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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2016 INDIGENOUS MEDICINE Ayurveda – Dravya Guna COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.) DC. Murthy SN*, Nirawane RB, Gurav AM, Mhase AG, Sangvikar S, Rao GB, Kulkarni YR
79–91
Ayurveda – Dravya Guna – Review THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU Anagha V Ranade*, Rabinarayan Acharya
92–106
Ayurveda – Rasa Shastra – Review HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS Shivanand T Biradar*, Galib, Prajapati PK
107–113
Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R. Plant ID: Twig of Euphorbia hypericifolia L.* of the family Euphorbiaceae Place: Off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India *Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 30/03/2016
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Research article COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.) DC. Murthy SN1*, Nirawane RB2, Gurav AM3, Mhase AG4, Sangvikar S5, Rao GB6, Kulkarni YR7 1
Assistant Director Incharge, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 2 Senior Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 3 Research Officer (Botany), Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 4 Herbarium assistant, Department of Botany, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 5 Research Officer (Ayurveda), Department of Phytochemistry, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 6 Research Officer (Botany), Department of Botany, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 7 Professor PDEA College of Ayurveda and Research Center, Pune, India 411044. *Corresponding author: Email- snmurthy.rri@gmail.com Mobile: +91 9527034246
Received: 03/02/2016; Revised: 15/03/2016; Accepted: 20/03/2016
ABSTRACT M. Pruriens (L.) DC., Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. black and white are reported to contain chemical compound L-dopa, which is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Aqueous extract of seeds of these species showed aphrodisiac properties. Many Ayurvedic practitioners are using the seed powder to treat disease like gonorrhoea, sterility and general debility. Seeds of these species were collected, shade dried and kept in airtight container and preserved in FAA for microscopic evaluation. Shade dried seeds were made in to powder and sieved through #60. Characters such as color, size, shape, weight as well as microscopic characters observed through transverse section and powder microscopy have also been described in detailed. Result revealed that microscopic characters such as, thickening of lumen of palisade cells of testa, number of layers of spongy parenchyma of testa region and number of mesophyll layers of cotyledon were the main distinguishing characters of selected Mucuna species. KEY WORDS: Mucuna species, pharmacognosy, macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, Ayurveda
Cite this article: Murthy SN, Nirawane RB, Gurav AM, Mhase AG, Sangvikar S, Rao GB, Kulkarni YR (2016), COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.) DC. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 79–91
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
INTRODUCTION: Indian system of Medicine, particularly Ayurveda, prescribes 80% of their medicines, which are plant origin (Anonymous, 2003). The demand of Ayurvedic or herbal medicine is increasing day by day in the developed countries due to its safety and efficacy. Now a days, there are, plenty of formulations and preparations available in the markets in the name of vitalisers and aphrodisiac products. Increasing demand for aphrodisiac products in the global market, lead the industry to prepare neutraceuticals which does not require approval of the drug controllers (Ramawat and Goyal, 2008). There are 105 species of Mucuna available in the tropical parts of the Earth and about 15 species found in India (Anonymous, 1962). Plants of this genus belong to family fabaceae and are annual or perrenial twinner herb or shrub (Mebberly, 2008). Among these species, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. has been reported as an aphrodisiac drug and known as Kapikacchu in Ayurveda (Sharma et al., 2000). Mucuna pruriens is an ingredient of Ayurvedic formulations Shakuladi sidhmala, Pana, Bhakshana which is used in the treatment of rheumatism (Parmar et al., 2016). Pharmacognostic studies on seed and root of Mucuna pruriens have been reported by Yelne and Sharma, (1992); Chauhan and Pillai (2011). According to Garg (1992), other species namely, Mucuna utilis Wall ex Wight are being sold in the name of Kapikacchu. A literature survey revealed that, there are other species of Mucuna viz., Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. white seeded from Northen parts and Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. black seeded varieties from Southern parts of India are also used by Ayurvedic physicians and sold in the market in the name of Kapikacchu. Murthy et al. (2015), reported that the M. cochinchinensis black seed variety contains maximum L-dopa as compared to the other species of Mucuna.
Keeping in view, the variation in seed, leaf, pod and plant morphology; a comparative account of seed pharmacognosy has been performed. This communication deals with the macroscopic, microscopic and powder microscopic evaluation of M. pruriens, M. cochinchinensis black and white seed varieties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Plant material: Seed material of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. (White seed) procured from Pune market and Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. (Black seed) from Kerala market were authenticated from Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India, with voucher number S-162, S-161 and S-159, respectively. Above seeds were sown at Institute’s garden and thereafter saplings were further cultivated. The fresh materials have been used from these cultivated sources for further pharmacognostical studies. Herbarium preparation: Herbarium specimens were prepared and preserved in the Herbarium section of the Institute with voucher specimen number Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. (White seed)- 4476, Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. (black seed) – 4487 and Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.- 4475. Preparation of wet sample: Fresh seeds were collected from the plants cultivated in institute garden. Seeds were thoroughly washed and kept separately in a glass bottle containing a mixture of Formalin: Glacial Acetic Acid: 70% Ethyl alcohol [10:5:85] (Johansen, 1940). Powder preparation: Shade dried seeds of Mucuna species were made into powder with the help of grinding mill. Powder was sieved through #60 mesh and kept in a air tight container for further analysis.
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Morphological characters of seed:
Powder microscopy of seed:
Morphological or organoleptic characters like shape, size, taste, odour, colour of the three pods, seeds and powder were recorded as seen from naked eyes (Kokate et al., 2008).
Pinch of powder taken in watch glass and stained with Phloroglucinol plus Hydrochloric acid and Iodine. Micro-slides were prepared and observed under trinocular, Biolux make. Micro photographs were snapped with Deno Capture 2.0 version 1.4.2.D the versetile digital microscope.
Microscopic characters of seeds: Free hand sections (T.S.) of each material were taken and stained with Phloroglucinol plus Hydrochloric acid and Iodine. Micro photographs were snapped with the help of DenoCapture 2.0 version 1.4.2.D the versatile digital microscope. The histological studies were carried out as per the methods described by Johansen, 1940.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Morphological characters of seed: Seeds of Mucuna were ovate to oblong with hard, glossy surface; hilum conspicuous more or less elongated with distinct slit, cushioned with white spongy tissue and bordered with aril, located at one end of the longer edge of the seed near micropylar end. Details of comparative account of these species have been depicted in the Table-1, 2 and Figure-1
Table-1: Comparative morphological characters of plants of Mucuna species Morphometric M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) M. pruriens (L.) characters A. Chev. var. Black A. Chev. var. White DC. Habit Annual twiner
Annual twiner
Annual twiner
Flower
white or pale purple
Dark purple
purple
Pod
10–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, green with black bristles when young, black, wrinkled and destitude of down when ripe, bristles not irritant
10–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, green with white bristles when young, black, wrinkled and destitude of down when ripe, bristles not irritant
5–10 cm long, 1.5–1.8 cm wide, light green with white bristles when young, pale brown or grey, longitudinally ribbed, turgid, bristles irritant.
Seed
Brown to black, 6–8 in a pod.
Dull white, 6–8 in a pod.
Black, 4–6 in a pod.
