GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015

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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015 MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH Bio-technology TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS / CULTIVATION Pagadala Vijaya Kumari*, Yemsrach Mesfin

79–87

Agriculture STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA Gopichand*, Ramjee Lal Meena

88–94

Review Article IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW Sonali Bhakta & Shonkor Kumar Das*

95–105

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Short Review – Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE Saylee Deshmukh*, Vyas M K, Bhushan Sanghavi

106–110

COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – TENDER LEAVES OF ARJUNA – TERMINALIA ARJUNA (ROXB. EX DC.) WIGHT & ARN* OF THE FAMILY COMBRETACEAE PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 07/06/2015

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Research article TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS / CULTIVATION Pagadala Vijaya Kumari1*, Yemsrach Mesfin2 Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ambo University, AMBO – Ethiopia. *Corresponding Author: Email: vkpagadala@rocketmail.com.

1,2

Received: 09/04/2015; Revised: 20/04/2015; Accepted: 23/04/2015

ABSTRACT Salinity is an ever present threat to crop yield, especially in countries where irrigation is essential in agriculture. Although Saline tolerance conditions of the plants are variable. Many Crop species are generally intolerant to salinity. Excessive irrigation and poor drainage facilities are the major contributing factors of soil salinity in agricultural lands and one third of the world irrigated land is being affected by soil salinity. Attempts to enhance tolerance have involved conventional breeding programmers, use of invitro selection, pooling physiological traits, interspecific hybridization, using halophytes as alternative crops. Use of marker ‐ aided selection and the use of transgenic plants.

Preliminary investigations were conducted on the Chickpea cultivar – DESI I.C.C. 9942 which has small dark seeds and rough coat common to Ethiopia. Experimental investigations were performed on the different soils giving different salinity treatments (NaCl in different percentages). Analysis was done on germination efficiency, number of leaves, and length of the plant and wet Biomass of the whole plant. At 6% of (NaCl) treated plants showed the maximum increase in terms of heights and Wet Biomass. There was twofold difference on germination, heights and biomass of the whole plant against the control. One can exploit this research for boosting the chickpea production in the saline soils where it is difficult to cultivate other crops and also for intercropping in saline soils of Ethiopia. Whether enhanced tolerance is due to the chance of alteration of a factor that is limiting in a complex chain or an effect on signaling remains to be elucidated. Even after many years of research on transgenic plants to alter salt tolerance, the value of this approach has yet to be established.

KEY WORDS: Chickpea, Salt tolerance, Wet Biomass, ANOVA

Cite this article: Pagadala Vijaya Kumari, Yemsrach Mesfin (2015), TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS / CULTIVATION, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(4): 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

INTRODUCTION Chickpea is one of the most important grain legumes traditionally cultivated in deprived areas and saline soils (Rao et al., 2002).

Chickpeas are produced in thirty-five countries, including Indian subcontinent, Mediterranean region, Ethiopia and Mexico. Despite the release of one hundred fifty cultivars over the past sixty years, neither total production of chickpeas nor productivity per unit area has increased significantly. The agronomical importance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is based on its high protein concentration 25.3– 28.9% (Hulse.J.H, 1991) used for human and animal diet, as an alternative protein source.

Selection and breeding of cultivars that can grow and provide economic yield under saline conditions constitute more permanent and complementary solutions to minimize the repercussions of the salinity (Ashraf and McNeilly, 2004). Salinity occurs through natural or human-induced activities that result in the accumulation of soluble salt in soil and the problem of soil salinity is expected to increase which may result in desertification process and greenhouse effect.

The establishment and activity of the legume Rhizobium symbiosis, particularly with Cicer arietinum have been known to be susceptible to salinity (Saxena et al., 1994; Rao and Sharma., 1995). Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that affect crop productivity.

Three experiments were conducted in a glasshouse in Perth, Western Australia, of which up to 55 genotypes of chickpea were subjected to 40 or 60 mM NaCl added to the soil to determine the variation in salt tolerance (Turner et al., 2012). Among the biotic stresses salinity is the most important yield reducer. The cost of soil reclamation is so high that it is not possible to reclaim such soil for crop production. Exploitation of genetic variability in cultivated species of Chickpea offers the possibility of developing salt tolerant crops (Epstein et al., 1980). For conducting this experiment, a large number of chickpea genotypes were screened first for their relative tolerance against salinity stress on the basis of germination percentage and vigor index (Singh

and Singh, 1999). Desi is the common cultivar which has small dark seeds and rough seed coat cultivated mostly in India, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran. Poor drainage facilities and Excessive irrigation are the major factors for soil salinity in agricultural lands as most of the irrigated land is being affected by soil salinity. (El-Saidi, 1997) Salinity tolerance comes from genes that limit the rate of salt uptake from the soil and the transport of salt throughout the plant, adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells in roots and shoots regulate leaf development (Turner et al., 2012). Some candidate genes for salinity tolerance which are tissue specific might operate at different stages of growth.

So far little has been revealed by gene expression studies as the studies conducted are not tissue-specific, and treatments are often traumatic and natural. Investigations are needed to increase at molecular level in identifying the genes that are coding for Salinity tolerance.

Significance of study - Salinity has long been known to influence the distribution of plant nutrients in legumes (Greenway and Munns, 1980). NaCl toxicity, the predominant form of salt in most saline soils, enhances the sodium content and consequently affects the absorption of other mineral elements. Indeed, high levels of Na inhibit Ca and K absorption, which results in a Na/K antagonism (Benlloch et al., 1994). In brassicas, Ashraf and McNeilly (2004) suggested that maintenance of high tissue K/Na ratio as criteria for salt-tolerance.

On the other hand, the relationship between salt tolerance and the macronutrient accumulation in vegetative organs of legumes was reported earlier (Cordovilla et al., 1995a). Cations Na+ and K+ are known to be the major inorganic components of the osmotic potential (Asch et al., 1999). The objective of the present investigations is to test and optimize the chickpea salt tolerance to maintain plant growth and nitrogen fixation under salt-affected conditions in salinity affected areas of Ethiopia.

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

The establishment and activity of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, particularly the Cicer arietinum, Mesorhizobium ciceri, have been known to be susceptible to salinity (Saxena et al., 1994; Rao and Sharma, 1995; Rao et al., 2002). Consequently, salinity is a threat to food supply. Hormonal control of cell division and differentiation is clear from the appearance of leaves, which are smaller in area but often thicker, indicating that cell size and shape has changed. Leaves and plant height from salt-treated plants have a higher weight, area ratio, a feature that is common in plants adapted to dry and to saline soil. Hormonal control of cell division and elongation is also evident in roots. Several studies have shown that salinity has differential effects on root elongation rates and lateral root initiation (Rubinigg et al., 2004). Based on the available literature we have conducted small pot pilot investigations to show that chickpea can be cultivated in the saline soils for small farming to the Ethiopian Agricultural lands where Chickpea is one of the crop plant cultivated in Ethiopia which further leads to soil fertility.

Our Investigations are of very short time on Analysis showed a twofold increase on Wet Biomass against the control in salt treated chickpea plants at 6% NaCl which was optimized from our results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The Investigations were done at Department of Biology – Laboratory - AMBO UNIVERSITY, located 114 km from Addis Ababa west, Ethiopia. Elevated at 2100–2200 meters above the sea level and receives annual rain fall of 900 mm with an average of minimum and maximum temperature 15oC and 29oC respectively.

Experimental Design: Two different separate experimental designs were done with three replicates of each. Eight small pots of 6 × 4” (Inch) were used for the studies which were maintained in replicates. Ten seeds were sown per each pot along with the control under the same conditions before tested for soil germination.

Cultivar: Investigations were conducted on the local cultivar i.e Desi Channa ICC - 9942 of Ambo town.

Sodium Chloride Treatment (NaCl): Different sets of solutions were made by dissolving NaCl in distilled water with the following percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% respectively. The plants were given salt treatment of 5ml / pot on every alternate day along with Standard (Control) without NaCl. Growth Conditions: Seeds were grown at the Biology Department Laboratory of AMBO University under natural conditions from April–May later they were maintained in the Growth Chamber. Replicates of each of 10 seeds were sown and were maintained and average of each set was taken for the statistical analysis. The temperature range was between 20°–25° C. Two types soils viz Red and Black soils were tested for germination efficiency before conducting the salt tolerance experiment. For salt tolerance experiments black and red soil in 1:1 were mixed in the experimental pots used in replicates.

Statistical analysis: Data was recorded from 7 days–6 weeks from the date of sowing.

Averages of 10 plants from each pot were recorded for three variables (characters) i.e. number of leaves (No), Length (cms) and Wet Biomass (gms) of each plant against control.

Standardization was done for optimization of salinity treatment. ANOVA was performed to compare treated and Non treated plants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The percentage of seed germination for two types of soils viz black and red soils gave 100% germination with correlation of 0.1336 which proved significant for salinity treatments. All the replicates more or less showed a homogeneous growth with little difference of variation in terms of leaves and Plant height.

