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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2015 MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH Pharmacognosy RETROSPECT OF ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES (Willd.) DC: A BOON TO PHYTOMEDICINE Sukasini S, Bhargav Iyer M, Sakthi Priyadarsini S, Kumar P R
203–208
INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Ayurveda – Shalakya Tantra PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROFILE OF SHIRISHA ASHWAGANDHADI AVALEHA - A HERBO-MINERAL COMPOUND FORMULATION Parth Prakashbhai Dave, Hasmukh R Jadav, Galib, DB Vaghela, KS Dhiman
209–215
COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – INFLORESCENCE OF NIRGUNDI – VITEX NEGUNDO L.* OF THE FAMILY LAMIACEAE PLACE – OFF KANAKAPURA ROAD, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 04/11/2015
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 10 | October 2015 | 203–208 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Review Article RETROSPECT OF ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES (Willd.) DC: A BOON TO PHYTOMEDICINE Sukasini S1, Bhargav Iyer M2, Sakthi Priyadarsini S3*, Kumar P R4 Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Kattankulathur – 602 203, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding Author: Email: sakthivendan@gmail.com; Contact: 7810811086 1,2,3,4
Received: 20/07/2015; Revised: 25/09/2015; Accepted: 10/10/2015
ABSTRACT Numerous wild and cultivated plants play a very vital role among the tribal healing medical practices and their interrelationship has evolved over generations of experience and practice. Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC (Family: Fabaceae) commonly known as Elumbotti in Tamil language is extremely efficacious in mending bone fractures but at present its use is known only to a handful of villagers. It contains an array of chemical constituents including alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. It possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antimutagenic, antifungal and antifertility activity and this review highlights the folklore therapy and research works carried out on Ormocarpum sennoides to bring into light its ethnic importance. KEY WORDS: Bone-Knit, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Ormocarpum sennoides, Elumbotti
Cite this article: Sukasini S, Bhargav Iyer M, Sakthi Priyadarsini S, Kumar P R (2015), RETROSPECT OF ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES (Willd.) DC: A BOON TO PHYTOMEDICINE, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(10): 203–208
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INTRODUCTION Plants have been a major source of therapeutic agents since time immemorial. Herbal remedies have been the mainstay of folk medicine in many civilizations throughout history and are still in common use by most people in less developed countries, where pharmaceutical drugs are unavailable or unaffordable. It has been referred that around 250,000 to 750,000 species exist on earth (NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers , 2006). Most of medicaments at present are from natural sources that were used extensively by traditional healers. Plants are increasingly appreciated in pharmaceutical research as a major resource for new medicines (Kerry Bone, 2013). Fracture healing is a major issue that has been studied widely in clinical, experimental and traditional practices aiming at facilitating the healing phenomenon. For fracture healing the long tradition of herbal wisdom has employed various herbs viz. Cissus quadrangularis, Cassia accidentalis, Ampelocissus latifolia, Bambusa arundinacea (Singla et al., 2011). Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC belonging to the family Fabaceae, commonly known as Elumbotti, Kattumuringai, SethariKodi (Tamil), Adavimunaga, Gunnangi (Telugu), Kadunnugga (Kannada), Punnamurinna (Malayalam), Kananashekuara, Kananashigru (Sanskrit) is a shrub with glutinous hairy shoots found in various parts of Peninsular India and Sri Lanka (Pullaiah T, 2006; Yoganarasimhan S N et al., 2000). This review is an attempt to provide a visionary upon the explored and unexplored chapters of
Fig. 1: Leaves of Ormocarpum sennoides