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FIGURE 1: Comparative morphological characters of Mucuna species
Figure 1: 1,2,3- Habit; 4,5,6- Flowers; 7,8,9- Fresh pods; 10,11,12- Mature dried pods; 13,14,15- Mature dried seeds
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Table-2: Comparative morphological characters of seeds of Mucuna species Macroscopic characters
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) M. cochinchinensis A. Chev. var. Black (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White ovate, oblong, globose ovate, oblong, globose Shape length -1.25–2.19 cm, length -1.20–2.0 cm Size breadth0.93–1.5 cm, breadth- 0.95–1.37 cm thickness -0.45–1.16 cm. thickness -0.50–1.0 cm hard, smooth, glossy hard, smooth, glossy Surface brown to black dull white Colour conspicuous, 0.6–0.8 cm conspicuous, 0.7– Hilum long 0.9 cm long. Upto 1.9 gm Weight of seed Upto 2.7 gm Powder characters creamish gray yellowish cream Colour course course Texture odourless odourless Odour starchy - slightly bitter starchy -slightly bitter Taste Microscopy: Detailed T. S. of seed passing through testa: Transversed section (TS) of Mucuna species was oval in shape. TS showed outer most single, malpighian layer of testa, composed of thick walled cylindrical palisade cells covered with thin cuticle. A line of linea
M. pruriens (L.) DC.
ovate, oblong, flattened length -0.8–1.29 cm, breadth0.6–0.9 cm, thickness -0.3–0.63 cm hard, smooth, glossy brown to black conspicuous 0.4–0.5 cm long. Upto 0.5 gm creamish gray course odourless starchy - slightly bitter
lucida could easily be seen across these cells; followed by a layer of spool shaped cells having apical and basal ends; both ends connected with long, vertically running narrow strip. Underneath this lies the spongy parenchyma layer. Major differences among the microscopic characters of testa of seeds have been exhibited in Table-3 and Figure-2.
Table-3: Comparative account of microscopic characters of Mucuna species Microscopic characters Palisade cells of testa Spongy parenchyma of testa
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black Lumen narrow and broadest at apical end No. of layers 18–20 outer 7–8 layers small with few inter cellular spaces Middle 8–9 layers elongated cells with compact arrangement inner 3–4 collapsed layers of up to 30
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White Lumen narrow and broadest at apical end and basal end. No. of layers 14–16 outer 7–8 layers big with inter cellular spaces Middle 5–6 layers with few inter cellular spaces inner 3–4 collapsed layers
No. mesophill layers in cotyledon
up to 35
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M. pruriens (L.) DC. Lumen narrow and broadest at basal end. No. of layers 9–16 outer 7–8 layers small, compact middle 5–6 layers elongated, compact inner 3–4 collapsed layers up to 20
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FIGURE 2: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through testa
Figure 2: 1,2,3- Transverse section of seed passing through testa; 4,5,6- Enlarge view of palisade showing linea lucida; 7,8,9- Enlarge view of spool shaped parenchyma; 10,11,12- Enlarge view of testa showing parenchyma traverse with vascular bundle.
Detailed T. S. of seed passing through cotyledon: Transverse section exhibed outer and inner epidermis, made up of squarish to rectangular cells, embeded with aleurone grains. Cells of inner epidermis observed to be bigger in size as
compared to the cells of outer epidermis. In between, outer and inner epidermis, cells of mesophyll present, containig starch grains and aleurone grains and traversed with developed and undeveloped vascular bundles. Detailed comparative account among these species is given in Table –3 and Figure- 3.
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FIGURE 3: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through cotyledon
Figure 3: 1,2,3- TS of cotyledon showing outer epidermis; 4,5,6- TS of cotyledon showing middle mesophyll cells; 7,8,9- TS of cotyledon showing inner epidermis.
Detailed T. S. of seed passing through hilum region: Section showed two layered palisade cells containing brown content. Below this, irregular parenchyama layers, traversed with developed
and undeveloped vascular bundles and few layers collapsed at the lower end. Tracheidal bar found embedded in it at narrow groove run from the centre of two rows of palisade cells. Arillus was lying adjacent to the palisade cells. Details are shown in Figure -4.
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FIGURE 4: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through hilum region
Figure 4:1,2,3-Transverse section of seed passing through hilum; 4,5,6- Enlarge view showing double layered palisade, tracheidial bar and irregular parenchyma; 7,8,9- Enlarge view showing lower parenchyma and vascular bundle.
Powder microscopy of seedsPowder showed palisade cells in surface view seen from above and below, 2 layers of palisade cells from the hilum region, spool
shaped cells in surface view, spiral vessels, isolated cells of arillus, isolated starch grains from cotyledons, fragment of tracheidal bar, isolated starch grains from radical (Figure 5 and 6).
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FIGURE 5: Comparative cellular details observed in powder microscopy of seed
Figure 5: 1,2,3- Isolated cells of arrilus; 4,5,6- Isolated starch grains from cotyledon; 7,8,9- Fragment of tracheidal bar; 10,11,12- Isolated starch grains from radical.
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FIGURE 6: Comparative cellular details observed in powder microscopy of seed
Figure 6: 1,2,3- Palisade cells in surface view seen from above; 4,5,6- Palisade cells in surface view seen from below; 7,8,9- 2 layers of palisade cells from the hilum region; 10,11,12- Spool shaped cells in surface view; 13,14,15- Spiral vessels. Abbreviations- alg- aleurone grains, ar- arillus, cpar- collapsed parenchyma, ct- cortex, e- epidermis, ie- inner epidermis, ipar- irregular parenchyma, ll- linea lucida, oe- outer epidermis, pal- palisade, par- parenchyma, sgstarch grains, spar- spool shaped parenchyma, trb- tracheidal bar, uvb- undeveloped vascular bundle, vbvascular bundle.
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DISCUSSION Yelne and Sharma (1992) and Chauhan and Pillai (2011) reported presence of palisade layer columnar or spool shaped cells, tracheids and reticulate, spiral vessels in the seed powder of M. pruriens (L.) DC. Our findings were also at par with them; except that Yelne and Sharma (1992) had not reported the presence of double layered palisade cells, palisade cells in surface view seen from above and below; columnar cells in surface view. Whereas isolated cells of arillus and isolated starch grains from radical region of seed were not reported by both the authors, but newly found and being reported in the present communication. We found major differences in morphological characters of seed of M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black, M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White and M. pruriens (L.) DC., in respect of size, shape, color and weight as well as in microscopic characters such as, thickening of lumen of palisade cells of testa, number of
layers of spongy parenchyma of testa region and number of mesophyll layers of cotyledon. CONCLUSION The resultant data obtained through experimental exercise such as, pharmacongnostic evaluation of M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black, M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White and M. pruriens (L.) DC. will be useful for the identification and authentication of correct Mucuna species. The differences in morphological and microscopical characters among these species would also be helpful to detect the possible adulteration in the genuine drugs of Kapikacchu (Mucuna species). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authers are thankful to General, Central Council for Ayurvedic Sciences, New encouragement and facilities complete the work.
the Director Research in Delhi, for provided to
REFERENCES Anonymous (1962). The Wealth of India. Raw materials L-M. New Delhi: CSIR. p. 439.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB (2008). Pharmacognosy. 42nd ed. Pune: Nirali Prakashan. p. 6.3.
Anonymous (2003). Export Potential of Indian Medicinal Plants and Products. Mumbai: Quest publications. p. 10.
Mebberly DJ (2008). Mebberly’s Plant BookA portable dictionary of plant, their classification and uses. 3rd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 561.
Chauhan M, Pillai APG (2011). Microscopic profile of drugs used in Indian systems of medicines. vol.-3 Seed drugs part 1. Jamnagar: PGT SFC cell IPGT&RA, GAU. p. 107–108. Garg S (1992). Substitute and adulterant plants. New Delhi: Periodiacal experts Book Agency.p. 82 Johansen DA (1940). Plant Micro Techniques. New York London: McGrow Hill Book Company. p.105.
Murthy SN, Malgaonkar MM, Shirolkar AR, Pawar SD, Sangvikar S, Kulkarni YR (2015). A comparative assessment of pharmacologically active principles and antioxidant activity of commonly occuring Mucuna sps. in India. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 3(11): 8–13.
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Parmar N, Singh S, Patel B (2016). Various pathya kalpana of Bilva [Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb.] - A review, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. 5(2): 57–78.
Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TS (2000). Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda,Vol.-1. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha.p. 200–204.
Ramawat KG, Goyal S (2008). The Indian Herbal Drugs Scenario in Global Perspectives, In: Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants in Ramawat KG, Merillon JM (eds.) Udaipur, India: Springer.p. 323–345.
Yelne
Source of Support: NIL
MB and Sharma PC (1992). Pharmacognostic study of Kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) Root and seed. Bulletin of Medico- EthnoBotanical Research. 13(1–2):52–64.
