GJRMI - Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2014 by Dr. Hari Venkatesh.K.Rajaraman

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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2014 MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH Bio-Chemistry EFFECT OF SELECTED YORUBA MEDICINAL FORMULATIONS ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

HEPATIC 331–338

Adisa Olarewaju I., Belonwu D. C., Oghenekaro U. E., Odeghe O. B.

Review Article A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL VALUES OF FRUIT PULP OF AEGLE MARMELOS 339–348

Padmanav Behera, Vennel Raj J, Ananth Prasad B, Basavaraju R

Review Article BOTANICALS FOR MANAGING CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINAL WEEDS ON KNUST CAMPUS

DISORDERS:

REVIEW

Christopher Larbie, Daniel Ankamah Mensah

349–358

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Ayurveda – Review Article GUGGULU [COMMIPHORA WIGHTII (Arn.) Bhandari] AND ITS FORMULATIONS IN BRIHATRAYEE - A REVIEW Kruti Yagneshkumar Vyas, Galib, Pradeep Kumar Prajapati

359–369

COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – INFLORESCENCE OF GORAKSHA GANJA – AERVA LANATA (L.) JUSS. OF THE FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Research Article EFFECT OF SELECTED YORUBA MEDICINAL FORMULATIONS ON HEPATIC ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS Adisa Olarewaju I1*, Belonwu D C2, Oghenekaro U E3, Odeghe O B4 1, 2, 3, 4

Department of Biochemistry, University of Port-Harcourt, Choba, Rivers state, Nigeria. *Corresponding Author: Email- olarewaju.adisa@uniport.edu.ng; bensandym@yahoo.com

Received: 13/06/2014; Revised: 15/08/2014; Accepted: 25/08/2014

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Yoruba medicinal formulations on the architecture and structural integrity of hepatocytes and the concomitant effect on its functionality. The Yoruba medicinal formulation derived from plant extract was purchased from a traditional healer at Rumuosi, River state. Healthy albino rats were grouped into three groups, group 1 served as control while group 2 and 3 served as experimental groups. Group 1 received 5% normal saline while group 2 received 2.9µl/kg body weight of the formulation and group 3 received 5.5µl/kg body weight of same formulation. Administration of formulation to both control and experimental groups ran for six weeks during which assay of AST, ALT, ALP, Total Protein, Urea, Bilirubin and creatinine were done at two weeks intervals. Also histological examination of liver was also performed. An increase in the level of AST, ALT and ALP was observed as time increased and also as dosage increased. This coupled with the findings of histological examinations, served as a yardstick for changes in liver architecture. Increase in serum concentration of Bilirubin and decrease in serum concentration of total protein, albumin and urea served as basis for measuring the decreased functionality of the liver. This finding suggests that for lower body weight, hepatotoxicity sets in as a result of the medicinal formulation while for higher body weight, hepatotoxicity can be developed. Despite the many beneficial medicinal advantages of this formulation, their prolonged/long term use results in hepatic damages at the dosage used in this study and thus its use in folkloric medicine should be with uttermost care. KEYWORDS: Yoruba medicinal formulations, Hepato-toxicity

Cite this article: Adisa Olarewaju I., Belonwu D. C., Oghenekaro U. E., Odeghe O. B. (2014), EFFECT OF SELECTED YORUBA MEDICINAL FORMULATIONS ON HEPATIC ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(9): 331–338

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INTRODUCTION Plants and animals are interrelated in their environment. Plants serve as sources of food and medicinal herbs for man and other animals in their environment. For thousands of years, man has depended on plants in order to provide solutions to the myriad of health problems plaguing him (Oliver, 1960). In the last 20 years, the interest in medicinal plants has increased together with the number of investigations into their biological effects on human beings and animals (Veiga et al., 2005). Although, poisonous plants are ubiquitous, herbal medicine formulations are used by up to 80% of the population in the developing countries (Jaouad et al., 2004). Medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects (Farnsworth, 1989; Eisner, 1990). However, despite the numerous reports of the potential beneficial therapeutic effects of Yoruba medicinal formulations derived from plant extract, there have been some adverse effects (Bradie & Gill, 1990,Atawodi et al., 1995; Akinloye et al., 2000). This study will help to investigate the possible adverse effects of prolonged administration of these Yoruba formulations peddled around our communities on the liver of wistar albino rats. Herbal medicinal formulation dispensers and patrons have implied that Yoruba medicinal formulations derived from plant extract are unlikely to pose a significant threat to human health; nonetheless, it is important to validate their safety. The confidence in herbal medicines is backed by their long term usage but validation of their safety is necessary because crude herbal medicines are given in most cases without accurate dosage and over ingestion can result in toxicity. It is also

possible for the plant to have silent toxic effect that may not be evident within a short time (Mac, 2002). The use of herbal medicinal products may present potential risk to human health (De Smet, 1995), but some toxic herbal medicines have been proven to have beneficial effects at very low doses. Toxic and potent, useful herbal medicines from potentially hazardous plant species include; Digitalis, Nux Vomica (Strychnos), Aconite, Croton Seed, Rauwolfia,Areca, rotalaria, Dryopteris and Strophanthus. Recent research has revealed that the adverse reactions to herbal products are under-reported (Barnes, 1998).The extensive traditional use of plants as medicines has not enabled herbal medicines with acute and obvious signs of toxicity to be well recognized and their use avoided. However, the report that traditional use of a plant for perhaps many hundreds of years establishes its safety does not necessarily hold true (De Smet, 1995, 1997). The more subtle and chronic forms of toxicity, such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and hepatotoxicity, may well have been overlooked by previous generations and it is these types of toxicity that are of most concern when assessing the safety of herbal remedies(Shaw, 1995). Limited toxicological data are available on these Yoruba medicinal formulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Formulations: The Yoruba medicinal formulation derived from plant extract was purchased from a local traditional healer peddling them at Rumuosi/Rumuekini in Rivers state, Nigeria.. The formulation purchased, was one used mainly in treatment of malaria, fever, body and waist pains, typhoid, pile (Jedi-Jedi) and several miscellaneous illnesses and this was confirmed by several patrons in the rural population. The major constituents of the formulation are shown in the table below.

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Table 1: Major plant constituents Formulation SOURCE OF FORMULATION Rumuosi/Rumuekini

PLANT BOTANICAL NAME OF PART USED CONSTITUENTS Stem barks Enantia chloranta and leaves. Petivera allicea Achyranthes aspera Diospyros mespiliformis Leaves and Bryophyllum pinnatum roots Allium sativum Cymbopogon citratus Ocimum basilicum Citrus aurantifolia

The various plant constituents were purchased alongside the formulation and these plants were identified by the Department of plant science and biotechnology. Animal treatment: Healthy wistar albino rats weighing between 125–175g were purchased from the Department of Biochemistry animal house, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Nigeria.

LOCAL NAME Awopa Aboro,Abora Igi dudu Ayuu,Garlic

Osan wewe

experimental and control groups ran for six weeks post acclimatization, while analysis was carried out every two weeks. At the end of week 4 of experimentation, administration of the formulation was discontinued while the experimentation continued for an extra 2 weeks to serve as a second control, to see the effect after withdrawal. Sample collection: Blood:

They were placed in cages (seven in number) kept in a well aerated room at a temperature of 28–31ºC and humidity of 50– 55%. They were then allowed to acclimatize to new housing conditions for twelve days prior to experimentation. They were feed normal feed (purchased from Top feed shop, Choba) and distilled water Ad libitum. The cages were cleaned of waste once daily. Each animal was treated in a manner that complied with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (N.I.H publication, 1985). The rats were divided into three (3) groups (groups 1–3).Group 2 and 3 was split into three cages, housed in griffin and George modular cage system. Group 1 served as control group and was fed normal feed and distilled water ad libitum. Groups 2 and 3 were fed normal feed and distilled water ad libitum and also received the Yoruba medicinal formulation at 2.9 µl/kg body weight and 5.5 µl/kg body weight. The

Each animal was sacrificed by anaesthetizing with chloroform first, then the jugular veins were slit with the aid of a surgical blade. Blood samples for analysis were collected in plane wash bottles. Organs: Each animal was laid on a flat hard surface with the fore and hind limbs, pinned to the surface. Their livers were collected after dissection of the underlying skin of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The samples organs were collected by hand to prevent scaring of the liver tissues by other materials and weighed. Each liver was stored in 10% formalin (BDH) in preparation for histological examination. Samples were analyzed at the University of Port- Harcourt teaching hospital (U.P.T.H) chemical pathology and Histopathology Laboratory.

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and, exophthalamia etc, were not expressed by the rats throughout period of study.

Analysis of serum parameters: Blood of each animal was centrifuged to obtain the serum which was used to assay for the serum activity of AST, ALT, and ALP. Also Creatinine, Bilirubin, Urea, Total protein and Albumin concentration was also estimated. Histological examination: Excised liver samples were fixed by immersion for the routine histological studies using formalin for 18hours, dehydrated through series of graded alcohol, cleared in xylene, infiltrated and embedded in molten paraffin wax. Tissue blocks were sectioned at 6μm thickness deparaffinized and stained with Heamatoxylin and Eosin. The sections were examined with the light microscope and photomicrographs of the sections were taken for further analysis. RESULTS

Biochemical assay: The result of serum AST, ALT and ALP activity are shown in Table 2 below. For group 2, significant decreases at p ≤ 0.05 in the activity of some liver enzymes were observed after week 2 of administration. A significant increase at p ≤ 0.05 in these parameters was also observed in weeks 4 and 6. While for group 3, there was steady and significant increase in the activity of this enzyme when compared to the control group and also with group 2 at p ≤ 0.05. The functionality of the liver was assayed by analysis of the total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea concentrations in serum. The values expressed as mean ± standard deviation are shown in Table 3. Histological Observations

Physical and behavioural observation: From observation made, there was no difference in behavioural changes noticed between the control group and experimental groups at the administered dosages. There was no mortality, stress or abnormal behavioural changes observed within the treated groups throughout the administration periods. Overt signs of toxicity such as lacrimation, squinting

The histological observation of the livers showed distortion in cell architectures of the experimental groups. There were gross degeneration and necrosis observed in experimental groups and these observations were increased as the dosage of the medicinal formulation were increased (Fig 1 a–f and Table 4).

TABLE 2: Effect of Yoruba medicinal formulation on serum AST, ALT and ALP activities WEEK

AST (IU/L)

ALT (IU/L)

ALP (IU/L)

2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 (CONTROL) 2.9µl/Kg body weight 120.00 ± 1.63 112.00 ± 1.63 120.00 ± 1.63 122.00 ± 1.41 120.00 ± 1.63 130.00 ± 1.63 30.00 ± 0.82 24.25 ± 0.96 30.00 ± 0.82 31.00 ± 0.82 30.00 ± 0.82 36.75 ± 3.18 320.00 ± 0.82 331.75 ± 1.26 320.00 ± 0.82 356.25 ± 0.96 320.00 ± 0.82 370.75 ± 0.96

GROUP 3 5.5µl/Kg body weight 153.00 ± 2.16 162.50 ± 4.36 169.00 ± 1.41 42.00 ± 1.41 47.00 ± 1.41 54.25 ± 1.71 371.50 ± 1.29 381.25 ± 1.89 393.25 ± 0.96

Values are expressed as Mean ± Standard deviation of triplicate determinants at p ≤ 0.05.

