accumulation of lactic acid and carbon dioxide which causes pain (Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Eric E Hall, Steven J Petruzzello, 2004). Exercise must be done on empty stomach (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It has been proved that exercise reduces mesenteric blood flow (M I Qamar, 1987), Colonic motility (number and amplitude) (Rao S S C, J Leistikow, 1999) and intestinal absorption (John S. Fordtran, B. Saltin, 1987) during exercise.

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 4 | April 2014 | 175–183



One should not do excess exercise i.e. more than half of his capacity (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). Prolong exercise leads to diarrhea with or without bleeding, dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperthermia, GI bleeding (Forgoros R N, 1980) due to tissue ischemia (Gaudin C, E Zerath, 1990). Exercise, heat and dehydration disturbs Gut-barrier which has function of thermal tolerance, fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular regulation and produce ischemic or hypoxic damage to intestinal mucosa leading to increased intestinal permeability leads to endotoxemia, bacteremia and cytokine cascade (Hall D M, 1999). Endotoxins in blood originate from intestine contribute to increased risk of injury and hyperthermia (Gathiram P., 1988).

B) Sleep:  One should wake up early in the morning before sunrise (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007).  One should not sleep after sunrise and in after noon (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).  One should not sleep after meal (Anant Ram Sharma, 2008).  One should not sleep late at night (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). C) Urges:  One should not suppress the natural urges like micturation, defecation etc. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). D) Dietary habits:  One should take food only when previous food gets digested and there is feeling of hunger (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007).  One should take food little less in quantity than hunger or the quantity which will not hamper body functions like walking, sitting, speech, respiration etc. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).  One should not take non-veg., curd, fatty food or food items which are heavy to digest in dinner (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).



  

One should always take luke-warm food. One should not take cold food or any type of food items like ice cream, cold drink, juice with/before/immediately after meals (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Don’t s during meal – watching TV, Computer, chatting, phone calls, tension, talk, laugh (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). One should not eat too fast (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). One should not take hard food items in meal (Anant Ram Sharma, 2008).

E) Water drinking habits:  One should not drink water in more quantity even on thirst (Anant Ram Sharma, 2008).  One should not drink water before or after meal (Anant Ram Sharma, 2008).  One should not drink water during meal abruptly. Drink it sip by sip during meal (Brahma Shankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaishya, 2012).  One should not drink water on being hungry (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). CONCLUSION Lifestyle as per Ayurveda classics helps in maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. Ahara Vidhi, Vihara etc. have been described in detail in Ayurveda which can be included under the heading ‘Lifestyle’. Disturbance in Lifestyle as irregular schedules of sleep and diet intake mainly affect the Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas and circadian rhythm which leads to manifestation of disease Agnimandya (Indigestion). It further results in Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc. which are amongst top 10 lifestyle disorders, due to disturbance in Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis. Lack of exercise, keeping awake at night, daytime sleep, irregular food habits, intake of excess food, improper water drinking habits etc. are the main causative factors for manifestation of disease Agnimandya which are related to Lifestyle. It can be concluded that prevention of the disease Agnimandya by Lifestyle modification plays major role in prevention of major diseases like Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc.

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 4 | April 2014 | 175–183

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Source of Support:

Nil

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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