Correlation between leaves and height also showed 0.5306 which proved significant, for normal homogeneous growth.

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Data was recorded after 7 days (from the seedling stage) for number of leaves and 21 days for Plant heights and Biomass after the plants treated with sodium chloride (NaCl) from 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%

respectively (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).

The maximum plant height recorded was optimized for 6 % of NaCl for Y4 plant is 23.9 cms with Biomass of 6.6 gms (Figure 1, 2 & 3).

Table 1: No of leaves per plant with different NaCl Treatment (In Percentage / replicate) recorded after seven days (Yc – Control).

Plant no Yc - 0% 2 1 4 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 3 6 2 7 3 8 1 9 2 10 2.7 Mean 0.948683 S.D

Y1 - 1%

Y2 - 2% Y3 - 4%

Y4 - 6%

Y5 - 8%

Y6- 10%

5 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 3.6 0.843274

5 4 5 3 4 4 3 4 5 3 4 0.816497

6 8 5 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 5.7 0.948683

5 4 6 5 4 5 3 5 4 4 4.5 0.849837

5 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 3.8 0.918937

6 6 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 4 4.9 0.875595

Table 2: Plant Height (cms) recorded after 21 days of NaCl Treatment with control (Yc – Control).

Plant No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean S.D.

Yc -0 %

Y1– 1%

13 14 13 14 12 14 12 15 14 13 13.4 0.966092

15 17 18 16 19 18 19 17 15 18 17.2 1.47573

Y2 – 2% Y3 -4%

Y4 – 6%

Y5 – 8%

Y6 - 10%

18 18 19 20 22 20 17 20 18 22 19.4 1.712698

24 26 23 25 21 20 24 25 25 26 23.9 2.024846

12 11 11 12 14 13 11 14 14 15 12.7 1.494434

13 10 12 14 11 13 14 10 11 10 11.8 1.619328

22 24 20 24 22 21 20 20 21 21 21.5 1.509231

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Table 3: Wet Biomass (gms) of the whole plant taken after 21 days of NaCl Treatment (Yc – Control).

Plant No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean S.D.

Yc – 0%

Y1 – 1%

Y2 – 2%

Y3 – 4 % Y4 – 6 % Y5 – 8 %

Y6 -10 %

1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1.8 0.632456

2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.8 0.421637

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2.9 0.316228

5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4.6 0.516398

3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.6 0.843274

The wet Biomass of the whole plant was recorded after 21 days of NaCl treatment which reached peak at 6% of NaCl with 6.6 gms (Table – 3 ) on average with total Plant height 23.9 cms ( Table – 2) further declined at 8% and 10% NaCl. The S.D was 1.4 at 6% NaCl. The growth got arrested as the NaCl concentration increased which proved to be toxic to the plant, as the plants could not sustain.

The soils used in our experiments are Black: Red in 1: 1 ration. The control set of plants before giving salt treatment (Figure – 1). After 21 days after the NaCl treatment

6 4 6 6 5 7 8 8 8 8 6.6 1.429841

3 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0.666667

plant showed the around two fold increase in terms of total height and wet Biomass (Figure – 2). At 6% of NaCl the treatment got optimized with peak for Wet Biomass and Total Plant height (Figure -3).

ANOVA was performed with different treatments of NaCl with Wet Biomass to show the variation. The hypothesis was rejected as F Calculated value at 5% level with (5. 54) degree of freedom is (F= 56.0434) more than F table value at 5% (F= 2.3921) Table – 4.

All the treatments with Biomass are not homogeneous.

Table - 4 - ANOVA Table (Biomass) Source of variation Treatments

Degrees of freedom 5

Sum of squares Mean sum of squares 174.8833 34.9767

F- Ratio

F=56.0434 Error Total

54 59

33.7000 208.5833

0.6241

F table value at 5% level with (5, 54) degrees of freedom =2.3921.

F Calculated value is greater than F table value, so we reject our hypothesis.

All the NaCl treatments and Biomass are not homogeneous.

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Figure 1: Control set of plant growth before salt treatment

Figure 2: Salt treated plants showing boosting in the growth

Figure 3: Optimized plant with maximum growth at 6% of NaCl

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

DISCUSSION Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that affect crop productivity. Since Chickpea is a salt-sensitive crop species, improvement for salt tolerance is a priority research (Singh, 2004). Salinity has long been known to influence the distribution of plant nutrients in legumes (Greenway and Munns, 1980).

In our studies we were able to show a two fold increase of Total Plant height and Wet Biomass with control and salt treated plants.

The total number of leaves did not show much variation even after seven days of treatment.

We assume that genes might have turned on to express only after one week of the stress treatment which is proven from the data table (Shannon 1985 and 1990). The NaCl stress might have started from the day 8 to increase in the plant height from our laboratory investigations. Optimization was done at 6% of NaCl, Beyond 6% of NaCl, it was toxic to the plant as the growth was arrested. Assessment of tolerance is complicated by changes occurring during the ontogeny of a plant and may be technically difficult under field conditions; there is evidence of a genetically complex trait (Shannon 1985).

The mean for Biomass of the plants when compared with the control showed a maximum boost from 1.8–6.6 gms at 6% of NaCl. Leaves and stem length from salt-treated plants have a higher weight: area ratio, which means that their transpiration efficiency is higher (more carbon fixed per water lost), a feature that is common in plants adapted to dry and to saline soils, which supports our data (Rubinigg et al., 2004). Small farming can be done at the salinity soils of Ethiopia where chickpea is commonly grown along with inter cropping of wheat which is highly beneficial for the farmers. Salinity is an abiotic stress that affects the plant’s ability to grow, develop, and achieve its full genetic potential. Plants vary in their tolerance to salt, as does an individual plant at different developmental stages. There is sufficient evidence to report that salt tolerance is a multigenic trait, controlled by several sets of genes which are functional when stress conditions are given (Bajaj et al., 1999 and Munns, 2002) as NaCl stress can also be

considered as one of the positive abiotic side which triggers the genes to boost the Biomass in case of Chickpea.

ANOVA test performed to the salt treated plants for Biomass show negative result as it rejected which gave strong support to our investigations as there is a gradual increase from 0–6 % of NaCl than it declined the growth attributes for toxicity. The genes related to NaCl stress cited in the literature might have turned off as the concentration of NaCl increased. There is considerable evidence to support the view that salt tolerance and its sub‐traits might be determined by multiple gene loci (Monforte et al., 1997).

CONCLUSION Soil salinity impedes the crop production in many parts of the world. Ethiopia is one of the fast developing country in respective to its Agricultural practices. Chickpea is one of the grain legumes which increases the soil fertility and also considered as the poor man food for consumption as an excellent source of protein.

Recently the moderate level of salt tolerance lines has been released in Australia. Saline soils that have little impact on bread wheat – impacting on the potential yields of chickpea in rotation with wheat on areas with sub-soil salinity. In Ethiopia wheat cultivation is prominent so one can also introduce intercropping of wheat with the chickpea to boost the production. There is sufficient evidence to be confirming that salt tolerance is a mutagenic trait. Our research investigations were a short time project to prove the twofold of increase of total plant length and wet biomass of the whole plant. This shows a strong positive side for boosting the production of chickpea there by increasing the fertility by growing in the saline soil where other crops cannot be grown. We plan to investigate for future to identify the QTLs as markers for salt tolerant lines to introduce for Ethiopian Agricultural Practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We greatly acknowledge the Department of Biology – AMBO University - Ethiopia for their constant encouragement.

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

REFERENCES Asch, F., Dingkuhn, M., Wittstock, C., Doerffling, K., (1999). Sodium and potassium uptake of rice panicles as affected by salinity and season in relation to yield components. Plant Soil 207, 133–145.

Ashraf, M.,McNeilly, T., (2004). Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit.

Rev. Plant Sci. 23, 157–174.

Bajaj. S, Targolli J, Liu LF, Ho T.D, Wu R. (1999). Transgenic approaches to increase dehydration‐stress tolerance in plants. Molecular Breeding 5, 493–503.

Benlloch, M., Ojeda, M.A., Ramos, J., Rodr´ıguez-Navarro, A., (1994). Salt sensitivity and low discrimination between potassium and sodium in bean plants. Plant Soil 166, 117–123.

Cordovilla, M.P., Oca˜na, A., Ligero, F., Lluch, C., (1995a). Salinity effects on growth analysis and nutrient composition in four grain legumes - Rhizobium symbiosis. J. Plant Nutr. 18, 1595– 1609.

Epstein, E., Norlyn, J. D., Rush, D. W.,Kingsbury, R. W., Kelly, D. W., Kunningham,G. A., and Wrona, A. F. (1980). Saline Culture of Crops: A Genetic Approach. Science.210: 399– 404.