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TABLE 3: Effect of Yoruba medicinal formulation on serum total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea concentrations WEEK

Total Protein (g/l)

ALB(g/L)

BIL(µmol/L)

CRT(µmol/L)

UREA(mmol/L)

2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 (CONTROL) 2.9µl/Kg body 5.5µl/Kg body weight weight 60.25 ± 0.50 56.00 ± 0.82 53.00 ± 0.82 60.25 ± 0.50 52.00 ± 0.82 45.75 ± 1.89 60.25 ± 0.50 55.25 ± 0.96 52.00 ± 0.82 46.50 ± 1.29 40.50 ± 0.58 35.15 ± 0.87 46.50 ± 1.29 35.00 ± 0.33 31.15 ± 1.35 46.50 ± 1.29 32.00 ± 0.82 27.20 ± 0.54 5.91 ± 0.11 7.13 ± 0.16 4.49 ± 0.04 5.91 ± 0.11 7.96 ± 0.31 6.39 ± 0.45 5.91 ± 0.11 8.17 ± 0.19 8.86 ± 0.06 87.45 ± 0.76 85.78 ± 1.48 78.58 ± 0.31 87.45 ± 0.76 71.53 ± 1.04 61.99 ± 0.29 87.45 ± 0.76 68.74 ± 0.32 60.03 ± 0.05 5.80 ± 0.00 5.42 ± 0.02 4.87 ± 0.21 5.69 ± 0.01 4.92 ± 0.01 4.28 ± 0.02 5.78 ± 0.02 4.74 ± 0.03 4.09 ± 0.01

Values are expressed as Mean ± Standard deviation of triplicate determinants at p ≤ 0.05

TABLE 4: Summary of observations of the histological examination. GROUPS 1 2

WEEK 2 WEEK 4 WEEK 6 Section of liver shows hepatocytes arranged in rolls radiating from the portal triad. Also seen are a few dilated central hepatic veins Show foecal and variable Marked vacuolar Congested vessels degenerative changes in zone 3 hepatocytic degeneration channels; periportal hepatocytes. and inflammation. inflammation; apoptosis. Also shows hepatic degeneration in Hepatic necrosis and Vascular congestion, zone 3. inflammation observed. apoptosis.

Figure 1. Pictomicrograph of Liver of control and experimental groups at weeks 2, 4 and 6.

H & E X400

(a) GROUP 1(CONTROL)

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(b) Group 2 (week 2)

(d) Group 2 (week 6)

(e) Group 3 (Week 2)

(f) Group 3 (Week 4)

(g) Group 3 (Week 6)

DISCUSSION The Liver plays an important role in many metabolic processes as such; any disturbance in the Liver would affect the normal level of measurable biochemical parameters in this organ. Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase are marker enzymes present in high concentrations mainly in the liver. When liver cells are inflamed or damaged, these enzymes leak into the blood stream leading to a rise in the serum level of these enzymes (David, 1985; Nkosi et al., 2005). Alanine transaminase is selectively a liver parenchymal enzyme than aspartate transaminase and a sensitive indicator of acute liver damage (Shah et al., 2002). Thus elevation of these enzymes in our study may indicate inflammation or damage to the liver cells. These parameters served as a marker of alteration in hepatic architecture and structural integrity of experimental groups. It was observed that at week 4, the level of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) has increased which is indicative of liver damage. This was further confirmed by results of liver

histology; as a significant percentage of degeneration, inflammation and necrosis were observed at certain portions of the liver (Fig. 1b-1g). At week 6 there was a significant increase in the serum concentration of liver enzymes when compared to the treatment groups at weeks 2 and 4 and also with the control groups. This effect proved irreversible, as the level of these liver enzymes still increased despite termination of formulation administration. Nerbert (1983) reported that damaged liver cells lose their ability to conjugate bilirubin or remove unconjugated bilirubin from the blood thus an increase in unconjugated bilirubin in the serum. The fact that the direct bilirubin was high in this study may thus indicate liver damage. The significant decrease at p â&#x2030;¤ 0.05 in the level of total protein, albumin, creatinine and bilirubin are an indication of the decreased functionality of the liver. Creatinine is actually a breakdown product of creatine, is made by the liver and transported to the muscles. Albumin is one of the several proteins made by the liver as such a decrease in its concentration would signal liver damage. Urea is produced by

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the liver as a breakdown product of amino acids. So a reduction in its concentration would signal decreased hepatic functionality. These results taken together with the alterations in the architecture of the liver may strongly indicate liver damage in the experimental groups compared with the control groups. Histological studies revealed that despite the acclaimed positive effect of the formulation, there were gross negative effects as seen in Table 4.

CONCLUSION: The Yoruba medicinal formulation used in this study at the doses and tenure of administration resulted in impaired liver functionality which was as a result of alterations in the architecture of the liver cells. The long term use of these Yoruba medicinal formulations is thus hepatotoxic at the dosage administered and as such great care should be considered in its usage.

REFERENCES: Akinloye, A. K.; Igbarha, O. O.; Olaniyi, M. O.; Alaka, O. O. & Oke, B. O. (2000) Preliminary investigation on the effects of Garcinia kola on rabbit testes and epididymes. Trop.Vet., 18:49–54. Atawodi, S. E.; Mende, P.; Pfundestein, B.; Preussmann,; R. & Spiegelhadler, B. (1995). Nitrosatable amines and nitrosamide formation in natural stimulants: Cola acuminata, C.Nitida and Garcinia kola. Food Chem. Toxicol.,33(8):625–30. Barnes J., Mills, S. Y., Abbot, N. C., Willoughby, M. & Ernst, E. (1998). Different standards for reporting ADRs to herbal remedies and conventional OTC medicines: face to face interviews with 515 users of herbal remedies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 45: 496–500. Bradie, V. B. & Grill, V. (1990). Histological alterations by a diet containing seeds of Garcinia kola: Effect on liver, kidney and intestine of rat. Gengebaurs. Morphol. Jahrb.,136(1):95–101. David L.W, Vincent M. (1985) Test indicating hepatocellular damage. Biochemistry in clinical practice. New York: Worth Publishers. p. 142.

De Smet (1995). Health risk of Herbal Remedies. Drug Safety. 13(2): 81–93. De Smet (1997). Adverse Effects of Herbal Remedies. Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin.183:695–698. Eisner .T (1990). Chemical Prospecting: A Call for Action. In: Borman, F.E and S.R. (2nd ed). Mcgraw press. CA Farnsworth .N.R. (1989). Screning Plants for newmedicine. In: Wilson, E.O (Ed.), Biodiversity. Part II. National Academy Press, Washinghton, pp. 88–97. Jaouad E.H., Israilli Z.H., Lyoussi .B., (2004). Acute toxicity and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga iva in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharma., 91: 43–50. Kellert (Eds), Ecology, Economic and Ethics: The Broken Circles. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Mac, T. W (2002). Safety of herbal medicinal products. www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?Idcserv ice

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Nerbert .W.T. (1983) Fundamental of clinical chemistry. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, editors. Tietz Texbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders;. Pp. 1056–92. Nkosi C.Z, Opoku A.R, Terblanche S.E. (2005) Effect of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo) protein isolate on the activity levels of certain plasma enzymes in ccl4 induced liver injury in low protein fed rats. Phytother Res.19:341–5. Oliver .B. (1960). Medicinal plants in Nigeria. Ibadan College of Arts and Sciences and Technology, Ibadan, P. 358.

Shah .M, Patel .P, Phadke .M, Menon .S, Francis .M, Sane .R.T. (2002) Evaluation of the effect of aqueous extract from powder of root, stem, leaves and whole plant of Phyllanthus debilis against CCl4 induced rat liver dysfunction. Indian Drug. 39:333–7. Shaw .D., Leon .C., Kolev .S., Murray .V. (1997). Traditional remedies and food supplements: A 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf. 17:342– 56. Tisserand .R.& Balacs .T. Essential oil safety. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.69–71. Veiga Jr. .V.F, Pinto .A.C, Maciel .M.A.M. (2005). Plantas Medicinais:Cura Segura? Qu´ımica Nova, 28: 519–528.

Source of Support: NIL

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Review Article A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL VALUES OF FRUIT PULP OF AEGLE MARMELOS Padmanav Behera1*, Vennel Raj J2, Ananth Prasad B3, Basavaraju R4 1,2

Research Scholar, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam – 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India 3 Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Dr. L.B.P G College, Visakhapatnam-530013, Andhra Pradesh, India 4 Professor, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam – 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India * Corresponding Author: Email: saipadmanav@gmail.com, Mobile: +91 9705662477

Received: 12/07/2014; Revised: 25/08/2014; Accepted: 02/09/2014

ABSTRACT In the traditional system of medicine, medicinal plants form the back-bone in India. The Phytochemical ingredients from these medicinal plants serve as key compounds in drug discovery and design. A diverse range of bio active molecules are produced by plants which make them a rich source of different types of medicines. Plants have unimaginable healing power. Aegle marmelos is commonly known as Bilva tree belong to family Rutaceae. This plant is considered as a medicinal tree as it has several curative properties in treating different diseases. The present study reports an overview about the medicinal plant, Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa (Bael). In particular, it provides information relating to the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal activity and other therapeutic benefits. KEY WORDS: Aegle marmelos, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial activity

Cite this article: Padmanav Behera, Vennel Raj J, Ananth Prasad B, Basavaraju R (2014), A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL VALUES OF FRUIT PULP OF AEGLE MARMELOS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(9): 339–348

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INTRODUCTION India is considered as a bank of medicinal and aromatic plants. It is estimated that nearly 7500 of the 17000 higher plant (angiosperms) species have medicinal values (Prabhakar et al., 2013). The Ayurveda system of medicine uses about 700 species, Unani 700, Siddha 600, Amchi 600 and modern medicine around 30 species (Kushagra et al., 2011). These plants are used for health, fragrance, cosmetics etc. The fourth largest pharmaceutical industry is Indian pharmaceutical industry. The Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants is a good option in this semiarid region. Medicinal plants provide rich source of novel drugs, modern medicines, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates, neutraceutical bioactive principles and lead compounds in synthetic drugs (Saradha and Annapoorani, 2012). Phytochemical extracts from medicinal plants holds promises that can be used in all types of allopathic medicine due to their antiviral, anti-tumoral and anti-microbial properties. India has occupied one of the twelve mega biodiversity centers having more than 45000 useful plant species. Nearly about 15 biotic provinces, 10 vegetative zone and 16 different agro climatic zones contribute to its unmatched diversity in the world (Prabodh et al., 2007). Bael (Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa) belongs to family Rutaceae. Its golden colored fruit resembles golden apple hence the generic name-Aegle, and the species name is derived from marmelosin contained in the fruit. It is a divine tree having curative properties. Marmelosin derived from the pulp is laxative and diuretic (Bag et al., 2009). The bark contains tannin and the courmarin, aegelinol; also the furocourmarine, marmesin; umbelliferone, a hydroxyl coumarin; and the alkaloids, fagarine and skimmianine (Morton and Miami, 1987). Leaf contains alkaloid â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Aegelineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; used as antiasthamatic agent (Priya et al., 2013). The roots and fruits of A.marmelos possess antiamoebic and

hypoglycemic activity (Ponnachan et al., 1993). Fruit of A.marmelos contains Aurapten, Marmelosin, Psoralen, Luvangetin, Marmelide, Tannin, Phenolic compound and has several curative properties in curing ailments like diarrohea, gastric troubles, tonic, and constipation, digestive, stomachic and laxative. Root possesses Halopine, Alkaloid, Terpines, Coumarins and attributes for healing heart disorders, hypoglycemic, fever, antiamoebic and rheumatism (Pushpendra et al., 2012). In the Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine in India, A. marmelos has occupied as an important herbal medicinal plant for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (Ganesh et al., 2011). In the Ayurveda system of medicine, Bael has been praised for its contribution in treating chronic diarrhea and dysentery (Chandra, 2006). Many of the researchers have validated the pharmacological importance of different parts of Aegle marmelos which includes antioxidant, free radical scavenging antibacterial, antiviral, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, antiulcerative colitis and radioprotective effects (Manjeshwar et al., 2011; Rajan et al., 2011; Anurag et al., 2014; Patel et al., 2012). As at present scenario, only a few articles are available on the phytochemical and pharmacological values of fruit pulp of A. marmelos, the present review attempts to summarize the different bioactive compounds present in the fruit pulp of the plant which contributes to its medicinal properties in curing different aliments. TAXONOMY OF AEGLE MARMELOS Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a tree, native to biodiversity rich India. It is considered as most sacred plant by the Hindus. English names: Golden apple, Stone apple, Bengal quince. Indian names: bil (Gujurat), bel (Assam), bil (Himachal Pradesh), bilpatre, kumbala, malura (Karnataka), kuvalum (Kerala), maredu

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(Andhra Pradesh), belo (Odisha), bel (Bengal), vilwam (Tamil Nadu) (Parmar and Kaushal, 1982).