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 92–106 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Review article THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU Anagha V Ranade1*, Rabinarayan Acharya2 1
PhD scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008 Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008 *Corresponding Author: E-mail: anagharanade11@gmail.com 2
Received: 02/02/2016; Revised: 05/03/2016; Accepted: 15/03/2016
ABSTRACT The safety issues regarding the medicines used in traditional systems, especially Ayurveda, are on a rise. There is a need to upsurge the pharmaco-vigilant views of seers who have already mentioned the possible adverse effects of medicinal plants, minerals, animal products (that possess medicinal value), if not consumed cautiously. The best illustrations in these lines are evident in Nighantus (lexicons) of Dravyaguna wherein possible adverse aspects of medicines as well as food have been delineated along with their therapeutic values. Madanapala nighantu, one among them stipulates varied undesirable actions of drugs when consumed wrongly or against regular protocol. The present paper is an attempt to emphasize the pharmaco-vigilant aspects of certain medicinal drugs documented in Madanapala nighantu. It was observed that the classification of drugs in this nighantu stresses not only on different medicines but also various foodstuffs that are consumed daily. The description of cereals, pulses, oils, cooked and prepared food items suggest that the author was well aware about pathya kalpana and also the role of diet in etiology of lifestyle disorders. KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Dravyaguna, Drug safety, Madanapala nighantu, pharmacovigilance.
Cite this article: Anagha V Ranade, Rabinarayan Acharya (2016), THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 92–106
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INTRODUCTION: Pharmaco-vigilance deals with assessment of drug and safety monitoring. It is essential that new and medically still evolving treatments are monitored for their effectiveness and safety under real-life conditions, post release (Anonymous, 2004). At the same time, the drugs available should also be monitored throughout its life cycle. The safety issues regarding medicines used in traditional systems especially Ayurveda are in vogue. Physicians should have a thorough knowledge about the properties of medicines that are being prescribed by them. In order to know the adverse drug reactions, a sound knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dravyas is necessary. In Ayurveda (Acharya JT, 2007), the mode of action of any drug is attributed to its basic elements like Rasa (perecption), Guna (properties), Virya and Vipaka (potency of drug). Seers have quoted the normal functions of Dosha (humors), Dhatu (tissue) and Mala (excretory products) that help in maintenance of body metabolism (Vidyanath R, 2013). The pathogenesis of any disease is solely dependent upon the disruption in equilibrium of all of the Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Thus, the action of drug can be assessed based upon the alterations occurring in these fundamentals of human physiology through Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, etc. Further the target action of dravyas has been described by mentioning three types of drug action; one in which drug acts on doshas (Vata, Pitta & Kapha), other wherein dravyas affect the seven dhatus (tissues) and the third type where dravya acts to maintain equilibrium (Rajeshwardutta, 2011). The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medicinal plants are described in Dravyaguna in the nighantu texts. These texts contain a documented list of medicinal plants that includes their properties, therapeutic action, contra-indications and their possible adverse effects if not used judiciously. Thus, Ayurveda way back follows the concept of pharmacovigilance. Samhitas have portrayed the vigilance of side effects of drug while denoting the treatment module e.g. in case of
administration of Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn), prior intake or application of ghee internally in the oral cavity is indicated to avoid adverse effects (Shastri Rajeshwardutta, 2011). In addition to this, the Shodhana (detoxification procedures) in case of poisonous plants, minerals and metals has also been quoted in Ayurveda in the texts related to Rasashastra (Ilanchezhian R et al., 2010). There are works wherein validation of these purificatory methods have been done in case of plants from Upavisha (semi-poisonous) category viz. Langali (Gloriosa superba L.), Kupilu (Strychnos nux vomica) etc (Acharya RN, 2014). Among the lexicons, the contribution of Dhanwantari nighantu (Ranade Anagha et al., 2014) and Bhavaprakasha nighantu (Kolhe rasika et al, 2015) towards drug safety has been reported. Madanpala nighantu of 13th century (Sharma H, 2009) describes various drugs being classified neatly into 13 vargas (groups) and vividly described certain properties and actions of dravyas. The first three groups are predominantly medicinal plant-based, followed by Suvarnadi group consisting of minerals and metals having medicinal value. Majority of the other groups typically focuses on diet. The present paper is an attempt to put forth the possible adverse drug documentation specified in Madanapala nighantu. The observations have been given in a tabular form consisting of the name of the plant, part used, botanical name, its effect on dosha, dhatu, mala and others. For easy understanding, an attempt has also been made to express the technical Sanskrit terms into convenient English language (Baghel M.S, 2011) in Table 1. OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION: The observed data in relation to the possible side effects of drugs mentioned in Madanapala Nighantu have been tabulated in table -1. Dravyas: There are 494 drugs of plant, mineral and animal origin described in whole text of this nighantu. Out of them, pharmacovigilant
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 92–106
aspects of 177 drugs have been found. Among them, 106 are of plant origin, five of mineral origin, properties of 14 types of water from different resources and regions, 19 of animal origin milk products, four of oils, nine alcoholic preparations, eight of sugarcane origin, ten food preparations, two are kshara (alkali) and one lavana (salt). Among the 106 drugs of plant origin, the confirmed botanical identity of Chosha, Kalhara, Kolashimbi, Kanchuka, Keyura, Padmini and Renuka is not still established. Dosha: In Ayurveda, Tridosha are the essential triad influencing the health and disease conditions. Thus, the knowledge of side effects of drugs that affect their normal functions becomes necessary. There are 33 dravyas out of 177, which have been reported to vitiate Vata dosha while 26 are reported to vitiate Pitta dosha and two as Kapha dosha vardhaka (vitiation of Kapha). Also eight of them are mentioned to vitiate all the Doshas. Dhatu: Dhatus (tissues) are vital for basic metabolism in body. Thus, study of interference in their normal function by the side effects of some medicines is a must. Among the 177 dravyas mentioned in Madanapala nighantu, in relation to adverse effect on dhatus (tissue system), only seven references are available among which four cause raktadushti (blood disorders), two cause Shukrakshaya (oligospermia) and one mamsa dhatu dushti (disorders of muscle tissue). Mala: Trimala (three types of body wastes) namely Mala (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sveda (sweat) form an indispensable part of excretory processes which maintain equilibrium in the body by eliminating toxic waste products. Hence, the study of consequences of different dravyas on these processes is crucial. Effects of 14 drugs out of 177 drugs are available on Malas. Out of them, eight have been reported to cause Baddha mala pravritti (decrease