El - Saidi, T. M. (1997). Salinity and its Effect on Growth, Yield and Some Physiological Processes of Crop Plant.

In: Strategies for Improving Salt Tolerance in Higher Plants, (Eds.) Jaiswal, P. K. Singh R. P. and Gulati A., Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 111–127.

Monforte AJ, Asins MJ, Carbonell EA. (1997b).

Salt tolerance in Lycopersiconspecies.

VI. Genotype‐by‐salinity interaction in quantitative trait loci detection: constitutive and response QTLs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 95, 706–713.

Munns R. (1993). Physiological processes limiting plant‐growth in saline soils— some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant, Cell and Environment16, 15–24.

Munns R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment 25, 239–250.

Hulse, J.H., (1991). Nature, composition and utilization of grain legumes.In: Patencheru, A.P. (Ed.), Uses of Tropical Legumes. Proceedings of a Consultants Meeting, 27–30 March 1989. ICRISAT Center, ICRISAT, India, pp. 502–524.

Rao, D.L.N., Giller, K.E., Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J., (2002). The effect of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum).

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Rao, D.L.N., Sharma, P.C., (1995). Alleviation of salinity stress in chickpea by Rhizobium inoculation or nitrate supply. Biol. Plant 37, 405–410.

Rubinigg M, Wenisch J, Elzenga JTM, Stulen I. (2004). NaCl salinity affects lateral root development in Plantago maritima.

Functional Plant Biology 31: 775–780.

Saxena, N.P., Saxena, M.C., Ruckenbauer, P., Rana, R.S., El-Fouly, M.M.,Shabana, R., (1994). Screening techniques and sources of tolerance to salinity and mineral nutrient imbalances in cool season food legumes. Euphytica 73, 85– 93.

Greenway, H., Munns, R., (1980). Mechanism of salt tolerance in non halophytes.

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Shannon.M.C. (1985). Principles and strategies in breeding for higher salt tolerance.

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Shannon. M. C., Noble C. L. (1990). Genetic approaches for developing economics salt tolerant crops. In Tanji KK, ed.Agricultural salinity assessment and management, Vol 71. New York : ASCE, 161–184.

Source of Support: NIL

Singh, A. K. and Singh, R. A. (1999). Effect of Salt Stress on Chickpea Germination, Journal of Research (BAU), 11: 201– 204 Turner

N. C., Colmer, T. D., Quealy J., Pushpavalli R., Krishnamurthy L., Kaur J., Singh G., Siddique K. H. M. and Vadez V, (2012) Salinity tolerance and ion accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to salt stress. Plant and Soil. pp. 1–15.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Research article STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA Gopichand1*, Ramjee Lal Meena2 1,2

Division of Biodiversity, CSIR-IHBT (Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (H.P.) 176061 *Corresponding author: E-mail: gopichand@ihbt.res.in

Received: 08/04/2015; Revised: 29/04/2015; Accepted: 05/05/2015

ABSTRACT To standardize the agrotechniques of Aloe vera cultivation in Palampur region an experiment was laid out in 2009, at Biodiversity farm of CSIR-IHBT Palampur. Three number farm yard manure [FYM] doses were used along with water control under 50 cm × 50 cm spacing. Parameters were recorded upto three years plant height, leaf length, width and emergence of secondary plants around the mother plants. In 2010, higher dose of farm yard manure [FYM, 45t/ha] produced better results in mother plant as well as secondary plants in terms of plant height, leaf length. But-overall, the data suggested that lower dose with optimum of 15 t/ha was better in producing secondary plants. The treatment was maintained during three years and thereafter the crop was harvested. In case of fresh weight of leaves, after three years, statistically significant results were obtained and the trend of biomass production was from lower dose to higher application of FYM. KEY WORDS: Aloe vera, FYM, Plant height, leaf length, fresh weight

Cite this article: Gopichand, Ramjee Lal Meena (2015), STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(5): 88–94

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

INTRODUCTION Aloe vera is a native to North Africa and Spain. Now it is grown in dry hot region of Asia, Europe and America. The Aloe vera plant is very old as human civilization, and has various properties. Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. (syn: A. barbadensis Miller) belongs to the family Liliaceae. According to the WHO report and monograph, it is known by A. vera Linn. Nowa-days there are a growing interest towards herbal medicines, despite of a plethora of allopathic drugs. The ayurvedic medicines are becoming popular due to their low costs and negligible side effects. The worldwide trade of medicinal plants is worth about 80 million US$ dollars and this is likely to be increased by 35– 40% within five years (Njuguna, 2005).

Globally, there's a huge market for A. vera, with US providing 65–70% of sales. India and China have a share of 10% each which may be increased by its commercial cultivation. Due to high demand the agro-techniques is highly required (Biswas, 2010) A. vera has been used since times immemorial for several diseases, particularly related to digestive system, wounds, burns and skin problems. It is also used as a juice and it is the best answer of herbal preparations to support health and healing mechanism.

Pharmacologically (Wabuyele et. al., 2006), it supports immune system of the body and also detoxifies. As ayurvedic medicine, is the traditional medicine of India, it is used as laxative, anti-helmintic, hemorrhoid remedy, uterine stimulant (menstrual regulator) etc. In the international market, Aloe vera is an active ingredient in hundreds of skin lotions, Sun blacks and cosmetics, creams etc. It has been used as for anti-aging effects to vitamin A derivatives. In US, it has gained popularity in 1930 with the reports of its success in treating x-ray burns. Now it’s extract has been used in treating in many diseases as canker sores, stomach ulcers and AIDS, cosmetic lotion, hair cleanser, hair product, therapeutic, shaving

creams, detergent, ointment, joint pain, immunomodulators, antimicrobial, antioxidant, burn treatment, herbal formulations, nasal spray and skin disorders. Neutraceutical treatment for diabetic, sanitary napkins, insect repellent etc.

It has been grown as crops that can be used for climate change adaption in drought prone area where other crop could not be survive (Senelwa, 2009).

In Himachal Pradesh, there is a large area where no water for irrigation for cultivated crops. This region is called 'Changar' area of Kangra District. Located in the Shiwalik hills in the southeastern part of Kangra district, the Changar region has typical altitudes in the 5001200 m range. In this region there is a scarcity of water, including drinking water which puts irrigation of agricultural crops at risk.

Resultant, scarcity of water, no traditional crop has been cultivated as wheat, barley, mustard, peas, tomato, potato, rice etc. Due to lack of water, farmers frequently visit our Institute and request for training on such profitable crops, which require lesser water to grow. Aloe vera is the best crop which requires very less amount of water. It can be cultivated in this region and may give high profitable returns. Till date no agrotechniques are available for this crop in this region. The objective of the study is to develop cultivation techniques for adoption by local farmers in the Changar area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS To study the growth and yield of Aloe vera, an experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) in the month of September 30, 2009 at CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (IHBT) (Elevation 1350 m. amsl, 32º 06’05”N, 76º 34’10”E) campus farms in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. The details of weather, minimum, maximum temperature, rain fall, humidity etc. are presented in Table-1. To standardized the agrotechniques for cultivation of this crop. We have applied four doses of

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farm yard manure (FYM) including control, to study the growth and biomass production of A. vera. We standardized the applied doses of farm yard manure (FYM) in various aromatic and medicinal crops. The soil conditions are very well maintained by using the proposed doses of farm yard manure (FYM). The crop was planted as per the random block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of four levels of farm yard manure (0, 15, 30, 45t/ha) and plant spacing (50 cm × 50 cm).

The plot size was 3m × 3m, the plant numbers were 36 in each plot. The soil of experimental site is silty clay in texture, acidic in reaction (pH6.2), high organic carbon 2.5%, low in available N (198 kg/ha), medium in available P (24 kg/ha) and with high available K (539 kg/ha) content at the time of plantation. The vegetative propagation is easy and convenient.

Before the plantation, beds were prepared; tractors ploughing was performed 3–4 times with leveling, weeding etc. The beds were prepared manually of 3m × 3m with best texture and raised upto 6–8 inch in height, with around each bed 50 cm. wide drain, around each bed. At the same time FYM application was given and very well mixed in the soil, 2–3 times digging the soil, leveling etc. The same plant size, same number of leaf i.e. 2 in number with very small 2–3 cm. length of third leaf.

The experimental plant material has been raised in the biodiversity farm and utilized here. In the rainy season two time weeding was performed.

The parameters like leaf number, leaf length, secondary plants, their number and leaf length were recorded. Finally, the duration of crops was three years. The proposed parameters were also recorded in the completion of second years and third year also. The crop was harvested.

The weight of secondary plants was also recorded.