Origin and Distribution: Bael tree found its existence somewhere back in 800 B.C. The tree grows wild in dry forests on hills and plains of central and southern India, Northern Malaya, Java and Philippine Islands, Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. It is cultivated in some Egyptian gardens, Trinidad and in Surinam. It is also found in the hilly areas of Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Deccan Plateau and East Coast (Prabodh et al., 2007).

Botanical Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Subfamily: Aurantioideae Tribe: Clauseneae Genus: Aegle Species: marmelos MORPHOLOGIACAL AEGLE MARMELOS

entrenched in a thin aromatic pulp (Patel et al., 2012).

DETAILS

Habit- Tree Description: Bael is a medium sized deciduous tree greater than 8 m tall. The tree has unusual branches with aromatic leaves, sweet scented and greenish-white flowers. Leaves: The leaves are alternate, pale green, trifoliate, having a long petiole.The petiole is 3.2 cm long and the two lateral leaflets are almost sessile, 4.1 cm long, 2.2 cm wide along with terminal leaflet, 5.7 cm long, 2.8 cm broad, ovate to lanceolate, reticulate pinnate venation. Flowers: The flowers are greenish white, sweetly scented and have Bisexual, actinomorphic, ebracteate, hypogynous, stalk. The stalk which holds the flower is 8 mm long. The calyx of the flower is gamosepalous and five-lobed. The corolla is polypetalous, with 5 petals, imbricate, leathery, pale yellow from above and green from beneath. The Androecium is consists of stamens of length 4 mm with polyandrous condition, numerous, basifixed, dehiscence longitudinally. The Gynoecium is light green with capitate stigma hosting terminal style. The Fruit of the plant is very smooth, woody in nature, 5–15cm in diameter containing numerous seeds which are densely enclosed with fibrous hair and are

Nutritional values of Bael Fruit: Studies on Bael fruit shows that it consists of moisture 61.5 percent, minerals 1.7 percent, fibre 2.9 percent, fat 0.3 percent, protein 1.8 percent, and carbohydrates 31.8 percent per 100 grams of edible portion. The mineral and vitamin contents present in fruit includes calcium, carotene, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C. Its calorific value is 137 (Panda, 2000; Morton and Miami, 1987). Propagation: Bael fruit is commonly grown in nurseries and the young plantlet are transplanted into the field. Seedlings show great variation in form, size, quantity, texture of rind and quality of pulp and number of seeds. The flavor ranges from unlikable to pleasant. Therefore, superior types must be grown vegetatively (Morton and Miami, 1987). Flowering/Fruiting: Flowers-May to June, Fruits- May–June of following year (Dinesh et al., 2011). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS THE METHODOLOGY EXTRACTION

AND FOR

A. marmelos plant has been blessed with seven major phytochemicals such as alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids which are biologically active and have been the major source in curing different diseases. In the past, many research has been done on this

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phytochemical aspects and the studies have shown that the fruit pulp of Bael contains bio active substance like carotenoids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, pectins, reducing sugar, saponins, carbonyls, phlobatanins and steroids (Manjeshwar et al., 2011; Dhanaraj et al., 2011; Venkateshan et al., 2009). The detailed analysis and findings of phytoconstituents in Fruit pulp of A. marmelos by different researchers has been described below. Alkaloids Alkaloids have been considered as the largest class of secondary bioactive compound present in plants which includes an array of compounds such as skimmianine, fagarine, aegelin, aegelinosides, anhydro marmelin which are found in Bael fruit (Manjeshwar et al., 2011). The qualitative study by Dhanaraj et al. (2011) showed the presence of alkaloids using Mayer's, Wagner's, Hager's, and dragoncloff's reagent and was found to be more in alcohol, water and chloroform extracts. Venkateshan et al. (2009) using dragoncloff's reagent has performed qualitative test to show the presence of alkaloids in different plant extracts of A. marmelos. Rajan et al. (2011) performed qualitative test both for aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts and found the presence of alkaloids only in alcoholic extracts of fruit pulp along with the presence of cardiac glycosides in aqueous extracts. Two alkaloids 4, 7, 8-trimetoxyfuroquinoline (skimmianine) and N-2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylcinnamamide (aegeline) were isolated by Sugeng et al. (2001) from the plant parts (leaves, roots) of A. marmelos and was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis.

resistance to diseases and pests in different plants. It includes an array of secondary metabolites like tannins and flavonoides. Rajan et al. 2011 using folin-ciocalteau reagent estimated quantitatively total phenolic contents in fruit pulp. The study showed the presence of tannins and phenolic compounds were more in aqueous extracts than alcoholic fruit extracts. In another study, Dhanaraj et al. (2011) showed the presence of tannins and phenols in alcohol and water extracts of both variant of A. marmelos. Venkateshan et al. (2009) showed the presence of tannins, phlobatanin, and terpenoids in ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos qualitatively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different parts extract of A. marmelos was carried out by Nadeem et al. (2010) using Folin Ciocalteu reagent and found leaf contains larger amount of these phytoconstituents than other parts of the plant. Flavonoids Flavonoids are bio active compounds which normally accumulate in plant body as secondary metabolites in large quantities. Anthocyanin and Leucocyanin are the flavonoids present in Bael fruit (Manjeshwar et al., 2011). Venkateshan et al. (2009) noticed the presence of flavonoids in ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos which relates its role as an antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacilus subtilis. Quantitatively, Rajan et al. (2011) estimated total flavonoids content using aluminium chloride colorimetric method and the study showed the presence of flavonoids was more in alchoholic extracts (166.33 Âą 09.60 mg/g) than the aqueous extracts (129.00 Âą 07.00 mg/g) in fruit pulp of A. marmelos (*p<0.05).

Phenolic compounds Other chemical constituents of Bael fruit Phenolic compounds are aromatic secondary metabolites in plants which include a wide range of classification as soluble (phenol acids, flavonoids, quinines) and non soluble compounds (tannins, lignins, cell wall bound hydroxycinnamic acids) (Harborne, 2000). Phenols are aromatic compounds which offer

Literature shows the presence of wide variety of chemicals in fruit pulp of Bael which contributed to its anti-microbial and medicinal properties. Pulp contains coumarins like marmelosin, aegeline, marmelein, alloimneaeratorin, psoralen, marmelide (Uttara

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et al., 2012). Fruits of Bael also contain tartaric acid, pectins, linoleic acid and terpenoids (Manjeshwar et al., 2011). Seed contains different oil compounds (terpenoids) such as essential oil –D- limonene, Cineol, Citral, Pcyrnene, Cumin aldehyde, A-D-phellandrene and Citronellal (Pushpendra et al., 2012). Polysaccarides like galactose, uronic acid, arabinose are isolated from fruit pulp on hydrolysis (Prabodh et al., 2007). Tannins such as skimmianine (4,7,8-trimetoxyfuro,quinoline) and Carotenoids which are helpful in imparting colours to the fruit such as umbelliferone are also noticed in fruit pulp of A. marmelos (Patel et al., 2012). ANTI MICROBIAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BAEL FRUIT Bael tree is a gift from God to mankind as it has several medicinal properties in curing various ailments and diseases affecting people in both developing and developed countries. Several studies have been done to validities the anti microbial and pharmacological properties of Bael fruit. Antioxidant activity Antioxidants are the natural occurring compounds produced during oxidative stress with strong free radicals scavenging activity helpful in protecting the plants. Many antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, flavones, isoflavones, coumarin, anthocyanin, lignans, catechins and isocatechins are found in the fruit pulp of A. marmelos (Maity and Hansda, 2009). Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of both ripe and unripe fruits were conducted by Sharmila & Vasundra, (2011) to compare in-vitro antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of ripe and unripe fruit of A. marmelos and the study indicated that the enzymatic antioxidants increased in ripe fruit when compared to unripe fruit extract (except glutathione peroxidase). Rajan et al. (2011) studied the antioxidant potential of both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of fruit pulp using DPPH standard assay. The extracts

showed significant free radical scavenging action against nitric oxide. Several antioxidative parameters like glutathione reductase reduced glutathione, super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase have shown an increase in their dose– related activity and decrease in lipid peroxidation when treated with Bael leaf extract (Sabu and Kuttan, 2004). DPPH radical scavenging assay showed the efficient antioxidant activity of fruit pulp in the aqueous extracts compare to other extracts (Gheisari et al., 2011). Hence from the above it can be stated that different extracts of Beal shows antioxidant activity in protecting the plant in various oxidative stress conditions which has to be further analyze in order to make a hypothesis which can be implemented in curing prevailing disorders. Antidiabetic activity Diabetes is a common major metabolic disease prevailing in the present scenario and most of the populations are suffering with it, where cure becomes inevitable. Hence plant products and different animal models have been exploited to find the solution in overcoming this disease. In this regards, Bael plant has become an icon and helps in stimulating glucose uptake mechanism similar to insulin treatment (Upadhya et al., 2004). Lowering of Hypoglycemic effect was shown using aqueous extracts of Fruit of Bael against STZ induced diabetes rats and in rabbit model, alcoholic extracts shown its effect in lowering the glucose level when oral administration was done (Patel et al., 2012). The study by Sevugan et al. (2008) shown that the leaf and callus extracts possess the ability to stimulate the insulin secreting cells of pancreas. Among the various extracts used, the methanol extracts of the leaf and callus revealed the maximum antidiabetic effect. The results suggested that both the callus and leaf materials contain antidiabetic active principles, which reduced the sugar level in STZ-diabetic rabbits. Aqueous extract of A. marmelos fruits can be used as an anti-hyperlipidaemic agent as found in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats

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(Marzine and Gilbart, 2005). As it is believed that India is going to be the capital city in the world in the terms of number of populations suffering with diabetics, it becomes utmost importance in science and technology field to explore these hidden medicinal properties of plant such as A.marmelos in solving the issues related to diabetics in near future.

(Balakumar et al., 2011). Hence from these studies we can conclude that an elaborate investigation has to be made in order to correlate the importance of these bioactive constituents in antimicrobial properties shown in different plant extracts.

Antimicrobial activity of fruit pulp

Gastrointestinal infections (Diarrhoea and Dysentery) are now days the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. Since from the ages man has born, exploring and exploitation of the plants has been a routine work in treating this global problem. In this regard, the unripe and half ripe fruit of Bael has been extensively used as the remedy (Prabodh et al., 2007). Crude aqueous extract of unripe fruits exhibited inhibitory activity against Giardia and rotavirus, the causative organisms for diarrhoea (Brijesh et al., 2002). The unripe fruit of Bael can be used in different combinations in cure of chronic diarrhea and the fruit pulp possess antiprotozoal activity which can be explored in treatment of dysentery and loose motions (Gupta et al., 2011).