quantity of faeces). Hasti dadhi (curd from elephant milk) and Rajamasha (Vigna catiang Walp.) have been reported to increase the faecal output (mala vriddhikara). Four have an effect of inducing diuresis i.e. Romaka lavana (type of mineral salt), trapusha (Cucumis sativus L.), Pindalu (Randia uglinosa DC.) and Nishpava (Dolichos lablab L). Others: Certain properties attributed to any drug are known for their stringent pharmacological action and can provide adverse effects if not administered properly taking into consideration the Prakriti of the person in combination to his dosha/dushya. Nine dravyas have been mentioned to be Durjara (difficult to digest), eight dravyas are quoted to produce ocular disturbances. 20 dravyas have been documented to be Vishtambhi (obstructive to flatus). Desmodium gangeticum DC, Celastrus panniculatus Willd. and Piper longum L. have been reported to possess very hot potency. Four dravyas have been reported to induce Chhardi (vomiting). Nine dravyas are documented to have bhedana (strong purgative action). Meat of owl has been reported to produce vertigo. Abhayadi varga: This group starts with a very common drug, Abhaya (Terminalia chebula Retz.) and includes other commonly used drugs having varied habits. In this varga (group), the adverse effects of 38 drugs have been mentioned. Among 36 plants whose parts used are quoted, 11 are fruits, 8 are roots four are seeds, two are leaves, two are stems, two are flowers, five are whole plants and two latex. Five plants are from semi-poisonous group namely Langali (Gloriosa superb L). Karvira (Nerium oleander L), Dhattura (Datura metel L.), Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia L.) and Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.). Dravyas like Parasika yavani (Hyoscymus niger L), Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica Roxb.) and Dhattura (Datura metel L.) have stupefying properties. Most of dravyas in this varga have been reported to be durjara (difficult to digest) and producing flatulence. Drugs like Snuhi(Euphorbia neriifolia L.), Eranda (Ricinus communis L.), Kumari (Aloe vera
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Tourn ex. L) and tender shoots of Bamboo are reported to cause strong purgation. Shunthyadi varga: This group mainly includes spices, salts and Kshara (alkalis) which are carminative in particular. In this varga (group), adverse effects of 12 drugs have been mentioned wherein five are fruits, two are whole plants, one rhizome, one exudate and three belong to the kshara (alkali) group. Here, major drugs are of hot potency, causing constipation, thus pertaining to gastro-intestinal system. Some like Tilaparni (Gynandropis gynandra L.Briq) and Kshara (alkali) have been reported to cause dimness in vision if not used judiciously. Karpuradi varga: This group incorporates all aromatic plants. In this varga (group), adverse effects of 12 drugs have been mentioned. Among parts used of 10 dravyas, roots (two), seeds (two), whole plants (two) and one each of exudate, bark & fruit and last one of animal origin i.e. bile of cow have been quoted. Among these, bile is reported to be hypnotic in nature. The rhizome of (Padmacharini) has been typically reported to cause burning sensation in breast. Rest of them cause Vishtambha (obstruction to flatus) and Vidaha (burning sensation in stomach). Many of them vitiate Vata and Pitta dosha. Suvarnadi varga: Herein, adverse effects of five drugs of mineral origin are described. But unlike Dhanwantari nighantu, the author hasn’t quoted the harmful effects of crude mineral intake. The first description of Kacha (glass) is found in this Nighantu. Vatadi varga: Herein, the properties of medicinal trees starting with Vata (Ficus benghalensis L) have been quoted. Collective adverse effect of a group of five plants (Pancha valkal) cause Vishtambha (obstruction of flatus) whose bark is used for therapeutic purpose, has been reported. Phaladi varga: In this group of Phala (edible fruits), 10 fruits have been reported to produce side effects if not consumed cautiously. Most of them are durjara (difficult to digest) and
cause obstruction in passage of flatus. A typical observation in relation to immature grapes has been mentioned to vitiate Pitta and cause bleeding disorders which in mature condition alleviates the same. Shaka varga: In this group of Shaka (vegetables), 22 have been reported to possess adverse effects. Among 17 vegetables whose parts used have been mentioned, 8 are fruits, 4 are roots, 1 bulb, 1 corm, 2 leaves and 1 seed. Among them, Cucumis sativus L. has been reported to have produce diuresis. Most of them vitiate Vata and Pitta and causing obstruction in passage of flatus. Moringa oleifera Lam. has been reported to cause raktadushti (blood related disorders). Paniya varga: This group involves all Paniya (liquid food items) like water, milk, oil etc. which if not used judiciously, can lead to side effects. These include water from different stagnant sources like wells, reservoirs, lakes, sea, etc. The quality of water changes according to the region from where rivers originate. A typical documentation of development of Shlipada (elephantiasis) has been documented in consumption of water of stagnant river water. Many such reports of disease predominance according to site of river origin have been documented. Later on in case of milk, it has been mentioned that consumption of fresh milk expressed in early morning causes flatulence. Also, the milk of the cow whose calf is dead has been quoted to be doshakaraka. Later, the properties of curd obtained from milk of various animals has been given, horse and elephant in particular. Thereafter, an account of adverse effect due to various oils and alcoholic preparations has also been mentioned. Ikshukadi varga: This group entails certain adverse effects of sugarcane and its products with honey. Here, honey which is purana (old), has been reported to cause ati lekhana (severe therapeutic scrapping action) inside the body. Honey derived from poisonous bees is reported to be toxic and not for internal use. The consumption of honey subjected to heat
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directly under sun or exposed to fire has been documented to be fatal.
vataka and Vishtambhi.
Dhanyadi varga: This varga consists of description of cereals and pulses wherein, adverse reports of 14 such dravyas have been quoted. Most of the symptoms like Vishtambha, Baddha mala pravritti (decrease in faecal output), Vidahi (producing burning sensation) have been reported related to gastrointestinal disorders. Among them, Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.) can cause oligospermia and also affect vision.
Mamsa varga: In this group, various types of Mamsa (meat) have been discussed. Among them, eight types of meat have been reported to produce adverse reactions when taken against code of food consumption. Typically, mouse meat has a tendency to cause a decrease in faecal and urine output. Owl meat has been reported to cause vertigo.
Dhanyakritanna varga: This group consists of various delicacies often prepared in kitchens. Starting with code of conduct, later on author has reported some adverse effects; viz. taila pachita padartha (fried items) when consumed in excess can cause ocular disturbances. All the
laddus
are
reported
to
be
Mishraka varga: Herein mainly the adverse effects/anomalies related to over-consumption of madhura (sweet predominant food), amla (sour predominant food), lavana (salty predominant food), tikta (bitter predominant food), katu (pungent predominant food), kashaya rasa (astringent predominant food) have been given.
Table 1: The adverse effects of drugs quoted in Madanapala nighantu: Sr. no
Dravya ( botanical name)
Part used
Effects onDosha
Abhayadi varga 1. Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.) 2.
Amarvela
Dhatu
Mala
Seed coating
Other concern Ruksha, grahi
Exudate, latex Stem
Picchhila
(Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.)
3.
Apamarga
Whole plant
-
-
-
Tikshna
Flower
Vatala
-
-
-
Seed
-
Fruit
Vatakara
Fruit
-
-
-
Matured fruit
Putimarutam
-
-
(Achyranthes aspera L.)
4. 5.
Aragvadha (Cassia fistula L.) Bakuchi
Vishtambhini
(Psoralea corylifolia L.)
6.
7. 8.
Bhudhatri (Phyllanthus niruri Hook.f. non Linn) Vibhitaka (Terminalia bellerica Roxb.) Bilva (Aegle marmelos Correa. Ex Roxb.)
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Madakari (stupefying) Durjara (difficult to digest), Vidahi (causing heart burns), Vishtambhi (obstruction to flatus)
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9.
Chhikkika
Whole plant
Pittala
(Centipeda minima L.)
10.
Chosha
11.
Danti (Baliospermum montanum Muell. Arg.) Devadali (Lufa echinata Roxb.) Dhattura (Datura metel L)
Seed
Madakari (stupefying)
Dronapushpi (Leucas aspera Willd.) Dugdhika (Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.) Eranda (Ricinus communis L.)
Whole plant
Bhedana
Jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculatus Willd.) Kakajangha (Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees.) Karavira (Nerium odorum Soland.) Kirattikta (Swertia chirayta Karst.) Krishna trivrut (Ipomoea petaloides Choisy.) Kumari
12. 13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
-
-
-
Root
-
-
-
Agnimandya, utkledakarini Tikshna
Fruit
-
-
-
Vamani, tikshna
Fruit
vatala
Fruit
-
Root
-
Vishtambha
-
-
-
Chhardikarini
Root
Visha
Whole plant
Vatala
-
-
-
Root
-
-
-
-
-
Tivra virechana (drastic purgative) Bhedana (purgative) Tikshna, ushna, garbhapatini (abortifacient) -
-
Stambhana, vibandha, adhmana (abdominal distension) Bhedana
Leaf Pulp
(Aloe vera Tour. Ex. L.)
23.
Langali (Gloriosa superba L.)
Root
Pittala
24.
Meshashringi Root (Gymnema sylvestre R.Br) Naga bala Fruit (Grewia hirsuta Vahl.)
Vatala
Nimba phala Fruit (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)
-
25.
26.
Bhedana (osmotic laxative) Ati ushna, vamani, tikshana
-
-
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27. 28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. 44.