Ormocarpum sennoides which can pave way for future research in this plant. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION (The Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life) Kingdom : Plantae Phylum : Tracheophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Genus : Ormocarpum Species : Ormocarpum Hedysarum sennoides
sennoides,
Botanical description Ormocarpum sennoides is a shrub with warty branchlets. Young shoots and flowering parts are hairy and of pale yellow color, covered with glutinous secretion (Rustomjee Naserwanjee Khory, 1903). The leaves (Figure 1) are alternate, simple, entire, petiolate, obovate or oblong, imparipinnate, leaflets 9– 17, apex-obtuse and mucronate, base-rounded, reticulate venation, midvein thick and raised, secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side (Flora of china). The racemesare short and axillary, 3–6 flowered; Flower (Figure 2) yellow color, 6–10 cm long, bracts-ovate; calyx 6 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, hairy; corolla 8 mm long; standard clawed, winged, orbicular, auricled; stamens monadelphous; ovary linear, many ovuled, hispid, flowering occurs from December to January (India Biodiversity Portal). Pods (Figure 3) are 2–3 cm long, joined, pendulous, muricated and glutinous (William Dymock, 1890). Fig. 2 : Flower of Ormocarpum sennoides
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Fig. 3: Pods of Ormocarpum sennoides
FOLKLORE THERAPY The Irula tribes used the bark and leaves of Ormocarpum sennoides for fracture healing. The leaf was grinded along with egg into a paste and mixed with milk and was taken once in a day until complete mending of bone (Rathakrishnan T et al., 2009). The fresh leaves were consumed as such or prepared into a medicated candy to treat chest pain. The decoction of the root of Ormocarpum sennoides were considered as a valuable remedy in rheumatic fever (SubodhKapoor, 2002). Liniment made of powdered bark of Ormocarpum sennoides and gingelly oil is recommended by the herbal healers as an external application in paralytic complaints and in the treatment of lumbago (Clements, 2012). PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES The HPTLC fingerprinting analysis carried out by Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan et al. (2014) ‘a’ provided the standard fingerprint for the identification and standardisation of the ethanolic extracts of Ormocarpum sennoides using chloroform: methanol (6:4), detected under UV at 254nm and 366nm. Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan et al. (2014)’b’ performed spectroscopic analysis with various extracts of Ormocarpum sennoides where UV analysis showed the peak between 200nm and 400nm with absorbance between 0.17 abs and 0.9 abs and HPLC reports showed the presence of various constituents for the identification and characterization of bio-active compounds.
Thamacin Arulappan et al. (2014) performed the phytochemical screening in aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform extracts and also carried out GC-MS analysis with the leaves of Ormocarpum sennoides. The results showed the presence of alkaloids, proteins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and tannins. The GC-MS analysis also showed the presence of some phytochemical compounds and their activity based on percentage probability listed in table 1. PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES Bone healing activity Dinesh Kumar M et al. (2001) performed in vitro synthesis of calcite crystals from Ormocarpum sennoides and evaluated the level of mineralsby callus induction using Murashige and Skoog media. The mineral levels of plant extract were found to be more than the callus extract and also evinced this plant as a rich source of calcium ions. The bone fracture healing activity was carried out by M. D. Kumar et al. (2013). Radiological evaluation and histopathological reports showed a faster rate of healing on oral and topical application. This proved the effectual activity of Ormocarpum sennoides for bone fracture healing. S. Srividya et al. (2015) prepared a bone implant material with the extracts of Ormocarpum sennoides containing biphasic
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calcium phosphate, casein and hen egg yolk. The osteoblast differentiation studies of the prepared bone implant showed cytocompatibility and osteoinductive properties
of the prepared extract and also proved that the bone implant can meet the requirements for bone tissue engineering.