Different parts of A. marmelos plant have been found to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic micro-organisms. Several microorganisms including fungi and bacteria have shown its growth inhibition effect in spreading a diseases when treated with different extracts of Bael. Rajan et al. (2009) studied different extracts of fruit pulp of A. marmelos against Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella sp and hypothesized that the phytochemicals including Flavones, Coumarin and Tannins were effective against all. The crude ethanolic extracts of Bael fruits were effective against the tested organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis due to the presence of chemicals like Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Terpenoids, Saponins, Tannis, Flavonoids, and Steroids (Venkateshan et al., 2009). Using methanol and ethanol extracts, Ankur et al. (2010) evaluated the immunomodulatory activity in rats and found that the methanolic extract possess higher potential degree in stimulating cell mediated and antibody mediated immune response as compared to ethanolic plant extracts. Vijay et al. (2010) attributed the presence of coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils in possessing the properties like anti-microfilarial, hypoglycaemic, antidyslipidemic, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, and wound healing, anti-fertility, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and insecticidal activity in different parts of A. marmelos. The antifungal activity of the leaves was tested against clinical isolates of dermatophytes such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum

Antidiarrheal Activity

Miscellaneous Uses Bael is a medicinal plant and possesses a wide variety of medicinal properties. Apart from the uses mentioned above its contribution has been marked significantly in the area of insecticidal activity (Kumar et al., 2008; Dinesh et al., 2011), Antispermatogenic Activity (Sur et al, 1999), anti-lipidperoxidative activity, Toxicity Studies (Veerappan et al., 2007), Anti thyroid Activity (Dinesh et al., 2011; Panda and Kar, 2006), Anticancer Activity ( Leticia and Costa, 2005; Gagetia et al., 2005), Hepatoprotective activity (Singanan et al., 2007; Ramnik and Harwinder, 2008). This plant can be cultivated on waste land and unproductive agricultural areas and can be use as a medicinal plant on daily basis due to its blessed medicinal values in curing different ailments, diseases and disorders.

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CONCLUSION It is quite evident from this review that Aegle marmelos is a divine tree which has taken an important place in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha traditional system of medicine. The plant has various therapeutic applications due to its blessed presence of phytoconstituents. Almost all parts of the plant have been used for

the treatment of various diseases. Thus, upon conclusion, this review demonstrates the applications of the bioactive compounds of A. marmelos in a single roof, thereby paving way for the plant researchers to explore this plant for wider applications in the near future that might enable mankind to get maximum benefit from the Nature and Natural products.

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Chandra, P.K (2006). Ethnobotany and ethnoconservation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge.,5(4):537–540 Dhanaraj, T.S., Murugaiah, K and Jagadeesan, M (2011). Phytochemical Analysis And Antimicrobial Antimicrobial Activity Of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Herbal Tech Industry., pp 7–10. Dinesh, K.S., Gaurav, K., Karthik, L and Bhaskara, K.V.R (2011). A review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae). Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 1(2):8–17. Ganesh, N.S., Susheel K.D., Piush, S and Nitin, S (2011). Medicinal Values of Bael (Aegle marmelos) (L.) Corr.: A Review. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research., 3(1):12–22. Gheisari, H.R., Amiri, F and Zolghadri, Y (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Iranian Bael (Aegle marmelos ) fruit against some food pathogens. Int J Curr Pharm Res., 3(3): 85–88. Gupta, D., John, P.P., Pankaj, K., Kaushik, R and Yadav, R (2011).Pharmacological Review of Aegle marmelos corr Fruits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research., 2(8): 2031–2036.

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Harborne, B.J (2000). Phytochemical methods, 2nd edition. New York City: Chapman and Hall. Jagetia, G.C., Venkatesh, P and Baliga, M.S (2005). Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa inhibits the proliferation of transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Biol Pharm Bull., 28(1): 58–64. Kumar, R., Kumar, A., Prasa, C.S., Dubey, N.K and Samant, R (2008). Insecticidal activity Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa essential oil against four stored grain insect pests. Internet journal of food safety.,10:39–49. Kushagra, N., Mukesh, S., Abhishek, A., Ankur, K.A., Amal, S., Harsh, V and Tripathi, D.K (2011). General awareness on Allopathic, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic System of Medicine in Chhattisgarh, India. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci., 3(4): 159–162. Manjeshwar, S.B., Harshith, P.B., Nandhini, J and Farhan, F (2011). Phytochemistry and medicinal uses of the bael fruit (Aegle marmelos Correa): A concise review. Food Research International., 44(7): 1768–1775. Maity, P and Hansda, D (2009). Biological Activity of Crude Extract and Chemical Constituent of Bael. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology., 47:849–861. Marzine, P.S and Gilbart, R (2005). The effect of an aqueous extract of A. marmelos fruits on serum and tissue lipids in experimental diabetes. J. Sci. Food Agriculture., 85(4): 569–573. Morton, J.F and Miami, F.L (1987). Fruits of Warm Climates. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/m orton/index.html.

Nadeem, A.S., Mohd, M., Abdul, K.N and Mohd, A (2010). Evaluation of antioxidant activity, quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids in different parts of Aegle marmelos. African Journal of Plant Science., 4(1): 001–005. Panda, H (2000). Medicinal Plants Cultivation & Their Uses. Asia Pacific Bussiness Press Inc. Panda, S and Kar, A (2006). Evaluation of the antithyroid, antioxidative and antihyperglycemic activity of scopoletin from Aegle marmelos leaves in hyperthyroid rats. Phytother Res., 20(12):1103–5. Parmar, C and Kaushal, M.K (1982). Wild Fruits. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India. Patel, A.R., Garach, D.,Chakraborty, M and Kamath, J.V (2012). Aegle marmelos (Linn.): A Therapeutic Boon for Human Health. Indian Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy., 3(2):159–163. Ponnachan, P.T.C., Paulose, C.S and Pannikar, K.R (1993). Effect of leaf extract of Aegle marmelose in diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 31: 345–347. Prabhakar, S., Taranjeet, K., Prashant, A and Ashish, T (2013). Pittosporum Eriocarpum Royal (Agni)Endangered Medicinal Plant species of Uttarakhand and its Conservation. Biotechnology International., 6(2): 25–30. Prabodh, C.S., Vivek, B., Nitin, B and Archana, S (2007). A Review on Bael tree. Natual Product Radiance., 6(2): 171–178.

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Pushpendra, K. P., Jyoti, S., Lokesh, S., Narendra, K.P and Dubey, B.K (2012). Aegle marmelos: A Review on its Medicinal Properties. Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res., 1(5): 332–341.

Sharmila, S and Vasundra, D.P.A (2011). Comparison of invitro antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of ripe and unripe fruit of Aegle marmelos. Journal of Pharmacy Research., 4(3): 720–722.

Priya, R.B., Manikkannan, T and Pradeep, K.C (2013). Adventitious plantlet regeneration from different explants of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. J. Med. Plants Res., 7(37): 2761–2768.

Singanan, V., Singanan, M and Begum H (2007).The hepatoprotective effect of bael leaves (Aegle marmelos) in alcohol induced liver injury in albino rats. International Journal of Science & Technology., 2(2):83–92.

Rajan, S., Gokila, M., Jency, P., Brindha, P and Sujatha, R.K (2011). Antioxidant and Phytochemical Properties of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research., 3(2): 65–70. Ramnik, S and Harwinder, S.R (2008).Hepatoprotective effect of the pulp/seed of Aegle Marmelos correa ex Roxb against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. International Journal of Green Pharmacy., 2(4):232–234. Sabu, M.C and Kuttan R (2004). Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos and its relationship with its antioxidant properties. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 48(1):81–8. Saradha, D.M and Annapoorani, S (2012). Phytochemical Constituents of Gloriosa superba Seed, Tuber and Leaves. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Science., 3(31): 11–117. Sevugan, A., Subramanian, K., Balamuthu, K., Abdul, B.A.A., Mohammed, A.A and Mandali, V.R (2008). Antidiabetic activity of leaf and callus extracts of Aegle marmelos in rabbit. Science Asia., 34: 317–321.

Sugeng, R., Mohd, A.S., Mawardi, R., Gwendoline, C.L.E., Taufiq, Y.Y.H., Norio, A and Mariko, K (2001).Alkaloids from Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences., 7(2) : 463–465. Sur, T.K, Pandit, S and Pramanik, T (1999). Antispermatogenic activity of leaves of Aegle marmelos, Corr. in albino rats: A preliminary report. Biomedicine., 19:199–202. Upadhya, S., Shanbhag,K.K., Suneetha, G., Balchandra, N.M and Uphadya,S (2004). A study of hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol., 48(4):476–480. Uttara, S., Anita, K and Rajbir, B (2012). Proximate Composition, available Carbohydrates, Dietary Fibres and AntiNutritional factors in Bael (Aegle Maemelos L.) Leaf, Pulp and Seed Powder. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications., 2(4):1–4. Veerappan, A., Miyazaki, S., Kadarkaraisamy, M and Ranganathan, D (2007). Acute and subacute toxicity studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an Indian medicinal plant. Phytomedicine.,14(2–3): 209–15.

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Venkateshan, D., Karrunakarn, C.M., Selva, K.S and Palanai, S.P.T (2009). Identification of Phytochemical Constituents of Aegle marmelos Responsible for Antimicrobial Activity against Selected Pathogenic Organisms. Ethnobotanical Leaflets., 13: 1362– 1372.

Source of Support: NIL

Vijay, B.L., Krishna, M., Upendra, K., Sandip, P.B and Vipul, G (2010). Phytopharmacological properties of aegle marmelos as a potential medicinal tree: an overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research., 5 (2): 67–72

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Review Article BOTANICALS FOR MANAGING CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF MEDICINAL WEEDS ON KNUST CAMPUS Christopher Larbie1*, Daniel Ankamah Mensah2 1,2

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana *Corresponding author: ekowlarbie@gmail.com

Received: 11/07/2014; Revised: 31/08/2014; Accepted: 05/09/2014

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, claiming more than 17.1 million lives each year. These diseases are caused by dyslipidemia, lack of physical activities, smoking, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, oxidative stress and excessive alcohol consumption. Natural products have played a significant role in drug discovery and development especially for agents against cancer and infectious disease. Natural compounds possess highly diverse and complex molecular structures and often provide highly specific biological activities. Ethnopharmacological use of plant-derived natural products has been a major source for discovery of potential medicinal agents. A wide variety of extracts from these plants have been used for about a century as alternative source of medical care for most of the population of the developing world. The extracts of some medicinal plants treat cardiovascular diseases without affecting coronary blood flow. Phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, cinnamic acids, phenolics and proanthocyanidins possess antioxidant properties which enable them to play a significant role in the adsorption and neutralization of free radicals mainly due to their redox properties. This review focuses on the medicinal weeds grown on the main campus of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana with documented evidence of use in the management of cardiovascular disease. KEYWORDS: flavonoids.