Parsika yavani (Hyocymus niger L.) Patala pushpa (Stereospermum suaveolens DC). Prachinamalaka (Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.) Rakta apamarga (Achyranthes rubra fusca Hook.f.) Rakta punarnava ( Boerhaavia diffusa L.) Shalaparni (Desmodium gangeticum DC.) Shanapushpi (Crotolaria juncea L.) Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia L.) Vandhyakarkoti (Momordia dioca Roxb.) Vansha (Bambusa arundinacea Willd.) Vasa (Adhatoda vasica Nees.) Vatapatri (Bergenia ligulata Engl.) Shunthyadi varga Ajagandha (Gynandropis gynandra L.) Ajamoda (Apium graveollens L.) Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum L.) Hingu (Ferula narthex Boiss.) Maricha (Piper nigrum L.) Mishreya (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Seeds
Madini
flower
Vatala
-
-
Grahi (astringent)
Fruit
Whole plant
Pitta and kapha vardhana -
-
-
Vishtambhi
Root
Vatala
Root
-
-
-
Ati ushna(very hot in potency)
Seed
-
Latex
-
-
-
Chhardikarini (induce vomiting) Tikshna rechaka
Fruit
Tikshna
Tender shoot
Bhedana
Leaves
Vatakara
-
-
Fruit
-
-
-
Whole plant
Shukraghna
Fruit
Baddha mala pravritti Baddha mala pravritti
Whole plant
Exudate
Pittavardha na,
Fruit
Pittala
Fruit
Stambhana
Drishti mandya (dimness of vision) Vidahini,tikshna
Tikshna
Baddha mala pravritti
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45. 46. 47.
48. 49. 50.
51. 52. 53.
54. 55.
56.
57. 58. 59.
60. 61.
62.
63. 64. 65. 66.
Pippali (Piper longum L.) Romaka lavana Sarvakshara
Fruit
Shatapushpa (Anethum sowa Kurz.) Sudhakshara Vacha Acorus calamus L. Karpuradi varga Bakula (Mimusops elengi L.) Gorochana Guggulu (Commiphora mukula Hook. Ex. Stocks.) Kalhara Kutheraka (Ocimum basilicum L.) Padmacharini (Nervilia aragoana Gaudich.) Padmini Renuka Sthula Ela (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L) Tvak (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume.) Ushira (Vetiveria zizanoides L.) Suvarnadi varga Gandhaka Kacha Loha
Fruit
Svarnamakshika
Vanga Vatadi varga Panchavalkala 68. Phala varga Draksha 69. (Vitis vinifera L.) 67.
Pittala
Alkali
Ati ushna, rechana Mutrala
Pittala
Alkali Rhizome
Fruit
Kledi, vidarana Vamini
Vatala
Bile of cow Exudate
Whole plant
Bhedana, darana, raktapittakara , drishtinashana Tikshna
Vashikarana Puranaatilekhana
Pittala
Rhizome
Vishtambhi Vidahi
Stana daha karini Vishtambha
Seed Seed
Pittala
Whole plant
Piitakrut
Dahajanak
Bark
Pittala
Vishada
Tikshna
Root
Sulphur glass Iron Copper pyrite Tin
Stambhana
Pittala Vidaraka Vata prakopaka Vyavayi Pittala
Fruit Immature fruit
Vishtambhi Pittala
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Raktapittakrit
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70. 71.
72.
73.
74.
75. 76.
77. 78.
79.
80. 81. 82.
83. 84.
85. 86.
87.
88. 89. 90.
Kapittha (Feronia limonia L.) Kinkini (Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb.) Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) Lavali (Phyllanthua distichus Muell.Arg.) Madhuka (Madhuka indica Gmel.) Mukulaka (Pistacia vera L.) Panasa (Artocarpus integrifolia L.) Parushaka (Grewia asiatica L.) Tinduka (Diospyros embryopteris Pers.) Shaka varga Bimbi (Coccinia indica W&A.) Chanchuda Chirbhata (Cucumis melo L.) Dindisha (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) Grunjana (Daucus carota L) Jivanti (Leptadenis reticulate W&A.) Kanchuka Karira (Capparis aphylla Roth.) Karvellaka (Momordia charantia L.) Keyura Kolashimbi Loni
Mature Fruit Fruit
Durjara Vatala
Fruit
Vishtambhi
Fruit
Vishada
Fruit
Ahridya
Seed
Durjara
Immature fruit
Vishtambhi
Mature Fruit
Vishtambhi
Immature fruit
Vatala
Fruit
Stambhana
Root Fruit
Shoshana Vishtambha
Fruit
Vatala
Root
Pittala
Leaves
Vatala
Fruit
Fruit
Vatala Shleshma vardhak, pittala Vatala
Leaves
Pittala Kapha pittakar Vatala
Root
Vatala
-
(Portulaca oleracea L.)
91.
Mulaka (Raphanua sativus L.)
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Vishtambhi
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92.
Palandu (Allium cepa L.)
Patola (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) Pindalu 94. (Colocasia esculenta L.) Shirnavrinta 95. Shobhanjana 96. (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Surana 97. (Amorphophallus campanulatusBlume ex Decne.) Trapusha 98. (Cucumis sativus L.) Tuntuka 99. 100. Vrintaka (Solanum melongena L.) Paniya varga 101. Akshiki 93.
Bulb
Pittala, Kapha vardhaka
Root
Virechana
Mutrala
Fruit Seed
Pittala Pittakrit
Raktadushti
Tikshna,
Corm
Kandu (pruritus), vishtambhi,
Fruit
Pittala
Fruit
Vatala Pittala
Alcoholic preparation made from cereals Fresh milk
102. 103. 104.
Ama dugdha Anupa pradesha jala Ashwa dadhi
105. 106. 107.
Ashwa mutra Avanti pradesha jala Chhachhika
108.
Chukra
109.
Darija jala
River water in valleys
110.
Ghrita
111.
Gouda sura
112.
Hasti dadhi
113.
Jyotishmati tail
Clarified butter Alcoholic preparation made from jaggery Curds from elephant milk Oil from Celastrus
Mutrala Vishtambhi
Vatala
Abhishyanda Abhishyandi Abhishyandi
Curds from horse milk Horse urine Curd without fat
Durjara, vishtambhi
Bhedana Causes Arsha Vishtambhi
Vatala
Raktapittaakrit, bhedana Causes kushtha, pruritus, dyspepsia Atyabhishyandi Abhishyandi
Mala vriddhikar Pittala
panniculatus Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Agnimandya
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114.
Kadambari
115.
Kakoli
116. 117.
Katu taila Kaupa jala
118.
Kedara jala
119.
Kinva
120.
Mahisha dugdha
121.
Medaka
122. 123.
Nadeya jala Narikela tail
124.
Nava madya
125.
Pakva stanya
126.
Pala jala
127. 128.
Paryushita jala Prabhatika paya
129.
Samudra jala
130.
Shailabhava nadeya jala
131.
Shitala jala
132.
Sidhu
133.
Sthira jala nadi
134.
Tadaga jala
Alcoholic Vatakrit preparation Alcoholic preparation from grains Mustard oil Water from Pittala wells Reservoir water Alcoholic preparation Buffalo milk Alcoholic preparation River water Coconut oil
Drishtimandya
Tikshna,ushna
Abhishyandi Durjara,ahridya Mala baddhata
Nidrakara Stambhana
Vatala Kapha vardhaka
Freshly prepared alcohol Boiled milk from lactating mothers -
Tridoshakara
Stale water Milk expressed early morning Sea water
Tridoshakara
Doshakaraka
Sarva doshakrit Vishtambhi
Shukrahara
Rivers from
Drishtinashak (ocular disturbance) Causes kushtha
mountaneous
region Cold water
Alcoholic preparation from sugarcane Stagnant water of river Lake water
Contra-indicated in diseases like flatulence, hiccups, asthma, diabetes etc. Vata pittakar
Causes shlipada
Vatala
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135. 136. 137.