Table.1 Phytoconstituents present in Ormocarpum sennoides and their activity based percentage probability (Thamacin Arulappan et al., 2014) PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 1. Antiinflamatory
PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
Citronellal Menthol Caryophellene Cresol
2. Antimicrobial
Bisabool Spathulenol Lavandulol Elemol
3. Antifungal
Citronellol Myrtenol Geraniol Terpenylformate Lavandulol
4. Antioxidant
Citronellal Hotrienol Cresol 1,8-Cineole Geraniol 1,8-Cineole
5. Antibacterial 6. Anticancer Antioxidant activity
M. Thamacin Arulappan et al. (2014) compared the antioxidant activity of Ormocarpum sennoides (leaf) along with Zehneria scabra (tuber) and Bauhinia tomentosa (leaf) in terms of total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. The results showed that Ormocarpum sennoides (leaf) and Bauhinia tomentosa (leaf) exhibit good antioxidant activities for total antioxidant assay and DPPH scavenging assay and while Zehneria scabra exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. Mayavan Pazhanisamy et al. (2013) tested the antioxidant activity of leaves of Ormocarpum sennoides by separating different
PERCENTAGE PROBABILITY 99% 98% 95% 95% 98% 96% 95% 94% 99% 98% 98% 96% 95% 99% 96% 95% 95% 98% 95%
fractions through silica gel column chromatography and assessing the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using DPPH (1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. An active fraction was isolated proving the plant as a potential source of antioxidants. Antibacterial activity Despite enormous progress in development of antibacterial agents, there are still special needs to find new antibacterial agents due to the development of multi drug resistant bacteria (Wise.R et al., 1998). The antibacterial study on the acetone extract showed MIC value of 0.080 mg/ml against E. coli (ATCC 25922) and K. pneumonia (ATCC 15380).The methanol extract showed MIC values of 6.2 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 6.2 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, and
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12.5 mg/ml, respectively, against the six pathogens E. coli (ATCC 25922), E. coli (ESBL 3904), K. pneumonia (ATCC 15380), K. pneumonia (ATCC 109), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), S. aureus (MRSA). The results demonstrated promising antibacterial activity for acetone extracts of Ormocarpum sennoides. (Hannah Hepsibah A et al., 2014). CONCLUSION Most of the indigenous plant species practiced all over the world by various traditional herbalists is yet to be screened for its various potential therapeutic effects. Ormocarpum sennoides play a promising role as an antioxidant, antibacterial and bonefracture healer. Till date, no proper pharmacognostical studies were carried out in
the plant. The presence of phytoconstituents in the GCMS studies pave way for further isolation and characterization of lead marker compounds which are yet to be revealed in this hidden plant. Preclinical studies of Ormocarpum sennoides proved its traditional bone healing activity, but further clinical trials are required to strengthen its traditional claim and to develop it into a potent formulation. Although the bone healing activity of the plant has been restricted to academic oriented research there are no industrial supports behind these works. Though it was surprising to see very limited research works carried out in Ormocarpum sennoides, the results of various works done on the plant provides a promising scope upon its future.
REFERENCES Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan, Radhika Krishnan, Sundarapandian.S. (2014) ‘a’. HPTLC fingerprint profile of Ormocarpum sennoides leaves. International Journal of Advance Research In Science And Engineering, 3 (9): 81–88. Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan, Radhika Krishnan, Sundarapandian S. (2014) ‘b’. Preliminary phytochemical screening and spectroscopic analysis of Ormocarpum sennoides DC.International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science, 5 (3): 216– 220. Clements R. Markham. (2012). Travels in Peru and India: While Superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and Their Introduction Into India (pp.554). Dinesh Kumar M, Maria John K M, Karthik S. (2013). The Bone Fracture Healing Potential of Ormocarpum cochinchinense methanolic extract on albino Wistar rats. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 19, 1–10.
Flora of China. Ormocarpum cochinchinense. Retrieved from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx? flora_id=2&taxon_id=242334759 Hannah Hepsibah A, JeyaJothi G. (2014). In Vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Ormocarpum cochinchinense extracts on nosocomial infection causing bacteria. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research, 8(1), 113–116. India
Biodiversity Portal. Ormocarpum sennoides (Wild.) DC. Retrieved from http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/sho w/266675
Kerry Bone, Simon Mills. (2013). Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine, (pp.XVII).Elsevier Health Sciences. Maria
John K.M, Deepa venkatesan venkatesan, Sandhya S, Karthik S, Sampathnatarajan. (2001). In vitro synthesis of calcite crystals from Ormocarpum cochinchinense (L.) a
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traditional bone healing aid of southern India.American journal of plant physiology, 6 (6), 312–317. Mayavan Pazhanisamy, Gabriel Abraham Immanuel Ebenezer. (2013). Antioxidant Activity of Leaves of an Important Medicinal Plant Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.)Merr.Journal of modern biotechnology, 5 (5), 89–94. NIIR
Board of Consultants and Engineers.(2006).Cultivation and Processing of Selected Medicinal Plants, (pp.32).Asia Pacific Bussiness Press.