RESULTS As per climatic conditions of Palampur (H.P.), the dormant period will continue from

October to March months. During this period, there was no any promising growth. After March, 2010, the growth had started. This experiment was conducted without any irrigation and was totally based upon natural conditions. A. vera grew well with bright Sun light and showed poor growth in shady conditions. Aloe vera is highly sensitive to water stagnation. So raised beds, about 6 inch high, were prepared for the plant, because, Palampur is a high rain fed region in Himachal Pradesh. Extra rain water will drained out by side drains. All observations were recorded and statistically analyzed. The readings of leaf number, length, secondary plants were also recorded (Table-2 a,b,c and d) . The 1st reading was recorded in the month of October, 2010 and June, 2011, November 2011, June 2012, November 2012 (Table2 a,b,c and d). The final harvest of the crop has been done in the 1st week of December 2012.

It was observed that water was needed for its survival and growth from dew, as collected on surface from its leaves. Mostly, it repels attacking insects, rodents and snakes etc.

Leaves are long and thick, juicy with a wheel like phyllotaxy.

We had applied FYM doses four times and it was observed that lower FYM dose F1, 15t/ha had given the best results, while F2 30t/ha and F3 45t/ha, results are comparable in terms of fresh weight per plot. In terms of fresh weight of secondary population, the lower dose of FYM produced better result. It was recorded that the overall effect of farm yard manure (FYM) on the number of plants has been increased from lower dose to higher dose of used FYM. In comparison of F1, F2, F3 and F4, it was observed that F1 treatment produced significant results & also produced highest number of secondary plants, in per plot basis. It means, that Aloe vera may be cultivated with a very normal or optimal FYM application (Table 2 a,b,c).

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Table:-1 The weather data (averages in years) of experimental site in Palampur (H.P.).

Years

2009 2010 2011 2012

Temperature ÂşC Max 20.47 25.62 23.90 24.01

Min 10.61 13.52 13.17 12.81

Relative Humidity (%) RH RH 59.49 45.84 73.57 56.23 81.31 67.24 70.96 56.18

Bright Sun shine hrs 348.00 2410.6 331.41 348.23

Rainfall Evaporation mm 1768.40 2569.6 2500.60 2421.99

mm 2.97 3.48 2.89 3.42

Table-2a. Effect of different doses of FYM(farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length, width and secondary plants of Aloe vera in three years.

F1- 15 t/ha F2- 30 t/ha F3- 45 t/ha F4- 0 t/ha CD(P=0.05)

Plant height (cm) 1-102010 Mean

Leaf length (cm) 1-102010 Mean

31.00 34.78 38.56 28.22 2.37

15.43 15.72 16.27 14.87 0.29

leaf width lower part (cm) 1-102010 Mean 5.43 5.72 6.27 4.87 0.29

2010 leaf width upper part (cm) 1-102010 Mean 2.79 2.83 3.17 2.53 NS

secondary leaf/plant Total plants/plant no. 1-10- secondary no. 1-102010 plant 2010 Mean Mean /plot no.

1-10-2010 Mean

3.00 3.67 5.11 2.11 0.60

5.78 6.00 6.56 5.22 0.44

62.33 44.67 57.00 19.33 NS

Table-2b. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length, width and secondary plants of Aloe vera in three years 2011

F1- 15 t/ha F2- 30 t/ha F3- 45 t/ha F4- 0 t/ha CD(P=0.05)

Plant height (cm) 3-62011 Mean

Leaf length (cm) 3-62011 Mean

39.78 43.22 45.56 32.89 1.38

16.29 16.54 16.72 15.66 0.25

leaf width lower part (cm) 3-62011 Mean 6.29 6.54 6.72 5.66 0.25

leaf width upper part (cm) 3-62011 Mean 4.50 3.71 3.99 3.57 NS

secondary leaf/plant Total plants/plant no. 3-06- secondary no. 3-062011 plant 2011 Mean Mean /plot no.

3-06-2011 Mean

4.56 6.11 3.67 2.67 1.39

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7.67 8.22 9.11 7.22 0.31

69.00 50.00 60.33 24.33 NS

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Table-2c. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length, width, secondary plants and fresh weight of Aloe vera in three years

Treatment

Plant height (cm) 2-62012 Mean

Leaf length (cm) 26-2012 Mean

F1- 0 t/ha F2- 15 t/ha F3- 30 t/ha F4-45 t/ha CD(P=0.05)

40.78 49.11 53.00 54.89 0.83

17.61 18.23 18.66 18.91 0.25

2012 leaf leaf width width lower upper part part (cm) (cm) 22-66-2012 2012 Mean Mean 7.61 4.83 8.23 5.00 8.66 4.98 8.91 4.89 0.25 NS

leaf/pla Total nt no. seconda 2-06ry plant 2012 /plot no.

Mean 2-062012 Mean 8.89 9.56 10.44 11.56 0.57

28.33 35.33 39.33 43.00 5.49

Plant fresh weight/pl ant (kg) 18-062012 Mean 1.77 2.85 3.33 3.52 0.37

Table-2d. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on secondary plants and total fresh weight of Aloe vera in three years.

Treatment

F1- 0 t/ha F2- 15 t/ha F3- 30 t/ha F4-45 t/ha CD(P=0.05)

Secondary plant fresh weight/plant 18-06-2012 Mean

2012 Secondary plant total weight/plot (kg) 18-062012 Mean

Total fresh weight kg/plot 1806-2012 Mean

Total fresh weight t/ha 18-06-2012 Mean

0.23 0.37 0.75 0.98 0.26

6.48 12.95 29.43 41.62 6.64

70.08 115.55 149.43 168.22 12.81

77.87 128.39 166.04 186.91 14.23

In the case of fresh weight per plant and per plot, the results were in increasing order from lower dose to higher dose (Table 2, c and d).

DISCUSSION Success stories of Aloe vera farmers.

The National Commission on Farmers (NCF) doctrines that farmers are the centre of our agriculture and economic progress of farmers provides prosperity of our Nation. Mr.

Madan Chaudhary s/o Shri Dena Ram Chaudhary from Jodhpur (Rajasthan) is growing Aloe vera in 8 hectare land. The yield is 25qtl/ha, after cutting leaves every interval of three months. Even the lacking irrigation of water besides him about 50 numbers of farmers was growing Aloe vera and supply leaves nationally, especially to Patanjali Industries.

Besides him, Mr. Jaki Hussain of village Seoraderiya block Amta 2, post office, Barda, District Howrah pin 711401, is a progressive farmer of this region. He has grown about 2.93

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ha Aloe vera and earns more profit in comparison to traditional crops like; wheat, barley, rice maize etc. Cost of cultivation, all crops management, harvesting and other related expenditures and income has been given by Biswas (2010).

As per our experimental success, we can also provide the cultivation techniques to local farmers, especially to the 'Changar' region, where, water availability for irrigation is almost negligible. As per regional climatic conditions, the traditional crops could not be grown due to lack of water. In those cases Aloe vera may be cultivated very well. This crop can survive upto 7 years without water (Manvitha & Bidya, 2014).

The main purpose to lay out this Aloe vera an experimental trial was to standardize the agro-techniques of cultivation of this crop in the Kangra region. Second, the motive was to train the local and 'Changar' area farmers to grow this crop by using proper package and practices of its cultivation. Moreover, a major problem of this region and also in the whole of Himachal Pradesh state is increasing monkey population such that they destroy all traditional crops including orchards and vegetables. Aloe vera crop is beyond monkey’s approach of destruction. It can be grown in any type of soil and climate (Davis, 2009, and Biswas, 2010) with well drained soil.

Here, in our trial, we used raised beds, due to high rain fed region (Table1) as it cannot be grown in water stagnated conditions. However, Aloe vera tolerates a rainfall ranging from 1000 to 1200 mm, which is ideal for its cultivation (Biswas, 2010). As per our experimental results, the normal FYM 15t/ha application produced the highest secondary plants. The other used FYM doses F2 and F3 had produced significant plant growth, leaf number and higher fresh weight (Table 2 a,b,c and d). In the control treatment, there is a lot of difference in growth and in over all biomass production.

Better crop management will provide better yield results. October-November is the best period for harvesting. We harvested it in the

month of November. However, due to dormant period, growth was slowed down, but as and when the climatic conditions become normal, the significant growth and biomass production were recorded. Our results were also in agreement with that of the study conducted by biswas 2010.

Aloe vera has been found to be the crop that can be better suited for climate change adaptation programmes in drought prone areas where other crops dry up (Senelwa, 2009). It has been reported in literature that this crop can be cultivated and established under very hard conditions (Njuguna, 2005 and Senelwa, 2009).

As per our observations, it can be cultivated in Changar region of H.P. and also in the highly populated areas with monkey menace. Besides this, state medicinal plant board has also given incentives to growers regarding this crop and providing free of cost plants material to the farmers.

Aloe vera contains many organic compounds, of which aloin is the main constituent. Besides these, it has 12 type vitamins, 20 type’s amino acids, 20 kind’s minerals and about 200 various types of polysaccharides. Aloe vera has also different types of glycol-protein, which are used for human health. In ayurvedic medicine, Aloin A and B are principles compounds. Indian pharmaceutical companies have high demand of jelly of Aloe vera. Farmers may earn very high, because the cost of cultivation is approximately 1,10,000/ha and expected income is about 3,40,000 (Biswas, 2010). The net profit is about 2,30,000/ha.