Cardiovascular

diseases,

Medicinal

plants,

Phytochemicals,

Antioxidants,

Cite this article: Christopher Larbie, Daniel Ankamah Mensah (2014), BOTANICALS FOR MANAGING CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF MEDICINAL WEEDS ON KNUST CAMPUS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(9): 349â&#x20AC;&#x201C;358

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INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization (2007) reported that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. The World Heart Federation (WHF, 2011) estimated that 17.1 million lives are claimed by the cardiovascular diseases each year and stated that these diseases are among the most widespread and costly health problems facing many nations today. According to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC, 2009), about one third of all deaths recorded in the United States were caused by CVDs. A 5-year retrospective study in a major teaching hospital in Ghana has indicated that about 22.5% of all deaths within the period were cardiovascular in nature (Sanuade et al., 2013). Walden and Tomlinson (2011), suggested the major causes of these diseases to be insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables, dyslipidemia, lack of physical activities, smoking, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, oxidative stress and excessive alcohol consumption. Drug treatment of conventional risk factors has been very effective in reducing cardiovascular events such as lowering LDL and treatment of hypertension (Anderson et al., 2007; Turnbull et al., 2008). Recent studies have revealed that there is growing awareness of the use of medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of CVD (Walden and Tomlinson, 2011). Kumar et al. (2011) reported that about 80% of the world’s population rely on traditional medicines for their primary health care which is predominantly based on plant materials. They have been effectively used worldwide to control heart diseases and other conditions (Walden and Tomlinson, 2011; Mwitari et al., 2013; Ghulam et al., 2013). A wide variety of extracts from these plants have been used for about a century as alternative source of medical care for most of the population of the developing world (Ghulam et al., 2013). Walden and Tomlinson, (2011) reported that the extracts of some medicinal plants have cardioprotective effects and treats

cardiovascular diseases without affecting coronary blood flow. According to Lokhande et al. (2005), in Ayurvedic preparations, medicinal plants are used extensively for the treatment of many cardiac disorders such as angina, hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathes, congenital heart diseases and other cardiovascular diseases. Doughari et al. (2009) reported that the medicinal values of these plant extracts are due to the presence of phytochemicals. These include antioxidant compounds that play a major role in the adsorption and neutralization of free radicals mainly due to their redox properties. The antioxidant compounds act as reducing agents and singlet oxygen quenchers (Walden and Tomlinson, 2011). Plant based antioxidant compounds include carotenoids, flavonoids, cinnamic acids, phenolics and proanthocyanidins used for cardiovascular disease (Olayinka and Okoh, 2009). Recent investigations have been undertaken that suggest a correlation between phytochemicals intake and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (Ullah and Khan, 2008). Epidemiological studies suggest that flavonoids are effective in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative damage of biomolecules, thus can help lower the risk of coronary heart diseases (Olayinka and Okoh, 2009). Flavonoids’ ability to scavenge oxidants enable them to lower peroxidative tendencies and retard coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, atherogenesis and thrombosis (Ullah and Khan, 2008). Proanthocyanidins are antioxidants that inhibit lipid peroxidation and have anti-inflammatory and antiallergenic properties (Walden and Tomlinson, 2011). Thus the identification of medicinal weeds, which hitherto are controlled and/or destroyed by both chemical and physical means, and characterization of phytochemicals present in them will provide evidential usage for managing human ailments including CVDs. This review paper mainly focuses on the medicinal weeds identified on the main campus of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi-Ghana that

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 9 | September 2014 | 349–358

could be used to manage and control cardiac disorders. The KNUST is the main public science and technology university in Ghana and the environment serves as habitat for both flora and fauna. Biomedical scientists in the university are engaged in pharmacological evaluation including cardiotonic effects of

extracts from these plants and animals. The summary of some identified plants are as shown in Table 1. All plants were certified by Dr. George H. Sam of the Department of Herbal Medicine (KNUST, Kumasi) and a specimen was deposited at the department’s herbarium.

Table 1. Summary of medicinal weed used for managing cardiac disorders Scientific Name

Family Name

Acanthospermu m hispidum DC Boerhavia repens L. Celosia trigyna L. Cleome viscose Linn. Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm) Triana Gongrenema latifolium Benth Launaea taraxifolia (wild) Amin ex C. Jeffrey

Asteraceae Nyctaginaceae Amaranthaceae Capparaceae Melastomataceae

Apocynaceae Asteraceae

Part Used Whole plant Root Whole plant Whole plant Leaves

Stem bark Leaves

Cardiotonic Agents Flavonoids Flavonoids and terpenes Flavones Flavonoids Cardiac glycosides Polyphenolics Flavonoids

ACANTHOSPERMUM HISPIDUM DC Description: A. hispidum DC is an erect annual herb that belongs to the family Asteraceae, originated from tropical America and commonly known as the Bristly starbur, Goat’s head, Hispidstarburr and Starbur (Anup et al., 2012). The plant has a characteristic light, slightly sweet aroma and found in a wide range of habitats. It is commonly found in cultivated upland crops, roadsides, pastures, waste areas, around corrals, and along railroads and cattle trails and is particularly adapted to light textured soils but also grows well in heavy textured soils (Evani et al., 2008; Anup et al., 2012;). It also grows in cultivated areas of KNUST. Parts used: Whole plant (Anup et al., 2012) Investigational uses: Evani et al. (2008) reported that the plant has been used traditionally for the treatment of hypertension.

Studies Carried

References

Ethnomedical studies Ethnomedical studies Ethnomedical studies Ethnomedical studies Ethnomedical studies

(Evani et al., 2008) (Santhosha et al., 2012) (Denton, 2004)

Methanol and aqueous studies Ethnomedical studies

(Oguwike et al., 2013) (Dickson et al., 2012; Adinortey et al., 2012)

(Ahmed et al., 2011) (Abere et al., 2010)

Voucher Number KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L050 KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L051 KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L052 KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L053 KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L054 KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L055 KNUST/HM1/ 2014/L056

Phytochemical studies: Harekrishna et al. (2010) reported that the petroleum ether extracts of A. hispidum contained only terpenoids but chloroform and ethanol extracts exhibited the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. According to Evani et al. (2008), the leaves of A. hispidum contain caffeic acid and phenylpropans, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, βcaryophyllene, α-humulene, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D, α-bisabolol, nonanal, carvacrol and methyl carvacrol. Most active phytochemicals: Flavonoids The presence of flavonoids in the plant makes it beneficial in managing hypertension. Schaeffer (2012) stated that several studies have demonstrated that flavonoids can significantly lower systolic blood pressure. Plants high in flavonoids appear to lower systolic blood pressure remarkably as well as LDL cholesterol-lowering and HDL-raising

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without the risk of weight gain. Epidemiologic studies also suggest that higher polyphenol intake from plants are associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease (Schaeffer, 2012; Walden and Tomlinson, 2011). In addition, phytochemicals have been shown to have roles in the reduction of platelet aggregation, modulation of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, and reduction of blood pressure (Walden and Tomlinson, 2011).

and rocky localities, often in occasionally inundated areas, such as ditches along roadsides, dry river beds, flood plains and irrigated fields.

Other medicinal uses: A. hispidum has reportedly been used traditionally in the form of a paste to treat skin ailments, jaundice, malaria, vomiting, cephalgias, head-ache, abdominal pain, convulsions, stomachache, constipation, eruptive fever, snake bite, epilepsy, blennorrhoea, hepato-biliary disorders, malaria, microbial infection and viral infections (Anup et al., 2012; Tijani et al., 2013).

Phytochemical studies: Phytochemical screening of B. repens revealed the presence of liriodendrin, punarnavoside, boerhavine and potassium nitrate, rotenoid, flavonoid glycosides, the alkaloid punarnavine, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, lipids, lignins, carbohydrates, hypoxanthine 9larabinofuranoside, ursolic acid, punarnavoside, lirodendrin and glycoproteins (Santhosha et al., 2011; Mahesh et al., 2012).

Pharmacological activities: The plant has been suggested to possess abortifacient and teratogenic, antiviral, antidiarrheal, antitumour, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antifeedant, antipyretic, sudorific, depurative, astringent, abortive, and diuretic activities (Evani et al., 2008; Anup et al., 2012).

Most active phytochemicals: Flavonoids and terpenes.

Toxicology: Both seeds and leaves contain phenolic acids that are allelopathic to other plants (Anup et al., 2012). Studies in mice showed that ingested seeds were toxic and resulted in liver damage, glomerular atrophy, congestion and hemorrhaging in the spleen, the lungs and the heart and catarrhal enteritis (Evani et al., 2008). BOERHAVIA REPENS L. Description: Boerhavia repens is a terrestrial annual to perennial herb that belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae (Avijit et al., 2013). It is commonly called spreading hogweed, creeping spiderling, red hogweed in English and has a pantropical distribution. It is distributed throughout regions with a distinct dry season in Africa. It can also be found in India (Avijit et al., 2013). B. repens occurs in disturbed sandy

Parts used: Root, leaves and seeds (Mahesh et al., 2012). Investigational uses: Used as cardiotonic (Santhosha et al., 2011).

For a drug or chemical to be called a cardiotonic, it should contain cardiotonic agents that strengthen the heart output and serve as a stimulant to the heart. According to Olayinka and Okoh (2009), many studies have revealed that flavonoids have antioxidant properties and hence prevent low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and so may play a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). The intake of flavonoids has been found to be inversely correlated with the plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations thereby revealing the potential of flavonoids in the reduction of risk for coronary artery disease (Walden and Tomlinson, 2011). Triterpenes are very important phytochemicals which have the potential to treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The triterpene glycosides are believed to be the primary active components used for recovery from heart attacks. The triterpenes lower blood lipids and enhance oxygen utilization and may have cardiac protective effects (Siddique and Sallem, 2011).

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Other medicinal uses: The plant has been reported by Mahesh et al. (2012), to have numerous medicinal uses. It aids in the treatment of liver disorders such as jaundice, hepatitis, cirrhosis, anaemia, detoxification and treats chemical injury, kidney urinary tract disorders and obesity (Mitra and Mukhherjee, 2010). Pharmacological activities: It has been demonstrated that the plant exhibits various pharmacological and biological activities such as aphrodisiac, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, anti-convulsant, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, anti-flatulent, appetite stimulant, abortifacient, anti-fibrinolytic, anti-metastatic and aphrodisiac activities (Santhosha et al., 2011). The chloroform and methanol extracts of the roots and aerial parts of B. repens exhibited hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride intoxication in experimental rats. Hepatoprotective activity of 50% aqueous alcohol extract of the whole plant against experimentally induced carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in rats and mice was also observed (Santhosha et al., 2011). CLEOME VISCOSA LINN. Description: Cleome viscosa Linn., commonly known as thick weed or spider plant belongs to the family Capparaceae. It is an annual sticky herb found in India and throughout the tropics of the world. According to Saradha and Subba (2010), it occurs mostly in woodland and grassland, and is a weed of fallow land, fields, roadsides and wasteland, often occurring on sandy soils. Investigational use: Cardiac stimulant and management of cardiac disorders (Ahmed et al., 2011). Phytochemical studies: Koche et al. (2010) and Jane and Patil (2012) reported the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids in the leaves of Cleome viscosa. Most active phytochemicals: Flavonoids

Other medicinal uses: The leaves and seeds are used as a rubefacient and vesicant and to treat infections, rheumatism, diarrhoea, fever, inflammation and mental disorders (Jane and Patil, 2012). Pharmacological activities: The seeds and oils of the weed have anthelmintic properties but they are ineffective in treating roundworm infections, analgesic activity in mice and local anaesthetic activity in guinea pigs. In tests with rats, the anti-diarrheal and antipyretic activities of the extracts have been confirmed. It has also been reported to possess hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, carminative, antiseptic, sudorific, irritant, acric, rubefacient and vesicant activities (Mali, 2010; Ahmed et al., 2011). CELOSIA TRIGYNA L. Description: Celosia trigyna L. is an annual erect herb which belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. It is commonly called silver spinach, wool flower, and cockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comb in English. C. trigyna occurs almost throughout tropical Africa, South Africa and southern Arabia and is regarded as a weed but is used as a leafy vegetable in Benin and southern Nigeria. It is found in forest clearings and grassland, along roadsides and rivers, and as a weed in fields. It grows on a wide range of soils, but prefers fertile well-drained loamy soils (Denton, 2004). Parts used: Whole plant, leaves and flowers (Denton, 2004). Investigational uses: Treatment of heart complains (Denton, 2004). Phytochemical studies: Flavones, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and alkaloids. Most active phytochemicals: Flavones. Potential biological mechanisms including: anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, reduced LDL cholesterol oxidation, regulated endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and inhibition of platelet function (Denton, 2004).