Pullaiah T. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Medicinal Plants, (vol 1 pp.1442). Daya Books. Rathakrishnan T. (2009). Traditional Agricultural Practices: Applications & Technical Implementations, (pp.210). New India Publishing. Rustomjee Naserwanjee Khory, Nanabhai Navrosji Katrak. (1903). Materia medica of India and their therapeutics, (pp.22). Caxton Works. Singla
Chhavi, Drabu Sushma, Verma Ravinder, Dhiman Anju, Sharma Asha. (2011). Recent update on proficient bone fracture revivifying herbs.International Journal of Pharmacy, 2 (11), 3–5.
Srividya S, Sastry T.P, Santhosh Kumar B, Hemzlatha T. (2015). Osteopotential bone implant containing porous
Source of Support: NIL
biphasic calcium impregnated with casein, egg yolk and Ormocarpum sennoides- An in vitro study. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 6 (1), 275–282. Subodh Kapoor. (2002). The Indian Encyclopedia, (vol 1 pp.5353). Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd. Thamacin Arulappan M., John Britto S., Ignace Kindo. (2014). GC-MS Analysis of phytochemical compounds present in Zehneria scabra Sond.(Tuber), Ormocarpum sennoidesWilld. (Leaf) and Bauhina tomentosa L. (Leaf), 1 (2), 324–342. The Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.)DC. Retrieved from http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/detai ls/species/id/11469124/synonym/11757 416 William Dymock, Charles James Hislop Warden, David Hooper. (1890). Pharmacographia Indica: A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, (vol 1 pp.430). K. Paul, Trench, Trübner& Company. Wise
.R, T. Hart, O. Cars. (1998). Antimicrobial resistance. Is a major threat to public health.British medical journal, 317 (7159), 609–610.
Yoganarasimhan S.N. (2000). Medicinal plants of India: Tamil Nadu, (vol 2 pp.388). Cyber Media.
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 10 | October 2015 | 209–215 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Research article PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROFILE OF SHIRISHA ASHWAGANDHADI AVALEHA - A HERBO-MINERAL COMPOUND FORMULATION Parth Prakashbhai Dave1*, Hasmukh R Jadav2, Galib3, DB Vaghela4, KS Dhiman5 1
Ph.D. (Ayu) scholar, Department of Shalakya Tantra, IPGT & RA, Gujrat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India. 2 Ph.D. (Ayu) scholar, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, India. 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar. 4 Assistant Professor, Department of Shalakya Tantra, IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar. 5 Director General, CCRAS, Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India. *Corresponding Author: E-mail: drppdave88@gmail.com; Mob: +919638948973.
Received: 04/09/2015; Revised: 25/09/2015; Accepted: 10/10/2015
ABSTRACT Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha is a herbo-mineral confection prepared with jaggery as a base. This compound is formulated by experienced Ayurveda physicians and is in practice for allergic rhinitis. Though it is a potent formulation; no reports are available on its Standard Manufacturing Process or preliminary physico-chemical profiles. Considering this, it is planned to develop standard manufacturing process and preliminary physico-chemical profiles of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha. Authentication of raw materials and pharmaceutical procedure was done. The samples were subjected to organoleptic, preliminary physico-chemical evaluation. An average 29.53 Kg yield was observed in the pharmaceutical procedure. Loss on drying was 8.55% w/w, pH was 7, and total sugar was found to be 58.24%.As, no published reports on Standard Manufacturing Process or physicochemical values are available on this formulation; the present observations cannot be compared. The profiles generated in the current study can be considered as standard for future references. KEY WORDS: Heavy metals, Microbial load, ShirishaAshwagandhadi Avaleha, Standardization.