It can be concluded from our study that this crop may be grown very easily with very low inputs and high yield and biomass production.

This crop giving high dividends should be adopted in a large scale in the water scarce 'Changar' region of Himachal Pradesh.

CONCLUSION Aloe vera is a most ancient Indian crop and has a long history of its medicinal importance with diverse therapeutic, immune-modulator,

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polysaccharides, antimicrobial, antioxidant and other herbal formulations. The agro-technology of its cultivation has been developed. For standardization the agro-techniques, different farm yard manure (FYM) has been applied in 50 × 50 cm. spacing. It was recorded that overall yield and biomass production of this crop was increased from lower FYM dose to higher dose. Besides, a lot of plant material has been raised and distributed to the farmers, NGO’s and other needy persons with all technical know-how. An alternate crop was introduced in the desert land, where no

irrigation water was available to cultivate even traditional crops. The work has been done for societal upliftment and also raising their financial status.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Dr. R.D. Singh, Chief Scientist and head of Biodiversity division has pass away in a road accident in October, 2014. This work has been dedicated to him, we always remember his sincere advice in these studies and all over R&D work.

REFERENCES Aloe vera cultivation services (2010). Aloe vera barbadensis Miller cultivation in India.

Internet, last up-date: March 27– 2010.10:08.

Manvitha, K and Bidya, B (2014). Aloe vera: a wonder plant its history, cultivation and medicinal uses. Jou.of pharm. And phyto. Vol.2 (5) 85–88.

Biswas, BC (2010). Cultivation of Medicinal Plant Success Stories of Two Farmers.

Fertiliser Marketing News, Vol.14 (3).

Pp.1–4 & 20.

Njuguna, M (2005). Aloe production and International trade. In: Daily Nation.

Davis, UC (2009). The genus Aloe. Botanical Notes.1:1–10.

Source of Support: NIL

Senelwa, Kennedy (2009). Aloe vera growing takes root in Kenya. Daily Nation.

Wabuyele, EE, Sletten Bjora C, Nordal Inger and Newton, EL (2006). Distribution, Diversity and conservation of the Genus Aloe in Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History. 95 (2), 213–225.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Review article IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW Sonali Bhakta1 & Shonkor Kumar Das2* 1,2

Bioresearch Laboratory (Cancer and Herbal Research Center), Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; *Corresponding Author: Email: skdas76@yahoo.com/ shonkor@gmail.com; Contact: +88-01716-855186/ 01616855186;

Received: 25/03/2015; Revised: 22/04/2015; Accepted: 05/05/2015

ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have a vital role to take care of the healthy human life. The large family Euphorbiaceae contains nearly about 300 genera and 7,500 species. Amongst all, Ricinus communis L. or castor bean plant has high traditional and medicinal values towards a disease free community.

The castor bean plant is effective as antifertility, antiimplantation, anticancer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, in vitro immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial and antifungal, insecticidal, bone regeneration, central anagesic, antihistaminic, antiasthmatic, molluscicidal and larvicidal, lipolytic, antiinflammatory and wound healing. In addition, the constituents present in this plant are beneficial for the purpose of contraception leaving no detrimental effects on the body. The present review highlights the importance of this medicinal plant (Ricinus communis L.), also aiming to draw the necessary attention as a frontier one.

KEYWORDS: Medicinal plant, Ricinus communis L. (castor bean), biological effects, future prospects

Cite this article: Sonali Bhakta & Shonkor Kumar Das (2015), IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(5): 95–105

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INTRODUCTION It is true that without nature human life is not possible. The food, clothes and shelter are the three basic needs of human beings and the most important one is the sound health, which is chiefly provided by the plant kingdom (Jena et al., 2012). Plant kingdom is the richest source of organic compounds that have been used for medicinal purposes. In traditional medicine, there are many natural crude drugs that have the potentials to treat the diseases and disorders, such a mentionable one is Ricinus communis L. [Family: Euphorbiaceae, popularly known as 'castor plant' and commonly known as ‘palm of Christ’, Jada (Oriya), Verenda (Bengali), Endi (Hindi), Errandi (Marathi), and Diveli (Guajarati)] This plant is widespread throughout the tropical regions as an ornamental plant (Maman et al., 2005).

The active constituents present in the plant determine the medicinal or biological effects of that plant. There are many chemical constituents present in the castor bean plant (leaf, fruit, seed, stem and oil etc.); among them the most active ingredient is the ricin.

Ricin is chiefly present in the seed (Figure 1) and oil of castor bean plant. It is cytotoxic and inhibits the protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Each toxin consists of 2 polypeptide chains with different functions (Lin et al., 1972 and Olsnes et al., 1974). The B-chain, or "haptomer," binds the toxin to certain cell surface receptors carrying terminal galactose residues. After being bound to the cell surface, the toxin or its active part, the A-chain or "effectomer," which is attached to the B-chain by a disulfide bond, somehow penetrates into the cytoplasm where it inactivates the 60 S ribosomal subunits, thus inhibiting protein

synthesis (Sperti et al., 1973 and Benson et al., 1975). A tumor-inhibiting effect of ricin was reported by Mosinger et al., (1951). Lin et al.

(1972) found a strong protective effect of abrin and ricin against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice. Others have found a growth-inhibiting effect of ricin on Ehrlich ascites tumor and sarcoma, but the effect was much less than as reported by Lin et al. (1972). A certain protective effect against experimental leukemia was also reported. In preliminary studies, the toxins have also been used in the treatment of certain forms of human cancers. In the few cases reported thus far, the results appear promising and a few side effects have been observed. These toxins had a clear inhibitory effect on tumor growth without a depressive effect on the level of WBC. Although there are many toxic effects of ricin, but from the very ancient times people use this plant seed for several purposes. This plant has many medicinal uses that are potential for the prevention of diseases leaving no baleful effects on the health if the dose is maintained properly (below the toxic level). In the following section, a comprehensive coverage of the literature covering the taxonomical classification, ancient uses, chemical constituent, biological effects/clinical uses and the remarkable prospects of Ricinus communis L. is presented.

Taxonomical classification Kingdom: Plantae Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Sub Family: Acalyphoideae Tribe: Acalypheae Sub Tribe: Ricininae Genus: Ricinus Species: Ricinus communis L.

Figure 1: Seed of Ricinus communis L.

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RICINUS

found to be suitable as a manure for paddy, sugarcane, tobacco etc.

The castor beans are known for their high toxicity for centuries. In ancient times, farmers knew to keep their livestock away from the castor plant or else they would risk losing them.

Their seeds have been also used in folk medicine against a wide variety of diseases (David et al., 2007). The use of these proteins of the castor bean seed is being reviewed for medical treatments since ancient times. Later, their important roles in the early days of immunological research and some of the fundamental principles of immunology were discovered. During the last three decades, the mechanism of action of the toxins was elucidated. This led to a major effort to target the toxins to malignant cells. Ricin has been used in bioterrorism also. Recently, the toxins have played important roles as experimental models to elucidate the intracellular trafficking of endocytosed proteins (Olsnes et al., 2004).

Although the castor bean plant Ricinus communis L. originated from Asia and Africa, nowadays it can be found in Europe and America also (Olsnes et al., 1974). Castor oil is still produced in large quantities throughout the world and the toxin which remains in the castor meal after the oil has been extracted with hexane or carbon tetrachloride is easily removed through a simple salting-out procedure (David et al., 2007).

The powdered leaves are used for repelling aphids, mosquitoes, white flies and rust mites. Leaves are said to be used in the form of a poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings. Oil derived from the leaves is commonly applied over the abdomen to give relief in the flatulence in the children (The Wealth of India, 1972).

THE ANCIENT COMMUNIS L.

USE

OF

There are versatile uses of this plant (Oil, leaf, seed and fruit) in different aspects of life.

Bulk of the commercial oil is generally processed in a number of ways and then used for different purposes. The treated oil can also be used as paints, enamels and varnishes, oiled fabrics, linoleum, patent leather, flypaper, typewriting and printing inks, greases and special lubricants.

The leaves have also been recommended in the form of a decoction or poultice and as an application to the breasts of women to increase the secretion of milk (Bentley et al., 2007). Castor cake is used as manure in this sub-continent especially in India. It is rich in nitrogen and other minerals, and has been

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS RICINUS COMMUNIS L.

OF

The preliminary phytochemical study of R. communis revealed the presence of steroids, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides in it.

The dried leaves of R. communis showed the presence of two alkaloids, ricinine (0.55%) (Figure 2C) and N-demethylricinine (0.016%) (Figure 2B) and six flavones: glycosides kaempferol-3-O-β-D-Xylopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, quercetin3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-βrutinoside and quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside (Kang et al., 1985). The monoterpenoids (1, 8cineole, camphor and α-pinene) and asesquiterpenoid (β-caryophyllene), gallic acid, quercetin, gentisic acid, rutin, epicatechin and ellagic acid are the major phenolic compounds isolated from leaves. Indole-3-acetic acid has been extracted from the roots (Darmanin et al., 2009 and Singh et al., 2009).