Takrakurchika Trapushadi taila Vapya jala
138.
Vivatsaa, bala vatsa
Ikshukadi varga 139. Atapa, agni tapta madhu 140.
141. 142. 143. 144.
Ikshu rasa Saccharum officinarum L. Madhuka Makshika madhu Phanita Purana madhu
145.
Vishapushpokta madhu
146.
Yavasa sharkara (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Dhanyadi varga 147. Atasi
Water from wells Milk of the cow whose calf is dead
Vatala Kaphakara Pittala
Durjara Abhishyanda
Doshakaraka
Honey heated in sun Stem
Honey Stored honey Honey from poisonous bees Sugar extracted from hordeum
Mrityukaraka
Vishtambhi
Pittala Pittala Doshala
Raktadushti
Dahajanaka Abhishyandi Atilekhana Visha
Vatala
Seed
Shukraghna
Drishtinashaka
(Linum usitatissimum L.)
148. 149. 150.
151.
152.
153.
154. 155.
Chanaka (Cicer arietinum L) Kalaya (Lathyrus sativus L.) Makushtha (Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.) Nishpava (Dolichos lablab Linn,) Nivara (Hygroryza aristata Nees.) Rajamasha (Vigna catja ng Walp.) Rajika (Brassica juncea L.) Sarshapa
Seed
Vatala
Seed
Ativatala
Seed
Vatala
Seed
Vatala, pittala
Seed
Kaphakar, vatala
Vishtambhi
Mutrala
Seed
Mala vruddhikar
Seed Seed
Tivra tikshna Pittala
Raktadushti
Tikshna
(Brassica campestris L.)
156.
Shali (Oryza sativa L.)
Seed
Vidahi
Mutrala, Baddha mala pravrutti
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157.
Shashtika (Oryza sativa L.)
Seed
158.
Shimbi dhanya
Pulses
Tila (Sesamum indicum L.) 160. Yava (Hordeum vulgare Linn) Dhanyakrutanna varga 161. Ati ushna anna 159.
162. 163.
Atiklinna Krishara
164. 165.
Kulmasha Masha bhakshya
166.
Masha vataka
167. 168. 169.
Modaka Payasa Pinyaka
Seed
Pittala
Raktavardhaka
Baddha mala pravrutti
Extremely Hot food
Balahar Glanikar Vishtambhi, durjara Bhinna varchas Kapha-pitta karaka Vishtambhi, vidahi Durjara Vishtambhi
Laddu fermented fodder
175.
Mesha mamsa
Sheep meat
176.
Mushaka mamsa
Mouse meat
177. 178. 179. 180.
Paravat mamsa Shyena mamsa Uluka mamsa Ushtra
Pigeon meat
Vruddha pashu mamsa Mishrakadi varga 182. Amla rasa atisevana (excessive use of sour predominant food) 183. Dhuma sevana
Vishtambhi, adhamana, drishtinashaka
Seed
170. Shandak vataka Cold food 171. Shita anna 172. Taila pachita padartha Fried in oil 173. Tushambu vataka Mamsadi varga Ashwa mamsa Horse meat 174.
181.
Baddha mala pravrutti
Vishtambhi, drishtidushana
Drishtinashak Durjara Drishtinashaka Vishtambhi Kaphakara, pittakara Kaphakara, pittakara Baddha vinmutra Tridoshakar Mamsadushti
Owl meat Camel meat
Vatala Kaphakara, pittakara
Old animal meat
Doshakaraka
Bhrantikara
Rakpitta krit
Vatala, pittala
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184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189. 190.
Kashaya rasa atisevana (excessive use of astringent predominant food) Katu rasa atisevana (excessive use of pungent predominant food) Lavana rasa atisevana (excessive use of salty predominant food) Madhura rasa atisevana (excessive use of sweet predominant food) Pravata sevana (exposure to winds in early morning) Tama (darkness)
Adhmana, hritpida, akshepa Bhrama, sthaulya, talushosha Akshipaka, raktapitta, etc.
Jvara, shwasa, galaganda
Vaivarnya, stambha Alasya, abhishyanda Shirashula, manyastambha, bhrama
Tikta rasa atisevana (excessive use of bitter predominant food)
CONCLUSION: After a critical analysis, it is observed that Madanapala nighantu has a well-developed idea about adverse effects of drug and diets if not consumed according to classical recommendations. The classification of drugs stresses not only on different medicines but also various foodstuffs that are consumed daily. The knowledge about potable water suggests that there was public health awareness too. The
description of cereals, pulses, oils, cooked and prepared food items suggest that the author was well aware about pathya kalpana and also the role of diet in etiology of lifestyle disorders. The adverse effects caused by inadvertent use of foodstuffs in daily routine have an impact on the physiology of the body. Thus, it can be concluded that Madanapala Nighantu encompasses a well-organised data in the context of pharmacovigilant aspects of various dravyas of Ayurveda.
REFERENCES: Acharya Jadavji Trikamji (2007). Editor. Sushruta Samhita with Dalhana commentary. Sutrasthana. Chap 40.verse 14. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia, pp179. Acharya RN (2014). Impact of Shodhana (Detoxification procedures) on Certain Poisonous Herbal Drugs used in Ayurveda. In: Kumar Abhimanyu, Padhi Madam Mohan, Srikanth
Narayanam, Dhar Vishnupriya and Mangal Anupam. (Eds) Conservation, Cultivation and Exploration of Therapeutic potential of Medicinal plants. 1stedi. New Delhi: CCRAS, 427–450. Anonymous (2004). Pharmacovigilance: Ensuring the Safe Use of Medicines WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines. No. 009; October 2004.
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Available on: http:// apps. who.int /medicinedocs/fr/d/Js6164e/1.html Baghel
M.S (2011). Standardization of Ayurvedic Clinical terminologies. IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
Ilanchezhian R, Joseph CR. Acharya RN (2010) Importance of media in shodhana (purification / processing) of poisonous herbal drugs. Anc Sci Life. Oct; 30(2): 54–7. Kolhe RH, Acharya RN (2015). Analyzing the drug safety issue in Bhavaprakasha nighantu – A critical review. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci.; 4(10):183–196. Nripamadana (2009). Madanapala nighantu. editor, Sharma Hariprasad. 1stedition. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.
Source of Support:
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Rajeshwardutta (2011). Editor of Charaka Samhita. Vidyotini Hindi Vyakhya. Sutrasthana. Chap 1.verse 68. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan, pp 40. Ranade AV, Acharya RN (2014). Contribution of Dhanwantari Nighantu towards drug safety- a critical analysis. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med; 4(2):20– 29. Shastri Rajeshwardutta (2011). Editor of Charaka Samhita. Vidyotini Hindi Vyakhya. Chikitsasthana. Chap 1/2. Verse 13. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan, pp 28. Vidyanath R (2013). editor. Ashtanga hridaya. Sutrasthana. Chap 11. verse 1-5. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surabharati Prakashana, pp187–188.
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 107–113 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
Review article HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS Shivanand T Biradar1*, Galib2, Prajapati PK3 1
PhD Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat 3 Professor, Dept of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Director, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat *Corresponding author: Email: drshiva1710@gmail.com 2
Received: 10/01/2016; Revised: 15/03/2016; Accepted: 22/03/2016
ABSTRACT Shodhana is a preliminary pharmaceutical procedure which deals with purification and detoxification of raw drugs before using them therapeutically or in further pharmaceutical procedures. As per Ayurvedic texts, all metals, minerals, poisonous herbs are to be processed through this specific procedure. These procedures are mandatory before their administration in therapeutics. Haratala (Arsenic trisulphide), a mineral drug mentioned in Ayurveda is a known poisonous substance which needs to be processed to avoid untoward effects as well as to increase the efficacy. Noting the importance of purification; shodhana processes and shodhana dravya mentioned for Haratala shodhana are compiled and screened to facilitate the author to get data easily. KEY WORDS: Ayurveda, Shodhana, Haratala, Kushmanda swarasa, Churnodaka, Kanji.