Cite this article: Parth Prakashbhai Dave, Hasmukh R Jadav, Galib, DB Vaghela, KS Dhiman (2015), PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROFILE OF SHIRISHA ASHWAGANDHADI AVALEHA - A HERBO-MINERAL COMPOUND FORMULATION, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(10): 209–215
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 10 | October 2015 | 209–215
INTRODUCTION Classical text books of Ayurveda hold a number of remedies for different pathologies. Though classical formulations are effective; these are known to possess certain inconveniences. To overcome such difficulties; there is a need to convert classical formulations into elegant forms that are easy, acceptable and therapeutically viable. At the same time, with an intention to increase palatability, shelf life etc.; various dosage forms were developed in due course of time. In the present era, people only accept such elegant, palatable and easy to consume and carry formulations. First requisite in the present era is development of appropriate quality standards that fulfill increasing demands of global population. Unfortunately, many formulations of present day practice are devoid of Standard Manufacturing Process (SMP) and quality profiles. Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha (SA) is one such formulation that is in practice for allergic rhinitis etc. In the current attempt; it is planned to develop SMP and preliminary physicochemical profiles of SA.This compound was formulated by Late Pandit Shiv Sharma. The original recipe contains Shirishadi Kwatha (Decoction) and Ashwagandhadi compound. Combination of these two drugs was found to be beneficial in cases of allergic rhinitis. Previous studies at IPGT&RA-Jamnagar showed beneficial effect in management of Allergic Rhinitis (Shravankumar Sahu, 2014) but, they are difficult to be consumed in the current life style, considering which; both of them were converted in to SA by following general principles and subjected to preliminary analytical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Raw herbal materials [Table-1] were collected from Pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar and authenticated in pharmacognosy laboratory, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar. Genuine samples of Sameera Pannaga Rasa
(Arsenomercurial compound), Abhraka Bhasma (Calcined mica) were also collected from Pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar; while Shringa Bhasma (Calcined deer horn) was collected from ASFAPharmacy, Surat and Guda (Jaggery) were procured from local market of Jamnagar. Pharmaceutical procedure: Pharmaceutical procedure of SA is divided into two phases: 1. Preparation of Shirishadi Kwatha: Completely dried Kwatha Dravya (Raw drugs for decoction) (36 kg) was soaked for 12 hours in four times of water (144 lit). The next day, the contents were subjected tomild heat (95–100°C) and Kwatha (decoction) was prepared by reducing to one fourth quantity (36 lit), which was filtered through cotton cloth to obtain Shirishadi Kwatha. 2. Preparation of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha: Kwatha (36 lit) and Guda (18 kg) were mixed in a steel vessel and allowed to dissolve completely. The contents were filtered through cotton cloth to remove possible impurities of Guda. It was then subjected toheat (at 95°C to 100°C) for 8 hours, until the appearance of Avaleha Siddhi Lakshana (confirmatory tests on proper cooking of linctus) (Shailaja Srivastsava, 2009) i.e. Darvi Praleptvam (sticking to ladle), Tantumatvam (thready consistency) and Appsumajjati (sinks in water).The contents were stirred continuously throughout the process. At the end of this procedure, contents were removed from the heat source and Prakshepa Dravya (condiments) was added slowly with continuous stirring. The contents were stirred continuously till the blend became cool, homogenous & semisolid mass. The finished product was stored in air tight containers. Total three such batches were prepared following same method for standardization.
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3. Analytical Study: Organoleptic characters like consistency, colour, touch and odour of SA were noted [Table 2]. Preliminary physico-chemical parameters like Moisture content, (Anonymous, 2007) Total solid content (in 10% sol.) (Anonymous, 2007), Ash value (Anonymous, 2007), Acid insoluble ash (Anonymous, 2007), pH value
(Anonymous, 2007), Water soluble extract (Anonymous, 2007), Methanol soluble extract (Anonymous, 2007), Total sugar Estimation (Anonymous, 2007), Total fatty matter (Anonymous, 2007) were carried out. Tests for microbial contamination, (Anonymous, 2007) heavy metal analysis (Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometry method) (Anonymous, 2007) and HPTLC (Anonymous, 2007) were carried out.