The seeds and fruits contain 45% of fixed oil, which consist glycosides of ricinoleic, isoricinoleic, stearic and dihydroxystearic acids and also lipases and a crystalline alkaloid, ricinine (Khogali et al., 2006). The GLC (Gas Liquid Chromatography) study of castor oil showed the presence of ester form of palmitic (1.2%), stearic (0.7%), arachidic (0.3%) hexadecenoic (0.2%), oleic (3.2%), linoleic (3.4%), linolenic (0.2%), ricinoleic (89.4%) and dihydroxy stearic acids.

The stem also contains ricinine. The ergost5-en-3-ol, stigmasterol, Y-sitosterolfucosterol;

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and one probucol isolated from the ether extract of seeds. The GC-MS analyses of R. communis essential oil (using capillary columns) are identified compounds like α-thujone (31.71%) (Figure 2A) and 1, 8- cineole (30.98%), α-

pinene (16.88%), camphor (12.92%) and camphene (7.48%). Lupeol and 30-Norlupan3β-ol-20-one are obtained from coat of castor bean (Malcolm et al., 1968).

Figure 2: Chemical structures of the active constituents of Ricinus communis L.

Fig 2A: Alpha thuzone

Fig 2B: N-d methylene

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY / CLINICAL USES Antifertility effects of Ricinus communis L. The methanolic extract of R. communis seed possesses both steroids and alkaloids. The pituitary gland releases gonadotrophins due to the sex hormones by both positive and negative feedback mechanism and also the pituitary gland block the release of luteinizing hormone

Fig 2C: Ricinine

(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) because of the combined effect of oestrogen and progesterone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Finally, it helps the inhibition of maturation of the follicle in the ovary and prevents ovulation. The sex hormone being steroidal compounds (phytosterols) and the presence of steroids in methanol extract of Ricinus communis seed produces antifertility effects (Sani et al., 2007 and Sandhyakumary et al., 2003) (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Mechanism of antifertility effects of Ricinus communis L. Pituitary gland

FSH

Releases

OVARY

LH Methanolic extract inhibits the gonadal hormones to act due to the presence of steroids

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Recent studies showed that, the seed extract have been found to possess antifertility activity.

The ether soluble portion of the methanol extract of seeds when administered subcutaneously to adult female rats and rabbits showed antiimplantation and anticonceptive activity (Okwuasaba et al., 1991).The extract protected the animals from getting pregnant for over three gestation periods. Further, the extract did not show any long term effect on the pups that were born after the extract effect. The seed extract was found to possess antiimplantation and abortifacient effects. It was also observed that the seed extract prolonged the estrus cycle of guineapigs. The di-estrus phase was significantly prolonged as well. After stopping the administration of the extract, the normal di-estrus phase and estrus cycle started to resume. The seed extract also reduced the weight of the uterus without affecting that of the ovaries significantly. The antifertility effect of R. communis in female guineapigs might be extrapolated to human beings. The 50% alcohol extract of the roots possess significant reversible antifertility effect.

There was a drastic reduction in the epididymal sperm counts in male rats. The extract also caused changes in the motility, mode of movement and morphology of the sperms. The reductions in the fructose and testosterone levels further suggested the reduced reproductive performance (Ram & Geetanjali, 2015).

In the Bioresearch Laboratory of the Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymenisngh-2202, Bangladesh, the efficacy of the aqueous extract of the castor bean seed for the antifertility activity in Swiss albino mice has been observed and evaluated. In this research, it was revealed that the aqueous extract of the seed of Ricinus communis is practically potential for the contraception. In addition, gross and histological studies showed that there were no adverse effects on the vital organs of the body.

Also, the hematological parameters had a positive impact that is practically beneficial during the pregnancy period.

Antiimplantation activity: The ether soluble portion of the methanol extract of Ricinus communis var. minor possesses antiimplantation, anticonceptive and estrogenic activity in adult female rats and rabbits when administered subcutaneously at a dose upto 1.2 g/kg b. wt. and 600 mg/kg b. wt., in divided doses respectively (Okwuasaba et al., 1991).

Anticancer activity: A lectin isolated from R. communis is ricin A, possesses antitumor activity, that was more toxic to tumor cells than to nontransformed cells, judged from the ED50 of the lectin towards tumor cells and nontransformed cells (Lin et al., 1986).

Antioxidant activity: R. communis seed extracts produce the antioxidant activity by using lipid per oxidation via ferric thiocynate method and free radical scavenging effect on 2,2 diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical generated from hydrogen peroxide. The high antioxidant activity of the seed of R. communis at low concentration shows that it could be very useful for the treatment of disease resulting from oxidative stress. The responsible chemical constituent of R. communis which produces antioxidant activity is Methyl ricinoleate, Ricinoleic acid, 12octadecadienoic acid and Methyl ester. The Ricinus communis stem and leaf extracts also produce antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids in their extracts (Gupta et al., 2006 and Singh et al., 2010). Some studies revealed that gallic acid, quercetin, gastisic acid, rutin, epicatechin and ellagic acid are the major phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity of the dry leaves of Ricinus communis (Singh et al., 2009).

Antinociceptive activity: The methanolic leaves extract of R. communis possesses significant antinociceptive activity against acetic acid induced writhing test, formalin induced paw licking and tail immersion methods in mice.

The

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antinociceptive activity showed due to the presence preliminary phyto-constituents like saponins, steroids and alkaloids (Dnyaneshwar et al., 2011).

In vitro immunomodulatory activity: The plant and animal origin immunomodulatory agents generally increase the immune responsiveness of the human body against pathogens by activating the nonspecific immune system. The presence of tannins in the leaves of R. communis significantly increased the phagocytic function of human neutrophils and resulted in production of a possible immunomodulatory effect (Kumar et al., 2007).

Hepatoprotective activity: Ricinus communis leaves ethanolic extract 250–500 mg/kg b.wt. (The dose is below the toxic level) possesses hepatoprotective activity due to their inhibitory activities of an increase in the activities of serum transaminases and the level of liver lipid per oxidation, protein, glycogen and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase in liver induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCL4). The R. communis ethanolic extract 250–500 mg/kg b.wt. also treated the depletion of glutathione level and adenosine triphosphatase activity which was observed in the CCl4-induced rat liver. The presence of flavonoids in ethanol extract of R. communis produces beneficial effect as the flavonoids have the membrane stabilizing and antiperoxidative effects. Hence, R. communis increases the regenerative and reparative capacity of the liver due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins. The anticholestatic and hepatoprotective activity was seen against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage due to the presence of N-demethylricinine isolated from the leaves of Ricinus communis. The whole leaves of Ricinus communis. showed the protective effect against liver necrosis as well as fatty changes induced by CCL4 while the glycoside and cold aqueous extract provide protection only against liver necrosis and fatty changes, respectively (Natu et al., 1977; Shukla

et al., 1992; Visen et al., 1992 and Princea et al., 2011).

Antidiabetic activity: The ethanolic extract of roots of Ricinus communis (RCRE) was investigated along with its bioassay-guided purification. By the administration of the effective dose (500 mg/kg b. wt.) of RCRE to the diabetic rats for 20 days possess favorable effects not only on fasting blood glucose, but also on total lipid profile and liver and kidney functions. Amongst all fractions the R-18 fraction suggests the significant antihyperglycemic activity. RCRE showed no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases and total protein which was observed even after the administration of the extract at a dose of 10 g/kg b. wt. Thus, R. communis is a potent phytomedicine for diabetes (Shokeen et al., 2008).

Antiulcer activity: The castor oil of R. communis seed possesses significant antiulcer properties at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt. and 1000 mg/kg b.wt.

(Below the toxic level), but at the dose 1000 mg/kg b.wt. was more potent against the ulceration caused by pylorus ligation, aspirin and ethanol in rats. The result showed that the antiulcer activity of R. communis is due to the cytoprotective action of the drug or strengthening of gastric mucosa and thus enhancing the mucosal defence (Rachhadiya et al., 2011).

Antimicrobial and antifungal activity: The secondary infections in the immune compromised oral cancer cases were due to the bacterial and fungal species. The coadministration Ricinus communis with the immunosuppressant drugs for the prevention of infection against oral cancer treatment patient showed a significant result (Panghal et al., 2011).

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Insecticidal activity: The insecticidal value of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) in controlling the termites which damage the wood of Mangifera indica and Pinus longifolia were examined.

In comparative trials, the order of insecticidal activity was: DDT = BHC > castor oil + castor cake (1:1) > castor oil > castor leaves > castor cake > neem oil > neem leaves. All treatments significantly reduced weight loss in wood pieces exposed to termites (Sharma et al., 1990).