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Other medicinal uses: It is used traditionally for the treatment of kidney disorders, liver diseases, menstrual cycle problems, pulmonary troubles, stomach troubles and venereal diseases. In Ghana it is applied to sores and boils to heal (Denton, 2004). Pharmacological activities: Pharmacological investigation of the plant showed that the plant serves as vermifuge and diuretic and has anthelmintic properties (Denton, 2004). DISSOTIS ROTUNDIFOLIA (SM) TRIANA Description: Dissotis rotundifolia Triana, is a perennial herb commonly called Pinklady. It belongs to the family Melastomataceae and is a native of tropical West Africa (Mann et al., 2009). Parts used: Whole plant and leaves (Abere et al., 2010) Investigational uses: Managing circulatory problems (Abere et al., 2010). Phytochemical studies: Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins (Mann et al., 2009). Most active glycosides

phytochemicals:

Cardiac

The cardiotonic agents are agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. These agents include cardiac glycosides and are used after myocardial infarction, cardiac surgical procedures, in shock and in congestive heart failure. The presence of cardiac glycosides therefore makes D. rotundifolia very vital medicinal source for the treatment of heart problems. Cardenolides, for example, inhibit the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump in mammals. Several plants with cardiac glycosides or cardenolides are used medicinally and often used to treat heart problems (Piacente et al., 2009).

Other medicinal uses: In Nigeria, D. rotundifolia is used mainly for the treatment of rheumatism and painful swellings. The leaf decoction is used to relieve stomach ache, diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, stop abortion, conjunctivitis, circulatory problems and venereal diseases (Abere et al., 2010). In East Africa the plant is used for the treatment of bilharzias (Abere et al., 2007). GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM BENTH Description: Gongronema latifolium is a shrub that belongs to the family Apocynaceae. It is widespread in tropical Africa. Parts used: Whole plant and Stem bark Investigational uses: (Oguwike et al., 2013).

Antihypertensive

Phytochemical studies: The plant contains phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, β-sitosterol, lupenyl esters, pregnane ester and essential oils (Nnodim et al., 2012). Most active phytochemicals: Polyphenolic acids and flavonoids Quiñones et al. (2013) reported in their study that in recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the health benefits of polyphenols against cardiovascular diseases. These polyphenols present vasodilator effects and are able to improve lipid profiles, attenuate the oxidation of low density lipoproteins and can modulate apoptotic processes in the vascular endothelium due to their antioxidant properties. Other medicinal uses: It is used to treat malaria, stomach disorders, diabetes, muscular pains, arthritis and inflammation, cough and loss of appetite. It has also been reported that the plant is used for the treatment of sore gums, colic, dyspepsia, worm infections and for maintaining healthy blood glucose level (Akuodro et al., 2010).

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Pharmacological activities: G. latifolium is reported to have anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiasthmatic and antiplasmodial activities. The leaf extracts have analgesic effects, antipyretic, antisickling activities. The stem bark extracts have anti-ulcerative property (Oguwike et al., 2013). LAUNAEA TARAXIFOLIA AMIN EX C. JEFFREY

(WILLD.)

Description: Launaea taraxifolia is a perennial herb usually called dandelion. It belongs to the family Asteraceae and occurs mostly in the Tropical West Africa, Mexico, West Indies, Central and South America, Europe, North Africa, Atlantic Islands, South, West and Central Asia. It grows in an open habitat and is considered as weed. Part used: Whole plant and leaves Investigational uses: Heartburns and lower blood pressure (Adinortey et al., 2012). Phytochemical studies: Phytochemical screening by Dickson et al. (2012), revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids and phytosterols. The leaves also contain cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, saponins and steroids (Adinortey et al., 2012). Most active phytochemicals: Flavonoids and terpenes. Some of these metabolites act as natural antioxidants to neutralize the harmful effect of oxygen radicals in the body. One of the major classes of natural antioxidants found in plants that remove such free radicals is polyphenols.

The phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) are able to neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and also break down peroxides. The presence of these phenolic metabolites in the L. taraxifolia are notably helpful as their utilization would protect the individual from some of the free radical mediated diseases such as Alzheimer’s, cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Cartea et al., 2011). Other medicinal uses: The plant has been traditionally used as remedy for abdominal disorders, liver diseases, skin, conjunctivitis, measles and diabetes (Gbadamosi et al., 2012; Adinortey et al., 2012). Pharmacological activities: From indigenous knowledge, Dansi et al. (2012) noted that through simple and regular consumption as leafy vegetable, the plant has lactogenic, antibiotic, antimalarial, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, hypercholesterolemic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial and antidiabetic activity. The leaf extract of the plant has been observed to have antiviral potentials and has cholesterol lowering effect (Obi, 2011; Dickson et al., 2012). CONCLUSION To avert cardiovascular diseases as the world's leading killer among non-infectious diseases, it becomes more important to identify plants materials that are very relevant to the managements of cardiac metabolic disorders and further investigated to extract some important secondary metabolites that can serve as the source of therapeutic agents for managing cardiac disorders.

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Source of Support: NIL

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WHO. (2007). Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Pocket Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk. 1–30

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Review Article GUGGULU [COMMIPHORA WIGHTII (Arn.) Bhandari] AND ITS FORMULATIONS IN BRIHATRAYEE - A REVIEW Kruti Yagneshkumar Vyas1*, Galib2, Pradeep Kumar Prajapati3 1

Ph.D Scholar, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 2 Assisstant Professor, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 3 Professor & Head, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana including Drug Research, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India *Corresponding Author: E-mail: vyas_krt@yahoo.co.in; Mobile: +919426393726

Received: 02/08/2014; Revised: 26/08/2014; Accepted: 05/09/2014

ABSTRACT Guggulu [(Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari]. and its formulations are frequently used since vedic period. A meticulous screening was done through Brihatrayee to analyse all formulations that contain Guggulu in their composition. Maximum formulations that hold Guggulu as a component were found to be liquids or semi-liquids or semi-solids. But, in current scenario, most of the Guggulu based formulations are available in solid forms like pills or tablets. As Guggulu pills are associated with problems related to disintegration, physicians advocate crushing them before their internal administration. Possibly, observing this inconveniency; seers of brihatrayee preferred dispensing Guggulu in liquid media that will by-pass the problem of disintegration and the associated inconveniencies. This review makes clear that, solid form of Guggulu Kalpa (like pills or tablets) is a latest pharmaceutical development that probably took place to have certain added advantages. KEY WORDS: Ashtanga hridaya, Charaka samhita, Commiphora wightii, Guggulu, Sushruta samhita

Cite this article: Kruti Yagneshkumar Vyas, Galib, Pradeep Kumar Prajapati (2014), GUGGULU [COMMIPHORA WIGHTII (Arn.) Bhandari] AND ITS FORMULATIONS IN BRIHATRAYEE A REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(9): 359â&#x20AC;&#x201C;369

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INTRODUCTION To overcome inconveniencies of dosage forms like powders etc., seers preferred solid dosage forms, where the active medicament will be presented in a compact form. One of such inventions is conversion of the raw material into Vati (pills). In this kind of dosage form, the medicament or the active therapeutic agents will not come in contact with external factors. Hence, the product will remain potent comparatively for a longer duration than that of certain other dosage forms like powder or decoction. On due course of time, they (vati) became an important, widely used dosage forms and occupied a significant seat in Ayurveda therapeutics and modern as well (R.M. Mehta, 2010). As they provide a number of advantages to the patient, prescriber, manufacturer and the pharmacist, their popularity is further increasing gradually. Vati are made-up of fine powders of raw drugs of plant, mineral or animal origin that are levigated with certain liquid medias like swarasa (juice) or kwatha (decoction) or water or honey or any other specified liquid media till attaining pill rolling consistency (Vidhyasagar P, 2005). The mass will be rolled into pills of desired size and shape manually and stored for further therapeutic applications. When pills are made by Guggulu, they are familiarly known as Guggulu Vati. Various Guggulu vati are mentioned in Ayurvedic textbooks. Considering the wider publicity, therapeutic utility; Ayurvedic Formulary of India discussed Guggulu kalpa in a separate chapter (Anonymous, 2003). In due course of time Guggulu Vati became commonly observed part of a prescription due to their effectiveness, and additional advantages like ease in dose fixation etc. As Guggulu Vati is comparatively harder; they may take more time for disintegration. Considering this, physicians generally advice crushing them before swallowing for better absorption. It was observed on a casual reading through Brihatrayee that seers often preferred to

dispense Guggulu in liquid or semi-liquid forms. This may be to bypass the longer disintegration time. Considering this, a meticulous screening was done through Brihatrayee to analyse all formulations that contain Guggulu in their composition. MATERIALS: A review has been made through Charaka samhita (Acharya YT, 2005), Sushruta samhita (Acharya YT, 2003), Ashtanga Sangraha (Atrideva Gupt, 2005) and Ashtanga Hridaya (Pandit B.H. Paradkar, 2005). Commentaries of Chakrapani (on Charaka samhita), Dalhana (on Sushruta samhita), and Indu (Sharma S., 2012) (on Ashtanga sangraha) were also screened during the attempt. OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS: Characteristics and Types Guggulu possesses Katu Rasa (pungent taste), Laghu (light), Sukshma (subtle), Tikshna (penetrating), Ushna (hot), Sara (spreading), Snigdha (Unctous), Pichchila (viscid), Katu Vipaka. It also has the quality of Sugandha (aromatic), and hold Hridya (cardioprotective) property. Based on these rasa and guna, it acts as Tridoshahara (pacifies all three doshas) (Acharya YT, 2003), Kashaya Rasa (astringent in taste), Rasayana (rejuvenator), Varnya (improves complexion), Swarya (improves voice), Agnideepana (appetizer) and Ruksha (dry) paki are the additional characters mentioned by Vagbhata (Atrideva Gupt, 2005). Sushruta mentioned two types of Guggulu i.e. Naveena (Fresh) and Purana (Old) (Acharya YT, 2003). Vagbhata described acceptable characteristics for Guggulu based on its colours like Mahishaksha, Padmaraga, Kanaka, Neela, Kanaka (Atrideva Gupt, 2005). Vagbhata also gives properties of Guggulu Patra (leaves of Guggulu) as Madhura (sweet), Ruksha, Vatakaphakara, Sheeta (cold), Mala Mutra Pravataka (laxative and diuretic) and Vishtambhi (substances that cause obstruction) (Atrideva Gupt, 2005).