Table 1: Formulation composition of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha Sr.No Ingredient 1. Kwatha 2. Dravya 3. 4.
Shirisha Vasa Kushtha Kantakari Pushkara Moola Yashtimadhu Bibhitaki Haridra Ajamoda
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Prakshepa 11. Dravya 12. 13. 14. 15. Media
Water Reduced to 1/4th Sitopaladi Churna Ashwagandha Abhraka Bhasma Sameera Pannaga Rasa Shringa Bhasma Guda
English/Botanical name Albizzia lebbeck (L) Benth. Adhatoda vasica Nees Saussurea lappa CB. Cl Solanum xanthocarpum Sch. & Wendl. Inula racemosa Hk. f. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Terminalia chebula Roxb. Curcuma longa L. Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprengue. Polyherbal formulation Withania somnifera Dunal. Calcined Mica Arseno-mercurial compound
Part used St. bark Leaf Root Whole plant Root Root Fruit Rhizome Fruit
Quantity 4 kg. 4 kg. 4 kg. 4 kg.
Root Mineral -
144 lit. 36 lit. 3.55 kg. 1.78 kg 445 gm. 115 gm.
Calcined Deer horn Jaggery
-
115 gm. 18 kg.
Table 2: Organoleptic parameters of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha No. 1 2 3 4
Taste Taste Colour Odour Consistency
Observations Astringent & Bitter Brownish black Characteristic Thick
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4 kg. 4 kg. 4 kg. 4 kg. 4 kg.
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION: During Kwatha preparation, characteristic color was noted after 3–4 hours of heating. Gata Rasatva (All active principles seeps into decoction) of Kwatha Dravya was observed after completion of the process. After mixing of Guda, the contents became darker. After 3–4 hours of heating with Guda, mixture became thick. Characteristic sweet odor of Guda was observed during Paka. It became golden brown after some time. Contents were settling down to bottom of the vessel, so continuous stirring was required. One thread thickness was observed after 5–6 hours of heating, which reached to two thread consistency after some time. Heat was stopped immediately. Darvi Pralepatvam (Sticking to the ladle) was noted at the stage of one thread thickness, heat was maintained up to Patitastu Na Shiryate (No spreading property) stage and two thread thicknesses was noted at this final stage. All Gudapaka Lakshana (chief desired characteristics of preparation with jaggery) were seen properly during Avaleha preparation. After cooling; mixture of decoction, jaggery, and condiments became hard. Even ladle was unable to move freely in it. Other characters like Sthiratvam (Stable) (Shailaja Srivatsava, 2009), Pidite Mudra (Fingerprints are imparted) (Shailaja Srivatsava, 2009), Gandha Varna Rasodbhava (Desired Colour-odour-taste) (Shailaja Srivatsava, 2009) were seen after completion of the process. Results of preliminary Physicochemical parameters, microbial overload and heavy metal analysis, HPTLC are shown in Tables 3–8. In present study, a pilot batch (100 gms) of SA was prepared for fixing suitable method of preparation, find difficulties during preparation and to avoid batch to batch variations. Kwatha preparation was done by mixing coarse powder (sieve number 44) of raw material with addition of four times of water (Shailaja Srivatsava, 2009). Characteristic odour of ingredients was observed after some
time of heating. During Kwatha preparation, water soluble constituents move from the cells (raw materials) to the water, thus, altering the taste, odor and colour of the solvent. Average 36 liters of Kwatha was prepared from 36 kg of Kwatha Dravya. Average 29.53 kg Avaleha was made from 36 liters of Kwatha, 18 kg of Guda and 6 kg of Prakshepa Dravya. Total solid content (in 10% sol.) was 7.24% and moisture content was 13.47%. Naturally it is desired that the moisture content should be minimum, which will help, in long storage of the product. This parameter can be easily used for determining the completion of the preparation. Ash value of SA was 5.73%. Acid insoluble ash was 2.69%. pH of 5% aqueous solution of the formulation was 7 that shows that it is neutral in nature. Water soluble extractive (% w/w) and Methanol soluble extract (% w/w) was 80.40% and 88.40% respectively. It had high solubility in both water and alcohol. Total sugar estimation was 58.24% and Total fatty matter (%) was 0.081%. Heavy metals like, Mercury, Arsenic were detected above the permissible limits, (Anonymous, 2007) as Sameera Pannaga Rasa was one of the ingredients in the product which contains mercury, sulfur and arsenic. Lead and Cadmium were not detected. Tannin, alkaloids and saponin were found to be present in the product [Table 6]. No microbial load was found, which reveals that the product is safe from microbial contamination [Table 7]. Chromatographic study (HPTLC) was carried out under 254 and 366 nm UV to establish fingerprinting profile. It showed 9 spots at 254 nm with Rf values and 7 spots at 366 nm with Rf values were recorded which may be responsible for expression of its pharmacological and clinical actions [Table 8]. HPTLC study of the compound reveals that the components are more sensitive to short UV 254 nm having 9 spots compared to long UV 366 nm with 7 spots (Figure 1–3).