Bone regeneration activity: Ricinus communis polyurethane (RCP) has been studied for its biocompatibility and its ability to stimulate the bone regeneration.

Results showed that RCP blended with calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate could promote matrix mineralization and are biocompatible materials (Beloti et al., 2003).

Incorporating alkaline phosphatase to RCP with subsequent incubation in synthetic body fluid could improve the biological properties of RCP (Darmanin et al., 2009). The advantage seen in RCP as compared to demineralized bone is that the former has a slower reabsorption process (Beloti et al., 2008).

Central analgesic activity: The crude extract of root bark of Ricinus communis possesses central analgesic activity in tail flick response model to radiant heat at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.wt. The ethanolic extract of pericarp of fruit of Ricinus communis possesses typical CNS stimulant and neuroleptic effects (Almeida et al., 2009). The stimulant effects, such as exophthamus, hyperreactivity (evidenced by tremors or by the pinna and grip-strength reaction), memory improvement, and clonic seizures, seem to be due to the presence of the alkaloid ricinine. The main toxic compound of the extract also seems to be ricinine, because animals that died after administration of extract or ricinine showed similar signs: they all died after the occurrence of clonic seizures followed by an apparent breathing arrest. On the other hand, compounds other than ricinine

may be responsible for the neuroleptic-like effects of the extract, because ricinine did not cause reduction of locomotor activity or catalepsy in the mice (Ferraz et al.,1999).

Antihistaminic Activity: The ethanolic extract of R. communis L. root has the antihistaminic activity at the dose 100, 125, and 150 mg/kg b.wt. when inserted in to the body intraperitoneally by using clonidine induced catalepsy in mice (Dnyaneshwar et al., 2011).

Antiasthmatic activity: The ethanolic extract of root of R. communis is effective in treatment of asthma because of its antiallergic and mast cell stabilizing potential activity. Saponins has mast cell stabilizing effect and the flavonoids possess smooth muscle relaxant and bronchodilator activity; the apigenin and luteolin like flavonoids generally inhibit basophil from histamine release and neutrophils from beta glucuronidase release, and finally shows invivo antiallergic activity. The ethanolic extract of R. communis decreases milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia and possess antiasthmatic activity due to presence of flavonoids or saponins (Dnyaneshwar et al., 2011).

Molluscicidal and larvicidal activity: The leaf extract of R. communis possess molluscicidal activity against Lymnaea acuminata and the seed extracts showed better molluscicidal activity than the leaf extracts against S. frugiperda due to the active ingredients like castor oil and ricinine. The aqueous leaves extracts of R. communis possess suitable larvicidal activity against Anopheles arabiensis, Callosobruchus chinensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (Sharma et al., 2009, Upasani et al., 2003 and Ramos et al., 2010).

Lipolytic activity: The ricin produces the lipolytic activity by using the various substrates: (i) one analogue of triacylglycerol, BAL-TC; (ii) various

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chromogenic substrates such as p-NP esters of a liphatic short to medium chain acids, and (iii) monomolecular films of a pure natural diacylglycerol, DC 10 in emulsion and in a Membrane-like model. It reveals that ricin from R. communis act as a lipase and has the capability of hydrolyzing different lipid classes.

The action of ricin on membrane phospholipids could occur through a phospholipase activity which is very often as a minor activity of lipases (Lombard et al., 2001).

Antiinflammatory activity: The antiinflammatory activities of the methanolic extracts of the leaves and root were studied in Wistar albino rats in acute and chronic inflammatory models. The study indicated that the paw edema formation due to subplantar administration of carragennan, characterizing the cellular events of acute inflammation. The methanolic leaves extract of R. communis @ 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt. possess protective effect in prevention of cellular events during edema formation and in all the stages of acute inflammation. The antiinflammatory activity of R. communis was due to the presence of flavonoids because the flavonoids had the protective effect against carragennan-induced paw edema in rats (Darmanin et al., 2009 and Beloti et al., 2003).

Wound healing activity: The Ricinus communis possess wound healing activity due to the active constituent of castor oil which produces antioxidant activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The study of wound healing activity of castor oil was in terms of scar area, % closure of scar area and epithelization in excision wound model. Due to the astringent and antimicrobial property the tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and sesquiterpenes present in the castor oil, promote the wound healing process, which are responsible for wound contraction and increased rate of epithelialisation. The study resulted that the castor oil showed wound healing activity by reducing the scar area and also the epithelialisation time in excision wound model (Prasad et al., 2011).

POSSIBLE PROSPECTS The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a very useful medicinal plant having no adverse effects on the body. Nowadays, people are becoming more and more dependent on the herbal products rather than the chemical ones due to their residual effects on the long run (Das et al., 2010). The multidisciplinary use of the active constituents of the castor bean reveals that it will be possible to find out new herbal products in the field of medical science/ethno-botanical science for the better health of the human being. The contraceptive effect of the chemical constituent of the castor bean (Ricinus communis) has also added a new dimension in the field of birth control might be useful in the densely populated countries even having no baleful effects on the body as the chemical birth control pills do. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of phytocomponents isolated from this plant give us an impression that the plant might be the future prospective target for diversified panel of tumors and cancers. A systematic scientific approach from phytochemicals either in pure or crude form to modern drug development can provide valuable drugs from traditional medicinal plants. Development of such medicines with international safety and efficacy can give better and satisfactory treatment of various diseases.

To ensure ample production of phyto-constituents with in limited space and time, new approaches must be adopted. This is because the prospecting of bio-resources for economic development is emerging as a new economic venture.

CONCLUSION The Ricinus communis or castor plant is a native plant of the Indian subcontinent. It has various pharmacological actions, some of them are reviewed here but still this plant has much novel potentials which are yet to explore. The pharmacological activities reported in the present review confirm that the therapeutic value of Ricinus communis is very high having a leading capacity for the development of a new, safe, effective and cheaper drug in future.

But it needs more elaborative study,

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pharmacological investigations, clinical trials, more exploration and public awareness for the best utilization of its medicinal properties.

Hence, the industrial entrepreneurs also should

come forward with new concepts and steps towards the best use of this potential medicinal plant.

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Source of Support: Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of Bangladesh

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Short Review CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE Saylee Deshmukh1*, Vyas M K2, Bhushan Sanghavi3 1

Ph.D Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2 Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India.

3 M.S.Scholar, Department of Surgery, R.A.Podar Ayurved College, Worli, Mumbai- India *Corresponding author: Email: dsaylee@ymail.com

Received: 05/04/2015; Revised: 01/05/2015; Accepted: 15/05/2015

ABSTRACT The 6 Ahara Parinamakara bhava as described in Charaka Samhita are the factors which are responsible for digestion. Each has specific role in the process of digestion. The word Lifestyle includes dietary habits, water drinking habits, conducts after meal etc which have been described in detail in Ayurveda. Improper Lifestyle leads to indigestion due to lack of Ahara Parinamakara bhava. Present study aims at establishment of relationship between Lifestyle and Ahara Parinamakara Bhava.

KEYWORDS: Ahara parinamakara bhava, lifestyle, indigestion

Cite this article: Saylee Deshmukh, Vyas M K, Bhushan Sanghavi (2015), CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(5): 106–110

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INTRODUCTION: In modern era of Lifestyle disorders like Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc., occurrence of digestive system disorders is also very common. Behind them wrong dietary habits is the most important cause. As stated in texts of Ayurveda, disorders related to digestion are the root cause of all diseases (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). The main culprit of this chain is lack of Ahara Parinamakara bhava (factors responsible for digestion) which are essential for proper digestion.

Ahara Parinamakara bhava have been described by Acharya Charaka directly in Sharirasthana 6th adhyaya and indirectly in Grahanichikitsa adhyaya. They are six in number. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) All of them have specific role in digestion. Lack of these leads to indigestion (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). In the present era of changing Lifestyle due to increased competition and stress, people are less conscious about their dietary habit which is a leading cause of digestive system disorders. The word Lifestyle includes Dietary habits, water drinking habits, conducts after meal etc. which have been described in detail in texts of Ayurveda (Saylee Deshmukh et al., 2015).

Dietary habits include description of Ahara vidhi vidhana like Ushna (luke-warm), Snigdha (unctuous), Matravat (proper quantity) bhojana (meal) etc. described by Acharya Charaka (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Water drinking habits include proper quantity and proper time of water intake, while conducts after meal have been described by Acharya Sushruta (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008).

Present study aims at elaboration of the concept of Ahara parinamakara bhava in correlation with Lifestyle.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: Literary review and interpretation of classical texts of Ayurveda namely Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita, Astanga Samgraha, Astanga Hridaya. Commentaries of Charaka samhita- Ayurvedadipika, Jalpakalpataru,

Charakopaskara, research articles related to this topic.