Cite this article: Shivanand T Biradar, Galib, Prajapati PK (2016), HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 107–113
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INTRODUCTION: Ayurveda emphasizes on maintenance of health in healthy and treatment of the diseases in diseased. This system of medicine recognized two major sources of medicine i.e. Kashthaushadhi (herbal medicines) and Rasaushadhi (herbo-mineral medicines). The former consist of various herbs and considered as safe. Later consist of metals and minerals in the form of Bhasma. Recently doubt has been raised on the safety of Rasaushadhi and expressed in the form of Heavy metal poisoning. Use of Ayurvedic medicine is concurrently targeted due to the notion of heavy metal toxicity (Saper et al., 2008). Use of metals and minerals in therapeutics is always questioned due lack of safety data (Sathya T et al., 2009). Shodhana treatment removes the soluble, evaporable and washable impurities from metal/mineral and also adds some organic materials which from chemical point of view may be considered as impurities but pharmacological point of view prove beneficial by reducing their toxicity to the great extent (Rajput D et al., 2013). Before utilizing such preparations, it is mandatory to process metals and minerals to avoid untoward effects. Rasa classics have stressed various pharmaceutical procedure viz. shodhana, marana, jarana of metals, minerals etc. before using them in formulations to potentiate their properties and make them suitable for absorption in body and to increase their bio-availability. Shodhana (purification) helps in the removal of impurities and impregnates desired qualities into the raw drug which can be used directly in formulations or make them suitable for further procedures. Arsenicals documented in Ayurveda include Haratala (orpiment), Manahshila (realgar) and Somala (White arsenic). As arsenicals are known poisons, it is essential to carry out shodhana before using them in therapeutics. Texts have documented different procedures regarding their shodhana like swedana, mardana etc. Haratala, not purified properly, shortens life and gives rise to an abnormal excess of phlegm, air,
spermatorrhoea, gonorrhoea, inflammation, boils and contraction of the limbs. It should therefore be purified very carefully (Bhudeva Mukharjee, 1998). Arsenic causes mild vasodilatation, mild abdominal cramp, diarrhoea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, renal damage, impaired memory, Parkinson’s disease, encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy (Goodman and Gilman, 2012). Haratala is highly potent mineral which is included in the list of poisonous drugs by Drug and Cosmetic Rule 1940 (Schedule E) because of its highly toxic nature in its crude form (Malik V, 2005). Haratala (orpiment) is widely utilized in Ayurveda in reference to curing various diseases such as Kushtha (skin disorders), Vatarakta (Rheumatoid arthritis) etc. (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). Despite its vast utility in therapeutic, there are some issues about its safety as it is an arsenic compound (Mehta M et al., 2014). Ayurveda recommends purification / detoxification of such toxic materials before either it is processed further or administered in the body for therapeutic purpose. Shodhana is treating the drug with various materials that make it devoid of the toxic effects. (Murthy PHC, 2008). So, to make use of Haratala in therapeutics, it should be go through shodhana processes which are described elaborately in Ayurveda. Hence, the compilation of various procedures and materials for shodhana is criticized to facilitate author to get the data in an appropriate manner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Shodhana processes of Haratala mentioned in about 24 Rasa classics during the period of 8th_20th century AD is compiled and screened. OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION: Haratala is mentioned in Uparasa (drugs utilized in mercurial procedures) group. Samanya shodhana mentioned for Uparasa group could be applied to Haratala. It includes the levigation with the juices of the plants viz. Suryavartaka (Helianthus annuus Linn), Kadali (Musa paradisiaca Linn.), Vandhya (Lagenaria
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vulgaris), Kosataki (Luffa acutangula Linn.), Surdali (Luffa echinata Roxb.), Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam), Vajrakanda (Urginea indica Kunth), Jala Pippali (Lipia nodiflora Mich.) and Kakamaci (Solanum nigrum Linn.) and various Lavana (salts) and Kshara (alkalis). These drugs are used to triturate intimately with raw drugs from Uparasa group
to be purified. Such mixture when intensively heated systematically, gives out their extract (VA Dole, 2006). By heating in Amla (sour) and Kshara (alkalis) media, Haratala gets purified (Siddhinandan Mishra, 2000). Most of the Acharya have described Vishesha Shodhana for Haratala (Table 1).
Table 1 – List of Shodhana Dravya advised for Haratala shodhana
swarasa Nimbu swarasa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0 +
+ *
+
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+- Used for fumigation,
+
0
+ *
+
+
+
0 +
+
+ 0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ 0
+
+
+ + +
+
*
*
+
+ +
+ +
*
+ +
+
+ + + +
Vadavayika
Vata dugdha
+
0
+
+
Palashamula
jala Salmali mula kwatha Tilakshara jala Tila taila Triphala jala Dadhi amla Mahishi Mutra Kumari Rasa Sharapunk ha Brahma moola Ikshu Rasa Godugdha
+
+ 0 + 0
+
Y.Chint
0
+
B.R.R.Sundar
+
+
Y.R.
+
+
S.S.
+
+
R.Sa.Sa
+ 0 +
Rasmanjri
+
+
R.Mangala
+
+
R.R.
Kushmanda
+
R.Chint
+
+ * +
+ 0 + *
+
Rasadhyay
+
+
R.T.
+
R.R.S.
+
Gruhadhu majala Kanji
R.P.S.
+ 0
Rasarnav
R.J.N.
+
Rasendr Pura
R.Cha.
+
+
R.A.
Bh.P.
+ 0
Churnodaka
Rasayan. Sara
RTS & SPS
+
A.P.
Ayu. Sara.S
dravya
Rasapaddhati.
Shodhana
+ +
+ 0- Used for impregnation
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*- Used for dipping
+ +
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Drugs found for Haratala shodhana include Kushmanda [Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn.] swarasa, Triphala Jala (Three Myrobalans), Tilakshara jala (alkali of Sesamum indicum Linn. Dissolved in water), Churnodaka (Lime water), Kanji (Gruel), Shalmalimula kwatha (decoction of root of Bombax malabaricum DC) etc. amongst Kushmanda swarasa has been given prime importance for Shodhana of Haratala by most of classics. Additionally Further Jambira (Citrus limon Linn.), Palashamoola jala (juice of the root of Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub), Rasatarangini indicated swedana (fumigation) in Grihadhuma (Kitchen soot) jala for one hour in Dolayantra (swinging apparatus) (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). Further the text indicates Shalmalimula kwatha for swedana for one hour or bhavana (trituration) for seven days (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). In addition, it has suggested bhavana with Churnodaka for seven times (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). Rasendra Chintamani has advised kshipta (dipping) method for shodhana using Kushmanda swarasa and sour curd for three or seven days while preparing Rasamanikya (Siddhinandan Mishra 2000). Rasa Ratnakara has suggested swedana in Churnodaka and kanji for one day followed by bhavana with Kushmanda swarasa for hundred times (Swaminath Mishra, 2003). Rasarnava has suggested swedana in Kushmanda swarasa for hundred times (Indradev Tripathi, 2001). Rasavagbhata has suggested to powder Haratala coarsely, mix with 1/10th amount of borax, wash with lime juice and sour gruel. Afterwards, the mixture is to be tied in a four folded cloth and subjected to steam heat for a day by using sour gruel and Kushmanda swarasa for a day (VA Dole, 2006). Godanti Haratala is purified by swedana in juice of Jayanti (Sesbania sesban Linn.), Jambira (Citrus limon Linn.) or Dronapushpi (Leucas cephalotes Roth Spreng.) for a period of three hours (Vishwanath Dvivedi, 1997).