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 10 | October 2015 | 209–215
Table 3: Physico-chemical parameters of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Test Moisture content (%) Total solid content (In 10% sol.) Ash value Acid insoluble ash (%) Ph (In 5% sol.) Water soluble extract Methanol soluble extract Total sugar Estimation (%) by nelson method Total fatty matter (%)
Observations 13.47% 7.24% 5.73% 2.69% 7 80.40% 88.40% 58.24% 0.081%
Table 4:Qualitative analysis of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Test Carbohydrates Sugar Protein Amino acid Steroid Glycosides Tannin Alkaloids
Observations Present Present Absent Absent Present Present Present Absent
Table 5: Assay of functional groups in Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha 1 2 3
Test Tannin (%) Alkaloids (%) Saponin(%)
Result 2.10% 0.0490% 9.20%
Table 6: Microbial load in Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha 1 2 3 4 5 6
Test Total plate Count Total Yeast/Mould Count E.coli Salmonella S.aureus P.aeruginose
Result 1206 cfu/g Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 10 | October 2015 | 209–215
Table 7: Heavy Metal by AAS in Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha 1 2 3 4
Test Arsenic Lead Mercury Cadmium
Result 5.602 ppm Not detected 7.729 ppm Not detected
Permissible limits 3 ppm 10 ppm 1 ppm 0.3 ppm
Table 8: HPTLC of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha 1
Wave length 254nm
2
366nm
Number of spots Minimum Rf values 9 0.00, 0.07, 0.14, 0.20, 0.34, 0.47, 0.60, 0.76, 0.81 7 0.00, 0.06, 0.17, 0.32, 0.45, 0.65, 0.81
Figure 1: Graph
Figure 2: Peak display 254 nm
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 10 | October 2015 | 209–215
Figure 3: Peak display 366nm
CONCLUSION: Based on the observations and results; it can be concluded that the current method of Avaleha preparation is a standard for 36 kg Kwatha Dravya, 18 kg Guda and 6 kg Prakshepa Dravya. The finished product is free from microbial contamination revealing its
safety aspects. Though, heavy metals Mercury and Arsenic were above the permissible limits; they are not contaminants. They are intentionally added and are part of the formulation. As no published SMP and physico-chemical profiles of SA are available; the current observations can be considered as standard for future studies.
REFERENCES: Anonymous (2007). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 1st ed, Part II, Vol I. Govt. of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH; New Delhi, India. p. 140, 141, 146, 147, 158, 163, 191, 199.
Source of Support: NIL
Shailaja Srivastsava (2009). Sharangadhara Samhita, Hindi commentary. Reprint; Chaukhambha Orientalia; Varanasi, India. p. 200, 295. Shravankumar Sahu (2014) Vataja Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis) and its management with Anu TailaNasya, Ashwagandhadi compound and Shirishadi Kwatha. IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, India. Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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