Concept of Ahara Parinamakara bhava: The six Ahara Parinamakara Bhava described by Acharya Charaka are namelyUshma, Vayu, Kleda, Sneha, Kala and Samayoga.

1) Ushma (Heat): Ushma is very important factor for digestion. For the digestive enzymes, Agni is the term given by Acharyas which itself shows the importance of heat in this process.

2) Vayu (Gas): According to Acharya Charaka, ‘Apakarshana’ is a function of Vayu (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Its meaning has been given by commentator Chakrapani as to bring the distant situated food more in contact with Agni (Y.T. Acharya, 2008).

3) Kleda (moisture): Kleda helps the food to get loosened which is essential for proper digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Loosened food gets more contact with digestive enzymes (William Beaumont, 1838).

4) Sneha (unctuousness): It softens the food (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

5) Kala (Time): It is normal time taken for digestion of food taken in normal quantity (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

6) Samayoga (appropriate administration): Samayoga has been defined by commentator Chakrapani as administration of the proper food with consideration of Prakriti (constitution) etc. 8 Ahara Vidhi visheshayatanani (factors determining the utility of food) (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). While commentator Yogindranath Sen defined it as proper combination of all above 5 Ahara Parinamakara bhavas (J.N.Sen, 1905).

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DISCUSSION: The 6 Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas are the factors which are important for proper digestion. Among them first is Ushma which can be correlated with ‘Ushnam Ashniyat’ (intake of luke-warm food) which is one of the Ahara Vidhi Vidhana given by Acharya Charaka (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). In modern era, due to lack of time, mostly cold food is being eaten due to busy work schedules etc. According to modern researchers also, in stomach, the digestion goes on best at temperature of about 99F to 100F. When temperature lowers to that of atmosphere, the digestion process almost ceases. It renews after addition of calories In an experiment, ingestion of a single glass of water having temp of 50F, sufficed to depress heat of stomach upwards by 30F and normal temperature was regained after half an hour. So, intake of cold food, ices in large quantity, drinking cold water after or during meal slow down the process of digestion (William Beaumont, 1838).

Description about Vayu given in texts gives clear idea about propelling movements of muscles of stomach which helps the food to be more in contact with gastric juice (William Beaumont, 1838). Cessation of gastric movements can occur in 2 ways either by internal pressure or external pressure. Internal pressure occurs by excessive intake of food and external pressure can occur due to tight clothes or wrong sitting or sleeping posture which is capable of increasing pressure on abdomen.

Ahara Parinamakara Bhava Vayu can be correlated with Ahara Vidhi Vidhana‘Matravat bhojana’ and Bhojanottara Vidhi Vidhana- ‘Rajavat Asana.’ Matravat bhojana (intake of food in proper quantity) prevents the internal pressure due to excess food intake and Rajavat Asana (sitting in comfortable position) prevents the external pressure.

Kleda can be correlated with water intake during meal. According to modern researchers, water intake during meal helps to loosen the food properly and also stimulates gastric secretions. (S Wyard, 1935). Sneha i.e. unctuousness is essential for proper digestion

because according to modern researches, hard food can’t get digested properly (William Beaumont, 1838). Kala can be correlated with Jirne (intake of food after digestion of previous food), Nati-vilambita (not too slow) and Natidruta (not too fast) bhojana. Due to intake of food before digestion of previous food and slow intake of food, previous food gets mixed up with the product of food taken afterwards (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) and leads to indigestion (Hitesh A. Vyas, R. R. Dwivedi, 2011). About Nati-druta bhojana, proper chewing of food would ensure proper mixing and loosening of food in the buccal cavity.

These days’ people eat very urgently where they do not allow the food to get chewed properly. Proper mixing of saliva is not ensured which may also lead to hard food entering the stomach which does not get easily digested.

While slow intake of food results in mixing of digested and undigested food which leads to improper digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). So, Ati-druta (too slow) and Ativilambita (too fast) and frequent food intake are also harmful.

Samayoga i.e. combination of all Ahara Parinamakara Bhava or combination of all Ahara Vidhi Visheshayatanani can be correlated with Virya aviruddha (food items with inapposite potencies), Ajalpana, Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana (food intake without talking, laughing and with full concentration), Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to person) (Avhad Anil et al., 2013). It leads to proper digestion of food and formation of proper Rasa, Rakta etc. Dhatu (Y.T.Acharya, 2008). But now a day people are busy in watching TV, Phone calls, Computer, Chatting, Talk and Laugh during meal. Due to this, they can’t decide the exact quantity of food needed which leads to indigestion (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Food taken according to Prakriti of a person, leads to Dhatusamya and if it is being taken without consideration becomes Prakriti Viruddha and leads to Dhatuvaishamya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Wrong dietary habits like Adhyashana (intake of food before digestion of previous food), Vishamashana (intake of improper

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quantity of food at improper time) lead to disturbance in Ahara parinamakara bhava and ultimately vitiation of Agni (Sheela Kewat et al., 2015). In Ayurveda, it is stated that vitiated Agni is root cause for all diseases like Prameha, Sthaulya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2007). In modern sciences has accepted existence of Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis which

involves Ghrelin-Leptin hormones, Insulin, Orexins etc. Disturbance in this axis leads to diseases like Obesity, Diabetes mellitus which are among the top 10 Lifestyle disorders. The causes behind it are improper food habits (Annette L. Kirchgessner, 2002 & Y Wang, H Yang, 2004).

Table 1- Correlation of Ahara Parinamakara Bhava and Lifestyle No. Ahara Parinamakara Bhava (factors Lifestyle responsible for digestion) Ushma (Heat) Ushna bhojana (Intake of luke-warm food) 1.

Vayu (Gas) Matravat bhojana (Intake of food in proper quantity), Rajavat 2.

Asana (Sitting in comfortable position) Kleda (Moisture) Water intake during meal 3.

Sneha (Unctuousness) Snigdha bhojana (Intake of unctuous food) 4.

Kala (Time) Jirne bhojana (Intake of food after digestion of previous food), 5.

Nati-vilambita (not too slow) and Natidruta (not too fast) Samayoga Virya aviruddha (food items with inapposite potencies), 6. (appropriate Ajalpana, Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana (food intake without administration) talking, laughing and with full concentration), Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to person).

CONCLUSION: Ushma, Vayu, Kleda, Sneha, Kala and Samayoga are 6 Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas i.e. factors which are important for proper digestion. Each one has its own role in the process of digestion. Lifestyle includes Ahara Vidhi vidhana, Bhojanottara Vidhi vidhana, Ambupana Vidhi etc. Among them Ushma, Kleda, Sneha, Kala can be correlated

successively with Ushna bhojana, Water intake during meal, Snigdha bhojana, Jirne bhojana and Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to person). Vayu can be correlated with Matravat bhojana and Rajavat Asana. Samayoga can be correlated with Virya aviruddha, Ajalpana, Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana, Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to person).

REFERENCES: Ananta Ram Sharma (2008), Sushruta Samhita, edited with Sushruta vimarshini Hindi commentary by Reprint edition, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana, Varanasi, Sutrasthana 46.

Annette L. Kirchgessner (2002), Orexins in the Brain-Gut Axis, Endocrine reviews, Vol. 23 Issue 1 | February 1

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110

Avhad Anil D, Vyas H A, Dwivedi R R (2013), Importance of Upayogasamstha (dietetic rules) in relation to digestion of the food, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 2(5): 380–385

Saylee Deshmukh, Mahesh Vyas, Hitesh Vyas, Dwivedi R R (February 2015); Concept of Lifestyle In Ayurveda Classics, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen.

Med., Volume 4(2), 30–37.

Brahmanand Tripathi, (2006), Charaka Samhita edited with Charaka-chandrika Hindi commentary by Reprint edition, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana, Varanasi, Vimanasthana 1, Sharirasthana 6, Chikitsasthana 15.

Y. T. Acharya (2008), Charakasamhita with Ayurvedadipika commentary by Chakrapani, Reprint edition, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Sharirasthana 6.

Brahmanand Tripathi (2007), Ashtang Hridaya, edited with Nirmala Hindi commentary

by Reprint edition, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana, Varanasi, Nidanasthana 1.

J. N. Sen (1905), Charakasamhita with Charakopaskara commentary by Jogindranath Sen, Kolkatta, Sharirasthana 6.

S Wyard (1935) - Diet in Gastric Diseases Postgraduate medical journal, 11(113):103–112.

Source of Support: NIL

Sheela Kewat, Asmita Vaidya, Niraj Mandod, P B Thakare (2015): Chikitsa Siddhanta of Agnidushti w.s.t. to Ahara Parinamakara bhava, IAMJ, Vol. 3, Issue 4; April.

William Beaumont (1838), Experiments and observations on gastric juice and the Physiology of digestion, p. 85, 305– 310.

Y Wang, H Yang (2004), Neuro-hormonal integration of metabolism: challenges and opportunities in the postgenomic era, Metabolic Issues of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 9, p. 227–242.

Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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