Rasendra Purana included Vata dugdha (latex of Ficus benghalensis Linn.) for shodhana of Haratala by means of swedana for three times (Ramprasad, 2000). Further it suggests putting Haratala inside Kushmanda fruit by making an opening and entire fruit is subjected to heat, fruit liquefies later; followed by collection of Haratala from fruit. Same procedure is conducted for two more times (Ramprasad, 2000). Haratala should be macerated with 16 times of lime water for 7 days or fumigated for three hours in Tilakshara jala (Anonymous, 2001). Haratala is rubbed with the urine of buffalo and subjected to bhavana for three times with the juice of root of the Brahma tree [Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze], made as dense as honey. It is then to be confined in a crucible and heated by means of fire made of ten pieces of cow dung cakes; same procedure is repeated for eleven more times. Haratala, thus purified, may be used for all purposes (Mukharjee, 1998). Patra Haratala is broken into pieces and wrapped up in a piece of cloth, and boiled for six hours in the juice of lemon fruit, by means of a Dola yantra. When cooled itself, the bundle is again boiled in the same way in each of the following liquid media- urine of she-buffalo, juice of Kumari (Aloe barbadensis Linn.), solution of lime, mixed with the juice of Musta (Cyperus rotundus Linn.), juice of Sharapunkha [Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers.], juice of ripe lemon mixed with water and juice of sugar-cane boiled steadily by using charcoal. Thus Haratala becomes purified (Mukharjee, 1998). Rasayana Sara has utilized dravya that is used for Samanya shodhana of metals for Haratala shodhana i.e. Haratala is purified by swedana in Tila taila, Takra (Butter milk), Gomutra (Cows urine), Kanji and Kulattha kwatha [decoction of Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp.] for 3 yama in each media (Shyamsundaracharya Vaishya, 2005). Haratala is kept inside the Kushmanda fruit and subjected to heat, which allows fumigation of Haratala inside the fruit (Shyamsundaracharya Vaishya, 2005). According to Brihat Rasa Raj Sundara,
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Kushmanda is tied in to a Pottali and placed inside the Kushmanda fruit opened from one side. The fruit is then kept over fire till the fruit softens completely. Following, the pottali is separated and kept in another fruit and same procedure is to be repeated for two more times (Dattaram Choube, 2000). According to Rasaraja Mahodhadi Vaidyaka, Haratala is boiled in Triphala kashaya, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa and Tila taila separately each for 3 hrs or boiled in Churnodaka for 12 hrs. According to Rasarnava, Haratala should be fumigated 100 times in Kushmanda swarasa. Rasendra Purana suggested keeping Haratala inside the Kushmanda fruit and allowed to heat the whole fruit. By this process, the pulp inside the fruit gets liquefied and results into fumigation of Haratala. Simply Grihadhuma Jala can also be used for Haratala shodhana. Rasajalanidhi has suggested exceptional method for shodhana by giving Puta to Haratala using ten cow dung cakes, which repeated for eleven times more. The media used in Samanya shodhana of metals is suggested by Rasayana Sara for Haratala shodhana. Shodhana process is classified into two types viz. Samanya Shodhana (common purificatory method) and Vishesha Shodhana (specific purificatory method). Samanya Shodhana is mainly aimed for particular group of the drugs. It may be applied for every dravya or for a concerned group. Vishesha Shodhana means a particular shodhana dravya for a
particular drug to be purified. Various drugs are mentioned for Vishesha shodhana of drugs. There are various drugs described for the shodhana in the texts. Every shodhana dravya is having a particular characteristic and purpose. A single shodhana dravya is not described for all the drugs and more than one shodhana dravya is described for a single drug. It differs depending on the Guna (nature) and Dharma (properties) of a particular drug to be purified. So, it is necessary to evaluate the most suitable method for shodhana which make the drug suitable for further pharmaceutical procedure. Haratala is subjected to purification by means of three procedures viz. Swedana, Bhavana and Kshipta among which swedana is considered as prime process. The frequency of indicated procedures is shown in Table 2. More than 24 classics of Rasashastra have described about shodhana of Haratala. The frequency of Kushmanda swarasa mentioned for Haratala shodhana is found nearly 21 times in Rasa classics. More than 19 liquid media are utilized for swedana like Kushmanda swarasa, Churnodaka, Kanji, Tila taila, Triphala kwatha. Haratala is processed with these media individually or in combination of more than one medium. The list of individual & multiple media used for Haratala shodhana has been documented in Table 3. Tankana treated method for Haratala shodhana is found better, because the Rasamanikya prepared by it is having good quality (Srimannarayana K et al., 2010).
Table 2- Frequency of procedures indicated for Haratala shodhana Sr. No. 1 2 3
Procedure Swedana Mardana Kshipta
Frequency 24 11 5
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Table 3- List of individual and multiple media used for Haratala shodhana Sr. No. 1
Media Individual
2
Multiple
List of media 1. Kushmanda swarasa 2. Churnodaka 3. Tilakshara jala 1. Nimbu swarasa, Kanji, Churnodaka, Kushmanda swarasa, Shalmali mula kwatha 2. Nimbu swarasa, Mahishi Mutra, Kumari swarasa, Churnodaka, Sharpunkha swarasa, Ikshu rasa 3. Brahma mula kashaya, Mahishi Mutra 4. Churnodaka, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa, Tila taila, Triphala jala 5. Churnodaka, Kanji with Saindhava, Godugdha, Kushmanda swarasa, Vadavayika swarasa 6. Churnodaka, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa 7. Churnodaka, Kushmanda swarasa, Tila taila 8. Kushmanda swarasa, Palasha mula kwatha, Shalmali mula kwatha 9. Tila taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji and Kulattha kwatha
CONCLUSION: Shodhana is one of the basic pharmaceutical processes of the drug necessitating either to use therapeutically or for further pharmaceutical procedures. Haratala is a derivative of arsenic,
administration in impure form give rise to various toxic effects which could be avoided by purifying it before utilization. Among various dravya and procedures for shodhana, Kushmanda and swedana process are primary and could be applied.
REFERENCES: Anonymous (2001), Rasatantra Sara & Siddha Prayoga Sangraha, Part I, Krishna Gopal Ayurveda Bhavana, Ajamer, p. 59
Indradev Tripathi (2001), Rasarnava, edited with Rasachandrika Hindi commentary by Reprint edition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, p. 97
Bhudeva Mukharjee (1998), Rasa Jala Nidhi, Part II, Chaukhambha Publishers, Varanasi, p. 160
Mehta M, Hundal SS (2014), Assessment of genotoxic potential of arsenic in female albino rats at permissible dose levels, Toxicology International Jan-Apr / Vol21/ Issue-1
Dattaram Chaube (2000), Brihat Rasa Raj Sundara, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p. 145 Goodman and Gilman (2011) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York, p. 1765
Malik V (2005), Editor, Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940, Lucknow, India, Eastern Book Company, p. 282 Narayanaprasad Seetaram, Rasaraja Mahodhadi Vaidyaka, part- I, Shyamalal Heeralal Malik Shyamkashi Press, Mathura. P. 67
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Rajput, D. S., Gokarn, R. A., Patgiri, B. & Shukla, V. J. (2013) Standard operating procedure of Naga shodhana and study of chemical changes in the media and shodhita Naga. AAM, 2 (4), 123–132.
Siddhinandan Mishra (2000), Rasendra Chintamani, edited with Siddhiprada Hindi commentary Reprint edition, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p. 98,376
Ramprasad (2000), Rasendra Purana, Khemaraj Krishnadas Prakashana, Mumbai, p. 192–193
Srimannarayana K, Patagiri BJ, Prajapati PK (2010), Process standardization of Rasamanikya, AYU, Jan-Mar 2010, Vol.31, Issue 2, 7–11
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RB, Phillips RS, Sehgal A, Khouri N, Davis RB, Paquin J, Thuppil V, Kales SN., Lead, mercury and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet. JAMA. 2008 Aug 27; 300(8):915–23
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Source of Support:
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Swaminath Mishra (2003), Rasa Ratnakara, edited with Shashiprabha Hindi commentary by Reprint edition, Chaukhambha Publishers, Varanasi, p. 34 V A Dole (2006) Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Choukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, p. 107, 121 Vishwanath Dvivedi (1997), Rasendra Sambhava, Reprint edition, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, p. 117
Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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