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Synonyms Guggulu was referred with nine different names in Brihatrayee that are reflected in Table-1. Guggulu, Palankasha and Purah are the three terms used in all the three classics. Aamisha is the term used by Sushruta, while Latvaka was clarified by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtanga Hridaya. Other terms like Kasara, Mahisaksha Makshika, and Rajanichara referred in Ashtanga sangraha have been clarified by Indu as Guggulu.

found in Charaka Samhita, while a couple of references were found in Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Sangraha. One Ksheerapaka yoga (medicated milk preparation) is referred by Sushruta [Table-3]. Pana Yogas Guggulu is preferred to administer after dissolving in suitable liquids. Gomutra is often preferred liquid media as Sahapana (Adjuvant) for Guggulu by the seers [Table-4].

Categorisation

Choorna Yogas

Charaka categorized it under Kashaya Skanda (category of drugs predominant in astringent taste), while Sushruta under Katu skanda (category of drugs predominant in pungent taste). Sushruta and Vagbhata both identified the drug as beneficial in Sthaulya (Obesity). Charaka and Vagbhata both grouped it under Sangyasthapana gana (group of drugs that restore consciousness). Other categories are placed at Table-2.

Proportion of Guggulu varies in between 1% to 12% in these choorna yogas except Krishna abhaya churna. In this formulation, Guggulu is the major constituent and conversion of the constituents into powder may be difficult [Table-5].

Guggulu as a component in different Yogas The screening revealed that Guggulu is frequently used in different pathological conditions. It is a component of various Ghrita (medicated Ghee), Taila (medicated oil), Avaleha (confections), Choorna (powder) and Kwatha yogas. A brief of such formulations (category wise) are placed herewith. Kwatha and Ksheera paka Yogas

Leha Yogas: Yogaraja Rasayana indicated in Kushtha, is the only Avaleha Yoga with Guggulu as a component referred by Vagbhata (Atrideva Gupt, 2005). Taila Yogas Total 12 Taila formulations were found with Guggulu as a component [Table-6]. In Agurvadi Taila, it is used as Kwatha dravya, while in all other formulations; it is used as Kalka (paste) dravya. All these formulations are advocated for topical application.

Very few Kwatha yogas are found with Guggulu as a component. References are not Table 1: Synonymous of Guggulu in Brihatrayee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Synonymous Guggulu Palankasha Purah Aamisha Kasara Mahisaksha Makshika Mahishakranta Rajanichara Latvaka

Charaka samhita + (Sutra Âž) + (Sutra 4/18) + (Vimana 8/144) -

Sushruta samhita + (Sutra 5/18) + (Uttara 31/24) + (Kalpa 5/69) + (Chikitsa 37/15) -

Astanga samgraha + (Sutra 3/21) + (Sutra 8/117) + (Chikitsa 17/3) + (Uttara 33/48)

Asthanga Hridaya + (Sutra 14/23) + (Chikitsa 1/162) + (Chikitsa 1/163) + (Uttara 28/42)

+ (Uttara 44/33) + (Uttara 49/178) -

+ (Sutra 6/93)

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Table-2: Classification of Guggulu in Brihatrayee Text Charaka samhita

Sushruta samhita

Astanga samgraha

Astanga hridaya

Gana / Varga Sangyasthapana Kashaya skanda

Reference Sutra 4/18 Vimana 8/144

Pakva vrana bhedana

Chikitsa 25/53

Sthaulyahara Eladi gana Katu varga Sangyasthapana Sthaulyahara Eladi gana Kalmbadi gana Danta dhavana varjya Agraya dravya Sthaulyahara Eladi gana Kalmbadi gana Agraya dravya

Sutra 15/32 Sutra 38/24 Sutra 42/11 Sutra 15/47 Sutra 24/35 Sutra 16/37 Sutra 7/139 Sutra 3/21 Sutra 13/3 Sutra 14/23 Sutra 15/43 Sutra 6/93 Uttara 40/48

Table-3: Kwatha and Ksheerapaka Yogas that hold Guggulu as a component 1

Reference Sushruta sutra 39/190

Formulation Sarivadi kwatha

Sushruta uttara 55/45

3 4

Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 1/79 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 30/34

Devadarvyadi kwatha Sarivadi kwatha Shodhana kashaya

Ksheerapaka Yoga 5 Sushruta uttara 52/24

Marichadi ksheera

Indication Kaphaja jvara (Fever due to Kapha dosha) Udavarta Kaphaja jvara Vrana prakshalana cleanser)

(wound

Kasa (cough)

Table-4: Pana Yogas that hold Guggulu as a component 1 2 3 4 5 6

Reference Charaka chikitsa 13/153 Charaka chikitsa 27/35 Charaka chikitsa 28/242 Charaka chikitsa 29/159 Sushruta chikitsa 5/35 Sushruta chikitsa 5/42-45

Sahapana Gomutra (cow’s urine) Gomutra Godugdha (cow’s milk) Madhu (honey) Gomutra Mutra, kshara (water soluble ash), yusha, ushnodaka (warm water), dugdha

Sushruta chikitsa 9/6

8 9 10

Sushruta chikitsa 16/33 Sushruta chikitsa 23/12 Sushruta uttara 42/63

Ashtanga Sangraha sutra 24/35

Mutra, kshara, ushnodaka, Yusharasa, dugdha Devadaru or shunthi kwatha Mutra, punarnava kwatha Gomutra, madhya, dugdha, kshara, draksha etc. Mahat panchamula

Indication Udara roga (abdominal disorders) Urustambha (stiffness in thigh muscle) Aavrita vata Vatarakta (Gout) Urustambha Gulma (abdominal lump), bhagandara (fistula in ano), krimi (worm infestation), Granthi (cyst), Shotha (inflammation), kushtha (skin disorders) etc. Medogata kushtha Medohara (anti obesity) Shotha Gulma Sthaulya (obesity)

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 9 | September 2014 | 359â&#x20AC;&#x201C;369 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 2/90 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 15/3 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 16/41 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 19/3 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/24 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 24/34

Shukta, gomutra, mastu As per Rasayan prayoga Gomutra or kshara & haritaki

Shita jvara Antah vidradhi (Internal abscess) Gulma

Gomutra As per Rasayan prayoga

Shotha Kushtha

Dugdha

Vatarakta

18 19

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 40/102

Madhu &Ghrita

Haritala visha (arsenic poison)

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/164

Vata kaphaja roga (disorders of vata and kapha dosha)

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/165

Mahat panchamula, laghu panchamula, vachadi gana kwatha, mastu, ushnajala, kanji, Madya Varunadi gana kwatha

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/166

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/167

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/168

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/170

25 26

Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/172 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/173

27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Ashtanga Hridaya sutra 14/23 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 13/25 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 14/99 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 15/41 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 17/40 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 14/99 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 21/49

12 13 14 15 16 17

Ashvagandha or jivaniya gana kwatha Raktachandana or padmakadi gana kwatha Chavya, kushtha, vidanga, yavani, nagakesara, prasarani toya Patoladi dravya kwatha

Dugdha Mansarasa, dugdha, mutra, brahmi, shankhapushpi toya Mahat panchmula Vidradhihara kashaya Gomutra Dugdha, ardraka rasa Gomutra Gomutra Gomutra

Badhirya (deafness), shiro roga, meda, shwasa (dysponea), gulma, vidradhi (abscess) Vata pitta rakta roga, Brihmana (increases body mass) Pittaja roga (diseases due to pitta dosha) Kapha vata roga Kapha pittaja roga, shotha, visarpa (erysipelas), vrana, bhagandara, shukra, prameha (diabetes), pandu (amemia) Vatarakta Tridoshahara Sthaulya Vidradhi Gulma Udara roga Shotha Gulma Urustambha

Table-5: Choorna Yogas that hold Guggulu as a component 1

Reference Charaka chikitsa 23/231

Formulation Sarvakamika agada

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Charaka chikitsa 26/152 Sushruta kalpa 5/66 Sushruta kalpa 5/69 Sushruta kalpa 6/22 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 16/15 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 17/3 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 42/58

Pradhamana nasya Tarkshya agada Rushabha agada Mahasugandhi agada Yavanyadi churna Krishnaabhaya churna Tarkshya agada

Indication Pashu visha (poison of animals) Pratishyaya (coryza) Sarpa visha (snake poison) Sarpa visha Sarpa visha Gulma Udara roga Sarpa visha

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Table-6: Taila formulations that hold Guggulu as a component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Reference Charaka chikitsa 3/267 Charaka chikitsa 10/34 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 2/90 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 12/40 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/67 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/69 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 6/17 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 6/27 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 10/31 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 19/81 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 19/84 Ashtanga Hridaya uttara 22/3

Formulation Agurvadi taila Palankasha taila Tagaradi taila Vranaropaka taila Mahavajra taila Sikthakadi taila Guggulvadi taila Lakshmyadi taila Palankashadi taila Mahavajraka taila Sikthakadi taila Mahasnehadi taila

Ghrita Yogas Total 13 Ghrita (Ghee) based formulations were found with Guggulu as an ingredient [Table-7]. In majority of formulations, Guggulu is used as Kalka dravya. Except Baladi Ghrita of Charaka, all other formulations are advocated for internal administration. Sandhana Yogas Sandhana yogas (self generated alcoholic preparations) with Guggulu as a component are

Indication Shita jvara (fever with chills) Apasmara (epilepsy) Shita jvara Prameha pidika (diabetic carbuncle) Kushta Kushta Graha Graha Apasmara Kushta Vicharchika (eczema) Oshta roga (diseases in lips)

not found in Charaka Samhita or Sushruta Samhita. A few formulations were referred by Vagbhata [Table-8]. Lepa Yogas These formulations of Guggulu are indicated for topical application as wound healers, wound cleansing agents etc. They were equally used in different skin diseases [Table9].

Table-7: Ghrita formulations that hold Guggulu as a component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Reference Charaka chikitsa 8/78 Charaka chikitsa 9/46 Charaka chikitsa 10/27 Sushruta uttara 61/27 Sushruta chikitsa 7/14 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 6/67 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 13/14 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/6 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 23/35 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 9/21 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/157 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 11/25 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 21/60

Formulation Baladi ghrita Mahapaishachika ghrita Vachadi grita Kulthadi grita Varunadi grita Puradi ghrita Varunadi ghrita Panchtikta ghrita Guggulu Panchtikta ghrita Guggulu Mahapaishachika ghrita Martyamrita ghrita Varunadi ghrita Nimbadi ghrita

Indication Shirahshoola (Headache) Unmada (psychosis) Apasmara Apasmara Ashmari (calculus) Swasa Ashmari Kushtha Vatavyadhi (neurological disorders) Unmanda Rasayana (rejuvenator) Ashmari Vatavyadhi

Table-8: Sandhana Yogas that hold Guggulu as a component Reference 1 2 3

Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 10/23 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/24 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 8/146

Formulation

Indication

Guggulasava Guggulasava Putikaranja chukra

Arsha (piles) Kustha Arsha

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Table-9: Lepa Yogas that hold Guggulu as a component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Reference Charaka Sutra Âž Charaka chikitsa 8/78 Charaka chikitsa 25/53 Charaka chikitsa 25/100 Sushruta chikitsa 22/5 Sushruta kalpa 8/137 Ashtanga Sangraha sutra 11/31 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 7/98 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/57 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 21/62 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 6/2 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 6/24 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 6/27 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 30/29 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 30/47 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 40/78 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 42/62 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 44/54 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 46/53 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 49/171 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 19/71 Ashtanga Hridaya uttara 25/37 Ashtanga Hridaya uttara 25/49

Indication Kushtha Shira shoola Pakva vrana bhedana Vrana avasadana karma Pratisarana Dravya Mushaka visha Alasaka (instestinal atony) Rajyakshma (tuberclulosis) Kushta Kushta Skanda Graha Pitru graham Pitru graham Vrana Avasadana Karma Visha Visha Luta karnika patina Alarka visha Galaroga Kushta Vrana darana Vrana avasadana

Dhoopana Yogas As Guggulu has rakshoghna activity, it was often preferred as a component in dhoopana (fumigation) yogas. It is used in conditions like Vrana (wound), karna puya (pus discharge from ear), visha vrana (wound due to poison), vishama jvara (intermittent fever), shwasa, yoniroga (vaginal diseases), mukharoga (diseases of oral cavity) etc. These formulations are also preferred as preventive aspects like in

Liquid media Gopitta, Sarshapa taila Ghrita Vataja Aushtharog Kinva Gomutra Ghrita Gopitta, Sarshapa taila Chakrika taila Sura beeja Snuhi kshira Vrana upakrama Gomutra Pancha pitta Takra Patolarista -

Bala Rakshakarma (measures that protect a neonate from infection), Vrana Paschat karma (post operative measures of wound), Prayogika Dhoomapana etc. [Table 10]. Other solid forms A few references of solid dosage forms were found in classics where Guggulu is found to be the major constituent. All these references are referred by Vagbhata, except one by Charaka [Table 11].

Table-10: Dhoopana Yogas that hold Guggulu as a component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reference Charaka sutra 5/21 Charaka sharira 8/61 Charaka chikitsa 3/307 Charaka chikitsa 17/80 Charaka chikitsa 23/100 Charaka chikitsa 26/182 Charaka chikitsa 30/121 Sushruta sutra 5/18 Sushruta chikitsa 22/69 Sushruta chikitsa 40/4

Indication Under dincharya Bala raksha karma Vishama jvara Shwasa, hikka (hiccup) (after vamana) Visha Kaphaja shiro roga Yoni dhupana Vrana raksha Sarvasara mukharoga Snaihika dhuma nasya

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Sushruta uttara 21/11 Sushruta uttara 21/53 Sushruta uttara 39/262 Sushruta uttara 51/50 Sushruta uttara 51/52 Ashtanga Sangraha sutra 8/117 Ashtanga Sangraha sutra 14/8 Ashtanga Sangraha sutra 38/20 Ashtanga Sangraha sharira 3/34 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 2/134 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 2/135 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 6/15 Ashtanga Sangraha chikitsa 6/16 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 1/17 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 4/7 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 4/9 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 4/13 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 6/6 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 8/20 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 8/21 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 22/11 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 22/23 Ashtanga Sangraha uttara 39/73 Ashtanga Hridaya sutra 21/13 Ashtanga Hridaya sutra 29/25 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 1/162 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 1/163 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 4/13 Ashtanga Hridaya chikitsa 4/14 Ashtanga Hridaya uttara 18/18

Puya karna Karna daurgandhya Jirna vishama jvara Shwasa Shwasa Vishaghna dhoopa Snaihika dhuma nasya Vrana pachat karma Yoni dhupana Vishama jvara Sarva jvara Shwasa, hikka Shwasa, hikka Balopacharniya Bala graham Bala graham Bala graham Skanda graham Naga graham Yaaksha graha Vataja karna shula Kaphaja karna shula Yoni dhupana Under dincharya Vrana pashat karma Vishama jvara Sarva jvara Shwasa, hikka Shwasa, hikka Karna puya

Table-11: Other solid forms that hold Guggulu as a component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

References Charaka kalpa 1/23 Astanga sangraha kalpa 1/13 Astanga sangraha uttara 33/45 Astanga sangraha uttara 33/46 Astanga sangraha uttara.33/48 Astanga sangraha uttara.49/169 Astanga sangraha uttara 49/174 Ashtanga hridaya chikitsa 21/50 Ashtanga hridaya uttara 28/38 Ashtanga hridaya uttara 28/39 Ashtanga hridaya uttara 28/40 Ashtanga hridaya uttara 28/42

DISCUSSION: Charaka categorized Guggulu under Kashaya Skandha, while Sushruta under Katu Skandha. This may be due to differences in approaches of drug classification. Guggulu is

Formulation Modaka/Utkarika Modaka Amritadi Guggulu Swayambhu Guggulu Uttamadi Guggulu Trayushanadi Guggulu Magadhikadi Guggulu Vyoshadi Guggulu Amrutadi Guggulu Magadhikadi Guggulu Svayambhu Guggulu Uttamadi yoga

Guggulu % 22.22% 54.05% 50% 50% 50% 50% 22.22% 50% 54.05% 50%

katu rasa dominant drug, but the activities are similar assigned to kashaya rasa. Therefore the classification of Guggulu by both seers can be considered as equivalent. Sushruta and Vagbhata grouped the drug under Eladi Gana.

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The drugs of this group are aromatic in nature and preferred for Varna prasadana and Vata kaphahara purposes. A specific classification of Guggulu is not found in any of the Brihatrayee except a brief description on acceptable qualities mentioned by Vagbhata. Possibly, these qualities have been considered by later seers like Bhavamishra to describe the types of Guggulu. Guggulu formulations are being used often in various disease conditions. In the current study, an attempt has been made through brihatrayee to know different forms of Guggulu preferred in those days. Screening revealed that seers rarely preferred using Guggulu as a major component in formulations. They often dispensed it in the form of Pana (33), Ghrita (13), Taila (12), Choorna (8), Sandhana (3), Avaleha (1), and Kwatha yogas (5). Majority of the formulations with Guggulu as a component are preferred as Dhooma yogas (40) and Lepas (23). Rakshoghna (preventive), krimighna (anti-parasitic), bhootaghna karma (anti-microbial) of Guggulu will be beneficial in such forms that will help in would healing, disinfecting, anti-microbial etc. Lekhana (scrapping) property of Guggulu is also beneficial in checking the pathologies at localized lesions. Guggulu possess significant antimicrobial properties as an individual component and in combinations like Triphala Guggulu (Sejal Patel et al., 2012). The essential oil, chloroform extract and sesquiterpenoids isolated from the oleo-gum-resin of Guggulu also possess inhibiting activity against both Gram (+) and Gram (â&#x2C6;&#x2019;) bacteria (Saeed M A et al., 2004). Fumigation of Guggulu gum also showed considerable decrease in concentration of fungal load and found useful to curtail the concentration of fungi like Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Curvularia, Cladosporium etc (Rashmi Tewary et al., 1997). The drug also has an ability to promote synthesis of intracellullar triglycerides and reduces depth of large and small wrinkles, thus giving the skin a smooth appearance (Andre et al., 1999). Hence topical applications will

smoothen the skin besides checking the pathology. Most of the Ghrita preparations were advocated for internal purposes, while Taila preparations are preferred as topical applications in cases of Prameha pidika, Vicharchika, Kushtha etc. Churnas with Guggulu were preferred in both external and internal routes. Guggulu was dispersed with kwatha or other suitable liquids in many diseases. These formulations are mainly used in Aamajanya koshtha vyadhi (different forms of Gastro Intestinal disorders). Alodhana (mixing with liquids) is preferred in many Pana yogas (medicated beverages) of internal administration. It specifies that, Guggulu was preferred to be dissolved completely in suitable liquids before its consumption. These liquid medias change with status of the doshas or condition of the diseases. For example, Guggulu should be dissolved in Gomutra to use in shotha, udara, urustambha and gulma etc conditions. Guggulu dissolved in dugdha (milk) is indicated in vatarakta. Some solid dosage forms are also found in samhitas. Charaka referred Modaka or Utkarika for Virechana (purgative) that holds Guggulu as an ingredient. But, the proportion of Guggulu in this formulation is very less (~5%). Ashtanga Samgraha and Ashtanga Hridaya also hold few formulations that contain 50% of Guggulu (Pandit B.H. et al., 2005). It is quite interesting to note that all these formulations are explained in one chapter and advised to consume with honey. These combinations will attain solid form and can be grouped under Vati or Modaka Kalpana. Indu, at places preferred converting the formulation into pindikrutam, equivalent to pill dosage form (Atrideva Gupt, 2005). As the Commentator belongs to 13th AD; possibly he observed the pharmaceutical developments and advised converting the combination into pills.

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 9 | September 2014 | 359–369

CONCLUSION: As Guggulu has good binding capacity, the pills thus developed will have a greater disintegration time (Anjana Chaube et al., 1995) and at times may not get disintegrated in stomach leading to its inactivity. Considering this; the physicians of current scenario advice crushing of Guggulu pills before their swallowing for proper assimilation and absorption. Possibly considering this in view; the seers of ancient time had advised dissolving Guggulu completely in suitable liquids before

its consumption as evident in current screening. The solid forms of Guggulu in these three classics were preferred as varti or lepa or for dhooma purposes. This screening also makes clear that conversion of Guggulu into vati form has entered into the field of therapeutics after 7th AD. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors would like to acknowledge Prof SS Savrikar, Ex Vice Chancellor, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar for providing basic concept in designing the manuscript.

REFERENCES: Acharya YT (2005) Caraka Samhita of Agnivesa, elaborated by Caraka and Drdhabala, Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapani,. Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, New Delhi. Acharya YT (2003) Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Nibandha smgraha Commentary by Dalhanacharya. Chikitsa sthana 5/40, 41, 42,: Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, pg,. 430. Andre, Patrice Lhermite, Stephane, Pellicier & Francedillaoise, (1999) Products extracted from a plant of the genus Commiphora, particularly the Commiphora mukul plant, extracts containing same and applications thereof, for example in cosmetics, US Patent Appl No 352939. Anjana Chaube, S.K. Dixit And P.V.Sharma (1995), On Improving The Disintegration Of Ayurvedic Pills Containing Guggulu, Ancient Science of Life, vol.14 (3) pg.161–167.

Anonymous (2003), Ayurvedic Formulary of India, part-1, volume II..Guggulu. 2nd edition Dept. of ISM&H, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India: New Delhi: p. 58. Atrideva Gupt (2005) Ashtanga Sangraha of Vagbhata, Hindi commentary by Atrideva Gupt, Sutra sthana 7/139-142, Sutra Sthana 12/74-75, chikitsa sthana 21/14 Uttara sthana 33/48,Uttara sthana 49/162, Chokhambha Krushnadas Academy, Varanasi. pg.73, 111, 126, 315.409 Pandit

B.H. Paradkar (2005) Vagbhata, Astanga Hrdayam, Commentaries of Sarvangasundara by Arunadutta and Ayurvedarasayana by Hemadri chikitsa sthana 21/50, 9th Edition, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi. Pg.726.

Rashmi Tewary, Jitendra Kumar Mishra. (1997) Hawan-An effective method to reduce fungal load at small work places, Aerobiologia,; vol.13(2) pg.135–38. R.M. Mehta (2010). Pharmaceutics, 5th edition Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, Vol.I, chap.14 pg.247

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 3, Issue 9 | September 2014 | 359–369

Saeed M A & Sabir A W, (2004) Antibacterial activities of some constituents from oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora mukul, Fitoterapia,vol. 75 (2) pg.204–208.

Sharma S (2012), Ashatanga Samgraha of Vagbhata, Shashilekha Commentary by Indu, 3rd edition Chowkhamba Sanskrit series office, Varanasi.

Sejal Patel, J.K. patel, R.K.Patel. (2012) To Study Proximate Analysis & Biological Evalution Of Triphala Guggulu Formulation, Int J of PharmTech Res CODEN (USA): vol.4(4) pg.1520–26.

Vidhyasagar P, (2005) Sarngadhara Samhita of Sarngadharacarya,. 6th ed. Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashana Varanasi. pg.196.

Source of Support: NIL

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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